Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

The Contribution of to Modern Literature

1 2 3 Sanosi Zakaria Musa Adam & Mahmoud Ali Ahmed & Abulgassim Mohammed Elamin

1.3 Karary University - College Of Languages 2. Sudan University Of Science &Technology-College Of Languages Abstract: This study aimed at assuring the pivotal contribution made by the of ancient Greeks and Romans in one hand and the contribution of the late classicism and neoclassicism in English literature in the other hand. Literary work which is popular for a long time and is considered to be of a high quality is given the adjective “classic" or "classical”. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytic method. In this regard the study highlights some literary works and genres with their writers spread out in Europe specially the countries which their languages were derived from Latin like French and Italian. The emphasis is on the eighteenth century which is called the Classical Age. The beginning of classicism abated the grasp of Puritans in the society and education was allowed for a certain types of girls which led to the emergence of some female writers like Jane Austen. Neo-classical literature though lasted for a short time compared with the movement which was between Renaissance and Romantic period, its influence in English literature is crystal clear. The Satire is the most important contribution of neoclassicism. The researchers recommended that it is better to teach literary movements in an integrated way. Key words: classic, classicism, neoclassicism ﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص: ﻫدﻓت ﻫذة اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻻﺑراز اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣورﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗدﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾون ﻣن اﻹﻏرﯾق واﻟروﻣﺎن اﻟﻘدﻣﺎء ﻣن ﺟﻬﺔ وﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺄﺧرة واﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ أﺧرى. اﻋﺗﻣد اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛون اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟوﺻﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾﻠﯾﺔ . ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺣﺎﺿر.إذا ﺣظﻰ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻷدﺑﻲ ﺑﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة و ﺟودة ﻋﺈﻟﯨﺔ و ﻟﻔﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ ﯾﻌطﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ "اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ" . وﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﺻدد، ﺗﺳﻠط اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ وأﺳﻣﺎء ﻛﺗﺎﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ اﻧﺗﺷرت ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺑﻠدان اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻣد ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ واﻹﯾطﺈﻟﯨﺔ.ﺳﯾﻛون اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر اﻟذي ﯾﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﻌﺻر اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﻲ. ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺧﻔﻔت ﻣن ﻗﺑﺿﺔ اﻟﻣﺗزﻣﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ وﺳﻣﺢ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯨم ﻷﻧواع ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺗﯾﺎت ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ظﻬور ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﺎﺗﺑﺎت ﻣﺛل ﺟﯾن أوﺳﺗن واﻟﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺻرﻫﺎ ظﻬرت ﺑوادر اﻟرواﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ. ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن اﻷدب اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﻲ اﻟﺣدﯾث اﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻔﺗرة ﻗﺻﯾرة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺑﯾن ﻋﺻر اﻟﻧﻬﺿﺔ واﻟروﻣﺎﻧﺳﯾﺔ، ﻓﺈن ﺗﺄﺛﯾرﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي واﺿﺢ وﺿوح اﻟﺷﻣس. ﻣن اﻫم ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ان ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﻫﻲ اﻟﺳﺧرﯾﺔ .وﻗد أوﺻﻰ اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛون ﺑﺗدرﯾس اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻣدﻣﺟﺔ. اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ: اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﻲ،اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ، اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺟدﯾدة Introduction: Classic is a term used primarily to denote and creative works. Strictly speaking, a classic is any characterize a type and style or period of ancient Greek or Roman literary work of the first SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 34 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

