______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______I

This volume is dedicated to the lovely memory of the chief-editor Hüseyin Özdikmen’s khoja

HACI AHMET KAYHAN

MUNIS

ENTOMOLOGY & ZOOLOGY

Ankara /

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______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______509 AN ATTEMPT ON SUBGENERIC COMPOSITION OF THE PALAEARCTIC GENUS STENURELLA VILLIERS, 1974 (CERAMBYCIDAE: LEPTURINAE: LEPTURINI)

Hüseyin Özdikmen*

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H. 2013. An attempt on subgeneric composition of the genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974 (Cerambycidae: Lepturinae: Lepturini). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 509-531]

ABSTRACT: The paper was presented an essay on subgeneric composition of the palaearctic genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974. As a result of the present work, four new subgenera were described except the nominotypical subgenus for the genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974 that has not been included any subgenus until now. Also a key was proposed for all valid taxa of the genus in the text.

KEY WORDS: Stenurella, Cerambycidae, Lepturinae, Lepturini.

The genus Stenurella was described by Villiers (1974) with the type species Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758 by original designation. A total of 9 species which are placed in the genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974 now, had been described by various authors until that time. These species are Strangalia approximans Rosenhauer, 1856: 305, Leptura bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776: 93, Strangalia hybridula Reitter, 1902: 188, Leptura jaegeri Hummel, 1825: 68, Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758: 397, Leptura nigra Linnaeus, 1758: 398, Strangalia novercalis Reitter, 1901: 78, Leptura septempunctata Fabricius, 1792: 346 and Leptura vaucheri Bedel, 1900: 336. After that time, some new species and subspecies have been described by various autors up to now. These species and subspecies are Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995: 617, Stenurella sennii Sama, 2002: 40, Stenurella intermedia Holzschuh, 2006: 219, Stenurella pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009: 182, Stenurella bifasciata safronovi Danilevsky, 2011: 2, Stenurella zehrae Özdikmen et al., 2012: 18, Stenurella sabinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 664 and Stenurella solaris Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 665 chronologically. Moreover, Strangalia nigrosuturalis Reitter, 1895: 88 was accepted by Adlbauer (1988) as a subspecies of Stenurella bifasciata. Stenurella intermedia was downgraded by Danilevsky (2011) as a subspecies of Stenurella bifasciata. In the same work, he accepted Strangalia bifasciata v. ferruginipes that was described by Pic (1895: 76) and Strangalia lanceolata Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 177 that was regarded as a synonym of Stenurella bifasciata, as subspecies of Stenurella bifasciata. Also Strangalia bifasciata v. ferruginipes was accepted by Rapuzzi & Sama (2012) as a separate species. Newly, Löbl & Smetana (2010) gave a total of 15 valid taxa for the genus Stenurella in their catalogue as follows:

Stenurella approximans (Rosenhauer, 1856) Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776) Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris (Reitter, 1898) Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895) Stenurella hybridula (Reitter, 1902)

510 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Stenurella intermedia Holzschuh, 2006 Stenurella jaegeri (Hummel, 1825) Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Stenurella nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) Stenurella novercalis (Reitter, 1901) Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995 Stenurella sennii Sama, 2002 Stenurella septempunctata septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) Stenurella septempunctata suturata (Reiche & Saulcy, 1858) and Stenurella vaucheri (Bedel, 1900)

In this manner, the data for the genus were accumulated over the time. Therefore, the data need to be arranged.

Subfamily LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802: 218 Tribe LEPTURINI Latreille, 1802: 218

Genus STENURELLA Villiers, 1974

Type sp.: Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758: 397

The main diagnostic character for the genus is “pronotum evenly rounded behind front margin”. Also the characters of the genus can be summarized as follows: Long 5-15 mm. Narrow body, base of elytra rather more large than that of pronotum. Head with more or less lengthened. Eyes big and protruding, emarginated. Antennae strongly at the base, slightly thickened, attaining almost the apex of elytra or slightly longer than elytral apex in the males, about the apical third or the apical fourth in the females, the longest third article, the fifth a little longer than the fourth. Pronotum trapezoidal, at the front edge narrow, followed by a transverse depression, basal depression weakly and posterior angle very sharpened and strongly extended laterally. Elytra narrow, obliquely truncate or more or less rounded in the apex, if obliquely truncate, then the outer angle of apex pointed or thornlike. Legs long and slender, hind tarsi very narrow, first segment much longer than following two segments together. The genus Stenurella has Palaearctic chorotype. Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stenurella bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776) are the widely distributed species. Stenurella nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stenurella septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) follow them. The other species have more or less locally distribution. Among them, Stenurella approximans (Rosenhauer, 1856) and Stenurella vaucheri (Bedel, 1900) are endemic to Western Mediterranean area; Stenurella hybridula (Reitter, 1902) is endemic to Iberian Peninsula; and Stenurella pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009 and Stenurella zehrae Özdikmen et al., 2012 are endemic to Turkey. Relatively, Stenurella approximans (Rosenhauer, 1856) is the biggest, Stenurella nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) is the smallest species for the genus. The genus can be divided into 7 groups as follows:

Group I (melanura species-group) Including Stenurella melanura, Stenurella pamphyliae, Stenurella samai samaii, Stenurella samai sennii, Stenurella zehrae.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______511 Group II (bifasciata species-group) Including Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata, Stenurella bifasciata intermedia, Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata, Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris, Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis, Stenurella bifasciata safronovi, Stenurella ferruginipes (=Stenurella solaris), Stenurella sabinae.

Group III (septempunctata species-group) Including Stenurella septempuctata septempunctata, Stenurella septempunctata latenigra, Stenurella vaucheri.

Group IV (jaegeri species-group) Including Stenurella jaegeri, Stenurella novercalis.

Group V (nigra species-group) Including Stenurella nigra.

Group VI (approximans species-group) Including only Stenurella approximans.

Group VII (hybridula species-group) Including only Stenurella hybridula.

A KEY OF THE GENUS STENURELLA VILLIERS, 1974

1. Posterior part of head (neck) with shallow transverse depression………………….2 -. Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression…………………...4

2. Pronotum with erect hairs; elytral apex more or less rounded………………………… …………………………………………………………..Subgen. nov. IBEROSTENURELLA ……………………………………………………….Stenurella hybridula (Reitter, 1902) -. Pronotum without erect hairs; elytral apex more or less obliquely truncate….…3

3. Larger body; Upperside bicolored, head and pronotum black, elytra dark brownish-red………………..……..…….……..Subgen. nov. CRASSOSTENURELLA ………………………………..……….Stenurella approximans (Rosenhauer, 1856) -. Smaller body; Upperside unicolored, completely black………………………………..…. ……………………………..……………..…….……..Subgen. nov. NIGROSTENURELLA …………………………………………………..……….Stenurella nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)

4. Elytral apex more or less rounded; In females, elytra completely black except brown-yellow or reddish colored basal quarter of elytra……………………………….……. ……………………………………………………….Subgen. nov. STENURELLOIDES…..5 -. Elytral apex more or less obliquely truncate; In females, elytra never so like…..6

5. Elytra brown-yellow with grayish pubescence; antennae extend to the elytral apex………..……………………………..………….Stenurella jaegeri (Hummel, 1825) -. Elytra reddish with black pubescence; antennae slightly longer than elytral apex…..……………………………………………….Stenurella novercalis Reitter, 1901

6. Abdomen completely black; pronotal punctuation strongly or deeper; legs always completely black…..………………………….………melanura-species group… …………………………………….…..……Subgen. STENURELLA Villiers, 1974……...7

512 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______-. Abdomen completely or partly reddish or yellowish; pronotal punctuation finely; legs completely black or at least partly reddish or brown-yellow………………. ………….…bifasciata-species group and septempunctata-species group…. ………….……………..………………………Subgen. nov. PRISCOSTENURELLA…..12

7. Elytra with black pubescence; In females, black sutural spot extends elytral apex to base…………………………...... ….Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) -. Elytra with yellow or golden-yellow pubescence; In females, black sutural spot extends elytral apex to about first quarter of elytra, not base……..…………….……….8

8. Pronotal punctuation deeply…………………………………………………..….…….……….9 -. Pronotal punctuation relatively strongly and deeper..…………………...... ………………………….….Stenurella zehrae Özdikmen, Mercan & Cihan, 2012

10. Elytra reddish in both sexes...... …………………………………...….Stenurella pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009 -. Elytra yellowish in males, reddish in females.…………………………………….……….11

11. Pronotal punctuation deeply and dense...... …………………………………...….Stenurella samai sennii Sama, 2002 stat. nov. -. Pronotal punctuation not so deeply and moderately dense.…………………………….. ………………………………………………...….Stenurella samai samai Rapuzzi, 1995

12. Elytra yellowish with black or darkened areas….…………………………………………. …………….…………………………………………..septempunctata-species group…..13 -. Elytra reddish with black or darkened areas………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………...…bifasciata-species group…..15

13. Pronotum completely yellowish...... ………...... Stenurella septempunctata septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) -. Pronotum completely black………………………………………………………………………14

14. Vertex brownish-yellow…………...... ….………………………………..Stenurella septempunctata latenigra (Pic, 1915) -. Vertex black…………...... Stenurella vaucheri (Bedel, 1900)

15. Legs completely black...... 16 -. Legs at least partly reddish………………………………………………………………….……21

16. Abdomen completely black……...... ……………………………...... Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris (Reitter, 1898) -. Abdomen partly or completely reddish…………………………….…………………………17

17. Elytra widely darkened along the suture…………… ……………………………...... 18 -. Elytra not widely darkened along the suture…………………….……………………..…20

18. Pronotal punctuation rough...... …………………………...... 19 -. Pronotal punctuation rough not so like; Western European subspecies...... … ………….………...... Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata (Mulsant & Rey, 1863)

19. Elytral black area much more developed...... ……………………. ……………….………...... Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895)

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______513 -. Elytral black area less developed...... ………….……………………………………………… ……………………………...... Stenurella bifasciata safronovi Danilevsky, 2011

20. Pronotal punctuation finely and dense...... …………………… ….……………………………...... Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata (Müller, 1776) -. Pronotal punctuation relatively bigger...... …………………………………………….... ……..………….………...... Stenurella bifasciata intermedia Holzschuh, 2006

21. Elytral apex more or less rounded………...... ……………………. ………………………………..………….………...... Stenurella ferruginipes (Pic, 1895) …………………..………...... Stenurella solaris Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012 syn. nov. -. Elytral apex more or less obliquely truncate…..……………………………………………… ……………………..………….………...... Stenurella sabinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012

Subgenus STENURELLA Villiers, 1974

Type sp.: Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758: 397

Group I (melanura species-group) Including Stenurella melanura, Stenurella pamphyliae, Stenurella samai samai, Stenurella samai sennii, Stenurella zehrae.

Description: 6-12 mm; Head black except yellowish maxillae; Antennae black in both sexes; In males, antennae extend to the elytral apex or slightly longer than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about three fourth or about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal segment, 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about two third- four fifth (0.64-0.82) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about four fifth-nine tenth (0.76-0.93) or about the same length (0.98) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as about three fourth-nine tenth (0.73-0.96) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression; Pronotum completely black and as long as about one fourth-two fifth (0.24- 0.39) of elytra; Elytral coloration with sexual dimorphism; In males, elytra brown-yellow, reddish or yellowish with darkened apex and suture; In females, red or reddish with apex and along the suture widely black (apex to base of elytra or never reaches to scutellum (extends apex to first quarter or about one fifth of elytra)); Elytral apex oblique truncate; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.50-0.54) or as long as about two fifth (0.38-0.39) of elytra; Pygidium black; Abdomen completely black in both sexes; Legs completely black or completely black, but especially tibiae clothed very dense yellow pubescence; First segment of metatarsus slightly longer than the remaining segments together (1.06-1.13 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.50-1.92 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as about two third (0.62) or more (up to 0.88) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fifth-four fifth (0.56-0.81) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: strongly or deeply; very dense, dense or densely; contiguous or not contiguous;

514 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Upperside with variable pubescence; Head and anterior half of pronotum sometimes with short black pubescence; Pronotum with yellowish or golden yellow pubescence especially in the basal half; Elytra with black or golden-yellow pubescence; Underside with dense yellowish or golden yellow pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: Sibero-European [It distributed in almost all , Siberia, Russian Far East, , , Mongolia, , all , Turkey].

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______515

This group includes five species-group taxa as Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758), Stenurella pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009, Stenurella samai samai Rapuzzi, 1995, Stenurella samai sennii Sama, 2002 and Stenurella zehrae Özdikmen et al., 2012 now. The above mentioned characters for the group, therefore, are obtained from them.

Species Stenurella melanura Linnaeus, 1758: 397 (Leptura) diversiventris Dufour, 1843: 103 (Strangalia) georgiana Pic, 1891g: 63 (Strangalia) latesuturata Pic, 1891g: 63 (Strangalia) melanurella Reitter, 1901b: 78 (Strangalia) rubellata Reitter, 1901b: 77 (Strangalia) semicrassa Pic, 1901n: 58 (Leptura) similis Herbst, 1784: 101 (Leptura) suturanigra DeGeer, 1775: 138 (Leptura)

Type loc.: Europa (Europe)

Chorotype: Sibero-European [It distributed in almost all Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East, Japan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, all Caucasus, Turkey].

Species Stenurella pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009: 182

Type loc.: Antalya (Turkey)

It is endemic to Turkey now.

Chorotype: Anatolian [It distributed only in SW Turkey].

Species Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995: 617 Subspecies Stenurella samai samai Rapuzzi, 1995: 617

Type loc.: Ildiz dag: Demirköy (European Turkey: Kırklareli prov.)

It is Eastern subspecies.

Chorotype: SE European [It distributed only in Balkans: Bulgaria, , NW Turkey].

516 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Subspecies Stenurella samai sennii Sama, 2002: 40 stat. nov.

Type loc.: France

It is Western subspecies. The taxon was described by Sama (2002) from France. He distinguished only from Stenurella melanura in his original description. The taxon, however, is very close to Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995. It differs from Stenurella samai by denser and deeper pronotal punctuation as the main character. So, it is a subspecies of Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995.

Chorotype: S-European [It distributed in France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece].

Species Stenurella zehrae Özdikmen et al., 2012: 18

Type loc.: Düzce (Turkey)

It is endemic to Turkey now.

Chorotype: Anatolian [It distributed only in NW Turkey].

Subgen. nov. PRISCOSTENURELLA

Type sp.: Leptura bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776: 93

The subgenus includes 2 species-groups as follows:

Group II (bifasciata species-group) Including Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata, Stenurella bifasciata intermedia, Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata, Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris, Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis, Stenurella bifasciata safronovi, Stenurella ferruginipes (=Stenurella solaris), Stenurella sabinae. Group III (septempunctata species-group) Including Stenurella septempuctata septempunctata, Stenurella septempunctata latenigra, Stenurella vaucheri.

So, the following description obtained from the taxa that mentioned above.

Description: 6-12.5 mm; Head completely black or black except yellowish maxillae, or orange or brown- yellow mouth parts and vertex; Antennae completely black, reddish or orange, or orange or brown-yellow except darkened basal segments; In males, antennae extend to the elytral apex, or slightly longer or slightly shorter than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about three fourth or four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal segment, 5th and 4th follow it, or 3rd antennal segment as long as the same length (0.95-1.05) of 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about two third-nine tenth (0.64-0.89) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about three fourth-nine tenth (0.76-0.94) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as about three fourth (0.72-0.75)-nine tenth (0.82-0.90) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression; Pronotum completely black or almost completely orange; Pronotum as long as about three tenth–one third (0.28-0.37) of elytra;

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______517 Elytral coloration with or without sexual dimorphism; If with that, then, in males, elytra dark reddish with darkened apex and the suture, or elytra yellowish with darkened apex, black suture and the base widely or narrowly; In females, reddish or dark red with black apex and behind the middle black widely transversal spot that sometimes very widened along the suture to elytral base; If without that, then, elytra orange (brown-yellow) or yellow with variable black spots in both sexes, but with or without sutural black band; Elytral apex more or less oblique truncate or more or less rounded; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.50-0.60); Pygidium completely black, orange, brown-yellow or reddish, or reddish with black apex; Abdomen completely or mostly red with last segment blackened in both sexes, or completely orange or brown-yellow except black last segment, or reddish except darkened laterally in males; Legs completely black, or red or reddish with at least hind tibiae entirely or only apically black, tarsi black, or legs not completely black, in both sexes, mostly orange or brown-yellow with black apex of hind femora and also top of hind tibiae and sometimes middle and hind tarsi darkened, or if legs black except all femora reddish in males, then legs completely reddish in females; First segment of metatarsus slightly shorter or slightly longer than the remaining segments together (0.94-0.97 or 1.04-1.08 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.44-1.64 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as about three fifth (0.58-0.59) or more (up to 0.86) of metatarsus; Hind tibia slightly longer or longer than first segment of metatarsus; First segment of metatarsus as long as about two third- nine tenth (0.66-0.92) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: finely or deeply; moderately dense or dense; slightly contiguous or not contiguous; Upperside and underside with yellowish or golden yellow pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: Palaearctic [It is distributed in almost all Europe, European Russia, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, , Iraq, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, North Africa ()].

Etymology: From the Latin word “priscus” (meaning in English “ancient, early, former”).

The subgenus includes 2 species-groups. Therefore, descriptions of these groups are also given separately as follows:

Group II (bifasciata species-group) Including Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata, Stenurella bifasciata intermedia, Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata, Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris, Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis, Stenurella bifasciata safronovi, Stenurella ferruginipes (=Stenurella solaris), Stenurella sabinae.

Description: 6-10 mm; Head black except yellowish maxillae; Antennae black in both sexes; In males, antennae slightly longer or slightly shorter than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal

518 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______segment, 5th and 4th follow it, or 3rd antennal segment as long as the same length (0.95-1.05) of 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about two third-nine tenth (0.64-0.89) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about three fourth-nine tenth (0.76-0.93) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as the same length (0.95- 1.05) or as long as about nine tenth (0.85-0.90) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression; Pronotum completely black; Pronotum as long as about one third (0.32-0.37) of elytra; Elytral coloration with sexual dimorphism; In males, elytra dark reddish with darkened apex and the suture, or elytra yellowish with darkened apex, black suture and the base widely or narrowly; In females, reddish or dark red with black apex and behind the middle black widely transversal spot that sometimes very widened along the suture to elytral base; Elytral apex more or less oblique truncate or more or less rounded; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.54-0.60); Pygidium completely black or reddish with black apex; Abdomen completely or mostly red with last segment blackened in both sexes; Legs completely black, or red or reddish with at least hind tibiae entirely or only apically black, tarsi black; First segment of metatarsus slightly shorter or slightly longer than the remaining segments together (0.94-0.96 or 1.04-1.07 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.44-1.64 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as about two third (0.63) or more (up to 0.86) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about two third- three fourth (0.66-0.73) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: finely or deeply; moderately dense or dense; slightly contiguous or not contiguous; Upperside and underside with yellowish or golden yellow pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: Sibero-European [It is distributed in almost all Europe, European Russia, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China].

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______519

This group includes eight species-group taxa as Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776), Stenurella bifasciata intermedia Holzschuh, 2006, Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata (Mulsant & Rey, 1863), Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris (Reitter, 1898), Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895), Stenurella bifasciata safronovi Danilevsky, 2011, Stenurella ferruginipes (Pic, 1895) [=Stenurella solaris Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012] and Stenurella sabinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012 now. The above mentioned characters for the group, therefore, are obtained from them.

Species Stenurella bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776: 93 (Leptura) Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776: 93 (Leptura) albarracina Wagner, 1927a: 45 (Leptura) cruciata Olivier, 1795: 7 (Leptura) immaculata Pic, 1889b: 55 (Strangalia) nigriventris Pic, 1891b: 15 (Strangalia) sedakovii Mannerheim, 1852b: 307 (Stenura) ustulata Laicharting, 1784: 157 [HN] (Leptura)

Type loc.: Dania (Denmark)

Chorotype: Sibero-European [It is distributed in almost all Europe, European Russia, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China].

Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata intermedia Holzschuh, 2006: 219

Type loc.: Magnisia (Greece)

It was described by Holzschuh (2006) as a separate species. Danilevsky (2011) accepted it as a subspecies of the species.

Chorotype: SE-European [It is distributed only in south-eastern Europe (Balkans: Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece)].

Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata lanceolata Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 177 (Strangalia)

Type loc.: L’Espagne (Spain)

It was described by Mulsant & Rey (1863) as a variety of Strangalia bifasciata. Danilevsky (2011) upgraded it as a subspecies of the species.

520 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Chorotype: W-European [It is distributed only in western Europe (Spain, France)].

Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata limbiventris Reitter, 1898: 21 (Strangalia)

Type loc.: Caucasus

It was described by Reitter (1898) as a separate species Strangalia limbiventris.

Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian) [It is distributed only in Caucasus (Georgia) and NE Turkey].

Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis Reitter, 1895: 88 (Strangalia)

Type loc.: Akbes (Turkey: Hatay: Akbez)

It was described by Reitter (1895) as a separate species Strangalia nigrosuturalis.

Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palestino-Taurian) [It is distributed only in Lebanon, Syria, S Turkey].

Subspecies Stenurella bifasciata safronovi Danilevsky, 2011: 2

Type loc.: Antalya and Isparta provinces (Turkey)

It is endemic to Turkey now.

Chorotype: Anatolian [It is distributed only in SW Anatolia].

Species Stenurella ferruginipes (Pic, 1895: 76) solaris Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 665 syn. nov.

Type loc.: Bitlis (E Turkey)

It is endemic to Turkey now. Stenurella solaris that was newly described by Rapuzzi & Sama (2012) also from Bitlis province in East Turkey, is only a color form of the species.

Chorotype: Anatolian [It is distributed only in E Anatolia].

Species Stenurella sabinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 664

Type loc.: Hakkari (SE Turkey); Kordestan (W Iran)

Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Irano-Anatolian) [It is distributed only in SE Anatolia and W Iran].

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______521 Group III (septempunctata species-group) Including Stenurella septempuctata septempunctata, Stenurella septempunctata latenigra, Stenurella vaucheri.

Description: 7-12.5 mm; Head completely black or black except orange or brown-yellow mouth parts and vertex; Antennae completely black, reddish or orange, or orange or brown- yellow except darkened basal segments; In males, antennae extend to the elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about three fourth or four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal segment, 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about two third (0.66-0.67) - about three fourth (0.74-0.77) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about nine tenth (0.88-0.94) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as about three fourth (0.72-0.75) - four fifth (0.82-0.87) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression; Pronotum completely black or almost completely orange; Pronotum as long as about three tenth (0.28-0.31) – about one third (0.34) of elytra; Elytral coloration with or without sexual dimorphism; Elytra orange (brown- yellow) or yellow with variable black spots in both sexes, but with or without sutural black band; Elytral apex more or less obliquely truncate; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.50-0.53); Pygidium orange, brown-yellow or reddish; Abdomen completely orange or brown-yellow except black last segment, or reddish except darkened laterally in males; Legs not completely black; In both sexes, mostly orange or brown-yellow with black apex of hind femora and also top of hind tibiae and sometimes middle and hind tarsi darkened, or if legs black except all femora reddish in males, then legs completely reddish in females; First segment of metatarsus slightly shorter or slightly longer than the remaining segments together (0.97 or 1.07-1.08 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.48-1.60 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as about three fifth (0.58-0.59) or more (up to 0.78) of metatarsus; Hind tibia slightly longer or longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fourth (0.71) - four fifth (o.80) or about nine tenth (0.86-0.92) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: finely; dense or moderately dense; not contiguous; Upper and underside with yellow pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: W-Palaearctic [It distributed in Europe, Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia), European Russia, Turkey, North Africa (Morocco)].

522 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

This group includes three species-group taxa as Stenurella septempuctata septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792), Stenurella septempunctata latenigra (Pic, 1915) and Stenurella vaucheri (Bedel, 1900) now. The above mentioned characters for the group, therefore, are obtained from them.

Species Stenurella septempunctata Fabricius, 1792: 346 (Leptura) Subspecies Stenurella septempunctata septempunctata Fabricius, 1792: 346 (Leptura) atrosuturalis Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) corcyrica Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) dobiachi Pic, 1916b: 4 (Strangalia) gasturica Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) holtzi Pic, 1916b: 5 (Strangalia) montandoni Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) notaticollis Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) pallidicolor Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) rubronotata Pic, 1916b: 5 (Strangalia) semireducta Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) suturata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858: 22 (Strangalia) [“Péloponése”] velebitica Pic, 1916b: 4 (Strangalia)

Type loc.: Hungaria (Hungary)

It is the Western subspecies of Stenurella septempunctata.

Chorotype: European [It distributed in Europe (Central and South Europe (Germany and Italy) to Balkans and East Europe (up to Ukraine and European Russia)].

Species Stenurella septempunctata latenigra Pic, 1915: 5 (Strangalia) anatolica Heyrovský, 1961a: 45 (Strangalia) roberti Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) [“Transsylvanie et Turquie”]

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______523 Type loc.: Asie Mineure (Turkey)

It is the Eastern subspecies of Stenurella septempunctata.

Chorotype: E-European [It distributed in Europe (Bulgaria, European Turkey, European Russia), Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia), Turkey].

Species Stenurella vaucheri Bedel, 1900: 336 (Leptura)

Type loc.: Maroc (Morocco)

It is endemic to Western Mediterranean area.

Chorotype: W-Mediterranean [It distributed only in W-Europe (Spain) and North Africa (Morocco)].

Subgen. nov. STENURELLOIDES

Type sp.: Leptura jaegeri Hummel, 1825: 68

Group IV (jaegeri species-group) Including Stenurella jaegeri, Stenurella novercalis.

Description: 7-11.5 mm; Head black except brown-yellow maxillae; Antennae completely black; In males, antennae extend to the elytral apex or slightly longer than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal segment, 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about three fourth (0.74-0.76) or four fifth (0.79-0.80) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about nine tenth (0.87-0.91) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as about four fifth (0.77)- nine tenth (0.87-0.94) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with deeper transverse depression; Pronotum completely black; Pronotum as long as about one fourth (0.26- 0.27)-three tenth (0.28-0.30) of elytra; Elytral coloration with sexual dimorphism; In males, brown-yellow or reddish with black apex, the suture and side edges; In females, black with brown-yellow or reddish basal one third of elytra or sometimes almost basal half of elytra; Elytral apex rounded; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.52-0.56); Pygidium black; Abdomen completely black; Legs not completely black; In both sexes, at least all femora brown-yellow or reddish; First segment of metatarsus slightly shorter or slightly longer than the remaining segments together (0.92 or 1.11 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.33-1.59 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as about three fourth (0.70) or more (up to 0.90) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fifth (0.56-0.61) or about two third (0.68) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: strongly; very dense; contiguous;

524 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Upper and underside with grayish or black pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: E-European [It distributed in Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Ukraine (Crimea), European Russia, Turkey, Iran].

Etymology: From the Latin suffix “oides” (meaning in English “like, resembling).

This subgenus includes two species as Stenurella jaegeri (Hummel, 1825) and Stenurella novercalis Reitter, 1901 now. The above mentioned characters for the subgenus, therefore, are obtained from them.

Species Stenurella jaegeri Hummel, 1825: 68 (Leptura) fenestrata Reitter, 1901b: 79 (Strangalia) jekeli Pic, 1901u: 236 (Strangalia) mingrelica Tournier, 1872: 344 (Strangalia) oxyptera Faldermann, 1837: 318 (Stenura)

Type loc.: Rossia meridionali (Southern Russia)

Chorotype: E-European [It distributed in Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Ukraine (Crimea), European Russia, Turkey, Iran].

Species Stenurella novercalis Reitter, 1901: 78

Type loc.: Caucasus

Chorotype: E-European [It distributed in Caucasus (Georgia), European Russia, Turkey].

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______525 Subgen. nov. NIGROSTENURELLA

Type sp.: Leptura nigra Linnaeus, 1758: 358

Group V (nigra species-group) Including Stenurella nigra.

Description: 5-9 mm; Head black except yellowish maxillae; Antennae black in both sexes; In males, antennae slightly longer than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd and 5th antennal segment as long as about the same length; 4th segment always shorter; 4th antennal segment as long as about four fifth (0.83-0.87) of 3rd or 5th segments; Posterior part of head (neck) with shallow transverse depression; Pronotum completely black; Pronotum as long as about one third (0.31-0.35) of elytra; Elytral coloration without sexual dimorphism; completely black; Elytral apex oblique truncate; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.52); Pygidium reddish with black apex; Abdomen 4-5th sternites reddish except black apex of last segment in males; 1- 5th sternites (abdomen completely) reddish except black apex of last segment in females; Legs completely black; First segment of metatarsus slightly longer than the remaining segments together (1.09 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.52 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as two third (0.62-0.66) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fourth (0.75)-about four fifth (0.81) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: finely; moderately dense; not contiguous; Upperside and underside with grayish pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: European [It distributed in almost all Europe, European Russia, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, Iran].

Etymology: From the completely black upperside coloration.

This subgenus includes only one species as Stenurella nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) now. The above mentioned characters for the subgenus, therefore, are obtained from Stenurella nigra.

526 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Species Stenurella nigra Linnaeus, 1758: 398 (Leptura) giraudi Pic, 1946a: 14 (Strangalia) picea Geoffroy, 1785: 87 (Stenocorus) varicollis Schaefer, 1932: 31 (Stenura)

Type loc.: Europa (Europe)

Chorotype: European [It distributed in almost all Europe, European Russia, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, Iran].

Subgen. nov. CRASSOSTENURELLA

Type sp.: Strangalia approximans Rosenhauer, 1856: 305

Group VI (approximans species-group) Including only Stenurella approximans.

Description: 10-15 mm; Head black; Antennae completely black; In males, antennae slightly longer than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd the longest antennal segment, 5th and 4th follow it; 4th segment as long as about four fifth (0.77-0.84) of 3rd segment; 4th segment as long as about nine tenth (0.90-0.91) of 5th segment; 5th segment as long as about nine tenth (0.85-0.94) of 3rd segment; Posterior part of head (neck) with shallow transverse depression; Pronotum completely black; Pronotum as long as three tenth (0.30) of elytra; Elytral coloration with sexual dimorphism; In males, dark brownish-red sometimes with darkened elytral apex and the suture; In females, dark brownish- red (forma typica), and sometimes with a very large black sutural stripe that extends elytral base to apex and clothed the most part of elytra (ab. edmundi Pic); Elytral apex oblique truncated; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.54-0.55); Pygidium black; Abdomen black; Legs completely black; First segment of metatarsus slightly shorter than the remaining segments together (0.90); First segment of metatarsus as long as 1.5 times of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as three fourth (0.75) or more (up to 0.88) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fifth (0.57) or two third (0.64-0.69) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: strongly; very dense; contiguous; Upper and underside with grayish pubescence; Pronotum without erect hairs.

Chorotype: W-Mediterranean [It is distributed only in Western Mediterranean area (Portugal, Spain and Morocco)].

Etymology: From the Latin word “crassus” (meaning in English “big”).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______527

This subgenus includes only one species as Stenurella approximans (Rosenhauer, 1856) now. The above mentioned characters for the subgenus, therefore, are obtained from Stenurella approximans.

Species Stenurella approximans Rosenhauer, 1856: 305 (Strangalia) purpuripennis Mulsant, 1863: 515 (Strangalia) edmundi Pic, 1901u: 237 (Strangalia) Type loc.: bei Algericas (Spain: Cadiz)

It is endemic to Western Mediterranean area.

Chorotype: W-Mediterranean [It is distributed only in Western Mediterranean area (Portugal, Spain and Morocco)].

Subgen. nov. IBEROSTENURELLA

Type sp.: Strangalia hybridula Reitter, 1902: 188

Group VII (hybridula species-group) Including only Stenurella hybridula.

Description: 9-12 mm; Head black except yellowish maxillae; Antennae yellowish-brown with darkened basal segments; In males, antennae longer than elytral apex; In females, antennae as long as about four fifth of elytra; In both sexes, 3rd and 5th antennal segment as long as the same length; 4th segment always shorter; 4th antennal segment as long as about four fifth (0.80-0.83) of 3rd or 5th segments; Posterior part of head (neck) with shallow transverse depression; Pronotum completely black; Pronotum as long as about three tenth (0.27- 0.33) of elytra; Elytral coloration without sexual dimorphism; Elytra yellowish-brown with suture and lateral margins black, apex darkened; Elytral apex more or less rounded; Elytral width slightly more than half of elytral length (0.52-0.56); Pygidium black; Abdomen black in males, red except black 1st tergite and apex of last tergite in females; Legs predominantly black sometimes with partly more or less yellowish- brown tibiae; First segment of metatarsus longer than the remaining segments together (1.25 times); First segment of metatarsus as long as almost 2 times (1.93) of the 2-3rd segments together; Hind tibia shorter than metatarsus and as long as

528 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______three fourth (0.75) or more (up to 0.88) of metatarsus; Hind tibia longer than first segment of metatarsus. First segment of metatarsus as long as about three fifth (0.57)-two third (0.67-0.70) of hind tibia; Punctuation of head, pronotum and elytra almost same each other: finely; dense; not contiguous; Upper and underside with yellowish pubescence; Pronotum with erect hairs.

Chorotype: Iberian endemic [It is distributed only in Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain)].

Etymology: From the distribution area, Iberian Peninsula.

This subgenus includes only one species as Stenurella hybridula (Reitter, 1902) now. The above mentioned characters for the subgenus, therefore, are obtained from Stenurella hybridula.

Species Stenurella hybridula Reitter, 1902: 188 (Strangalia) atriventris Pic, 1905a: 8 (Leptura) [DA] atronotata Pic, 1918d: 5

Type loc.: Asturien: Albas (Spain); Sierra do Gerez (Portugal)

It is endemic to Iberian Peninsula.

Chorotype: Iberian endemic [It is distributed only in Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain)].

A necessary explanation: Löbl & Smetana (2010) gave the species as follows: hybridula Reitter, 1901h: 188 (Strangalia) E: PT SP atriventris Pic, 1905a: 8 (Leptura) [DA] atronotata Pic, 1918d: 5

And also they gave as the mentioned reference: Reitter E. 1901h: Vierzehnter Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna von Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 20: 200-202. However, the publication does not include the description of Strangalia hybridula. The species was described by Reitter (1902). The reference that missing in the Catalog, is presented as follows: Reitter E. 1902: Neue Coleopteren aus Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschriift 1901 [1901-1902]: 187-188. So, Stenurella hybridula should be attributed to Reitter (1902: 188) as correct.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______529 Consequently, the genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974 can be arranged in accordance with Löbl & Smetana (2010) as follows: genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974: 217 type species Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758 subgenus Crassostenurella Özdikmen, 2013: 526 type species Strangalia approximans Rosenhauer, 1856 approximans Rosenhauer, 1856: 305 (Strangalia) E: PT SP N: MO purpuripennis Mulsant, 1863: 515 (Strangalia) edmundi Pic, 1901u: 237 (Strangalia) subgenus Iberostenurella Özdikmen, 2013: 527 type species Strangalia hybridula Reitter, 1902 hybridula Reitter, 1902e: 188 (Strangalia) E: PT SP atriventris Pic, 1905a: 8 (Leptura) [DA] atronotata Pic, 1918d: 5 subgenus Nigrostenurella Özdikmen, 2013: 525 type species Leptura nigra Linnaeus, 1758 nigra Linnaeus, 1758: 398 (Leptura) E: AB AL AR AU BE BH BU BY CR CT CZ DE EN FR GB GE GG GR HU IR IT LA LS LT LU MC MD NL NR NT PT RO SK SL SP ST SV SZ UK YU A: IN TR giraudi Pic, 1946a: 14 (Strangalia) picea Geoffroy, 1785: 87 (Stenocorus) varicollis Schaefer, 1932: 31 (Stenura) subgenus Priscostenurella Özdikmen, 2013: 516 type species Leptura bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776 bifasciata bifasciata O. F. Müller, 1776: 93 (Leptura) E: AB AL AR AU BE BH BU BY CR CT CZ EN FR GE GG GR HU IT LA LS LT LU MC MD NL NT PL PT RO SK SL SP ST SZ TR UK YU A: ES IN IQ KZ TR WS XIN albarracina Wagner, 1927a: 45 (Leptura) cruciata Olivier, 1795: 7 (Leptura) immaculata Pic, 1889b: 55 (Strangalia) nigriventris Pic, 1891b: 15 (Strangalia) sedakovii Mannerheim, 1852b: 307 (Stenura) ustulata Laicharting, 1784: 157 [HN] (Leptura) bifasciata intermedia Holzschuh, 2006: 219 E: AL BU GR MC bifasciata lanceolata Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 177 (Strangalia) E: FR SP bifasciata limbiventris Reitter, 1898a: 21 (Strangalia) E: GG A: TR bifasciata nigrosuturalis Reitter, 1895a: 88 (Strangalia) A: LE SY TR bifasciata safronovi Danilevsky, 2011: 2 A: TR ferruginipes (Pic, 1895: 76) A: TR solaris Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 665 syn. nov. sabinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2012: 664 A: IN TR septempunctata septempunctata Fabricius, 1792b: 346 (Leptura) E: AL AU BH BU CR CZ GE GR HU IT MC MD PL RO SK SL ST SZ UK YU atrosuturalis Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) corcyrica Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) dobiachi Pic, 1916b: 4 (Strangalia) gasturica Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) holtzi Pic, 1916b: 5 (Strangalia) montandoni Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) notaticollis Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) pallidicolor Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia)

530 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______rubronotata Pic, 1916b: 5 (Strangalia) semireducta Pic, 1915e: 5 (Strangalia) suturata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858: 22 (Strangalia) [“Péloponése”] velebitica Pic, 1916b: 4 (Strangalia) septempunctata latenigra Pic, 1915: 5 (Strangalia) E: AR BU GG A: TR anatolica Heyrovský, 1961a: 45 (Strangalia) roberti Pic, 1915a: 38 (Leptura) [“Transsylvanie et Turquie”] vaucheri Bedel, 1900: 336 (Leptura) E: SP N: MO subgenus Stenurella Villiers, 1974: 217 type species Leptura melanura Linnaeus, 1758 melanura Linnaeus, 1758: 397 (Leptura) E: AB AL AR AU BE BH BU BY CR CT CZ DE EN FI FR GB GE GG GR HU IR IT LA LS LT LU MC MD NL NT NR PL PT RO SK SL SP ST SV SZ YU UK MD A: ES FE JA KZ MG TR WS XIN diversiventris Dufour, 1843: 103 (Strangalia) georgiana Pic, 1891g: 63 (Strangalia) latesuturata Pic, 1891g: 63 (Strangalia) melanurella Reitter, 1901b: 78 (Strangalia) rubellata Reitter, 1901b: 77 (Strangalia) semicrassa Pic, 1901n: 58 (Leptura) similis Herbst, 1784: 101 (Leptura) suturanigra DeGeer, 1775: 138 (Leptura) pamphyliae Rapuzzi & Sama, 2009: 182 A: TR samai samai Rapuzzi, 1995: 617 E: BU GR TR A: TR samai sennii Sama, 2002: 40 E: FR GR IT SZ zehrae Özdikmen et al., 2012: 18 A: TR subgenus Stenurelloides Özdikmen, 2013: 523 type species Leptura jaegeri Hummel, 1825 jaegeri Hummel, 1825: 68 (Leptura) E: AB AR GG ST UK A: TR fenestrata Reitter, 1901b: 79 (Strangalia) jekeli Pic, 1901u: 236 (Strangalia) mingrelica Tournier, 1872: 344 (Strangalia) oxyptera Faldermann, 1837: 318 (Stenura) novercalis Reitter, 1901b: 78 E: GG ST A: TR

Notes: The taxon, Strangalia lindbergi Villiers, 1943: 233, that sometimes is placed in the genus Stenurella, definitely belongs to the genus Nustera Villiers, 1974.

