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LA OREJA ABSOLUTA • •- C Los Cuadernos del Jazz BILL EV ANS, 1929-1980 •, . r. LA OREJA ABSOLUTA • •- c. Hugo Gaitto (A Martín) ratando con cariño los pocos días que quedan de este bisiesto atroz y tene­ broso, y, ante la expectativa de siete tiros por la espalda, un cáncer con te­ quilaT o volar en Asunción del Paraguay (vaya uno por tantos), los mediados de setiembre del ochenta nos dejaban un vacío más cruel que un tango de Pracánico (diría Borges). La soledad más sola se evaporó a los cincuenta y un años. Bill Evans. De ese gran demoledor de formas probadas, el gran Thelonious Monk, depende casi todo. (He dicho casi todo y no todo. Ya hablaré de Miles y de mí.) Pero las escuelas eran distintas. El disfrutaba tocando cosas tristes, sabía cómo hacerlo. Yo sufría. Dos escuelas entrelazadas, casi la misma digita­ ción y una izquierda que no olvida y apoya, asume, acompaña sin concesiones. Acordes disconformes, notas desesperadas gol­ peando insistentemente todas las negras in­ tegradas al blanco teclado, las más intere­ santes, esas que al rozarlas suavemente co­ braban un calor femenino. (Y mi mano). (Mis pesadas e hinchadas manos). No al­ canzaban todas. Manías demoníacas disuel­ tas ... Debo elegir ... Re sostenido o Mi Be­ mol? La complicada simpleza o la delicadeza de­ sesperadamente consciente. Bill Evans nació en New Jersey en 1929, y así como Earl Hines es Louis Armstrong -la concep­ ción trompetística del piano- y Bud Powell es Charlie Parker, Bill Evans es la perfecta conjun­ ción de Miles Davis y Thelonious Monk. Mundell Lowe, un buen guitarrista, fue de los primeros que trató de llamar la atención a músicos y críticos acerca de Bill Evans. Lo conocía desde New Orleans, cuando era un adolescente y estu­ diaba en el Southeaster Lousiana Colledge. Sus primeros trabajos jazzísticos fueron Summertima Gigs, con Lowe en la guitarra y Red Mitchel en el bajo. Cuenta Lowe que era imposible que este tímido y autocensurado joven diera una audición para una compañía grabadora, o que se sentara e Bill Evans 36 Los Cuadernos del Jazz hiciese una cinta de muestra, o que tomara parte en cualquier otro esquema normal para autopro­ mocionarse y lograr una fecha de grabación. Fi­ nalmente esto sucedió: Riverside, una joven casa discográfica solamente conocida por fanáticos del jazz tradicional (habían reeditado raros discos de la época del 20 de Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, Bix Beiderbecke y otros). Esta descono­ cida empresa dirigida por los desconocidos Grauer y Keepnews, firma un contrato con otro descono­ cido. Pero éste era un músico de escuela -siempre lo fue-. Era 1956 y « Waltz for Debbie». Si las gafas fueran oscuras no los vería y podría grabar como si estuviera solo. Odio las audiencias y a la gente mirando cómo me agacho, in­ clino el cuerpo hacia adelante y por la oreja derecha penetra un aluvión de ideas y no­ tas, nuevas, verdes aún. Es un buen trío, y las críticas serán variadas y diversas. Ya lo sabía. Los solos de piano no están bien, no es lo que yo quisiera. Continúan las dudas, y las ochocientas co­ pias que se vendieron de este álbum en el 57 me dan la razón. El mundo se mueve en otro sentido. Pero entre aquel tímido e interesante Evans del 56 hubo un salto al sereno e influyente Evans del 58/59. Y ese salto se presentó viajando con un grupo regular, y tuvo un único culpable: Miles Davis. Lo escucha y contrata, haciendo de Bill una parte más de aquel increíble y talentoso sex­ teto con John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley Paul Chambers y Philly Joe Janes. El cambio produjo muchas diferencias y de las ejecuciones de Evans partió un sendero que confi­ gura una forma y una dirección en la interpreta­ ción del piano y que rigen los últimos 25 años del jazz: Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, Joe Zawinull y Keith Jarret son los mejores ejemplos. Y mencionar la experiencia de pasar todas las noches de trabajo con esos monstruos, dejar de ser un autocensurado cuando estos geniales músi­ cos lo aceptan como uno más, y sentirse aceptado como blanco, como pianista blanco de ese sexteto completamente oscuro, completamente claro. Uno de los pocos blancos aceptado sin recelos, abier­ tamente. Otro negro que palidecía. A partir de aquel memorable sexteto los músi­ cos comienzan a abandonar ese «bop» violento y el expresionismo apoyado en la sonoridad de los instrumentos no se identifica con la sonoridad clá­ sica, busca una resonancia original, se apacigua, se suaviza ... «El ritmo se relaja al máximo, es decir, conserva los caracteres del «bop» y toma de Lester Y oung una