or highest quality– for example, the works of the ii. To what extend is Classicism influential on Greek dramatist Sophocles and the Roman poet literature? Virgil. In a broad sense, the term classic is iii. Who took to deprecate the classics and applied to anything accepted either as a model of classical trend in literature? excellence or as a work of enduring cultural Research Significance relevance and value. This study is intended to draw the attention to Classicism, the imitation or use primarily of the the important role played by the classics on the style and aesthetic principles of ancient Greek realm of literature, the development of the genre and Roman classical art and literature; in modern of novel as well as the contribution made by times, it also refers to the adoption of such Classicism in literature. principles in music. The most important periods Research limits during which classicism was the prevailing The concept of classic and classicism is movement in Western thought and creative art investigated from the era of Plato and Aristotle were the Renaissance, the late 17th and early till the present time with emphasis on the 18th centuries–especially in England and eighteenth century literature. France–and the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Literature Review term neoclassicism is the name given to Western Oxford Dictionary defined the word "classic" as movements in the decorative and visual arts, an adjective judged over a period of time to be literature, theatre, music, and architecture that of the highest quality and outstanding of its draw inspiration from the "classical" art and kind.(of a garment or design) of a simple, culture of Ancient Greece or . elegant style not greatly subject to changes in Research Problem fashion. Also, very typical of its kind. As a noun There is a confusion in understanding what it is work of art of recognized and established value. meant by Classic and Classicism even among the A garment of a simple, elegant, and long-lasting students of English literature. This confusion can style. A thing which is memorable and a very make some problems Therefore, the researchers good example of its kind. A subject at school or cast light on its meaning and follow its historical university which involves the study of ancient background and the development of these Greek and Latin literature, philosophy, and concepts. history. The classics are the works of ancient Methodology Greek and Latin writers and philosophers. A The researchers adopted the descriptive analytic scholar of ancient Greek and Latin. A major method. sports tournament or competition, especially in Research Objectives golf or tennis. (in the UK) each of the five main i. Underscore the significance of the classics in flat races of the horse-racing season.( The the history of English literature. Oxford Popular Dictionary, 2000, p53) ii. Highlight its influence on the later Note that classic means ‘typical, excellent as an movements of English literature. example, timeless,’ as in John Ford directed iii. Delineate on what grounds were deprecated. many classic Westerns, and classical means Research Questions ‘relating to Greek or Roman antiquity’ (the i. What is the contribution made by the classics museum was built in the classical style). Great to English literature? art is considered classic, not classical, unless it is SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 35 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

created in the forms of antiquity. Classical music Europe during the 17th century. Education was is the exception to this rule, being formal music not offered for girls, except for daughters of the adhering to certain stylistic principles of the late nobility and Puritans, and even then subjects 18th century. The origin of the word "classic" were focused on chastity and housewifery. The refers to early 17th century: from French period is characterized by the influence of the classique or Latin classicus ‘belonging to a class classics (in literature, language, and philosophy), or division’, later ‘of the highest class’, from as well as an optimistic forward-thinking classis. (The Penguin Dictionary of Literary approach to the potential of humans (known as Terms and Literary Theory, 1992, p.140) Renaissance humanism. The spread of Longman Active Dictionary also defines Protestantism was influential in literature. The "classics" as a noun as follows: The following of English poet and playwright, William ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in Shakespeare, who flourished during this period, art and literature, generally associated with is often called England's national poet and the harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized "Bard of Avon". (Critical History of English standards of form and craftsmanship, especially Literature, 2009, p41). from the Renaissance to the 18th century. Often Literature was written in a period where social contrasted with romanticism. The following of order was undergoing tremendous changes. In traditional and long-established theories or the so called Enlightenment Period, people styles. The revival of a classical style or believed that natural passions aren't necessarily treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music. good; natural passions must be subordinated to (Longman Active Dictionary, 2002, P114). social needs and be strictly controlled. Authors Cambridge dictionary defines the prefix "neo" as believed that reason was the primary basis of new, so "neoclassicism" As an aesthetic and authority. They believed that social needs are artistic style neoclassicism originated in Rome in more important than individual needs and that the mid-18th century, combining a reaction man could find meaning in order - religious, against the late baroque with a new interest in social, the order of nature, government and antiquity. In music, the term refers to a return by literary forms. composers of the early 20th century to the forms A distinctive symptoms of classicism are: belief and styles of the 17th and 18th centuries, as a in reason; emphasis on the civilized, modern and reaction against 19th-century romanticism. sophisticated modes of life; interest in urban (Cambridge Learner's Dictionary). society; preoccupation of human nature; love for Characteristics and Symptoms of Classicism mundane actuality; satirical tendency; Classicism has certain basic features in art as in expression of accepted moral truth; realistic literature. Its concern is always with the ideal, in recognition of things as they are; belief in good form as well as in content. Such is the case, it is and evil; acceptance of established religious and true, with virtually all artists before philosophic creeds; attachment to normal, Romanticism, but classical artists looked back to generic abstraction; impersonal objectivity; the ideal of Antiquity as well as to its varied interest in public themes; emphasis on formal styles. Renaissance which is a part of classical correctness and the ideal of order; popularity of age was a cultural movement which began in poetry of prose statement; use of formal poetic Italy during the 15th century and spread around SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 36 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