LITERATURE CITED

Adlbauer, K. 1988. Neues zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der Bockkäferfauna der Türkei (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Entomofauna, 9 (12): 257-297.

Bedel, L. 1900. Descriptions de deux coléoptères nouveaux du Nord de l’Afrique. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 1900: 335-337.

Danilevsky, M. 2011. New subspecies of Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from South West Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 6 (1): 1-5.

Fabricius, J. C. 1792. Entomologia Systematica emendata et Aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. Adjectus synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome I: p. 346.

Holzschuh, C. 2006. Beschreibung von 51 neuen Bockkäfern aus der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region, vorwiegend aus Borneo und China (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey, 28: 205-276.

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Hummel, A. D. 1825. Novae Species Variorum. Ess. Entomol., 4: 58-71.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymies, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, iv + 824 + [1] pp.

Löbl, I. & Smetana A. (ed.) 2010. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup. Apollo Books, 924 pp.

Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. 1863. Longicornes nouveaux ou peu connus. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, (2) 10: 144-184.

Müller, O. F. 1776. Zoologiae Danicae prodromus, seu animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. Hafniae. Hallageriis, xxxii + 282 pp.

Özdikmen, H., Mercan, N. & Cihan, N. 2012. A new species of the genus Stenurella Villiers, 1974 from Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lepturinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1): 18-21.

Pic, M. 1895. Longicornes de la collection H. Tournier. L’Échange, Revue Linnéenne, 11 (127): 75-78.

Rapuzzi, P. 1995. Descrizione di Stenurella samai n. sp. di Turchia europea e di Axinopalpis gracilis christinae n. ssp. di Grecia (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Lambillionea, 95 (4): 617-619.

Rapuzzi, P. & Sama, G. 2009. Description of new Cerambycidae from Greece, Turkey, northern Syria and China (Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae). Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna, 29: 181-188.

Rapuzzi, P. & Sama, G. 2012. New taxa and new records of Longhorn-Beetles from Eastern Mediterranean Region (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (2): 663-690.

Reiche, L. & Saulcy, F. De, 1858. Coléoptères nouveaux ou peu connu recueilli par M.de Saulcy dans son voyage en Grèce,Palestine et autour de la Mer Morte. Ann.Soc.ent.Fr., 3 (6): 306-318.

Reitter, E. 1895. Beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter Coleopteren aus der Umgebung von Akbes in Syrien. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 14: 79-88.

Reitter, E. 1898. Sechzehnter Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna des russischen Reiches. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 17: 17-22.

Reitter, E. 1901. Uebersicht der Arten der Coleopteren-Gattung Strangalia Serv. aus der Verwandtschaft der St. melanura L. und bifasciata Müll.. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 20: 77-80.

Reitter, E. 1902. Neue Coleopteren aus Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschriift, 1901 [1901-1902]: 187-188.

Rosenhauer, W. G. 1856. Thiere Andalusiens nach dem resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt, nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt unbeschreibenen Gattungen und Arten. Erlangen: Theodor Blaesing, VIII + 429 pp.

Sama, G. 2002. Atlas of the Cerambycidae of Europe and the Mediterranean Area, Volume I, Kabourek, Zlin, 173 pp.

Villiers, A. 1946. Coléoptéres Cérambycides de l'Afrique du Nord.- Faune de l'Empire français. 5. Paris: 153 pp.

Villiers, A. 1974. Une nouvelle nomenclature des lepturines de France (Col. Cerambycidae). L'Entomologiste, 30: 207-217.

532 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______REVISION OF THE CYANELLUS SPECIES GROUP OF ENTEDON DALMAN (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

Mikdat Doğanlar* and Oğuzhan Doğanlar**

* Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection,TR- 31034, Hatay, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, 04200, Ağrı, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Doğanlar, M. & Doğanlar, O. 2013. Revision of the cyanellus species group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with descriptions of new species. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 532-548]

ABSTRACT: Eight species of the cyanellus species group of genus Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) were collected in Turkey: E. cyanellus Dalman, E. biroi Erdös, E. parvicalcar Thomson, E. pallicrus Erdös, and the four new species, E. arabanensis n. sp., E. sarkislaensis n. sp., E. susuzensis n. sp., E. gumushanensis n. sp. Hypopygia of the species, except E. susuzensis and E. gumushanensis, were studied. Identification keys to the Turkish species of the cyanellus species group of Entedon were provided.

KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera (Eulophidae), cyanellus species group of Entedon, Turkey.

The species group cyanellus was proposed by Graham (1963) for the association of Entedon cyanellus Dalman, 1820, E. pallicrus Erdös, 1944, E. metatarsalis Thomson, 1878, E. subovatus Thomson, 1878, and E. parvicalcar Thomson, 1878. Later Graham (1971) revised the species of the group, and include to the species group of cyanellus the following species: Entedon subimpressus Thomson, 1878, E. cyanellus, E. pallicrus Erdös, 1944, E. subovatus, E. parvicalcar, E. biroi Erdös, 1944 and E. astragali Erdös, 1944, and stated that the species sharing the characters as follow: missing frontal sulcus, oral fossa 2.5- 4.5 times as long as malar space, anterior margin of clypeusproduced forwards, fore tibia with two longitudinal white stripes, POL (post ocellar distance) nearly or quite twice OOL (ocello-ocular distance), hind ocelli separated by 1-1.75 times their own major diameter from eyes, fore wing speculum open below, basal vein normally bare, three segmented male funicle. Askew (1992) proposed some corrections to the species group structure, and to include E. sylvestris Szelenyi, 1981 in the species group cyanellus because of presence of two hardly discernible stripes on the fore tibia, while the rest have fore tibiae wholly darkened. Gumovsky (1999) studied the type series and numerous (about 1000) other specimens of E. sylvestris (HNHM), and placed it in the costalis species group of Entedon. Gumovsky (1997, 1999) gave the following essential apomorphies of the species group cyanellus: missing frontal fork, anterior margin of clypeus produced forwards, fore tibia with two longitudinal white stripes, propodeum without true (complete, margined at both sides) lateral sulcus, and described of the group. Gumovsky (1999) stated that this group includes E. angorensis Gumovsky, 1999, E. biroi, E. calvescentitus Szelenyi, 1977, E. cyanellus, E. ductus Szelenyi, 1977, E. intumescens Szelenyi, 1977, E. jozsefi Gumosky, 1999, E. marusuki Gumosky, 1999, E. levadae Gumovsky, 1999, E. pallicrus, and E. parvicalcar.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______533 In Turkey, Doğanlar (1985) recorded E. biroi, E. parvicalcar, and E. pallicrus from the cyanellus species group and some other species of Entedon from the Eastern Anatolia. Gumovsky (1999) described E. angorensis from Ankara province, and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003) gave some species of the group from Bulgaria and Trace. The morphology of hypopygia in the taxonomy of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) has been studied for separating the species of Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 by Graham (1969), for the species of Pachyneuron Walker, 1833 and Euneura Walker, 1844 by Doğanlar (1986) and for the species of Dibrachys Förster, 1856 by Doğanlar (1987). In the taxonomy of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Graham (1987, 1991) used the morphology of hypopygia in the classification of species of some genera in Tetrastichinae, Doğanlar (1991a,b) for some species of Ormyridae, and Tarla et al. (2010) for species of genus Oopristus Steffan, 1968 in Monodontomerinae (Torymidae). In this work the morphology of hypopygia and some other morphological characters of the species in the cyanellus species group of Entedon were treated as diagnostic characters for the systematic of the species from Turkey, and the new species were described. Aids of some morphological characters a new identification key was created for the species of the cyanellus species group of Entedon in Turkey.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study is based upon examination and identification of the specimens collected from several parts of Turkey. The examined specimens were deposited in Insect Museum of Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey (MKUI). Specimens were collected by sweeping and putting the whole contents of the swept materials directly in 96 % ethanol. After sorting the material, individuals were mounted on cards for further morphological studies. The species were identified by following the keys of Graham (1971), Gumovsky (1999) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). The hypopygia were separated from metasoma by dissecting and slide mounted in Canada balsam, the other parts of the metasoma were replaced on its own card near its mesosoma. Wings and antennae of some paratypes were slide-mounted in Canada balsam. Photographs of diagnostic characters of the genera were taken by using of Leica DM 5500 B microscope with a digital Leica DFC 295 camera attached to it. Terminology and abbreviations Morphological terminology follows Graham (1969) in hypopygia as in Fig. 1, Gibson (1997) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). Abbreviations used in the key and descriptions are: OOL= shorter distance between ocello-ocular line POL= distance between posterior ocelli, F1-4= funicular segments. The name of some parts of hypopygium given in Fig. 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Key to female of the species of the cyanellus species group of Entedon

1- Mid and hind tibiae wholly pale (mostly white) (Fig. 4b,c); eye height 4.2 times as long as malar space; antenna (Fig. 4a) with scape 5.6 times as long as broad; metasoma 1.3 times as long as broad; hypopygium (Fig. 4d,e) with median area circular, with median sclerotized line complete………………………………………………...... Entedon pallicrus Erdös - Mid and hind tibiae at least with narrow basal dark band; other characters variable...... 2

534 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

2- Mid and hind tibiae at least their distal third pale (Figs. 5b,c; 6b,c; 7b,c; 8b,c)………………3 - Mid and hind tibiae at most their distal quarter or less pale (Figs. 9b,c; 10b,c; 11b,c)…...... 6 3- Mid and hind tibiae with basal dark band almost margined at both ends, covering 1/4 of total length of tibiae (Fig. 5b,c); eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space. Antenna (Fig. 5a) with scape 3.5-3.75 times as long as broad. Metasoma ovate, slightly longer than broad; hypopygium (Fig. 5d,e) with median area quadrangular, median sclerotized line medially almost absent……….……………...... Entedon biroi Erdös - Mid and hind tibiae with basal dark band at least covering their basal 1/3, lower margin of this dark band washed out; other characters variable...... 4 4- Basal dark band of mid tibia longer than the band of hind tibia (Fig. 6b,c); eye height 4.8- 5.67 times as long as malar space; antenna (Fig. 6a) with scape 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad. Metasoma 1.73 times as long as broad; hypopygium (Fig. 6d,e) with median area circular, median sclerotized line complete...... Entedon arabanensis n. sp. - Basal dark band of mid and hind tibiae almost equal in breadth (about 1/3-2/3 of length of the tibia), or hind band somewhat broader than mid one (Figs. 7b,c; 8b,c); other characters variable…………………………………………………………………………..…………………….5 5- Head in frontal view 1.4 times as broad as high; POL 2.1-2.4 OOL; breadth of oral fossa about 5.0 times as long as malar space; Antenna (Fig. 7a) with scape 6 times as long as broad; pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad, 0.6-0.8 times as long as F1; the latter 2.0-2.25 times as long as broad, and 1.14-1.3 times as long as F2; F2 almost twice as long as broad, F3 1.3 times as long as broad. Metasoma ovate, slightly shorter than broad; hypopygium as in Fig. 7d,e…...... Entedon parvicalcar Thomson -Head in frontal view 1.32 times as broad as high; POL 3.33 OOL; breadth of oral fossa about 8.0 times as long as malar space. Antenna (Fig. 8a) with scape 2.75 times as long as broad, pedicel 1.66 times as long as broad, almost as long as F1; the latter 1.5 times as long as broad, and 1.8 times as long as F2; F2 and F3 subquadrate. Metasoma long- ovate, about 1.5 times longer than broad; hypopygium as in Fig. 8e…...... ……………………………………………………………………………………..Entedon sarkislaensis n. sp. 6- Forewing with fumation below marginal vein (Fig. 9d); clypeus almost smooth; head in frontal view 1.4 times as broad as high. Breadth of oral fossa about 5.67 times as long as malar space. Eye height 3.57 times as long as malar space. Combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.9 times as long as breadth of head. Antenna (Fig. 9a) with scape 5.7 times as long as broad, 0.76 times as long as eye height; pedicel 2.4 times as long as broad, 0.67 as long as F1; the latter twice as long as broad, and 1.38 times as long as F2; F2 1.85 times, and F3 1.3 times as long as broad; clava twice as long as broad. Metasoma long, about 1.9 times longer than broad…………….………………….Entedon susuzensis n. sp. -Forewing hyaline, without fumation below marginal vein; clypeus reticulate; other characters variable...... ……..7 7-Eye height 3.6-4.6 times as long as malar space. Antenna (Fig. 10a) with scape 5.0-6.25 times as long as broad; pedicel about 0.4-0.75 as long as F1; the latter 1.83-5.0 times as long as broad, clava 1.66-3.25 times as long as broad. Hypopygium (Figs. 11d,e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, basally straight, antero-lateral angle with tip tapering, towards median incision slightly concaved; anterior lope much narrower than posterior lobe which is distally circular, median area distinctly longer than broad, posterior median incision as in Fig. 10e...... ….………...... Entedon cyanellus Dalman - Eye height 5.0 times as long as malar space. Antenna (Fig. 11a) with scape 3.14-3.27 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.14-1.16 as long as F1; the latter about 1.3-1.55; clava about 1.25-1.4 times longer than broad. Hypopygium (Fig. 11d,e) with anterior median incision broadly U-shaped, anterior lope circular, antero-lateral angle towards median incision almost straight; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision; median area and posterior median incision as in Fig. 11e……………………………… ………………..………………………………………………………..…...... Entedon gumushanensis n. sp.

Key to male of the species of the cyanellus species group of Entedon

1- Mid and hind tibiae wholly pale (mostly white); antennae (Fig. 2c) with scape 3.25 times as long as broad, F2 1.33 times as long as broad, F3 almost quadrate. Metasoma long- ovate, about 1.73 times longer than broad…...... Entedon pallicrus Erdös

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- Mid and hind tibiae at least with narrow basal dark band; other characters variable……....2 2- Antennae (Fig. 3c) with scape 5.0-6.25 times as long as broad, F2 1.6-3.6 times, and F3 1.2-1.8 times as long as broad. Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.2 times longer than broad………………………………………………………………………….…..Entedon cyanellus Dalman - Mid and hind tibiae at least their distal third pale; other characters variable……………….….3 3- Mid and hind tibiae with basal dark band almost margined at both ends, covering 1/4 of total length of tibiae; antennae (Fig. 2a) with scape 2.6 times as long as broad, pedicel 2.17 times as long as broad, 0.8 times as long as F1; the latter twice as long as broad, F2 and F3 almost quadrate; clava including spicula 2.3 times as long as broad………………… ………………………………………………………………...... …….....Entedon biroi Erdös - Mid and hind tibiae with basal dark band at least covering their basal 1/3, lower margin of this dark band washed out; other characters variable...... 4 4- Basal dark band of mid tibia longer than the band of hind tibia; antennae (Fig. 2b) with scape about twice as long as broad, pedicel almost quadrate, 0.83 times as long as F1; the latter 1.33 times as long as broad, F2 1.25 times as long as broad, clava including spicula 2.86 times as long as broad….………………………………..Entedon arabanensis n. sp. - Basal dark band of mid and hind tibiae almost equal in breadth (about 1/3-2/3 of length of the tibia), or hind band somewhat broader than mid one; other characters variable…….5 5- Antennae (Fig. 3a) with scape 6 times as long as broad, pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad, 0.66 times as long as F1; the latter 2.25 times as long as broad, and 1.2-1.3 times as long as F2; F2 twice as long as broad, F3 subquadrate; clava 1.6-1.9 times as long as broad. Metasoma almost ovate, 1.25 times as long as broad...... Entedon parvicalcar Thomson - Antennae (Fig. 3b) with scape 2.75 times as long as broad, pedicel 1.66 times as long as broad, almost as long as F1; the latter 1.5 times as long as broad, and 1.8 times as long as F2; F2 subquadrate. Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.62 times longer than broad………….… ………………………………………………….………….…………..………….Entedon sarkislaensis n. sp.

Entedon pallicrus Erdös (Figs. 4a-e; 2c) Entedon pallicrus Erdös, 1944: 52.♀♀, ♂♂, Entedon pallicrus Erdös: Graham, 1963: 193; Graham, 1971: 341; Gumovsky, 1999: 170-172. Type material: given by Gumovsky (1999). Materyal examined: Turkey: Ağrı, Tahir kav., 1♀,18.vii. 2012, swept from pasture (O.& M. Doğanlar); Erzurum,1♀,2♂♂, 26.vi.-25.vii. 1976, 1♂, 22.vi.1980, swept from Medicago sativa field (H. Özbek); Tokat, Taşlıçiftlik, 1♂, 29.viii. 1986, 1♀, 02.viii.1989, swept from pasture (H.Çam); Sivas, cent. Keçili vil. 1♂, 19.vi.2003 (O. Doğanlar). Ukraine: Kiev, Lubitika,1♂, 27.vii.2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Pekari vil. 1♂, 03.vii. 2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Crimia: Karadağ, 1♂, 19.viii. 2008, swept from pasture on river side (M. Doğanlar). Diagnosis: Both sexes: Mid and hind tibiae wholly pale (mostly white) (Fig. 4b,c); Female; head in dorsal view 2.26 times as broad as long, in frontal view 1.45 times as broad as high; POL 2.2 OOL; breadth of oral fossa 5.0 times as long as malar space; eye height 4.2 times as long as malar space; combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.66 times as long as breadth of head; antenna (Fig. 4a) with scape 5.6 times as long as broad; pedicel 2.25, F1 1.66, F2 and F3 1.2-1.3, times as long as broad, clava 1.76 as long as broad; metasoma 1.3 times as long as broad; hypopygium (Fig. 4d,e) with anterior median incision broad; anterior lobe circular, anterior lateral angle distinct medially, median area circular, with median sclerotized line complete. Male: antennae (Fig. 2c) with scape 3.25 times as long as broad, pedicel 1.7 times as long as broad, 0.75 times as long as F1; the latter 2.2 times as long as broad, 1.37 times as long as F2; F2 1.33 times as long as broad, F3 almost quadrate, clava two-segmented including spicula 2.67 times as long as broad; Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.73 times longer than broad. Description: given by Gumovsky (1999).

536 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Biology: Host: Apion trifolii L., A. apricans Herbst, A. pavidum Germar (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) (Boucek, 1968). Associated with Trifolium pratense, Coronilla varia, Lotus corniculatus (Erdös, 1944; Gumovsky, 1999), Melilotus spp. (Graham, 1963). Distribution: Great Britain (Graham, 1963, 1971), Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Moldova (Boucek & Askew, 1968), Hungary (Erdös, 1944, 1954), Turkey (Doğanlar, 1985). Ukraine, Greece, France, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Gumovsky, 1999).