concepción del swing en la que se acentúa el aspecto tradicional de distinción y de abandono ... » Palabras de Berendt. El álbum Kind of blues de Miles Davis grabado en el 58, es la expresión más moderna para un 37 Los Cuadernos del Jazz combo. Nunca más los músicos tocaron composi­ ciones basadas en progresiones armónicas. La es­ tructura descansaba ahora en modos y escalas nuevas. Un ejemplo es el tema So what: pide prestado el esquema de las canciones populares que es la forma AABA -la forma de la mayoría de los temas de jazz es AABA-. Se presenta una frase de ocho compases (A), se repite la misma frase (A), le sigue una nueva idea de ocho compa­ ses (B), y finalmente se repite la frase de ocho compases del comienzo (A). La letra B designa la parte media o bridge o puente. Volviendo a So what. Allí sustituyen dicho es­ quema por una escala individual para una progre­ sión armónica en cada frase de ocho tiempos. Después de la introducción es el bajo quien toca la melodía/escala para abrir el coro, y el piano de Bill Evans da la impresión de hacer unos cambios armónicos, pero es sólo una ilusión, ya que el primer coro sirve de pasaje al segundo. A pesar de todo deja a Miles Davis a fines del año 59, .diciendo que una de las razones es la enfermedad del padre, pero no explicando nunca las demás. Vuelve a su familia y a períodos más que reflexivos con su hermano en Batton Rouge, reencontrándose con el piano y «... descubriendo que de algún modo especial había alcanzado un nivel interior de expresión, un nuevo modo de interpretar que había llegado automáticamente y de nuevo aparecía la ansiedad y el temor de per­ der «eso» ... pensaba que despertaría a la mañana siguiente y «eso» no estaría ahí. Pero cuando lle­ gué a N ew York y me senté junto al piano en mi apartamento «eso» estaba consistentemente allí, y fue este sentimiento el que afortunadamente con­ tinuó». El primer resultado de haber trabajado con Mi­ les Davis -ya antes de grabar Kind of blue- fue el álbum Everibody Digs Bill Evans, y allí hay senti­ mientos nuevos y fuertes. Lo acompañan Philly Joe Jones y Sam Jones y lo mejor es la improvisa­ ción en piano solo que tituló Peace Piece. Mien­ tras desarrollaba una introducción de Sorne other time, de un músico de Broodway, se dio cuenta que había aparecido nuevamente «eso», que le gustaba y allí quedó Peace Piece. También había formado anteriormente un trío con Jimmy Garrison en el bajo y el baterista Ken­ nye Devies, pero las cosas no funcionaban. Ser teloneros de un bastardo como Bennie Goodman, que regresaba con sus ínfulas de jazz, de swing (?), de mermelada de clarinete, era algo realmente muy podrido. Los músicos de Evans no se adap­ taban a una situación tan ridícula, y en un con­ trato que duraba dos semanas tuvo seis bajistas y cuatro bateristas. Joe Jones trabajó algunas en el nefasto Basin Street East y fue muy aplaudido, Bill Evans 38 Los Cuadernos del Jazz entonces el jefe dijo « ... no dejes que tu baterista haga un solo más, y nos apagó los micros.» Esas improvisaciones en trío fueron las que le dieron a Evans la reputación como el más brillante e influyente ejecutante de esa forma de jazz. Incorpora a Scott La Faro y a Paul Motian y forma uno de los tríos más geniales de la historia del jazz. La Faro, un joven descendiente de esa gran escuela fundada por Jimmy Blanton, el mejor bajista de Ellington -el que sacó al contrabajo de la «casilla del perro», nombre con que lo denomi­ naban los jazzmen de la época- murió a los 23 años luego de haber revolucionado el arte de tocar este instrumento de relleno. Una pulmonía y adiós a esos primeros hermosos solos de bajo y piano: Blanton y Ellingtori. En la lista negra sigue Osear Pettiford, reemplazante de Blanton en la orquesta de Duke y también de Dizzy Gillespie, en la calle 52, que desaparece de un derrame cerebral muy joven (él y el derrame) y seguimos nombrando bajistas como Ray Brown, Charlie Mingus, Paul Chambers... Una larga lista negra de contrabajos negros. En medio de ellos, La Faro, muerto a los 25 años en un accidente automovilístico. Era 1961. La Faro es la otra voz de Evans, para eso formó el trío. Quería que la atención se centrara en el bajo y no en él. Los tres tenían una meta musical, una meta de trío. Comienzan a trabajar en un club del Green­ wiche Village y poco después graban Portrait in Jazz, con un Evans exuberante, un vigoroso Paul Motian y La Faro, con 23 años y una invención incansable. Tres músicos capaces de domar sus ilimitados impulsos creativos hasta que apareciera la claridad, la belleza sin restricciones, la unidad. Pero el trío desaparece a 160 km.
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