diction; self-conscious traditionalism; and classicism i.e., a false classicism.( A History of rational sobriety of Latin literature. English Literature, 2000, 173). Eighteenth-Century Literature The term Augustan Age was chosen by the The Eighteenth Century in England is called the writers of eighteenth century themselves, who Classical Age or Augustan Age in literature. It is saw in Pope, Addison, Swift, Johnson and Burke also called The Age of Good Sense or The Age the modern parallels to Horace, Virgil, Cicero of Reason. It was called Classical Age in and other brilliant writers who made Roman literature on account of three reasons. In the first literature famous during the reign of Emperor place, term classic refers in general, applies to Augustus. Of course, to term this as the writers of the highest rank in any nation. The Augustan Age is no justified because the writers term was first applied to works of great Greek of this period could not compare favorably with and Roman writers, like Homer and Virgil. As those of Augustan Age in Latin literature. the writers of eighteenth century in England The eighteenth century also called the Age of tried to follow the simple noble methods of the Reason or Good Sense, because the people great writers, they began to be called classical thought that they could stand on their own legs writers. In the second place, in every national and be guided by in the conduct of their affairs literature there is a period when a large number by the light of their own reason unclouded by writers produce works of great merits; such a respect for ancient precedent. period is often called Classical Period or Age. Neoclassical Literature: Its Characteristics For example the reign of Augustus is called the and Famous Examples Classical Age of Rome; and the Age of Dante is the neoclassical era is nestled between the called the Classical Age of Italian literature. As renaissance and romantic periods of literature. during the eighteenth century in England there Though this period lasted only for around 150 was an abundance of literary productions, the years, its influence can be seen in the literature critics named it the Classical Age in English of today. literature. In the third place, during this period Neoclassical authors saw the world under a new the English writers rebelled against the light. Unlike the previous two eras, the writers of exaggerated and fantastic style of writing this era gave more importance to social needs as prevalent during the Elizabethan and Puritan compared to individual needs. They believed ages, and they demanded that poetry, drama and that man can find meaning in society, religion, prose should follow exact rules. In this they natural order, government, and literature. In no were influenced with French writers, especially time, the winds of a new revolution swept Boileau and Rapin who insisted on precise through Europe and North America, and methods of writing poetry and who professed to changed everything from art and literature to have discovered their rules in the classics of society and fashion, on its way. Though the Horace and Aristotle. But as the eighteenth neoclassical era later transitioned into the century writers in England followed the ancient romantic era, it left behind a prominent footprint classical writers only on their external which can be seen in the literary works of today. performance and lacked their sublimity and The term neo means new while classical refers grandeur, their classicism called pseudo- to the Roman and Greek classics, hence the name is aptly coined as neoclassical. SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 37 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

Neoclassical literature emulated the Greek and such as The Country Wife and The Pilgrim's Roman styles of writing. Progress respectively. While writers like Richard The neoclassical era was closely preceded by the Blackmore wrote King Arthur, it also saw critics renaissance period. Before the renaissance like Jeremy Collier, John Dryden, and John period, life and literature was mainly dictated by Dennis who gave a new direction to understand the Church. However, during renaissance, literature and theater. science and innovation was given the main Poetry too was revamped and saw the beginning emphasis. Thus, in the neoclassical era, a vast of rhyme schemes. The iambic pentameter was difference between the two ideologies can be one of the popular forms of poetry, preferred by witnessed. Therefore, you will find confusion the poets and the listeners. Odes and pastorals and contrary depictions in neoclassical literature, became the new means for exchanging ideas. especially when talking about drama because The poems were mostly realistic and satirical, in neo-classic tragedy departed from its Senecan which, John Dryden reigned supreme. He further model. (An Introduction to the Study of divided poetry into three heads, that of fables, Literature, 1965, P237). political satire, and doctrinal poems. You will Characteristics not find any spiritual bias, moral highness, or Neoclassical literature was defined by common philosophy in these poems, which became the sense, order, accuracy, and structure. In the signature style of the Restoration Era. literature of the renaissance period, man was Augustan Age (1700-1745) portrayed to be good; however, this genre of The Augustan Age took its name from the writings showed man to be flawed and relatively Roman Emperor Augustus, whose monarchy more human. Their characters also practiced brought stability in the social and political conservatism, self-control, and restraint. environment. It is during his reign, that epic A large number of literary works came out writers such as Ovid, Horace, Virgil, etc., during this period, which included parody, flourished. fables, melodrama, rhyming with couplets, Writers such as Pope, Dryden, Daniel Defoe, satire, letters, diaries, novels, and essays. More Swift, and Addison were the major contributors emphasis was given to grammar and etymology to this era. Dryden's attempts at satiric verse (study of words). were highly admired by many generations. This Stages era was also called the Age of Pope due to his For the sake of convenience, experts have noteworthy contributions as his "The Rape of the divided this era into three sections: Restoration Lock is conceived within the framework of the period, Augustan era, and Age of Johnson. classical epic. (Twentieth Century Prose, 2010, The Restoration Period (1660-1700) P.31) After the beheading of King Charles I, the Age of Johnson (1745-1785) monarchy was 'restored', and so this period got This era made its way into the literary world by the name 'restoration'. A new era had dawned stepping out of the shadows of its previous age. with epic works such as Paradise Lost and Shakespearean literature found appreciation Areopagitica by Milton and Sodom by Wilmot, during this era. It brought forth the Gothic 2nd Earl of Rochester. It also saw a new age of school of literature. Qualities like balance, both sexual comedy and wisdom, with works reason, and intellect were the main focus of this SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 38 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

