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How do people become infected? from Modesto and Woodward Reservoirs. You Individuals can become infected with Giardia, can do your part by… Keep Your Cryptosporidium, other bacteria and viruses, by coming in contact with the stool of an infected Things You Can Do: person or animal, or by ingesting contaminated • Always use the restroom facilities, not Water Clean recreational water. Infection can also occur by the lake. eating contaminated raw or undercooked food. • Locate restroom facilities before Mountain streams and lakes are conducive to the leaving the shore to swim or boat. cysts’ survival and transmission to community water • Keep untrained children in diapers out systems. Even the cleanest appearing water might of the water. contain Giardia and Cryptosporidium. • Do not swim or wade if you are sick or just recovering from an illness. • Do not dump portable toilet and holding tank refuse in or near the lake. The Issue • Keep dogs and horses out of the water. Stanislaus County Regional Park Reservoirs (Modesto and Woodward) are drinking water suppliers for our community. The water is For Personal Protection: pumped out of the reservoirs, treated in advanced • Do not drink untreated lake water treatment facilities, and delivered to customers. unless you boil it first, or use filtered The water in our reservoirs is of excellent quality, water. and treatment plants are designed to remove or • Don’t swallow water when swimming. inactivate microorganisms. However, some • Spread out and avoid crowds in the microorganisms such as viruses and protozoa, Swimmer Alert! water. even in small concentrations, can cause Stanislaus County Regional Park Reservoirs • Shower after you swim. waterborne illness. (Modesto and Woodward) are popular destinations for recreation including water sports, such as swimming, water skiing, boating, and wading. Bad Bugs Unsanitary swimming and boating habits have been Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa – especially responsible for disease outbreaks in swimmers, Giardia and Cryptosporidium – can be waders, and boaters in lakes and reservoirs. Human transmitted through water and survive in the waste spreads in the water, carrying infectious environment for long periods in cool agents from swimmer to swimmer. It is a recurring temperatures. Both people and animals can be problem at freshwater swim beaches with big carriers of the parasites even if they do not have crowds. People get sick by swallowing any symptoms. Symptoms of infection include contaminated water. diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fatigue, and fever. The most serious infections normally occur in children and can be fatal for The Solution Stanislaus County immunosuppressed people. Water treatment facilities associated with the Department of Parks and Recreation Stanislaus County Regional Park Reservoirs are (209) 525-6750 doing their part to protect the drinking water drawn www.stancounty.com/parks .

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Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a Gastrointestinal Disease Characterized by Acute Or Chronic Diarrhea, Is Caused by Protozoan Parasites in the Genus Giardia
Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease characterized by acute or chronic diarrhea, is caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Giardia. Giardia duodenalis is the major Giardia Enteritis, species found in mammals, and the only species known to cause illness in humans. This Lambliasis, organism is carried in the intestinal tract of many animals and people, with clinical signs Beaver Fever developing in some individuals, but many others remaining asymptomatic. In addition to diarrhea, the presence of G. duodenalis can result in malabsorption; some studies have implicated this organism in decreased growth in some infected children and Last Updated: December 2012 possibly decreased productivity in young livestock. Outbreaks are occasionally reported in people, as the result of mass exposure to contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals (e.g., in child care centers). People are considered to be the most important reservoir hosts for human giardiasis. The predominant genetic types of G. duodenalis usually differ in humans and domesticated animals (livestock and pets), and zoonotic transmission is currently thought to be of minor significance in causing human illness. Nevertheless, there is evidence that certain isolates may sometimes be shared, and some genetic types of G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B) should be considered potentially zoonotic. Etiology The protozoan genus Giardia (Family Giardiidae, order Giardiida) contains at least six species that infect animals and/or humans. In most mammals, giardiasis is caused by Giardia duodenalis, which is also called G. intestinalis. Both names are in current use, although the validity of the name G. intestinalis depends on the interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
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Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Giardia Intestinalis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.21.440745; this version posted April 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Cas9-mediated genome editing in Giardia intestinalis Vendula Horáčková1*, Luboš Voleman1*, Markéta Petrů1, Martina Vinopalová1, Filip Weisz2, Natalia Janowicz1, Lenka Marková1, Alžběta Motyčková1, Pavla Tůmová2, Pavel Doležal1 1Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic 2Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Abstract CRISPR/Cas9 system is an extremely powerful technique that is extensively used for different genome modifications in various organisms including parasitic protists. Giardia intestinalis, a protozoan parasite infecting large number of people around the world each year, has been eluding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technique so far which may be caused by its rather complicated genome containing four copies of each gene in its two nuclei. Apart from only single exception (Ebneter et al., 2016), without the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in its full potential, researchers in the field have not been able to establish knock-out cell lines to study the functional aspect of Giardia genes. In this work, we show the ability of in-vitro developed CRISPR/Cas9 components to successfully edit the genome of G. intestinalis. Moreover, we used ‘self-propagating’ CRISPR/Cas9 system to establish full knock-out cell lines for mem, cwp1 and mlf1 genes. We also show that the system function even for essential genes, as we knocked-down tom40, lowering the amount of Tom40 protein by more than 90%.