Entedon biroi Erdös (Figs. 5a-e; 2a) Entedon biroi Erdös, 1944: 53. Entedon biroi Erdös: Gumovsky, 1999: 174-176. Type material: given by Gumovsky (1999). Materyal examined: Turkey: Erzurum, 1♀, 1♂, 08.viii. 1976 (M. Doğanlar); 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, 20. Viii.-08.ix. 1978 (H. Özbek, M. Doğanlar); 9 ♀♀, 31 ♂♂, 20-26. vi. 1979 (H. Özbek, M. Doğanlar); 3 ♀♀, 18.vi. 1982 (M. Doğanlar); 6 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 12. vi. – 20.vii. 1984 (M. Doğanlar); Ardahan, 2 ♂♂, 15. vii. 1990 (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, 2♂♂, Niğde, Ulukışla, 19. v. 2006 (M. Doğanlar); 2 ♀♀, Nevşehir, 19.v. 2009 (O. Doğanlar); 1♀, Gaziantep, Nizip, Sekili village, 28. iv. 2012 (M. Doğanlar). Diagnosis: Both sexes: Mid and hind tibiae with basal dark band almost margined at both ends, covering 1/4 of total length of tibiae(Fig. 5b,c); Female: antennae (Fig. 5a) with scape 2.6 times as long as broad, pedicel 2.17times as long as broad, 0.8 times as long asF1; the latter twice as long as broad, F2 and F3 almost quadrate; clava including spicula 2.3 times as long as broad; Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.7times longer than broad. Hypopygium (Fig. 5d,e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped; anterior and posterior lobes circular; median area quadrangular, median sclerotized line medially almost absent. Male: antennae (Fig. 2a) with scape 2.6 times as long as broad, pedicel 2.17times as long as broad, 0.8 times as long asF1; the latter twice as long as broad, F2 and F3 almost quadrate; clava including spicula 2.3 times as long as broad; Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.7times longer than broad. Description: given by Gumovsky (1999). Biology: Host unknown, associated with fabaceous plants (Gumovsky, 1999). Distribution: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Moldova, Hungary (Boucek & Askew, 1968), Erzurum, Turkey (Doğanlar, 1985). Ukraine, Russia, Iran, Uzbekistan (Gumovsky, 1999).

Entedon arabanensis n. sp. (Figs. 6a-e) Diagnosis. Hypopygium (Fig. 6d,e) with anterior median incision broadly U- shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching to anterior median incision of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost circular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 7e. Metasoma almost as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.73 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.44 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.44 times as long as broad; antenna (Fig. 6a) with scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; pedicel about 2.02-2.4 times as long as broad; F1 about 1.14-1.6, F2 1.0-1.3, F3 1.0-1.2 times as long as broad; clava two-segmented, about 1.85-2.17 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment; eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space; breadth of breadth of oral fossa 4.8-5.67 times as long as malar space; fore wing

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______537 2.06 times as long as broad, apical margin with fringe; fore tibiae 1.36, mid tibiae about 1.45 and hind tibia about 1.9 times as long as their tarsi. Description: Female. Body length 1.5-2.1 mm. Color of body metallic dark blue, frons with weak greenish tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs (Figs. 6b,c) dark, except knees, 2/5 of distal ends of mid tibiae and ½ of hind tibiae, the first three tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal and ventral pale longitudinal stripes on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Head in dorsal view 2.13 times as broad as long; POL 2.12 OOL. Occipital margin sharp. Eyes sparsely setose, with short setae, eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.25-1.33 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.1 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67-6.67 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin produced forward. Antennae (Fig. 6a) inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Pedicel plus flagellum 0.71-0.78 times broad of head. Antennal scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; pedicel about 2.02-2.4 times as long as broad, almost as long as F1; F1 about 1.14- 1.6, F2 1.0-1.3, F3 1.0-1.2 times as long as broad; clava two-segmented, about 1.85-2.17 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment; Mesosoma 1.4 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero- lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 1.9 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum as long as broad and 1.2 times as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; paraspiracular sulcus deep, complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long, 4 short setae. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 4.1 times as long as broad, fore tibia 5.0 times as long as broad, about 0.9 times as long as its femur; mid femur 3.5 times as long as broad; mid tibia 7.2 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia 1.33 times as long as breadth of tibia, 1.14 as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 2.6 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 6.7 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about 0.71 times as long as breadth of its tibia, and 0.83 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Fore tibiae 1.36, mid tibiae about 1.45 and hind tibia about 1.9 times as long as their tarsi. Forewing 2.06 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 6.67 times as long as broad, 0.9 times as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly shorter than stigma vein; speculum open below; apical margin with fringe. Hind wing 4.23 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma almost as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.73 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.44 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.44 times as long as broad; Hypopygium (Fig. 6d,e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching almost middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 6d,e. Type materials. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Gaziantep, 2.v. 2008, swept from lent field (M. Doğanlar). Paratypes: 10♀♀, 2♂♂, same data as Holotype; 2 ♀♀, 1♂, Diyarbakır, 3 km to Hilvan, 26. Iv. 2007, swept from Vicia sp. Field (M.& O. Doğanlar); 1♀, Gaziantep, 5 km from Nizip, side of Nizip-Karkamış road,17.iv. 2010, (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, Şanlıurfa, 15 km to Suruç, side of Nizip-Suruç road,17.iv. 2010, swept from lent field (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, Adıyaman, near Atatürk Barage,

538 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______24.iv. 2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, Erzincan, Kemaliye, Yuva village, 18.vi.1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar). All of the types were deposited in MKUI. Discussion: Entedon arabanensis n. sp. is similar to E. angorensis Gumovsky and E. calvescentitus Szelenyi in having mid tibiae with their distal 2/5 and hind tibiae with their distal half pale (Figs. 3b,c); but it differs from the both species in having head in dorsal view 2.13 times as broad as long; POL 2.12 OOL, eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space; breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67-6.67 times as long as malar space; antennal scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; F1 about 1.14-1.6, F2 1.0-1.3 (in the both species head in dorsal view 2.3-2.5 times as broad as long; POL at least 2.4 OOL; eye height at most 4.66 times as long as malar space; breadth of oral fossa 5 times as long as malar space in E. calvescentitus, and 4.6 times in E. angorensis; scape at least 5.5 times as long as broad; F1 1.77, F2 1.65 times as long as broad in E. calvescentitus, and F1 2.25, F2 1.77, F3 1.2 times as long as broad in E. angorensis).

Entedon palvicalcar Thomson (Fig. 7a-e; 3a) Entedon palvicalcarThomson, 1878: 244. Entedon subovatus Thomson, 1878: 243: Gumovsky, 1999: 164-167. Entedon parvicalcar Thomson: Erdös, 1944: 51; Graham, 1963: 193-194; Graham, 1971: 341; Gumovsky, 1999: 144-167. Entedon subovatus Thomson: Graham, 1971: 341.♀♀, ♂♂, Type material: given by Gumovsky (1999). Materyal examined: Turkey: Erzurum, 1♀, 28.vi. 1976 (H. Özbek); 24 ♀♀, 13 ♂♂, 23. vi.-28. vii. 1978 (H. Özbek,); 7 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 24. vii.-08.ix. 1979 (H. Özbek); Sivas,Centrum, Keçili vil., 1♀, 03.vii.2005 (O. Doğanlar); Taşlıdere, 1♀, 1♂, 03.vii. 2005 (O. Doğanlar); Kangal, Tahtalı vil., 1 ♀, 03. vii. 2005 (O. Doğanlar); Kayseri, Pınarbaşı, 1♀, 07. vii. 2005 (O. Doğanlar); Ukraine: Turu, nr. Kaniv, Pishaltniski, 08 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, (M. Doğanlar). Diagnosis: Both sexes: Basal dark band of mid and hind tibiae almost equal in breadth (about 1/3-2/3 of length of the tibia), or hind band somewhat broader than mid one (Figs. 7b,c). Female: Head in dorsal view 2.0-2.25 times as long as broad; POL 2.1-2.4 OOL; Head in frontal view 1.4 times as broad as high; breadth of oral fossa about 5.0 times as long as malar space; eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space. Combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.72 times as long as breadth of head. Antenna (Fig. 7a) with scape 6 times as long as broad, 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye height; pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad, 0.6-0.8 times as long as F1; the latter 2.0-2.25 times as long as broad, and 1.14-1.3 times as long as F2; F2 almost twice as long as broad, F3 1.3 times as long as broad; clava 1.6-2.1 times as long as broad. Metasoma ovate, slightly shorter than broad; hypopygium (Figs. 7d,e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe distally circular, median sclerotized line reaching to anterior median incision of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 8d,e. Male: Antennae (Fig. 3a) with scape 6 times as long as broad, 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye height; pedicel 2.0 times as long as broad, 0.66 times as long as F1; the latter 2.25 times as long as broad, and 1.2-1.3 times as long as F2; F2 twice as long as broad, F3 subquadrate; clava 1.6-1.9 times as long as broad. Metasoma almost ovate, 1.25 times as long as broad. Description: given by Gumovsky (1999). Biology: Host unknown. associated with fabaceous plant.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______539 Distribution: Britain, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Moldova, Hungary, former Yugoslavia (Boucek & Askew, 1968), Turkey (Doğanlar, 1985). Ukraine, Rusia (European part, the Caucasus, Siberia), Kazakhstan (Gumovsky, 1999).

Entedon sarkislaensis n.sp. (Figs. 8a-e; 3b) Diagnosis. Hypopygium (Fig. 8d,e)with anterior median incision broadly U- shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching to anterior median incision of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost circular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 8e. Metasoma almost as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.73 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.44 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.44 times as long as broad; antenna (Fig. 8a) with scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; pedicel about 2.02-2.4 times as long as broad; F1 about 1.14-1.6, F2 1.0-1.3, F3 1.0-1.2 times as long as broad; clava two-segmented, about 1.85-2.17 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment; eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space; breadth of breadth of oral fossa 4.8-5.67 times as long as malar space; fore wing 2.06 times as long as broad, apical margin with fringe;fore tibiae 1.36, mid tibiae about 1.45 and hind tibia about 1.9 times as long as their tarsi. Description: Female. Body length 1.5-2.1 mm. Colour of body metallic dark blue, frons with weak greenish tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs (Figs. 8b,c) dark, except knees, 2/5 of distal ends of mid tibiae and ½ of hind tibiae, the first three tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal and ventral pale longitudinal stripes on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Head in dorsal view 2.13times as broad as long; POL 2.12 OOL. Occipital margin sharp.Eyes sparsely setose, with short setae, eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.25-1.33 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.1 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67-6.67 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin produced forward. Antennae (Fig. 8a) inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Pedicel plus flagellum 0.71-0.78 times broad of head. antennal scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; pedicel about 2.02-2.4 times as long as broad, almost as long as F1; F1 about 1.14- 1.6, F2 1.0-1.3, F3 1.0-1.2 times as long as broad; clava two-segmented, about 1.85-2.17 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment; Mesosoma 1.4 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero- lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 1.9 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum as long as broad and 1.2 times as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; paraspiracular sulcus deep, complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long, 4 short setae. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 4.1 times as long as broad, fore tibia 5.0 times as long as broad, about 0.9 times as long as its femur; mid femur 3.5 times as long as broad; mid tibia 7.2 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia 1.33 times as long as breadth of tibia, 1.14 as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 2.6 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 6.7 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about 0.71 times as long as breadth of its

540 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______tibia, and 0.83 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Fore tibiae 1.36, mid tibiae about 1.45 and hind tibia about 1.9 times as long as their tarsi. Fore wing 2.06 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 6.67 times as long as broad, 0.9 times as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly shorter than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin with fringe. Hind wing 4.23 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse.Metasoma almost as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.73 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.44 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.44 times as long as broad; Hypopygium (Fig. 8d,e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching almost middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 8d,e. Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Sivas, Şarkışla, Tavladeresi vil.19.vi. 2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar). Paratypes: 2♀♀, 2♂♂,same data as Holotype; Sivas, Centrum, Gökçekent, Sökün vil. 1♀, 17.vi.2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar); Kayseri, Pınarbaşı, Çukuryurt vil. 2♀♀, 2♂♂,19.vi.2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar);Erzurum, Kandilli,2♀♀,12.vi.1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Horasan, Karaçuha, 2♀♀, 2♂♂,30.v.- 10.vi.1980,swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar);Hatay, Yayladağ, Ayışığı vil.13.iv. 2008, swept from Vicia sativa field (M. Doğanlar); Adıyaman, Dut,1♀, 11.v.2008, swept from Onobrycis sp. field (M. Doğanlar); Gaziantep, Nizip, Arat Mnt. 1♀, 04.v. 2006, swept from Lent field (M. Doğanlar); Nurdağ, 1100 m, 06.v. 2006, swept from Lent field (M. Doğanlar);From Kahramanmaraş to Gölbaşı Road, Araban turn,1♀,02.v. 2008, swept from Lent field (M. Doğanlar. All of the types were deposited in MKUI. Discussion: Entedon arabanensis n. sp. is similar to E. angorensis Gumovsky and E. calvescentitus Szelenyi in having mid tibiae with their distal 2/5 and hind tibiae with their distal half pale (Figs. 3b,c); but it differs from the both species in having head in dorsal view 2.13 times as broad as long; POL 2.12 OOL, eye height 5.5 times as long as malar space; breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67-6.67 times as long as malar space; antennal scape of female 3.14-3.43 times as long as broad; F1 about 1.14-1.6, F2 1.0-1.3 (in the both species head in dorsal view 2.3-2.5 times as broad as long; POL at least 2.4 OOL; eye height at most 4.66 times as long as malar space; breadth of oral fossa 5 times as long as malar space in E. calvescentitus, and 4.6 times in E. angorensis; scape at least 5.5 times as long as broad; F1 1.77, F2 1.65 times as long as broad in E. calvescentitus, and F1 2.25, F2 1.77, F3 1.2 times as long as broad in E. angorensis).

Entedon susuzensis n. sp. (Figs. 9a-d) Diagnosis. Forewing with fumation below marginal vein (Fig. 9d); clypeus almost smooth; POL 1.5 OOL. head in frontal view 1.4 times as broad as high. Breadth of oral fossa about 5.67 times as long as malar space. Eye height 3.57 times as long as malar space. Combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.9 times as long as breadth of head. Antenna (Fig. 9a) with scape 5.7 times as long as broad, 0.76 times as long as eye height; pedicel 2.4 times as long as broad, 0.67 as long as F1; the latter twice as long as broad, and 1.38 times as long as F2; F2 1.85 times, and F3 1.3 times as long as broad; clava twice as long as broad, almost twice longer than the preceding segment; fore wing 2.22 times as long as broad, apical margin with fringe. Metasoma long, about 1.9 times as long as broad;

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______541 penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.45 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.63 times as long as broad. Description: Female. Body length 3.5 mm. Color: head, mesosoma and first tergite of metasoma metallic dark green, rest of metasoma dark blue. Entire antennae dark blue. Legs (Figs. 9b,c) dark, except knees, 1/5 of distal ends of mid and hind tibiae, the first two tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal and ventral pale longitudinal stripes on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia, fore tarsi dark, forewing (Fig. 9d) with fumation below marginal vein. Head in dorsal view 2.3 times as broad as long; POL 1.5 OOL. Occipital margin sharp medially. Eyes sparsely setose, with short setae, eye height 3.7 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.4 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 3.5 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67 times as long as malar space. Area between antennal toruli and clypeus almost smooth, anterior margin of clypeus produced forward. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.9 times as long as breadth of head. Antenna (Fig. 9a) with scape 5.7 times as long as broad, 0.76 times as long as eye height; pedicel 2.4 times as long as broad, 0.67 as long as F1; the latter twice as long as broad, and 1.38 times as long as F2; F2 1.85 times, and F3 1.3 times as long as broad; clava twice as long as broad, almost twice longer than the preceding segment. Mesosoma 1.32 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero-lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 2.2 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum as long as broad and 1.32 times as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface almost smooth, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; paraspiracular sulcus deep, complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long, setae. Hind coxae reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 3.3 times as long as broad, fore tibia 8.5 times as long as broad, about as long as its femur, 1.26 times as long as its tarsi; mid femur 3.8 times as long as broad; mid tibia 9.6 times as long as broad, about 1.4 times as long as its tarsi, spur of mid tibia 1.16 times as long as breadth of tibia, as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.0 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 6.3 times as long as broad, about 1.5 times as long as its tarsi, spur of hind tibia about 0.63 times as long as breadth of its tibia, and as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Fore wing 2.22 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 8.0 times as long as broad, about as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly shorter than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin with fringe. Hind wing 3.6 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma almost 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma, long, about 1.9 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.45 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.63 times as long as broad. Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Kars, Susuz, 12. vii. 2012, swept from Onobrychis sativa field (M. Doğanlar). The type was deposited in MKUI. Discussion: Entedon susuzensis n. sp. is similar to E. cyanellus Dalman and to E. procioni Erdös, 1944 of the hercynia group of Entedon in having mid and hind tibiae with their distal 1/5 pale (Figs. 9b,c), and to E. procioni in having forewing infumate, but it differs from E. cyanellus in having forewing with fumation below marginal vein (Fig. 9d); clypeus almost smooth; POL 1.5 OOL; pedicel 2.4 times as long as broad; metasoma long, about 1.9 times longer than broad (in E.

542 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______cyanellus forewing hyaline; clypeus reticulated; POL 1.87-2.2 OOL; pedicel 1.77- 2.0 times as long as broad; Metasoma long-ovate, about 1.3-1.6 times longer than broad). It differs from E. procioni in having clypeus distinctly produced forwards; breadth of breadth of oral fossa 5.67 times as long as malar space; POL 1.5 OOL (in E. procioni clypeus with apical margin truncate; breadth of breadth of oral fossa at most 2.4 times as long as malar space; POL at least 2.5 OOL).

Entedon cyanellus Dalman (Figs. 10 a-e) Entedon cyanellus Dalman,1820: Table VIII. Entedon subimpressus Thomson, 1878: 243 (Gumovsky, 1999) Entedon nubilatus Erdös, 1944: 25 (Gumovsky, 1999) Entedon astragali Erdös, 1951: 225 (Gumovsky, 1999) Entedon erdoesi Szelenyi, 1957 (nec Delucchi, 1954) (Gumovsky, 1999: 151, 155). Type material: given by (Gumovsky, 1999). Material examined: Turkey: Sivas, Taşlıdere, 1♀, 1♂, 03.vii.2005, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar); Kayseri, Erciyes Mnt. 1♀, 07.vii.2005,swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar); Ağrı, Tutak, 1♀, 04.vii.2010, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar). Ukraine: Kaniv, U-turn to Pschalniy., 5 ♀♀, 1♂, 04.vii.2008 swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar). Description: given by (Gumovsky, 1999). Biology: Solitary parasite of larvae. emergence in early spring from earth cells of the host (Boucek & Askew, 1968). Host: Tychius quinquepunctatus L. (Col. Curculionidae) (Szelenyi, 1961; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky, 1999), also probably Apion sp. (Col. Curculionidae) associated with Astragallus austriacus, A. anobrychidis, A. cicer and Vicia silvestris (Gumovsky, 1999). Distribution: Holarctic: Sweden, Hungary (Dalman, 1820; Erdös, 1944, 1951; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky, 1999), Mongolia (Szelenyi, 1977; Gumovsky, 1999); Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Russia (Siberia), USA: Montana, Colarado (Gumovsky, 1999); Turkey (new record).