era. Hence, this age is also called the Age of not a fully developed form. Satire, however, rose Sensibility. Important works such as Burke's, A out of necessity; writers and artists need a way Philosophical Inquiry into the Origins of Our to ambiguously criticize their governments, their Ideas on the Sublime and Beautiful, Johnson's, religious institutions, and their aristocrats. By The Rambler, and Goldsmith's, The Vicar of the eighteenth century, satires was hugely Wakefield are still read. popular. Satire as an art form has its roots in the Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) gave a massive classics, specially in the Roman Horace's Satires. literary contribution, which till date is a great Satire as it was originally proposed was a form boon to one an all. And that is the Dictionary of of literature using sarcasm, irony, and wit to the English Language, which was first published bring out a change in society, but in the in the year 1755. Though many similar books eighteenth century Voltaire, Jonathan Swift and were used prior to this book, the dictionary in William Hogarth expanded satire to include particular was the one that was most popularly politics, as well as art.(English Literature, 2009, used and admired, right until the printing of the P.770) Oxford English Dictionary in 1928. The political climate of the time was one of Some Neoclassical Writers and their Works tension. Any criticism of government would 1. John Milton (1608 - 1674), Paradise Lost. bring harsh punishments, sometimes exile or ii. John Dryden (1631 - 1700), To My Lord death. In order to voice opinions without fear of Chancellor and Marriage a la Mode. punishment, malcontented writers turn to satire. iii. Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744), Translation of Voltaire's Candide and Swift's Modest Proposal the Iliad, Pastorals and An Essay on are two examples of this new genre. By creating Criticism. a fictional world modeled after the world he iv. Jonathan Swift (1667 - 1745), Gulliver's hated, Voltaire was able to attack scientists and Travels. theologians with impunity. Jonathan Swift create v. Daniel Defoe (1660 - 1731), Robinson many fictional worlds in his great work, Crusoe. Gulliver's Travels, where he constantly drew vi. Samuel Johnson (1709 - 1784), A Dictionary parallels to the English government. of the English Language The new form was not limited to literature alone A new class of poets and writers rose out of the , William Hogarth expanded Satire to include art flickering ashes of neoclassical as well. His series of paintings, A Rake's literature, and a new genre called Romanticism progress, narrate the life of a young man in manifested itself with prominent eighteenth century London . Hogarth's painting writers like William Wordsworth, Coleridge, also illustrate that anything can be the object of John Keats, Lord Byron, Shelley, Satire, as he made fun of every aspect of life, not and William Blake.(Wikipedia, the Free simply the institutions of religion, science, and Encyclopedia). politics. Although not all Satire dealt with Contribution of Classicism to English religion, science and politics, the most notable Literature: The Age of Golden Satire: satirist of the time, Voltaire confined his In any society, satire is among the most writings to these subjects. His style, which has prevalent of comic forms. This is not always been widely used in our time is to portray true, for before the eighteenth century, satire was member of the society he is criticizing as SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 39 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