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The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately.
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Intestinal Parasitic Infection Effect on Some Blood Components
Research ISSN 2413-0516 Intestinal parasitic infection effect on some blood components Hanaa Daaj Khalaf Al-Mozan,a Yahya Tomaa Daoud,b Khalid Majeed Dakhilc aBiology Department, Science College, Thi-Qar University, Iraq. bBiology Department, Science for Women College, Baghdad University, Iraq. cTechnical Institute in Nassiriyah, Iraq. Correspondence to Hanaa Daaj Khalaf Al-Mozan (email: hanaa_daaj @yahoo.com). (Submitted: 14 December 2016 – Revised version received: 27 December 2016 – Accepted: 10 January 2017 – Published online: 26 March 2017) Objectives To know the effect of intestinal parasitic infection on the differential count of white blood cells and sex factor effect on some blood criteria. Methods The fecal samples were examined by direct and indirect methods. Blood samples were withdrawn for the testing of the differential count of white blood cells, Hb, PCV, T.WBC and numbers of eosinophils. Results The results showed that AL-Jibaish General Hospital was the highest with parasitic infection (50.4%) in comparison with other hospitals. A high percentage (30%) of Entamoeba histolytica was formed. When compared with the percentage of each parasite under study between those hospitals, Entamoeba histolytica appeared with 12% in AL-Shatra and 46.6% in AL-Jibaish. There were significant differences between the parasite types in the percent of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils. It ranged from increase and decrease according to parasite type. The significant difference appeared at the six-factor effect on the number of eosinophils was calculated by using the statistical analysis (χ2) in level P < 0.05. Conclusion E. histolytica is the most common parasite. AL-Jibaish district suffers from a lack of services.
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The Cytoskeleton of Giardia Lamblia
International Journal for Parasitology 33 (2003) 3–28 www.parasitology-online.com Invited review The cytoskeleton of Giardia lamblia Heidi G. Elmendorfa,*, Scott C. Dawsonb, J. Michael McCafferyc aDepartment of Biology, Georgetown University, 348 Reiss Building 37th and O Sts. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA bDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 345 LSA Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA cDepartment of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Integrated Imaging Center, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Received 18 July 2002; received in revised form 18 September 2002; accepted 19 September 2002 Abstract Giardia lamblia is a ubiquitous intestinal pathogen of mammals. Evolutionary studies have also defined it as a member of one of the earliest diverging eukaryotic lineages that we are able to cultivate and study in the laboratory. Despite early recognition of its striking structure resembling a half pear endowed with eight flagella and a unique ventral disk, a molecular understanding of the cytoskeleton of Giardia has been slow to emerge. Perhaps most importantly, although the association of Giardia with diarrhoeal disease has been known for several hundred years, little is known of the mechanism by which Giardia exacts such a toll on its host. What is clear, however, is that the flagella and disk are essential for parasite motility and attachment to host intestinal epithelial cells. Because peristaltic flow expels intestinal contents, attachment is necessary for parasites to remain in the small intestine and cause diarrhoea, underscoring the essential role of the cytoskeleton in virulence. This review presents current day knowledge of the cytoskeleton, focusing on its role in motility and attachment.