Entedon gumushanensis n. sp. (Figs. 11a-e) Diagnosis. Hypopygium (Fig. 12d,e) with anterior median incision broadly U- shaped, anterior lope circular, antero-lateral angle towards median incision almost straight; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching at most middle of hypopygium; median area and posterior median incision as in Fig. 12 e. Metasoma almost as long as mesosoma, about 1.4 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.37 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.4 times as long as broad;Antenna (Fig. 11a) scape of female 3.14-3.27 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.75 times as long as broad; pedicel 1.14-1.16 as long as F1; F1 about 1.3-1.55, F2 and F3 almost quadrate; clava two-segmented, about 1.25-1.4 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment;eye height 5.0 times as long as malar space; breadth of mouth opening 4.86-5.4 times as long as malar space; fore wing twice as long as broad, apical margin with fringe; fore tibiae 1.34 and mid tibiae about 1.25 times and hind tibia about 1.07 times as long as their tarsi. Description: Female. Body length 1.3-1.5 mm. Colour of body metallic dark blue, frons with weak greenish tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs (Figs. 11b,c) dark, except knees, 1/5 of distal ends of tibiae and first three tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal and ventral pale longitudinal stripes on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______543 Head in dorsal view 2.08-2.25 times as broad as long; POL 2.1 OOL. Eye height 5.0 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.4-1.57 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.9 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of mouth opening 5.33 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin moderately produced forward. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Pedicel plus flagellum as long as broad of head. Antenna (Fig. 11a) with scape of female 3.14-3.27 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.75 times as long as broad; pedicel 1.14-1.16 as long as F1; F1 about 1.3-1.55, F2 and F3 almost quadrate; clava two-segmented, about 1.25-1.4 times longer than broad, twice longer than the preceding segment. Mesosoma almost 1.24 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar broad, carinated, only postero-lateral corners of pronotum rounded. Mesoscutum twice as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum slightly longer than broad and 1.32 times as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; paraspiracular sulcus deep, complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long 4short setae. Hind coxae reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 3.4 times as long as broad, fore tibia 6.4 times as long as broad, about as long as its femur, 1.34 times as long as its tarsi; mid femur 4.3 times as long as broad; mid tibia 6.66 times as long as broad, about 1.25 times as long as its tarsi, spur of mid tibia as long as breadth of tibia, dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.33 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 5.4 times as long as broad, about 1.07 times as long as its tarsi, spur of hind tibia about 0.75 times as long as breadth of its tibia, and 1.5 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Fore wing twice as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 8.4 times as long as broad, about as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin with fringe. Hind wing 3.1 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma almost as long as mesosoma, about 1.4 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma 0.37 times as long as broad, last tergite 0.4 times as long as broad; Hypopygium (Fig. 11d,e) with anterior median incision broadly U-shaped, anterior lope circular, antero- lateral angle towards median incision almost straight; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching anterior median incision of hypopygium; median area and posterior median incision as in Fig. 11e. Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Gümüşhane, 17.vi. 2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar). Paratype: 1♀,same data as holotype. All of the types were deposited in MKUI. Discussion: Entedon gumushanensis n. sp. is similar to E. molypdaenus Erdös and E. cyanellus and E. susuzensis n. sp. of the cyanellus group of Entedon in having mid and hind tibiae at most their distal quarter or less pale (Figs. 11b,c); but it differs from E. susuzensis in having forewing hyaline (in susuzensis forewing distinctly infumate). It differs from E. cyanellus in having head in dorsal view 2.08-2.25 times as broad as long, in frontal view 1.4-1.57 times as broad as high; antennae with scape 3.14-3.27 times as long as broad, pedicel 1.14-1.16 as long as F1; the latter 1.5-1.55 times as long as broad, F2 1.0-1.2 times, F3 1.0 times as long as broad; clava 1.25-1.4 times as long as broad; hypopygium with median sclerotized line reaching at most middle of hypopygium (in E. cyanellus head in dorsal view 2.4-2.44 times as broad as long, in frontal view 1.28-1.39 times as broad as high; antennae with scape 5.0-6.25 times as long as broad, pedicel 0.4-

544 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______0.75 as long as F1; the latter 1.83-5.0 times as long as broad, F2 1.6-3.6 times, and F3 1.2-1.8 times as long as broad; clava 1.66-3.25 times as long as broad; hypopygium with median sclerotized line almost reaching to anterior median incision of hypopygium).

LITERATURE CITED

Askew, R. R. 1992. Additions to the British list of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with description of three new species. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 128: 119-128.

Boucek, Z. & Askew, R. R. 1968. Palearctic Eulophidae (excl. Tetrastichinae). Index of entomophagous insects, Paris, vol. 3, 260 pp.

Dalman, J. W. 1820. Försöktill Uppstaellningaf Insect familjen Pteromalini, I synnerhetmedafseen de padei Sverigefunnearter. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41: 123-174, 177-182.

Doğanlar, M. 1985. Notes on Chalcidoidea of Turkey, III.Encyrtidae, Tetrastichinae, Aphelinidae, Eulophidae and Elasmidae. Türkiye bitki koruma Dergisi, 9: 91-103.

Doğanlar, M. 1986. Morphological studies on the hypopygium and its importance to the taxonomy of the genera Pachymeuron and Euneura (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), with description of a new species of Pachyneuron from Turkey. C.Ü. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4: 23-32.

Doğanlar, M. 1987. Hypopygia of most Nearctic and Palaearctic species of Dibrachys Foerster, key to most species of the genus and descriptions of three new species (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Spixiana, München, 10: 191-206.

Doğanlar, M. 1991a. Systematic positions of a new species in Ormyrus from Turkey and a new genus in the family Ormyridae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 1-13.

Doğanlar, M. 1991b. Systematic studies on the species of Cyrtosoma Perris. from Turkey, and descriptions of some new species (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 71-87.

Erdös, J. 1944. Species hungaricae generis Entedon Dalm. Kalocsa. 64 pp.

Erdös, J. 1951. Eulophidae novae. Acta Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2 (1-3): 169-237.

Erdős, J. 1954. Eulophidae hungaricae undescriptae. Ann. Hist.-Natur. Mus. Natn. Hung. (natural sciences), 5: 323-366.

Erdös, J. 1961. Fauna Eulophidarum hungariae generibus speciebuscue novis aucta (Hymenoptera). Annls hist,-nat. Mus.natn. hung., 53: 471-89.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Morphology and terminology. pp. 16–44 in Gibson, G.A.P. Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (Eds.).Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Ottawa, Ontario, National Research Council Research Press.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1963. Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 15 (9): 167-275.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of north-western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 16pp. 908 pp.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1971. Revision of British Entedon (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 123: 313- 358.

Gumovsky, A. V. 1997. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 1. Infrageneric division of the genus Entedon with description of a new subgenus from Africa. Vestnik Zoologii, 31 (5-6): 24-36.

Gumovsky, A. V. 1999. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 4. Revision of the cyanellus group. . Ann. Hist.-Natur. Mus. Natn. Hung., 91: 141-176.

Gumovsky, A. & Boyadzhiev, P. 2003. Review of the Bulgarian Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 55 (3): 3-32.

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Szelényi, G. 1957. Description of a new species of Entedon (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Parasiting on the larvae of Aoromius quinquepunctatus L.. Ann. Inst. Prot. Plant. Hung., 7: 339-340.

Szelényi, G. 1961. Die in Leguminosensamen lebenden Eurytoma (Bruchophagus)-Arten Ungarns (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Ann. Inst. Prot. Plant. Hung., 8: 131-138.

Szelényi, G. 1977. A contribution to the knowledge of the Entedon fauna of Mongolia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 23 (1/2): 214-215.

Szelényi, G. 1981. On the chalcidoid flies of the Hortobágy, I. Eulophidae (Hymenoptera). The Fauna of the Hortobágy National Park, 1: 277-278.

Tarla, Ş., Doğanlar, M. & Gözüaçık, C. 2010. The species of Oopristus Steffan, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae: Toryminae: Monodontomerini) of Turkey, with descriptions of two new species. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34: 487-495.

Thomson, C. G. 1878. Hymenoptera Scandinaviae 5. Pteromalus (Svederus) continuation. Lund, 245 pp.

Figure 1. Hypopygium of Entedon cyanellus Dalman.

Figure 2. Male antennae. a. Entedon biroi Erdös; b. E. arabanensis n. sp. c. E. pallicrus Erdös.

Figure 3. Male antennae. a. Entedon parvicalcar Thomson; b. E. sarkislanensis n. sp. c. E. cyanellusDalman.

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Figure 4. Entedon pallicrus Dalman. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

Figure 5. Entedon biroi Erdös. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

Figure 6. Entedon arabanensis n. sp. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

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Figure 7. Entedon parvicalcar Thomson. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

Figure 8. Entedon sarkislanensis n.sp. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

Figure 9. Entedon susuzensis n. sp. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. forewing.

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Figure 10. Entedon cyanellus Dalman. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

Figure 11. Entedon gumushanensis n. sp. Female. a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median area of hypopygium.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______549 THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMOLOBUS FOERSTER FROM (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: HOMOLOBINAE)

Mohammad Shamim*

* Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002 U. P., INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Shamim, M. 2013. Three new species of the genus Homolobus Foerster from India (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Homolobinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 549-559]

ABSTRACT: Three new species of the genus Homolobus Foerster i.e. Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim sp. nov., Homolobus (Apatia) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov. and Homolobus (Apatia) sharifi Shamim sp. nov. is described and illustrated with nineteen photographs from India. A key to the Indian species of subgenus Apatia Enderlein is also proposed for the first time. Both the species is running his nearest allies and compared with Indian species.

KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Homolobinae, Homolobus, Apatia, new species, India.

The family Braconidae contains species which are exclusively parasitoids of various pest species mainly belonging to the Lepidoptera and also of other insect orders. These parasitoids keep the pest populations under check in their natural habitats. However, due to hazardous nature of chemicals used in the control of pest species, alternative and safer and more eco-friendly methods of control have been investigated especially in the last century all over the world Bosen and De Bach (1991). One of the best alternative methods of control of insect pests has proved to be the use of other insects (called parasitoids) for the control of pest species. The family Braconidae is the second largest family of the order Hymenoptera containing with 17,605 valid species in the world (Yu et al., 2005) and more than 500 species from India. Homolobines are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. Species of Homolobus are parasites of caterpillars with more or less exposed way of life, mainly belonging to the families Noctuidae and Geometridae. Achterberg (1979) and Shaw & Huddleston (1991) note that the Noctuidae and Geometridae are the most commonly recorded hosts of Homolobus. The comparatively high number of species of the subgenus Apatia seems to be typical for the Indian subcontinent. The biology of the new species is unknown, but other members of the genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids (with a final ectoparasitoid phase) of the Lepidoptera larvae, mainly in Geometridae and Noctuidae (Achterberg, 1979; Shaw, 2006). For the identification of the genus Homolobus and subgenus Apatia see Achterberg (1979) a revision of the subfamily Zelinae auct. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) page no. 276 and 277. The genus Homolobus is cosmopolitan and speciose among the homolobines genera containing 55 described species from the world (Yu et al., 2005). The species of this genus have been revised by Achterberg (1979) from world. Subsequently, Achterberg (1992), Chou & Hsu (1995), Ahmad & Shujauddin (2001) and Achterberg & Shaw (2009) have done excellent work on genus Homolobus. The genus Homolobus containing five subgenera Homolobus Foerster, 1862, Apatia Enderlein, 1920, Chartolobus Achterberg, 1979 and Phylacter Reinhard, 1863. Out of which four subgenera are reported from India. The genus is represented by 10 species from from India spread over four

550 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______subgenera, four species from Apatia i.e. elagabalus (Nixon, 1938), indicus Ahmad & Shujauddin, 2001, truncatoides Achterberg, 1979 and truncator (Say, 1829); two species from Chartolobus i.e. infumator (Lyle, 1914), undulatus Achterberg, 1979; three species from oulophus i.e. annulatus Achterberg, 1979, bohemani (Bengtsson, 1918) and flagitator (Curtis, 1837) and one species from Phylacter Reinhard, 1863 i.e. bifurcates Achterberg, 1979. In this work three new species of Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim sp. nov., Homolobus (Apatia) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov. and Homolobus (Apatia) sharifi Shamim sp. nov. are described and illustrated under the subgenus Apatia Enderlein from India. A key to the Homolobus species of subgenus Apatia Enderlein is proposed for the first time from india.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens were collected from Uttar Pradesh (India) by using sweeping nets. Photographs of various parts on slide and card mounted of specimens were taken with the help of a camera attached to a Trinocular Research Microscope (NIKON SMZ-1500). Measureents of slide- mounted structures and carded species were taken with the help of an ocular micrometer (linear side of 100 divisions) fitted in one of the two eyepieces of the Stereozoom Microscope (NIKON SMZ1500). The divisions of the ocular micrometer were converted to millimeters. The terminology for the various parts and wing venation is that of van Achterberg (1993). Eady (1968) is followed for surface sculpture. Abbreviations used in the text are: POL: Posterior ocellar line (distance between the posterior ocelli); OOL: Ocello-ocular line (distance between posterior ocellus and eye); OD: Ocellar diameter; F: Flagellomere. The types and other specimens are housed in the Insect Collection, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (ZDAMU).

Key to Indian species of the genus Homolobus subgenus Apatia Enderlein

1. Vein r of hind wing present; length of eye in dorsal view 3.7 times temple; surface of first metasomal tergite smooth, dorsal carinae absent…H. (A.) elagabalus (Nixon) - Vein r of hind wing absent; length of eye in dorsal view 1.6-2.6 times temple; surface of first metasomal tergite variable ..……………………………….…………………..2

2. Length of 4th segment of labial palp 4-5.5 times the 3rd segment ………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………H. (A.) truncator (Say) - Length of 4th segment of labial palp 1.4-1.8 times the 3rd segment………………….……..3

3. Length of first metasomal tergite 3.2 times its apical width, length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; length of malar space 0.9 times basal width of mandible …………… …………………………………....………………………………..H. (A.) truncatoides Achterberg - Length of first metasomal tergite 2.1-2.75 times its apical width, length of mesosoma 1.5-2.1 times its height; length of malar space 1.15-1.27 times basal width of mandible ………….……………………………………………………………………………4

4. Antennal segments 40-42…………………………………………….………………………..………….5 - Antennal segments 43-44……………………………………………………………….………………...6

5. Length of eye in dorsal view 1.6 times temple; frons flat and somewhat coriaceous; vein SR of hind wing weakly sinuate; length of hind femur 6.5 times its width; length of first metasomal tergite 2.5 times its apical width, its surface

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longitudinally rugose; length of ovipositor sheath about 0.9 times of fore wing …… ………………………………………………………………..H. (A.) indicus Ahmad & Shujauddin - Length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple; frons depressed medially, smooth; vein SR of hind wing strongly curved; length of hind femur 5.8 times its width; length of first metasomal tergite 2.75 times its apical width, its surface apically smooth, remainder rugose; length of ovipositor sheath about 0.07 times of fore wing …..………………..………………………H. (A.) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov.

6. Antennal segments 43; length of vein 1-R1 1.35 times length of pterostigma; vein SC+R1 of hind wing slightly curved; F1 1.2 times F2; vein 2A of forewing shortly developed, area basally of 2A mainly bare ……………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………..….. H. (A.) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov. - Antennal segments 44; length of vein 1-R1 1.44 times length of pterostigma; vein SC+R1 of hind wing straight; F1 as long as F2; vein 2A of forewing well developed, area basally of 2A remotely setose …………... H. (A.) sharifi Shamim, sp. nov.

Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov. (Figures 1-9) Description: Body length: 13.3 mm, Forewing: 12.5 mm, Antenna 17.5 mm Head: width of head in dorsal view 1.76 times its length; antennal segments 43, length of F1 1.2 times F2, length of F1, F2-F8, F9- F14, F15- F26, F27- F34, F35-F40 and F41 4.28 times, 3.57 times, 3.33 times, 3 times, 2.4 times, 2 times, 3.25 times their width respectively, apical flagellomere pointed; length of outer aspect of 4th segment of labial palp 1.6 times 3rd segment; length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple, and 1.62 times its width; eyes indistinctly emarginated; OOL: POL: AOL: OD = 15: 8: 7: 13; vertex 2.25 times as wide as long, smooth, spasely setose; frons 2 times as wide as long, smooth, near eye margin setose, depressed medially; between antennal sockets median carina visible up to 1/4 th length of face; face flat, 1.37 times as wide as long, medially smooth, remaining somewhat strigose; clypeus 1.6 times as wide as long, smooth, sparsely setose, strongly convex; ocelli somewhat oval shaped and large; lateral side of stemmaticum 1.14 times posterior side; occipital carina complete; intertentorial line 1.76 times tentorio-ocular line, tentorial pit deep and round; length of malar space 1.27 times basal width of mandible. Mesosoma: Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height and 2 times its width; pronotal sides anteriorly smooth, remaining largely crenulate; precotimesal sulcus wide and large, reticulate coriaceous, setose; mesopleuron antero-dorsally reticulate rugose, remaining smooth, setose; metapleuron dorsally smooth, densely setose, ventrally reticulate rugose; epicnemial area sparsely punctate; notauli broad, deep, anteriorly crenulate, posteriorly reticulate rugose with strong median longitudinal carina; middle lobe smooth, setose; lateral lobes sparsely setose; scutellar sulcus wide, deep with one median longitudinal carina; scutellum convetimes, smooth; side of scutellum crenulate; medio-posterior depression somewhat oval shaped, wide, deep with one median carina; metanotum crenulate; surface of propodeum densely and rather finely reticulate rugose except for a narrow anterior part smooth with carinae anteriorly. Forewing: Length of forewing 3.12 times its width; length of pterostigma 4 times its width; SR1 slightly curved; r arising at middle of pterostigma; r 0.8 times as long as width of pterostigma; length of vein 1R1 1.35 times length of pterostigma; cu-a inclivous, postfurcal; 1-CU1: 2-CU1: 3-CU1 = 10: 55: 25; vein 2A shortly developed, area basally of 2A mainly bare; r: 3-SR: SR1= 20: 26: 120; 2- SR: 3-SR: r-m= 15: 26: ; Hindwing: Length of hind wing 4.1 times its width; vein

552 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______SC+R1 slightly curved; 2SC+R thick, vertical; SR basal third sclerotized and weakly curved, vein r absent; 1-M: 1-r-m: 2-SC+R = 50: 24: 14. Hind leg: Hind coxa rugose, densely setose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.8 times, 10 times and 9.5 times their width respectively; length of hind tibial spurs 0.42 and 0.55 times hind basitarsus; tarsal claws simple, distinctly pectinate brown; spurs originates from each segments of tarsus. Metasoma: Length of metasoma 3.98 times width and 2.67 times its height; length of first metasomal tergite 2.12 times its apical width, apical width 1.33 times its basal width, its surface apically smooth, basally carinate, remaining densely rugose; first metasomal tergite slightly medially depressed apically and basally impressed; length of ovipositor sheath 0.08 times forewing; ovipositor sheath thick, slender; ovipositor apically pointed. Colour: Yellow except stemmaticum black; telotarsus, F1-F41 brown; scape pedicel, first and second metasomal tergite, femur, tibia, tarsus, pronotum, mesoscutum, metanotum and ovipositor sheath yellowish brown; eyes grayish black; ocelli transparent yellow and wing veins brownish yellow. Male: Same as holotype except antennal segments 40; hind coxa indistinctly rugose; lateral lobes densely setose; mesopleuron largely reticulate rugose, medially smooth; scutellum smooth, setose; first metasomal tergite uniformly rugose. Type material: Holotype female. INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Etawah, 26° 47' N 79° 02' E 14 April 2005, Collector, Mohammad Sharif & Mohammad Shamim (ZDAMU). Paratypes 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Auraiyya, 26° 28' N 79° 31' E 20 May 2005, Collector Mohammad Sharif, 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Mainpuri, 15 February 2006, Collector Mohammad Sharif (ZDAMU). Host: Unknown Etymology: The species name refers to its type locality. Discussion: The new species Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov. resembles with Homolobus (Apatia) indicus Ahmad & Shujauddin. However, it differs in having (1) Antennal segments 43 (Antennal segments 40-42 in indicus) (2) Length of eye in dorsal view 2.6 times temple (Length of eye in dorsal view 1.6 times temple in indicus) (3) Vein 2A of forewing basally bare distinctly (Vein 2A of forewing basally sclerotized distinctly in indicus) (4) Hind coxa rugose, densely setose (Hind coxa mainly somewhat punctulate in indicus). The new species Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov. also resembles with Homolobus (Apatia) ophioninus (Vachal). However, it differs in having (1) Antennal segments 43 (Antennal segments 46 in ophioninus (Vachal) (2) Length of malar space 1.27 times basal width of mandible (Length of malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible in ophioninus (Vachal) (3) Length of hind tibial spurs 0.42 and 0.55 times hind basitarsus (Length of hind tibial spurs 0.7 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus in ophioninus (Vachal) (4) Clypeus, smooth, strongly convex; (Clypeus, punctulate, convex in ophioninus (Vachal) (5) Notauli broad, deep, anteriorly crenulate, posteriorly reticulate rugose with strong median longitudinal carina (Notauli closely crenulate, anteriorly and almost smooth in ophioninus (Vachal)).