foolish and hypocritical. In one of his most The Lilliput civilization is parallel to English famous works, Candide, Voltaire repeatedly Commonwealth, which cruel and corrupt. The mocks the supposedly all-knowing philosophers Lillputian Emperor represents the English with the Character of Dr. Pangloss, professor of monarch who was a tyrant over the people. Also "Metaphysicotheologoicocosmolo-nigopolgy". the work was a weapon against the unfair Voltaire portrayed this man of science as very British courts. In the story Gulliver is told " the misguided, not the brilliant thinker one would several committees of council have been called expect. Evidence of this is seen in Dr. proudest lately in the most private manner on your accomplishment, he proved admirably that there account( Swift 78). This exemplifies the secrecy is no effect without cause. and unfairness of the courts which tried to Another technique used by Voltaire to convey condemn people without fair trial. Satire is sarcastic humor. In one description of a William Hogarth was an innovator by common eighteenth century medical cure, the appropriating the use of satire in the art. A patient is very fortunate to lose only one eye and talented painter and engraver, lively created an ear. In this case, as well as in many others, comical scenes pokes fun on the conventions of sarcasm is used to show Voltaire's disdain to the time, including the rich and poor, doctors what he sees as false profession of knowledge. and lawyers , drunkers and gamblers, and Voltaire occasionally uses slapstick humor as politicians and preachers. In this way, Hogarth well, not to covey any criticism, but to lighten brought the French Rococo style and combined the mood. An amusing example of this comes in it with a distinctively English subject matter to the early pages of Candide, " The Baron's lady create some of the most well known art and weighted about three hundred and fifty pounds, satire of the eighteenth century. Hogarth's and was therefore a person of great favorite device was to create a series of narrative consideration" scenes that followed the main character or Jonathon Swift uses satire as a potent weapon characters through their encounter and to attack government injustices and political submission to any one of the various social evils. abuse. In his brilliant essay, A Modest Proposal, For examples in his series entitled The Marriage Swift projects an expeditious way of addressing of a Young Lord, arranged by his parents, Irish poverty by eating Irish babies. In a less begins to founder. In one scene called "Breakfast trenchant style, Swift attacks English politics Scene" the young husband and wife sit wearily and the idiosyncrasies of the people in after a long night of partying. The young Gulliver's Travels. nobleman, with empty pockets( from gambling), Also it is looked at as his most controversial his hat still on, ruffled clothing, and broken work, A Modest Proposal was also Swift's most sword is obviously worn out from the last night's ingenious essay. The purpose of this essay was adventures. His dog sniff at a lace cap hanging to provide a cheap and easy method for making suspiciously from his pocket. His servant, the poor Irish children " sound and useful carrying un paid bills is looking upwards with members of the Commonwealth". He contends despair at his master's slovenly behavior. that eating Irish babies could solve the problem Another famous print, " Gin Lane and Beer and save the economy. Swift's most famous Street", Hogarth exaggerates the danger of work was without a doubt Gulliver's Travels. people switching from beer, considered healthy, SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 40 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