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Elizabeth J. Walsh Professor - Biological Sciences University of Texas at El Paso December 10, 2019
Elizabeth J. Walsh Professor - Biological Sciences University of Texas at El Paso December 10, 2019 1. Education B.S., Animal Biology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, December 1983. Ph.D., Environmental Biology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, May, 1992. Mentor: Dr. Peter L. Starkweather Dissertation title: Ecological and genetic aspects of the population biology of the littoral rotifer Euchlanis dilatata 2. Professional Employment - UTEP September 2014 to Director Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program Present June 2013 to Interim Department Chair September 2014 September 2008 to Professor of Biological Sciences Present University of Texas at El Paso September 2000 to Associate Professor of Biological Sciences August 2008 University of Texas at El Paso September 1994 to Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences 2000 University of Texas at El Paso 3. Professional Employment – Prior to UTEP July 1993 to Postdoctoral Research Associate, September 1994 Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University September 1992- Lecturer, Rutgers University, December 1992 Population Ecology (Graduate level) December 1991- Gallagher Postdoctoral Fellow, June 1993 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4. Professional Societies American Microscopical Society, Executive Committee Member at Large of Board (2012-2014) Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Ecological Society of America Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Scientific Program Committee (2011-2012) Southwest Association of Naturalist Sigma Xi 5. Awards 1. UTEP Academy of Distinguished Teachers (April 2019) 1. University Faculty Marshals of Students (May 2019, December 2019) 2. Graduate School Faculty Marshal of Students (May 2017) 3. University of Texas Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Award (2015). UTEP nominee, (2014); College of Science (2012, 2013, 2014); Department of Biological Science (2012, 2013, 2014) 4.
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Original Article Hematological Profile in Natural Progression of Giardiasis: Kinetics of Experimental Infection in Gerbils
Original Article Hematological profile in natural progression of giardiasis: kinetics of experimental infection in gerbils Frederico Ferreira Gil1, Luciana Laranjo Amorim Ventura1, Joice Freitas Fonseca1, Helton Costa Santiago2, Haendel Busatti3, Joseph Fabiano Guimarães Santos4; Maria Aparecida Gomes1 1 Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil 3 Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Itaúna, Itaúna, Brasil 4 Hospital Universitário Lucas Machado – FELUMA, Belo Horizonte, Brasil Abstract Introduction: The clinical manifestations of giardiasis and its impact are harmful to children, and may cause deficits in their physical and cognitive development. The pathogenic mechanisms are usually unknown and the available reports can be controversial. Methodology: The present study aimed to know, for the first time, the evolution of the hematological profile of the gerbils, experimentally infected with Giardia lamblia, up to the infection’s resolution. Hematological variables have been tested. Results: White blood cells have not presented meaningful alterations during the course of the infection. A significant reduction in the number of red blood cells (p = 0.021), in the concentration of hemoglobin (p = 0.029) and in the value of the hematocrit (p = 0.016) has been observed, starting from the second week of infection, ratifying an anemia related to giardiasis. Reduction in the level of serum iron starting from the third week of infection, despite not being significant, could suggest the participation of iron in the anemia. However, the weight of the animals was kept and the hematimetric parameters started to return to the basic values after the parasitological cure without iron reposition.
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Molecular Diagnosis and Genotype Analysis of Giardia Duodenalis In
Infection, Genetics and Evolution 32 (2015) 208–213 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid Molecular diagnosis and genotype analysis of Giardia duodenalis in asymptomatic children from a rural area in central Colombia ⇑ Juan David Ramírez a, , Rubén Darío Heredia b, Carolina Hernández a, Cielo M. León a, Ligia Inés Moncada b, Patricia Reyes b, Análida Elizabeth Pinilla c, Myriam Consuelo Lopez b a Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas – UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia b Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia c Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia article info abstract Article history: Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects around 200 million people worldwide. This parasite presents Received 10 November 2014 a remarkable genetic variability observed in 8 genetic clusters named as ‘assemblages’ (A–H). These Received in revised form 9 March 2015 assemblages are host restricted and could be zoonotic where A and B infect humans and animals around Accepted 12 March 2015 the globe. The knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of human giardiasis in South-America is scarce Available online 18 March 2015 and also the usefulness of PCR to detect this pathogen in fecal samples remains controversial. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional study to compare the molecular targets employed for the Keywords: molecular diagnosis of Giardia DNA and to discriminate the parasite assemblages circulating in the stud- Molecular epidemiology ied population.
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Phylogenomic Analyses Support the Monophyly of Excavata and Resolve Relationships Among Eukaryotic ‘‘Supergroups’’
Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic ‘‘supergroups’’ Vladimir Hampla,b,c, Laura Huga, Jessica W. Leigha, Joel B. Dacksd,e, B. Franz Langf, Alastair G. B. Simpsonb, and Andrew J. Rogera,1 aDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5; bDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1; cDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; dDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; eDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7; and fDepartement de Biochimie, Universite´de Montreál, Montreál, QC, Canada H3T 1J4 Edited by Jeffrey D. Palmer, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved January 22, 2009 (received for review August 12, 2008) Nearly all of eukaryotic diversity has been classified into 6 strong support for an incorrect phylogeny (16, 19, 24). Some recent suprakingdom-level groups (supergroups) based on molecular and analyses employ objective data filtering approaches that isolate and morphological/cell-biological evidence; these are Opisthokonta, remove the sites or taxa that contribute most to these systematic Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Exca- errors (19, 24). vata. However, molecular phylogeny has not provided clear evi- The prevailing model of eukaryotic phylogeny posits 6 major dence that either Chromalveolata or Excavata is monophyletic, nor supergroups (25–28): Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, has it resolved the relationships among the supergroups. To Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Excavata. With some caveats, solid establish the affinities of Excavata, which contains parasites of molecular phylogenetic evidence supports the monophyly of each of global importance and organisms regarded previously as primitive Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Opisthokonta, and Amoebozoa (16, 18, eukaryotes, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of a dataset of 29–34).