Homolobus (Apatia) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov. (Figures 10-19) Description: Body length: 12.5 mm, Forewing: 11 mm, Antenna: 14.7 mm

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______553 Head: Width of head in dorsal view 1.35 times its length; antennal segments 42, length of F1 1.1 times F2, length of F1- F2, F3-F8, F9- F12, F13- F14, F15-F18, F19-F39, and F40 3.1 times, 2.75 times, 2.85 times, 2.5 times, 2.1 times, 1.7 times and 2.5 times their width respectively, apical flagellomere pointed; length of outer aspect of 4th segment of labial palp 1.4 times 3rd segment; length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple and 1.57 times its width; eyes indistinctly emarginated; OOL: POL: AOL: OD = 13: 8:8: 15; vertex 2.36 times as wide as long, smooth, spasely setose; frons 1.77 times as wide as long, smooth; near eye margin sparsely setose; depressed medially; between antennal sockets median carina visible; face 1.65 times as wide as long, punctate, setose; clypeus 1.8 times as wide as long, smooth, sparsely setose, slightly convex; ocelli oval shaped and large; lateral side of stemmaticum 1.8 times its posterior side; occipital carina complete; intertentorial line 2.5 times tentorio-ocular line, tentorial pit deep and round; length of malar space 1.2 times basal width of mandible. Mesosoma: Length of mesosoma 2.1 times its height and 1.8 times its width; pronotal sides anteriorly reticulate rugose, posteriorly smooth, largely setose; precoxal sulcus wide, reticulate rugose, setose; mesopleuron dorsally reticulate rugose, remaining sparsely punctate, setose; metapleuron dorsally smooth, sparsely setose, ventrally reticulate, densely setose; epicnemial area smooth sparsely setose; notauli complete broad, deep, anteriorly crenulate, posteriorly reticulate rugose with strong median longitudinal carina; middle lobe smooth, sparsely setose; lateral lobes, sparsely punctate setose; scutellar sulcus wide, deep with one median longitudinal carina; scutellum convex, smooth, side of scutellum crenulate; medio-posterior depression oval shaped, wide, deep with one median carina; metanotum crenulate; propodeum apically and medially reticulate rugose, basally carinate with three areola. Forewing: Length of forewing 3.4 times its width; length of pterostigma 4.5 times its width; SR1 slightly curved; r arising at middle of pterostigma; r 1.2 times as long as width of pterostigma; length of vein 1R1 1.5 times length of pterostigma; 1-CU1: 2-CU1: 3-CU1 = 12: 48: 20; cu-a inclivous postfurcal; vein 2A well developed, shortly sclerotized, basally; r: 3-SR: SR1= 15: 26: 115; 2-SR: 3-SR: r-m= 20: 26: 12; Hind wing: Length of hind wing 4.1 times its width; vein SC+R1 slightly curved; 2SC+R thick, comparatively short, vertical; SR strongly curved, vein r absent; 1-M: 1-r-m: 2-SC+R = 40: 25: 15. Hind leg: Hind coxa punctate, densely setose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.8 times 10 times and 8 times their widths respectively; length of hind tibial spurs 0.46 times and 0.65 times hind basitarsus; tarsal claws simple, distinctly pectinate brown; spurs originates from each segments of tarsus except last segment. Metasoma: Length of metasoma 3.7 times its width and 2.7 times its height; length of first metasomal tergite 2.75 times its apical width, apical width 1.6 times its basal width, its surface apically smooth, remaining rugose, first metasomal tergite medially depressed, apically and basally impreesed; apically more impressed than basally; length of ovipositor sheath 0.07 times forewing; ovipositor sheath thick, slender, densely setose; ovipositor apically pointed. Colour: Yellowish brown except stemmaticum black; telotarsus, mandibles apically ovipositor sheath brown; hypopygium, malar space, wing veins, first and second metasomal tergite, brownish yellow; vertex, frons, labial and maxillary palp yellow; eyes grayish black; ocelli transparent yellow. Male: Same as holotype except antennal segments 42; hind coxa rugose, sparsely setose; vein SR sclerotized, slightly curved; vein 2SC+R short; between antennal sockets median carina hardly visible.

554 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Type material: Holotype female. INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, 26° 28' N 80° 24' 15 April 2008, Collector Mohammad Sharif & Mohammad Shamim (ZDAMU). Paratypes 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Etawah, 26° 47' N 79° 02' E 14, 18 April 2007, Collector Mohammad Shamim, 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Mainpuri, 27° 14' N 79° 03' E, 15 March 2006, Collector. Mohammad Shamim (ZDAMU). Host: Unknown Etymology: The species name refers to its type locality. Discussion: The new species H. (A.) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov. closely resembles with H. (A.) indicus. However, it differs in having (1)Length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple (length of eye in dorsal view 1.6 times temple in indicus) (2) Frons depressed medially, smooth (Frons flat and somewhat coriaceous in indicus) (3) Vein SR of hind wing strongly curved (Vein SR of hind wing weakly sinuate in indicus) (4) Length of hind femur 5.8 times its width (Length of hind femur 6.5 times its width in indicus) (5) Length of first metasomal tergite 2.75 times its apical width, its surface apically smooth, remainder rugose (Length of first metasomal tergite 2.5 times its apical width, its surface longitudinally rugose in indicus) (6) Length of ovipositor sheath about 0.07 times of fore wing (Length of ovipositor sheath about 0.9 times of fore wing in indicus).

Homolobus (Apatia) sharifi Shamim, sp. nov. (Figures 20-28) Description: Body length: 12.05 mm, Forewing: 11.87 mm, Antenna: 16.2 mm Head: Width of head in dorsal view 1.69 times its length; antennal segments 44, length of F1 as long as F2, length of F1- F2, F3-F10, F11- F18, F19- F22, F23-F24, F25-F39, F40-F41 and F42 3.12 times, 3.33 times, 3.6 times, 3 times, 2.4 times, 2 times, 1.75 times and 3.33 times their width respectively, apical flagellomere pointed; length of outer aspect of 4th segment of labial palp 1.9 times 3rd segment; length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple and 1.42 times its width; eyes weakly emarginated; OOL: POL: AOL: OD = 15: 7: 5: 15; vertex 2.42 times as wide as long, smooth, spasely setose; frons almost 2 times as wide as long (55:27), smooth; near eye margin sparsely setose; slightly depressed medially; between antennal sockets median carina visible; face 1.48 times as wide as long, medially sparsely punctate, remaining strigose, sparely setose; clypeus 1.75 times as wide as long, smooth, sparsely setose, convex; ocelli somewhat oval shaped and large; lateral side of stemmaticum 1.4times its posterior side; occipital carina complete; intertentorial line 1.83 times tentorio-ocular line, tentorial pit deep; length of malar space 1.2 times basal width of mandible. Mesosoma: Length of mesosoma 1.8times its height and 2times its width; pronotal sides posteriorly and antero-dorsally crenulate, remaining smooth; precoxal sulcus wide, rugose- punctate, sparsely setose; mesopleuron antero- dorsally somewhat reticulate rugose, remaining smooth, setose; metapleuron dorsally smooth, sparsely setose, ventrally with some rugae; epicnemial area sparsely smooth; notauli broad, deep, anteriorly crenulate, posteriorly reticulate rugose with strong median longitudinal carina; middle lobe smooth, densely setose; lateral lobes smooth, sparsely setose; scutellar sulcus wide, deep with one median longitudinal carina and two weak lateral carinae; scutellum convex, smooth, side of scutellum crenulate; medio-posterior depression somewhat oval shaped, wide, deep with one median carina; metanotum crenulate; propodeum apically densely rugose, basally carinate with three areola.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______555 Forewing: Length of forewing 2.79 times its width; length of pterostigma 3.6 times its width; SR1 slightly curved; r arising at middle of pterostigma; r 0.8times as long as width of pterostigma; length of vein 1R1 1.44 times length of pterostigma; 1-CU1: 2-CU1: 3-CU1 = 10: 50: 22; cu-a postfurcal; vein 2A well developed, shortly sclerotized, area basally of 2A remotely setose; r: 3-SR: SR1= 20: 30: 120; 2-SR: 3-SR: r-m= 28: 30: 15; Hind wing: Length of hind wing 4.21times its width; vein SC+R1 straight; 2SC+R thick, comparatively long, vertical; SR basal third sclerotized and strongly curved, vein r absent; 1-M: 1-r-m: 2-SC+R = 45: 24: 15. Hind leg: Hind coxa densely setose, dorsally rugose, ventrally punctate; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.25, 10.55 and 13.55 times their widths respectively; length of hind tibial spurs 0.45 times and 0.57 times hind basitarsus; tarsal claws simple, distinctly pectinate brown; spurs originates from each segments of tarsus. Metasoma: Length of metasoma 3.33 times its width and 4 times its height; length of first metasomal tergite 2.28 times its apical width, apical width 1.66 times its basal width, its surface densely rugose, first metasomal tergite medially depressed, apically and basally impreesed; apically more impressed than basally; length of ovipositor sheath 0.04 times forewing; ovipositor sheath thick, slender, densely setose; ovipositor apically pointed. Colour: Yellow except stemmaticum black; telotarsus, F1-F42, ovipositor sheath brown; first and second metasomal tergite, femur, tibia, tarsus, trochantellus and telotarsus yellowish brown; eyes grayish black; ocelli transparent yellow and wing veins brownish yellow. Male: Same as holotype except antennal segments 42; hind coxa rugose, sparsely setose; vein SR sclerotized, slightly curved; vein 2SC+R short; between antennal sockets median carina hardly visible. Type material: Holotype female. INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, 26° 28' N 80° 24' 15 April 2005, Collector Mohammad Sharif (ZDAMU). Paratypes 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Etawah, 18 April 2006, Collector Mohammad Sharif, 1 female, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Mainpuri, 27° 14' N 79° 03' E 15 March 2006, Collector. Mohammad Sharif (ZDAMU). Host: Unknown Etymology: The species is named in memory of my late father, Mohammad Sharif, who collected these parasitoids. Discussion: The new species H. (A.) sharifi Shamim, sp. nov. also closely resembles with H. (A.) truncator. However, it differs in having (1) Length of malar space 1.2 times basal width of mandible (Length of malar space 0.5 times basal width of mandible in truncator) (2) Antennal segments 44 Antennal segments 50 in truncator) (3) Frons smooth, near eye margin sparsely setose; depressed medially (Frons almost flat, with some superficial striae near antennal socket in truncator) (4) Length of first metasomal tergite 2.28 times its apical width (Length of first metasomal tergite 3.2 times its apical width in truncator) (5) Propodeum apically densely rugose, basally carinate with three areola (Propodeum narrowly smooth anteriorly and with a short median carina medially and posteriorly reticulate rugose in truncator). The new species H. (A.) sharifi Shamim, sp. nov. resembles with H. (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov. However it differs in having (1) Antennal segments 44 (Antennal segments 43 in etawawiana) (2) Length of vein 1-R1 1.44 times length of pterostigma (length of vein 1-R1 1.35 times length of pterostigma in etawawiana) (3) Vein SC+R1 of hind wing straight (Vein SC+R1 of hind wing

556 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______slightly curved in etawawiana) (4) Vein 2A of forewing well developed, area basally of 2A remotely setose (Vein 2A of forewing shortly developed, area basally of 2A mainly bare in etawawiana) (5) F1 as long as F2 (F1 1.2 times F2 in etawawiana).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Dr. M. Hayat for reviewing the manuscript and offering useful suggestions. I also thankful to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, for laboratory facilities. This research was financially supported by Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi (Grant no. SR/FT/LS-065/2008).

LITERATURE CITED

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Achterberg, C. 1992. Revisionary notes on the subfamily Homolobinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 66 (25): 359-368.

Achterberg, C. 1993. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 283: 1-189.

Achterberg, C. & Shaw, S. R. 2009. A new species of the genus Homolobus Foerster from Ecuador (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Homolobinae). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 83: 805-810.

Ahmad, Z. & Shujauddin 2001. A new species of the genus Homolobus Foerster (Homolobinae: Braconidae: Hymenoptera) from India. Shashpa, 8 (2): 99-101.

Bengtsson, S. 1918. Die Gattung Neoneurus Hal. und Alasmosoma Ruthe, Monographisch dargestellt. II. Revision der Europaischen Arten der Gattung Phylacter Thompson. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 14 (32): 3-44.

Bosen, D. & De Bach, P. 1991. Biological control by natural enemies. Published by the Press Syndicate University of Cambridge. IInd edition. P 52.

Chou, L. Y. & Hsu, T. C. 1995. The Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Taiwan VI. Charmontinae, Homolobinae and Xiphozelinae. Journal of agricultural research of China, 44: 357-378.

Curtis, J. 1837. A guide to an arrangement of British insects; being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in Great Britain and Ireland. Second edition, greatly enlarged London. 294 pp.

Eady, R. D. 1968. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera. Proceedings the of Royal Entomological Society of London, 43 (4-6): 66-72.

Enderlein, G. 1920. Zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischer Braconiden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 84 (A) 11 (1918): 51-224.

Foerster, A. 1862. Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconiden. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, 19: 225-288.

Lyle, G. T. 1914. Contributions to our knowledge of British Braconidae 2 Macrocentridae with descriptions of two new species. Entomologist, 47: 287-290.

Nixon, G. E. J. 1938. Notes on the taxonomy and synonymy of Zele Curtis and Macrocentrus Curtis (Hym Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 29 (4): 415-424.

Reinhard, H. 1863. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger Braconiden-Gattungen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7: 248-274.

Shaw, S. R. 2006. Chapter 12.2 Familia Braconidae 487-525. In Hanson, P.E. & I.D. Gauld (eds.). Hymenoptera de la Región Neotropical—Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 77: 1-994.

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Shaw, S. R. & Huddleston, T. 1991. Classification and biology of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Handbook for the identification of British Insects, 7 (11): 1-126.

Yu, D. S., Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. 2005. Biological and taxonomic information of world Ichneumonoidea, 2004. Electronic compact disk. Taxapad, Vanouver, Canada. http:www.taxapad.com.

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9

Figures 1-9. Homolobus (Apatia) etawawiana Shamim, sp. nov.; 1. Head in frontal view, 2. Head in dorsal view, 3. Head showing antennal sockets, 4. Mesosoma showing precoxal sulcus and mesopleuron, 5. Mesosoma showing mesopleuron and metapleuron, 6. Metasoma showing ovipositor and sheath, 7. Hind wing, 8. A part of Forewing, 9. Hind leg showing tibial spurs.

558 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

10 11

12 13

14 15

16 17

18 19

Figures 10-19 Homolobus (Apatia) kanpurensis Shamim, sp. nov.; 10. Fore wing, 11. Hind wing, 12. Metasoma lateral view, 13. Head dorsal view, 14. Hind leg, 15. Part of mesosoma showing notauli, 16. Head ventral view, 17. Antenna, 18. Part of mesosoma showing pronotal side, 19. Part of mesosoma showing mesopleuron.

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20 21

22 23

24 25

26 27

Figures 20-27. Homolobus (Apatia) sharifi Shamim, sp. nov.; 20. Head in dorsal view, 21. Mesosoma showing Propodeum, 22. Hind leg showing tibial spurs, 23. Head in frontal view, 24. Metasoma in lateral view, 25. Hind wing, 26. Forewing, 27. Antenna.

560 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______POPULATION DYNAMICS OF IN SELECTED COTTON FIELDS OF DISTRICT, , INDIA

S. Jeyaparvathi*, S. Baskaran and Ga. Bakavathiappan

* Post Graduate & Research Dept. of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, – 626 124, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Jevaparvathi, S., Baskaran, S. & Bakavathiappan, Ga. 2013. Population dynamics of spiders in selected cotton fields of , Tamil Nadu, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 560-570]

ABSTRACT: The mean populations of spiders in three different places like Thayilpatti, Madathuppatti and Vembakkottai, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India were studied. In these areas, twenty common species of spiders belonging to six families from these three selected areas were collected and identified. The collected spiders belonging to the family, Salticidae, Oxyopidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae and Sparassidae. In this study, two species of spiders were observed, one is web weaver and another one is non – web weaver. The web weaving spiders belonging to the family Araneidae and Lycosidae. The non-web weaving spiders belonging to the family Salticidae, Oxyopidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae and Sparassidae. P. viridana, O. birmanicus, O. hindostanicus, P. latikae and A. anasuja a dominant predator recorded in these three selected areas. The population dynamics of the individual species in different months showed that the population of spider species mainly P. vridana, O. birmanicus, O. hindostanicus, A. anasuja, N. lugubris, P. latikae, C. cicatrosa and L. pseudoannulata were very high throughout the study period. The increase in the spiders density suggested that the spider density is influenced by the increase in prey density.

KEY WORDS: Spider, population, oxyopidae,web.

Spiders have often been confused with insects, but in truth they belong to the class Arachnida, with major differences being that spiders have two body divisions and eight legs and insects have three body divisions and six legs. Orders within the include daddy longlegs, scorpions, mites, and ticks. About 39 000 species of spiders have been named so far (Platnick, 2005) representing what is believed to be only about one-fifth of the total spider species (Levi, 1981). Some 3,000 species have been thoroughly examined and named from Europe, and approximately 3,500 have been identified from North America (Levi, 1954). Spiders are one of the more diverse taxa, ranking seventh in global diversity (Coddington, 1986), which makes them a fascinating group to study. Biodiversity is not only an issue of curiosity but stands firm on the political agenda as a resource for humanity (Kamal et al., 1992). Spiders are predaceous which largely feed on insects, their larvae and arthropod eggs (Barnes & Barnes, 1954; Riechert & Bishop, 1990; Mansour et al., 1980; Bartos, 2005; Nyffeler et al., 1987a). Being generalist predators spiders feed on a variety of small sized prey relative to their own size (Nyffeler & Benz, 1987; Riechert & Lockley, 1984; Wise, 1993). In most of the spiders, consumption is not only limited to the adults but larvae and nymphs are preyed upon as well (Whitcomb & Eason, 1967; Sunderland, 1999). On account of these attributes spiders are rated as important biological agents for controlling insect pests in the cotton and farmlands. Before attempting to assess the role of spiders in suppressing pest populations in a given agricultural situation, there must be available sufficient information on their taxonomic diversity and abundance habitat preferences in space and time, hunting strategy, body size of species, predators and prey items and the rate of

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______561 their consumption, and reproduction. Information on these aspects is essential for the formulations of ecological concepts and conclusions (Berry, 1970; Horner & Starks, 1972).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area Thayilpatti, Madathuppatti and Vembakkottai are located in Sivakasi taluk, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India. Sivakasi is located at 9.5' longitude and 7.8' altitude. This city is located 157 meter above sea level. Sivakasi belongs to Virudhunagar District of Tamil Nadu State of India. This is a warm, humid region and the seasonal variation in the temperature ranges from 30°C – 38°C. Humidity is also showing seasonal fluctuation. Study Period The investigation was carried out for a period of three months from November 2011 to March 2012. Sampling was conducted in five months at the randomly selected 5 sites of three places. Sampling Sampling was done every month from quadrates. Spiders were collected from 5quadrates (1sq. m × 1sq. m) placed at four corners and one centre of 10 sq. m × 10 sq. m area by visual search method between 9.00 – 11.30 hours. A sufficient core area was left to avoid edge effects. All five quadrates were searched. Spiders were collected from the ground stratum and from the terminals of plants. Sampling time was restricted to 15 minutes in each transect, depending on the density of under storey weeds and shrubs to be walked through, and this included time spent on field to identify unfamiliar taxa encountered. The time taken to describe web characteristics (useful in identifying the family, and in some instances, up to the genus level) was excluded from the calculation of sampling time for each transect. Attempts were made to carefully scan the leaf litter surface, tree bark, foliage (Including the under – surface of leaves when traces of webs were found) twigs, and branches of the vegetation (Up to 1.5m height) along the transect. Specimens from each quadrate were preserved in 75% alcohol in the field and counted under a microscope in the laboratory. Spider collection methods Following methods were used to collect the spiders. Sweep net This is particularly simple way to catch spiders. A sweep net is made of relatively heavy fabric like sailcloth or canvas. It was rugged enough not to be torn by the leaves and tightly woven to catch spiders of relatively small size. Hand Picking Slowly moving spiders, especially the soft-bodied spiders were collected by using fine camel hairbrush or fine forceps. Aerial netting Grasshoppers and wasps were collected by using aerial net methods described by George et al. (1986). The net has strong, light weight and easily maneuverable handle with 15-18” diameter ring and strong, durable, nylon bags with twice the diameter of the ring. Beating method Vegetation beating was carried out with a stick at the beginning and end of each transact by sharply tapping ten times a clump of vegetation about 1m in diameter at a height of about 1m. The spiders dislodged from the vegetation were

562 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______pooled as a single sample for analysis. The dislodged spiders were collected in a tray handheld beneath the plants and transferred in to vials for identification. Leaf litter Method Spiders were extracted from leaf litter using a modified Tullgren funnel (Kitching et al., 2000) consisting of ten 40cm funnels in an insect – proof box, each with a 60W bulb over it and tight fitting collection vials beneath. A 3-mm wire mesh was used in each funnel to prevent excessive amounts of litter fragments contaminating the samples of extracted spiders. About two metres away from each transect, a 25 x 25cm Metal frame was placed on the ground and the leaf litter within the frame was quickly scooped up and placed in a plastic cover, labelled, and tied tightly. In the field station, the leaf litter was placed in a tray and quickly sifted, to look for larger spiders and other arthropods too large to pass through the funnel mesh. Identification of Spiders The adult spiders were identified on species level and others on genus or family level using available literature (Tikader, 1987). Monthly data were prepared with detailed information on the occurrence of mature male, female and juvenile spiders. Voucher specimens were preserved in 75% alcohol and deposited in a reference collection housed with the Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India.