to gin, which was looked down upon as a drink other debauchery lead to good man's man for drunkards. The print presents two scenes. downfall. Hogarth is therefore able to use Satire The first one, "Gin lane", shows town gone ton to bring out the change, the true quest of a true ruins. Garbage is thrown from the windows, a satirist. cart is overflowing with the dead, and men In conclusion, the eighteenth century could fighting in the background. In the foreground, a be described as the birthplace of modern satire. mother takes some snuff , while ignoring her For the first time, the educated upper crust was infant who is falling off her lap. Vagrant criticizing the establishments, and these children wrestle with a dog for the last bit of criticisms were reaching the lower classes. Three meat on a discarded bone. In the distance, a cook satirists: Swift, Voltaire and Hogarth brought is preparing a feast of baby, a shocking idea about necessary social justice through their wit. reminiscent of A Modest Proposal. In "Beer In an age of reason, the satirist found and Street Scene", things are much happier. An artist exposed society's problem so that they could be paints a sign in the village square. The laughed at, and so that they could change. Much pawnbroker's shop, without its business, has is owed to the pioneers of satire, who gone to ruins. In front of it, merchants are hard personified the attitude and the dream of at work, enjoying a thriving economy. In the eighteenth century . background, the fishing touches are put in a Conclusion brand new building. Everyone is working, ( Reaction Against the Classical Period) everyone is healthy, and everyone is happy. Was Romanticism simply a continuation of the The humor in Hogarth's works is of the same Classicism or only a change in the subject thread that gives the spreads of Mad magazine matter? their charm. Crowded scenes full of detail, have very new artistic period is a reaction against been carefully worked so that the audience may something, and almost always it has elements of peruse subjects and setting several times and still what came before. Classicism was itself a not catch all of the details. In this way, Hogarth reaction against Rococo. was able to create what would be called " Where as Classicism was very structured and an conversation pieces", for in the same way attempt to bring the ancient world classical children can look a where's Waldo for the hidden styles to the present (grandure , majesty, humor, so could the people of eighteenth century importance) it was actually more about dramatic look at Hogarth's print and have fun. vision than about emotion. Romanticism was all At the same time Hogarth was creating pieces about emotion and individualism (though also that would, as the classical Horace said in his rather dramatic!) and was a backlash against the Satires, "use humor for moral ends" Horace status quo, against established values and social dealt with the same type of subject matter that hierarchies. (there were political and social Voltaire and Swift did notably the vanity of the reasons behind the change as well as a desire for rich, the corruption of the government, and the something new) hypocrisy of religious doctrine. He criticized the Romanticism began in the early 19th century behavior of the public as well, illustrating the and radically changed the way people perceived dangers of immoral behavior. This is evident in themselves and the state of nature around them. The Rake's Progress where alcohol abuse and Unlike Classicism, which stood for order and SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 41 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

established the foundation for architecture, Daiches, Critical History of English Literature, literature, painting and music, Romanticism 1960, Cambridge allowed people to get away from the constricted, Duro, Paul, The Academy and the Limits of rational views of life and concentrate on an Painting in Seventeenth-Century France. New emotional and sentimental side of humanity. York, 1997. ...The Romantics turned to the poet before the Grafton, Anthony, and Lisa Jardine. From scientist to harbor their convictions (they found Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the that the orderly, mechanistic universe that the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Science thrived under was too narrow-minded, Europe .London, 1986. systematic and downright heartless in terms of Grafton, Anthony. Commerce with the Classics: feeling or emotional thought) Romanticism was Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers, Ann most definitely a reaction against, and not a Arbor, Mich, 1997. continuation of, Classicism. Hudson, An Introduction to the Study of Results Literature, 1965, London. i . The word |"classic" underwent development Janjua , English Literature, 2010, Urdu Bazar, in meanings as many of Lahore. English words nowadays. Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Renaissance Thought: ii . Satire is the most important contribution of The Classic ,Scholastic, and Humanist Strains. the Classical Age to the New York, 1961. English literature. Longman Active Dictionary. 2005, eighth iii . There is no demarcation between English edition. literary eras, they overlap with each Longman Active Study Dictionary, 2005, eighth other. edition, Sally Wehmeir. Recommendations: Nauert, Charles G, Jr Humanism and the i. When studying and teaching English Culture of Renaissance Europe. Cambridge, literature, literary movements should be taught U.K., and New York, 1995. as integrated not isolated. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2004, ii. Some words develop in meanings while sixth edition. others retreat. Rosen, Charles. The Classical Style: Haydn, References Mozart, Beethoven. Expanded ed New York, Alexander , A History of English Literature, 1997. 2000, Great Britain. Rowland, Ingrid D The Place of the Antique in Benson , Robert L and Giles Constable, eds Early Modern Europe. Chicago, 1999. Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Shankman, Steven. In Search of the Classic: Century. Cambridge, Mass, 1982. Reconsidering the Greco-Roman Tradition, Berger, Robert W A Royal Passion: Louis XIV Homer to Valéry and Beyond. University Park, as Patron of Architecture .Cambridge, UK, and Pa., 1994. New York, 1994. The Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop, Twentieth Cuddon , J A (1998), The Penguin Dictionary of Century Prose, 2010, Cairo. Literary Terms and Literary Theory, fourth The Oxford Popular Dictionary and Thesaurus, edition, London. 2000, Sara Hawkins. SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 42 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565

Sudan University of Science and Technology Deanship of Scientific Research Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies

Weiss, Roberto.The Renaissance Discovery of Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Classical Antiquity.2nd ed Oxford and New https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism York, 1988.

SUST Journal of Linguistic and Literay Studies (2018) Vol.19.No. 2 June (2018) 43 ISSN (text): 1858-828x e-ISSN (online): 1858-8565