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Chilomastix Mesnili and a Method for Its Culture. by William C
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central CHILOMASTIX MESNILI AND A METHOD FOR ITS CULTURE. BY WILLIAM C. BOECK, I~.D. (From the Deparlment of Medical Zoology of the School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Yohns Hopki~ University, Baltimore.) (Received for publication, July 26, 1920.) In January, 1920, a chronic case of diarrhea due to a flagellate infection was brought to the notice of the author and upon examina- tion the flagellate was identified as Chilomastix mesnilL Attempts to culture this parasitic flagellate proved successful. Observations made from time to time upon the flagellates in both the stools of the patient and the cultures, as well as data derived from a study of permanent preparations, have revealed further information regarding the biology of this organism. It is the purpose of this paper to describe this parasite and its activities and to give a method of culture for the growth of this organism in artificial medium. Regarding its phylogeny, Chilomastix mesnili belongs to the family Tetramitid~e, the order Polymastigina, and the class Mastigophora. The habitat of the parasite is the sm~ll intestine of man. It is often the cause of chronic or intermittent diarrhea. Cases of infec- tion by Chilomastix in man have been reported from nearly every locality in the world. Chalmers and Pekkola1 state that they have always found Chilomastix associated with other protozoa and not entirely by itself. But in the case of infection referred to above Chilomastix was the only protozoan parasite found.
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Redalyc.Studies on Coccidian Oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida)
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Pereira Berto, Bruno; McIntosh, Douglas; Gomes Lopes, Carlos Wilson Studies on coccidian oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 23, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2014, pp. 1- 15 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841491001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Review Article Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 23, n. 1, p. 1-15, Jan-Mar 2014 ISSN 0103-846X (Print) / ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) Studies on coccidian oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Estudos sobre oocistos de coccídios (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) Bruno Pereira Berto1*; Douglas McIntosh2; Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes2 1Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil 2Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil Received January 27, 2014 Accepted March 10, 2014 Abstract The oocysts of the coccidia are robust structures, frequently isolated from the feces or urine of their hosts, which provide resistance to mechanical damage and allow the parasites to survive and remain infective for prolonged periods. The diagnosis of coccidiosis, species description and systematics, are all dependent upon characterization of the oocyst. Therefore, this review aimed to the provide a critical overview of the methodologies, advantages and limitations of the currently available morphological, morphometrical and molecular biology based approaches that may be utilized for characterization of these important structures.
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Giardia in Dogs
GIARDIA IN DOGS What are Giardia? Giardia are sometimes confused with “worms” because they invade the gastrointestinal tract and can cause diarrhea. Giardia are one-celled parasites classified as protozoa. Most dogs that are infected with Giardia do not have diarrhea or any other signs of illness. When the eggs (cysts) are found in the stool of a dog without diarrhea, they are generally considered a transient, insignificant finding. However, in puppies and debilitated adult dogs, they may cause severe, watery diarrhea that may be fatal. How did my dog get Giardia? A dog becomes infected with Giardia when it swallows the cyst stage of the parasite. Once inside the dog's intestine, the cyst goes through several stages of maturation. Eventually, the dog is able to pass infective cysts in the stool. These cysts lie in the environment and can infect other dogs. Giardia may also be transmitted through drinking infected water. How is giardiasis diagnosed? Giardiasis or infection with Giardia is diagnosed by performing a microscopic examination of a stool sample. The cysts are quite small and usually require a special floatation medium for detection, so they are not normally found on routine fecal examinations. Occasionally, the parasites may be seen on a direct smear of the feces. A blood test is also available for detection of antigens (cell proteins) of Giardia in the blood. This test is more accurate than the stool exam, but it may require several days to get a result from the laboratory. How is giardiasis treated? The typical drug used to kill Giardia is metronidazole, an antibiotic.
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