RESULTS

Taxonomical Characters The collection yielded twenty nine species belonging to twenty three genera and nine families. Among the nine sub-families, Salticidae (33.84 %) and Araneidae (21.05 %) and Oxyopidae (21.05 %) represented maximum number of species followed by Lycosidae (10.53 %). The sub-family, Gnaphosidae, Sparrasidae yielded the least number of species (05.26 % each) (Table 1). The spiders like, Peucetia viridana (Stoliczka), Oxyopes hindostanicus (Pocock), Oxyopes birmanicus (Nona Yvette), Peucetia latikae (Tikader), Lycosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg), Hippasa olivacea (Thorell), Neoscona lugubris (Doleschall), Phidippus indicus (Blackwall), Marpissa decorata (Tikader), Marpissa thakuriensis (Tikader), Thalassius albosinctus (Doleschall), Plexippus paykulli (Audoin), Plexippus petersi (Karsch), Telemonia dimidiatta (Simon), Thania phamoniansis (Tikader), Olios millet (pocock), Argiope anasuja (Thorell), Cyrtophora cicastrosa (Simon), Gastracantha unquifera (Tikader) Gnaphosa poonaensis (Tikader) were collected and recorded from the cotton fields of Thayilpatti, Madathuppatti and Vembakkottai, Sivakasi taluk, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India (Figs. 1-3). All the analysed spiders have hairs throughout the body. The colour of the body is varied from black to white. Moreover combination of body colour was also observed in the study. The number of eyes varied from 6 to 8. Though many ethological features present in the spiders, in my study, I recorded only the camouflaging behaviour. Diversified cocoon colour was also observed in the present study. Among the web spinners, the webs are higher spherical shape or irregular shape. Spiders considered as biological predators in nature. Many studies have been carried out to evaluate spiders as biological control agents and present an effective method of using spiders to reduction of pest population. Most of the studies were limited to the identification of spiders, and to investigate the dominant spider species, their regional distribution and seasonal fluctuations.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______563 Hence, the present investigation is an attempt to study the biodiversity and the relative abundance of spiders in Thayilpatti, Madathuppatti and Vembakkottai for a period of five months from November 2011 to March 2012. This study clearly indicated that the Salticidae, Oxyopidae and Araneidae fauna of this area is rich and diversified. The major component of the spider population found in this ecosystem was the family Salticidae mainly of P. petersi and P. paykullii, Araneidae composed mainly of A. anasuja, C. cicastrosa and Oxyopidae mainly composed of P. viridana, O. hindostanicus, O. birmanicus and P. latikae. The population of C. cicastrosa and the Oxyopidae spiders like P. viridana, O. hindostanicus, O. birmanicus and P. latikae were higher during November and December and lowered during March. The Satlicidae spider, P. paykullii population was stable throughout the study period. C. cicastrosa, O. birmanicus and A. anasuja were the predominant species of spider followed by P. indicus, G. poonaensis and P. latikae during November. The population of these spiders gradually decreased from November to March. N. lugubris, O. millet and G. unquifera were the least number of spiders. During December, the population of C. cicastrosa and O. birmanicus were higher. The population of T. dimidiatta and N. lugubris were lowered during March. The population of Gnaphosidae spider, G. poonaensis and Salticidae spider, M. thakuriensis was stable throughout the study period. During December the population of N. lugubris were higher. P. paykullii, H. olivacea, P. viridana, T. dimidiatta, P. latikae L. pseudoannulata, P. indicus were higher during November and lowered during March. The population of O. milleti were absent throughout the study period. Most of the species are lowered from December to March during the study period. G. unquifera available during December and totally there was no population of G. unquifera during March. The population of P. viridana was higher during January than November. P. viridana ,O. hindostanicus, P. indicus, M. decorata, M. thakuriensis, P. paykulli were the predominant species of spiders in Vembakkottai. These spider populations were higher during November and lowered during March. The spider G. unquifera was not available in the area. The population of L. pseudoannulata was higher from November to February and lower during March. The spider M. thakuriensis is available during November and absent during March. The population of A. anasuja was higher during January and the population of O. millet was higher during February and lowered during March. During March all the spider population was decreased except H. olivacea.

Behaviours of the spiders The spiders belonging to the family Araneidae are orb web weaver, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae are ground runners, Salticidae and Oxyopidae are stalkers and Sparassidae are foliage runners.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, twenty species of spiders belonging to six families in Thayilpatti, Madathuppatti and Vembakkottai were collected and identified. These spiders belonging to the family Salticidae, Oxyopidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, and Sparassidae. In this study two species of spiders were observed, one is web weaver and another one is non – web weaver. The web weaving spiders belonging to the family Araneidae and Lycosidae. The non web weaving spiders belonging to the family Salticidae, Oxyopidae, , Gnaphosidae, Tetragnathidae and Sparassidae. The reasons for the fluctuation in

564 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______different months may be due to seasonal variation and harvesting in the nearby fields to search the new niche. The reasons for the fluctuation in different months may be due to drought, flood, natural calamities, and disturbance by other , and manmade disturbance. The population dynamics of the individual spider species in different months showed that the population of spider species mainly P. vridana, O. birmanicus, O. hindostanicus, P. latikae, A. anasuja, C. cicatrosa, L. pseudoannulata, P. petersi and P. paykullii was very high throughout the study period. The increase in the spiders density suggests that spider density in influenced by the increase in prey density. The webbing sites of web builders are easily affected by environmental factors in addition, when the web spaces over lap, there is competition with and between species of web builders. Therefore, hunters probably are more effective predators than web builders. In particular, the interaction of prey and predator shows a constant numerical interaction about these relationships which is fundamental to biological control. Spiders are considered as the favorable biological control agents in the forest eco system. The spiders are abundant throughout and all parts of country. They are an integrated part of all ecosystems and contribute to the balanced ecosystem evidently due to their predatory potential. They are found from hedges, shrubs, bushes and trees. They have also been found in fields of paddy, wheat, rice, and other crops etc. (Perfecto et al., 1996) Apart from this, spiders are observed in other ecologically different places viz., forest floors, under stone and logs, in dead leaves and detritus. The present work includes the taxonomic position, morphological characters, and list of diversified species. The seasonal variation of spider population from this sites have also been observed in the cotton field, maximum web – weaving individual had been found in November while less number of individual, were recorded during summer season (March). The study was resulted to identification of twenty species belonging to twenty three genera and nine families. The major families were Salticidae, Araneidae, oxyopidae and Lycosidae. Spiders are ubiquitous predators that are abundant and diverse in agricultural ecosystems. Spider assemblages have the ability to limit population growth of arthropod pests alone or in combination with other natural enemies (Mansour et al., 1980; Oraze & Grigarick, 1989; Riechert & Bishop, 1990; Carter & Rypstra, 1995). Different studies have shown that spiders’ influence on prey populations depends on spider density or biomass. Therefore, relatively high spider abundance has been considered a requirement for pest control in agricultural systems (Greenstone, 1999; Riechert, 1999; Sunderland & Samu, 2000), but the role of spider diversity in prey regulation is less understood. The same result observed in my study also. A diverse assemblage of spiders may occupy a variety of biotopes in agroecosystems and, as a whole, are likely to be active throughout the day. Therefore, a diverse spider assemblage will leave fewer refuges for potential prey in time and space. Due to variation in spider size and/or prey capture strategies, spiders should be able to capture prey that varies in size and/or developmental stages (Sunderland, 1999; Henaut et al., 2001; Riechert et al., 1999) found that there seemed to be no single spider species that regulates pests or maintains temporal consistency, as well as a diverse assemblage of spider species. The complexity of vegetation structure has been suggested to be an important habitat component that affects spider density and diversity in both natural ecosystems (Lowrie, 1948; Barnes ,1953; Barnes & Barnes, 1955; Greenstone, 1984) and agroecosystems (Hatley & MacMahon, 1980; Alderweireldt, 1994; Rypstra & Carter, 1995; Downie et al., 1999). Vegetation structure could influence spiders through a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, namely structures for webs,

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______565 temperature, humidity, level of shade cover, abundance and type of prey, refuges from natural enemies and intraguild predation (Wise, 1993; Samu et al., 1999; Rypstra et al., 1999). Most studies regarding the role of shade tree density and diversity in coffee plantations have found a higher species diversity in more diverse coffee agroecosystems (Perfecto et al., 1996; Greenberg et al., 1997). Perfecto and Snelling (1995) found that species diversity of ground-foraging ants decreased with shade reduction whereas coffee-foliage-foraging ant diversity did not change along the same shade gradient. In our study, there was no apparent trend between management and spider diversity. Most cases (11 out of 18), according to species richness, Shannon and Simpson indices, showed no relation between management and spider diversity. In only two cases did we find that spider diversity decreased with management intensification. Surprisingly, in five cases, we found an increase in spider diversity as land management increased. These results are contrary to what has previously been reported (Perfecto et al., 1996; Greenberg et al., 1997), and there are several possible explanations. An uncontrolled factor that could affect spider diversity was the presence and density of insectivorous birds, which are known to predate spiders intensely (Gunnarsson, 1998). The different predation level could affect spiders’ abundance and composition, by selectively reducing numbers of those spiders species more exposed to bird predation. Another explanation is the possibility that relative diversity levels change between years, as we only made a one-year study, and therefore results should be interpreted with caution. The organic management site had the lowest species richness and diversity, and the highest dominance in the dry season (according to all alpha indices used) with the exception of hunting spiders. In both seasons, web-building spiders were more abundant and had higher species richness than hunting spiders. Among the web-building spiders, Leucauge argyra and Leucauge sp. were found disproportionately abundant in all sites, but most notably in organic management. The extreme dominance of the Leucauge spp. in organic management was the cause for the high values estimated by Simpson index (which is more sensitive to dominant species). The Shannon index values are most affected by species richness and secondarily by evenness. The organic management with low species richness and extreme dominance (reduced evenness) therefore had low Shannon index values. Several authors consider that dominant species tend to exploit resources more efficiently than non-dominant species (Agnew & Smith, 1989; Mason et al., 1997). Extreme dominance of Leucauge spp. in organic management compared to control and conventional management in the dry season may be because the optimum, in shade and humidity conditions, for these species are those of the organic management (intermediate between the control and the conventional sites). Leucauge mariana has been reported as a very abundant species in disturbed habitats in Central America (Eberhard, 1988; Eberhard & Hube, 1998). For these reasons, these species could be more abundant in the coffee systems than in the control site, but the dominance of this species should be subject of a particular study. Spider diversity under the organic management significantly increased in the rainy season due to an increase in species richness and a decrease in the dominant species abundance. In contrast, in conventional management and control, there were no significant differences between the seasons. Theoretically, when populations of competitive dominant species decrease or disappear, species diversity might increase (Putman, 1994). In the study period, the population of O. milleti and G. unquifera were less common. These results support the existence of a gradient in species composition, from control site to conventional management,

566 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______with organic as intermediate, although in the rainy season the difference between organic and conventional management was reduced. This might be explained because in the rainy season the interference of clouds and rain with solar irradiation reduces the differences in temperature and humidity, making the coffee farms more similar in these variables. Additionally, the exclusive presence of a spider species at one site may be related to the existence of a favourable microclimate and/or an adequate web support for these species. For example, T. albosinctus were high during November and lowered February and no population was observed during March in Madathuppatti. Spintharus flavidus, had been poorly studied taxonomically and is common under the leaves of bushes (Levi, 1954), so it is possible that it could prefer the non disturbed control site, in opposition to the periodically perturbed coffee plantations. On the other hand, E. brevipes was found only on control habitat, and is known that the spiders of this family live almost exclusively in wet or humid, shaded forest habitats (Coddington, 1986). Some species collected were singletons, as in the case of Dolichognatha sp. and Tetragnatha sp., and could reflect a demographic rarity (Halfter & Ezcurra, 1992). In the summer season, a few species like P. viridana and A. anasuja of Oxyopidae and Araneidae were among the dominant and subdominant species at all sites, showing that they were not affected by the management gradient. However, with a seasonal change from dry to rainy season, G. anguifera became considerably less abundant in all sites. In contrast the population of Salticidae were higher throughout the study period.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author’s express profound thanks to the Management, Principal and Head of the Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi for providing facilities to carry out this work. One of us (Dr. S. Jeyaparvathi), grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for providing financial assistance under Women Scientist Scheme (WOS-A).

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Table 1. Taxonomical diversity of spiders collected from the selected areas of Virudhunagar district.

Sub-family No. of genera No. of species % of species

Oxyopidae 2 4 21.05

Lycosidae 2 2 10.53

Araneidae 4 4 21.05

Salticidae 5 7 36.84

Gnaphosidae 1 1 5.26

Sparassidae 1 1 5.26

Total 15 19

Figure 1. Population dynamics of spiders from the cotton field of Thayilpatti.

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Figure 2. Population dynamics of spiders from the cotton field of Madathuppatti.

Figure 3. Population dynamics of spiders from the cotton field of Vembakkottai.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______571 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF TURKISH LONGICORN BEETLES FAUNA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Yakup Şenyüz* and Hüseyin Özdikmen**

* Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Kütahya, TURKEY. ** Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E-mail: [email protected]

[Şenyüz, Y. & Özdikmen, H. 2013. A contribution to the knowledge of Turkish longicorn beetles fauna (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 571-577]

ABSTRACT: In the present paper were studied specimens of the family Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) collection in personel collection of Dr. Yakup Şenyüz (Kütahya / Turkey) from Turkey. New faunistic data is presented on Cerambycidae of Turkey. The faunistic data in the present paper on almost all species add to knowledge on their distribution in Turkey. As a result of identification of these specimens, thirty three species of twenty genera of five subfamilies were determined for Turkey. So, the present paper contributes to the knowledge of the longhorn beetles fauna of Asian Turkey and European Turkey.

KEY WORDS: Prioninae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae, Dorcadioninae, Lamiinae, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, faunistic data, Turkey.

The specimens for this study were collected by the author, Dr. Yakup Şenyüz over various years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011) from different localities in Turkey and deposited in the Dumlupınar University (Kütahya prov.). In this paper classification and nomenclature of the longhorn beetles suggested by Özdikmen (2012) are followed. Within the subfamilies all genera are listed in the same order as in Özdikmen (2012). Within the genera the species are listed alphabetically. Each name of a species or subspecies is accompained by the author’s name and description date. The data, Material and Remarks under the title for each species is given in present text. With the present work, thirty four species of twenty genera of five subfamilies were determined for Turkey. Among them, 1 species as Rhagium (s. str.) inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) is new to Aegean Region of Turkey; 1 species as Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) is new to Marmara Region of Turkey; 2 species as Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel & Daniel, 1891) and Dorcadion (Cribrodorcadion) infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863 are new to European Turkey in Marmara Region of Turkey; 13 species as Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Rhagium (s. str.) inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758), Stictoleptura (s. str.) cordigera (Fuessly, 1775), Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776), Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758), Cerambyx (s. str.) carinatus (Küster, 1845), Chlorophorus (Perderomaculatus) sartor (Müller, 1766), Dorcadion (Cribrodorcadion) infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863, Dorcadion (Cribrodorcadion) scabricolle (Dalman, 1817), Morimus funereus Mulsant, 1862, Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838), Phytoecia (Opsilia) coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) and Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 are new to Kütahya province; 6 species as Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787), Stictoleptura (s. str.) fulva (DeGeer, 1775), Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763), Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761), Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) and Morimus

572 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______funereus Mulsant, 1862 are new to Eskişehir province; 5 species as Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel & Daniel, 1891), Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius,1777), Chlorophorus (Humeromaculatus) figuratus (Scopoli, 1763), Dorcadion (Cribrodorcadion) infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863 and Neodorcadion bilineatum (Germar, 1824) are new to Kırklareli province; 4 species as Plagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773), Phytoecia (s. str.) pustulata (Schrank, 1776), Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) and Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 are new to Edirne province; 4 species as Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787), Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776), Plagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773) and Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) are new to İstanbul province; 1 species as Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) is new to Bursa province; 1 species as Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 is new to Bilecik province; and 1 species as Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant & Rey, 1863) is new to Kahramanmaraş province.

SUPERFAMILY CERAMBYCOIDEA Latreille, 1802

FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802: 211

SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE Latreille, 1802: 212 TRIBE PRIONINI Latreille, 1802: 212 GENUS PRIONUS Geoffroy, 1762: 198 SPECIES P. coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758: 389)

Material examined: Kütahya: Dereyalak village, 16.VIII.2008, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802: 218 TRIBE RHAGIINI Kirby, 1837: 178 GENUS RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775: 182 SUBGENUS RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775: 182 SPECIES R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758: 393) SUBSPECIES R. i. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758: 393)

Material examined: Kütahya: Murat Mt., Kaplıcalar district, 17.VII.2011, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in N Turkey mostly. It is new to Kütahya province and thereby to Aegean Region of Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

TRIBE LEPTURINI Latreille, 1802: 218 GENUS VADONIA Mulsant, 1863: 559 SPECIES V. moesiaca (Daniel & Daniel, 1891: 6)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Between Dereköy and İğneada, 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The rare species is probably distributed only in western half of Turkey. It is new to Kırklareli province and thereby to European Turkey in Marmara Region of Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

SPECIES V. unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787: 157) SUBSPECIES V. u. unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787: 157)

Material examined: Eskişehir: Türkmen Mt., Sehitgazi district, 18.V.2007, 1 specimen; İstanbul: Başakşehir, underside the first stage, 03.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Valley in back side of Oyak, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Göçmen houses, 11.VI.2008, 6 specimens. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Eskişehir and İstanbul provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______573

GENUS PSEUDOVADONIA Lobanov et al., 1981: 787 SPECIES P. livida (Fabricius, 1777: 233) SUBSPECIES P. l. livida (Fabricius, 1777: 233)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 31.V.2007, 3 specimens; İslambeyli village, 31.V.2007, 1 specimen; Demirköy, 31.V.2007, 7 specimens. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Kırklareli province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

GENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280 SUBGENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280 SPECIES S. cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14) SUBSPECIES S. c. cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14)

Material examined: Kütahya: Old Gediz, Ali Ağa district, 12.VII.2011, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

SPECIES S. fulva (DeGeer, 1775: 137)

Material examined: Eskişehir: Türkmen Mt., between Uluçayır and Çobanlar plateau, 10.VII.2007, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Eskişehir province (Özdikmen, 2007).

GENUS ANASTRANGALIA Casey, 1924: 280 SPECIES A. dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47) SUBSPECIES A. d. dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47)

Material examined: Eskişehir: Türkmen Mt., between Uluçayır and Çobanlar plateau, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Eskişehir province (Özdikmen, 2007).

SPECIES A. montana (Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 179) SUBSPECIES A. m. montana (Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 179)

Material examined: Kahramanmaraş: Andız road, 27.VI.2011, 1 specimen Remarks: The species is probably widely distributed in W and S Turkey. It is new to Kahramanmaraş province (Özdikmen, 2011).

GENUS JUDOLIA Mulsant, 1863: 496 SPECIES J. erratica (Dalman, 1817: 490) SUBSPECIES J. e. erratica (Dalman, 1817: 490)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Madra stream bridge env., 31.05.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

GENUS RUTPELA Nakani & Ohbayashi, 1957: 242 SPECIES R. maculata (Poda, 1761: 37) SUBSPECIES R. m. maculata (Poda, 1761: 37)

Material examined: Eskişehir: Türkmen Mt., between Uluçayır and Çobanlar plateau, 10.VII.2007, 10 specimens; Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Eskişehir province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

574 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

GENUS STENURELLA Villiers, 1974: 217 SPECIES S. bifasciata (Müller, 1776: 93) SUBSPECIES S. b. bifasciata (Müller, 1776: 93)

Material examined: Kütahya: Akköprü, 24.V.2007, 2 specimens; Simav, Nadar stream, 12.VII.2011, 1 specimen; Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 13.V.2007, 1 specimen; İstanbul: Başakşehir, valley in back side of Oyak, 10.VI.2007, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to İstanbul and Kütahya provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a,b).

SPECIES S. melanura (Linnaeus, 1758: 397)

Material examined: Eskişehir: Türkmen Mt., between Uluçayır and Çobanlar plateau, 10.VII.2007, 4 specimens; Kütahya: Türkmen Mt., between Güllüdere and Türkmen Baba district, 11.VII.2007, 1 specimen; İstanbul: Başakşehir, valley in back side of Oyak, 10.VI.2007, 3 specimens. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a,b).

SPECIES S. septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792: 346) SUBSPECIES S. s. latenigra (Pic, 1915: 5)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Between Dereköy and İğneada, 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey (mostly in N Turkey) (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE Latreille, 1802: 211 TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Latreille, 1802: 211 SUBTRIBE CERAMBYCINA Latreille, 1802: 211 GENUS CERAMBYX Linnaeus, 1758: 388 SUBGENUS CERAMBYX Linnaeus, 1758: 388 SPECIES C. carinatus (Küster, 1845: 46)

Material examined: Kütahya: Muhat pass, 06.V.2007, 1 specimen; Yenimahalle, 23.VI.2009, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in western half of Turkey. It is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2008b).

SPECIES C. cerdo Linnaeus, 1758: 392 SUBSPECIES C. c. cerdo Linnaeus, 1758: 392

Material examined: Bilecik: Central, 31.VIII.2011, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Bilecik province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

TRIBE CALLIDIINI Kirby, 1837: 170 GENUS ROPALOPUS Mulsant, 1839: 40 SUBGENUS ROPALOPUS Mulsant, 1839: 40 SPECIES R. clavipes (Fabricius, 1775: 188)

Material examined: Kütahya: Yenimahalle, 22.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

TRIBE CLYTINI Mulsant, 1839: 70 GENUS PLAGIONOTUS Mulsant, 1842: 1 SUBGENUS ECHINOCERUS Mulsant, 1862: 143 SPECIES P. floralis (Pallas, 1773: 724)

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______575

Material examined: Edirne: İskender village, 01.VI.2007, 8 specimens; İstanbul: Başakşehir, valley in back side of Oyak, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Göçmen houses, 20.VI.2008, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Edirne and İstanbul provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

GENUS CHLOROPHORUS Chevrolat, 186: 290 SUBGENUS CHLOROPHORUS Chevrolat, 186: 290 SPECIES C. varius (Müller, 1766: 188) SUBSPECIES C. varius varius (Müller, 1766: 188)

Material examined: Bursa: Mezitler valley, Mezit village, 13.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Bursa province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a, 2011).

SUBGENUS PERDEROMACULATUS Özdikmen, 2011: 537 SPECIES C. sartor (Müller, 1766: 188)

Material examined: Kütahya: Ilıca district, 05.VIII.2003, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

SUBGENUS HUMEROMACULATUS Özdikmen, 2011: 537 SPECIES C. figuratus (Scopoli, 1763: 55)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Kırklareli province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

SUBFAMILY DORCADIONINAE Swainson, 1840: 290 TRIBE DORCADIONINI Swainson, 1840: 290 GENUS DORCADION Dalman, 1817: 397 SUBGENUS CRIBRIDORCADION Pic, 1901: 12 SPECIES D. divisum Germar, 1839: 15 SUBSPECIES D. d. divisum Germar, 1839: 15

Material examined: Kütahya: Türkmen Mt., Göknebi village, 12.IV.2008, 12 specimens. Remarks: The subspecies is endemic to Turkey. The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2008b, 2010).

SPECIES D. infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 158 SUBSPECIES D. i. infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 158

Material examined: Kütahya: Dumlupınar University, 23.04.2008, 13.V.2004, 2 specimens; Dumlupınar University, dwelling-houses, 17.V.2007, 1 specimen; Murat stream basin, Arpalı village, 17.V.2007, 1 specimen; Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey and more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Kütahya province and Kırklareli province and thereby European Turkey in Marmara Region of Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a,b, 2010).

SPECIES D. scabricolle (Dalman, 1817: 174) SUBSPECIES D. s. scabricolle (Dalman, 1817: 174)

Material examined: Kütahya: Türkmen Mt., Gölcük district, 15.IV.2008, 4 specimens; Aydoğdu village, 10.III.2011, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b, 2010).

576 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

SPECIES D. septemlineatum Waltl, 1838: 469 SUBSPECIES D. s. novemlineatum Kraatz, 1873: 61

Material examined: Kütahya: Ahmetoğlu village, 900 m, 24.IV.2004, 2 specimens; Central, Dumlupınar village, 920 m, 15.V.2004, 5 specimens; Dumlupınar University, 23.IV.2008, 4 specimens. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in western half of Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b, 2010).

GENUS NEODORCADION Ganglbauer, 1884: 437 SPECIES N. bilineatum (Germar, 1824: 485)

Material examined: Kırklareli: Bridge of Madra stream env., 31.V.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed only in NW Turkey. But it is new to Kırklareli province (Özdikmen, 2008a, 2010).

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825: 401 TRIBE LAMIINI Latreille, 1825: 401 GENUS MORIMUS Brullé, 1832: 258 SPECIES M. funereus Mulsant, 1862: 279

Material examined: Eskişehir: Sündiken Mt., 10.VI.2005, 1 specimen; Kütahya: Dereyalak village, 16.V.2008, 1 specimen; Dumlupınar University, 15.IX.2009, 1 specimen; Kırklareli: Between Dereköy and İğneada, 31.V.2007, 3 specimens. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in western half of Turkey. It is new to Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

TRIBE ACANTHOCININI Blanchard, 1845: 154 GENUS ACANTHOCINUS Dejean, 1821: 106 SPECIES A. aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758: 392)

Material examined: Kütahya: Central, Kütahya castle,10.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Murat Mt. thermal waters, 12.VII.2011, 17.VII.2011, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

GENUS LEIOPUS Audinet-Serville, 1835: 86 SPECIES L. nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758: 391) SUBSPECIES L. n. nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758: 391)

Material examined: İstanbul: Büyükada, 26.VII.2007, 5 specimens. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Mulsant, 1839: 191 GENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351 SUBGENUS HELLADIA Fairmaire, 1864: 176 SPECIES P. humeralis (Waltl, 1838: 471) SUBSPECIES P. h. humeralis (Waltl, 1838: 471)

Material examined: Kütahya: 11.04.2011, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

SUBGENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351 SPECIES P. icterica (Schaller, 1783: 292)

Material examined: Kütahya: Central, Cumhuriyet primary school, 21.V.2007, 2 specimens.

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Remarks: The species is more or less widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008b).

SPECIES P. pustulata (Schrank, 1776: 66) SUBSPECIES P. p. pustulata (Schrank, 1776: 66)

Material examined: Edirne: İskender village, 01.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Edirne province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

SUBGENUS OPSILIA Mulsant, 1862: 387 SPECIES P. coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763: 49)

Material examined: Kütahya: Porsuk stream basin, 13.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Simav, Nadar Çam district, 12.VII.2011, 1 specimen; Kırklareli: Demirköy, 31.V.2007, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Kütahya province (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a,b).

TRIBE AGAPANTHIINI Mulsant, 1839: 172 GENUS AGAPANTHIA Audinet-Serville, 1835: 35 SUBGENUS EPOPTES Gistel, 1857: 93 SPECIES A. dahli (Richter, 1820: 12)

Material examined: İstanbul: Back side of Oyak site, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Edirne: Havsa village, 01.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is probably more or less widely distributed in Turkey. It is new to Edirne and İstanbul provinces thereby Marmara Region of Turkey (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a).

SPECIES A. lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884: 541

Material examined: Kütahya: Felent basin, Felent source, 20.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Edirne: Havsa village, 01.VI.2007, 1 specimen; between Akköprü and Perli, 19.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey and widely distributed in Turkey. But it is new to Edirne and Kütahya provinces (Özdikmen, 2007, 2008a,b).

LITERATURE CITED

Özdikmen, H. 2007. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part I - Black Sea Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 2 (2): 179-422.

Özdikmen, H. 2008a. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part II – Marmara Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3 (1): 7-152.

Özdikmen, H. 2008b. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part III – Aegean Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3 (1): 355-436.

Özdikmen, H. 2010. The Turkish Dorcadiini with zoogeographical remarks (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5 (2): 380-498.

Özdikmen, H. 2011. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part IV – Mediterranean Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 6 (1): 6-145.

Özdikmen, H. 2012. Naked lists of Turkish Cerambycoidea and Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1): 51-108.

578 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______SELECTION OF POLYVOLTINE BREEDS AND POLYVOLTINE × BIVOLTINE HYBRIDS OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI L.

Ravindra Singh* and D. Gangopadhyay**

*Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, INDIA. **National Institute of Science Technology & Development Studies, New Delhi - 110012, INDIA.

[Singh, R. & Gangopadhyay, D. 2013. Selection of polyvoltine breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 578-581]

ABSTRACT: Identification of promising silkworm breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids was carried out utilizing three statistical tools viz., multiple traits evaluation indices, combining ability and hybrid vigour. Out of four polyvoltine silkworm breeds, DNP1 was found promising based on its performance and multiple traits evaluation indices exhibiting maximum values for seven characters viz., pupation rate, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell %, filament length, raw silk percentage and neatness followed by DNP3 which exhibited higher values for three characters viz., fecundity, cocoon weight and reelability. DNP1 exhibited maximum general combining ability (GCA) effects for five characters viz., pupation rate, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell %, raw silk % and neatness. Out of sixteen polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids, DNP1 × CSR2 recorded maximum values for four characters viz., cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell %, raw silk % and neatness analyzed through their rearing performance and evaluation indices followed by DNP3 × CSR17 which exhibited maximum values for three characters namely, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon weight and reelability. DNP4 × CSR4 expressed maximum specific combining ability (SCA) effects for three characters namely, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, reelability and raw silk % whereas DNP2 × CSR4 manifested higher hybrid vigour for three characters viz., pupation rate, reelability and neatness.

KEY WORDS: Bombyx mori, hybrid vigour, combining ability, multiple traits evaluation indices, rearing performance, polyvoltine silkworm breeds / hybrids.

Cumulative effects of several characters have been employed in silkworm breeding for the identification of promising silkworm breeds as well as hybrids (Narayanaswamy et al., 2002). Several attempts have been made to select silkworm breeds / hybrids on the basis of multiple traits evaluation indices (Vidyunmala et al., 1998; Ramesh Babu et al., 2002; Kariappa & Rajan, 2005; Gangopadhyay et al., 2006; Choudhary & Singh, 2006a; Rao et al., 2006; Nirupama et al., 2008a,b) and through analysis of combining ability and hybrid vigour (Datta et al., 2001; Choudhary & Singh, 2006b; Ravindra Singh et al., 2000, 2001, 2010). Of late, polyvoltine silkworm breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids (Singh & Nirupama, 2012) and bivoltine silkworm breeds and hybrids (Singh & Gangopadhyay, 2013) have been short listed through various statistical tools. The present study has been undertaken to identify promising polyvoltine breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids based on their rearing performance as well as through different statistical methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four polyvoltine silkworm breeds namely, DNP1, DNP2, DNP3 and DNP4 and sixteen polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids were utilized in the present study. Rearing

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______579 of both silkworm breeds along with hybrids was conducted with three replications and 300 larvae were retained in each replication after III moult. Data were collected for eleven economic characters namely, fecundity, hatching %, pupation rate, yield/10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, filament length, reelability, raw silk percentage and neatness and analyzed through different statistical methods like multiple traits evaluation indices method of Mano et al. (1993), analysis of combining ability method of Kempthorne (1957) and hybrid vigour.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Maximum rearing performance, evaluation index, GCA of parents, SCA of polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids and hybrid vigour values pertaining to 11 economic characters have been given in Table 1. Among the parental silkworm breeds, DNP1 was adjudicated as the best parent showing maximum values for seven economic characters namely, pupation rate, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, filament length, raw silk and neatness followed by DNP3 which revealed maximum values for three characters namely; fecundity, cocoon weight and reelability based on average performance and evaluation index values. Maximum general combining ability (GCA) effects were found in DNP1 for five characters viz., pupation rate, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell %, raw silk and neatness. Among sixteen polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids, DNP1 × CSR2 was found promising by exhibiting maximum values and evaluation indices for four characters namely, cocoon shell weight (0.402g and 63.30), cocoon shell percentage (20.62 and 65.52), raw silk (15.99 % and 72.43) and neatness (91 p and 65.18) followed by DNP3 × CSR17 which exhibited maximum values and evaluation indices for three characters viz., cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight (19.920 kg and 69.50), cocoon weight (2.135 g and 71.40) and reelability (85.5 % and 63.04). Maximum specific combining ability (SCA) effects were expressed in DNP4 × CSR4 for three characters viz., cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, reelability and raw silk followed by DNP2 × NB4D2 and DNP3 × CSR17 exhibiting SCA effects for two characters each. DNP2 × CSR4 manifested maximum hybrid vigour for three characters viz., pupation rate (14.16), reelability (9.64) and neatness (2.46) followed by DNP4 × CSR4 for two characters cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight (51.78) and cocoon shell percentage (17.39). Efforts have been made to select silkworm breeds and hybrids through multiple traits evaluation index method (Ramesh Babu et al., 2002; Gangopadhyay et al., 2006; Choudhary & Singh, 2006a; Rao et al., 2006; Lakshmi & Chandrashekharaiah, 2007; Nirupama et al., 2008a,b) and through analysis of combining ability and hybrid vigour (Datta et al., 2001; Choudhary & Singh, 2006b; Singh et al., 2000, 2001, 2010). Singh & Nirupama (2012) have selected promising polyvoltine breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids on the basis of rearing performance, combining ability and hybrid vigour. Further, Singh & Gangopadhyay (2013) have identified bivoltine breeds and bivoltine hybrids based on rearing performance, combining ability and hybrid vigour. Results of the present study revealed that the identified polyvoltine breed DNP1 may be further utilized in future breeding programmes for the development of outstanding polyvoltine silkworm breeds. The identified polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrid DNP1 × CSR2 may be exploited on large scale for commercial exploitation.

580 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______LITERATURE CITED

Datta, R. K., Rao, D. R. Jayaswal, K. P., Premalatha, V., Singh, R. & Kariappa, B. K. 2001. Heterosis in relation to combining ability in multivoltine and bivoltine strains of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Indian J. Seric., 40 (1): 1-6.

Gangopadhyay, D., Singh, R. & Rao, D. R. 2006. Selection of silkworm breeds/ hybrids based on multiple traits indices and cocoon size variability. Indian J. Seric., 5 (2): 181-184.

Kariappa, B. K. & Rajan, R. K. 2005. Selection of potential multivoltine parents of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through multiple traits evaluation index method. J. Exp. Zool. India, 8 (2): 261-268.

Kempthorne, O. 1957. An introduction to genetics Statistics, John Willy and Sons, Inc. New York, Inc. London, Chapman and Hall Ltd. Pp. 208-341.

Lakshmi, H. & Chandrashekharaiah 2007. Identification of breeding resource material for the development of thermo-tolerant breeds of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. J. Exp. Zool.India, 10: 55-63.

Mano, Y., Nirmal Kumar, S., Basavaraja, H. K., Mal Reddy, N. & Datta, R. K. 1993. A new method to select promising silkworm breeds/combinations. Indian Silk, 31: 53.

Narayanaswamy, T. K., Govindan, R. & Ananthanarayana, S. R. 2002. Selection of multivoltine × bivoltine cross breeds of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through evaluation indices. Indian J. Seric., 41: 176-178.

Choudhary, N. & Singh, R. 2006a. Identification of bivoltine and polyvoltine parents of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through multiple traits evaluation index method. J. Exp. Zool .India, 9 (1): 27-32.

Choudhary, N. & Singh, R. 2006b. Heterosis in relation to combining ability in hybrids between multivoltine and bivoltine breeds of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 26 (1): 23-28.

Nirupama, R., Singh, R. & Gangopadhyay, D. 2008a. Identification of promising multivoltine × bivoltine hybrids of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Entomon, 33 (2): 147-150.

Nirupama, R., Singh, R. & Kamble, C. K. 2008b. Identification of silkworm breeds and hybrids through evaluation indices and cocoon size variation. Indian J. Seric., 47 (2): 48-52.

Ramesh Babu, M., Chandrashekharaiah, Lakshmi, H. & Prasad, J. 2002. Multiple traits evaluation of bivoltine hybrids of the silkwotm, Bombyx mori L.. Internat. J. Indust. Entomol., 5: 37-44.

Rao, C. G. P., Seshagiri, S. V., Ramesh, C. Basha, K., Ibrahim, H., Nagaraju, H. & Chandrashekhariah 2006. Evaluation of genetic potential of the polyvoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) germplasm and identification of breeding programme. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., 7: 215-220.

Singh, R. & Gangopadhyay, D. 2013. Identification of bivoltine breeds and hybrids of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Mun. Ent. Zool., 8 (1): 203-207.

Singh, R., Goel, R., Rao, D. R., Premalatha, V., Kariappa B. K., Jayaswal, K. P. & Datta, R. K. 2001. Evaluation of combining ability in hybrids between low, medium and high cocoon weight polyvoltine and bivoltine breeds of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Sericologia, 41 (2): 57-64.

Singh, R., Kalpana, G. V., Rao, P. S., Ahsan, M. M., Datta, R. K. & Rekha, M. 2000. Studies on combining ability and heterosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Indian J. Seric., 39 (1): 43-48.

Singh, R. & Nirupama, R. 2012. Short listing of breeds and hybrids of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Mun. Ent. Zool., 7 (2): 978-982.

Singh, R., Nirupama, R., Das, R. & Bajpai, A. K. 2010. Heterosis and combining ability in newly developed polyvoltine and bivoltine breeds of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. J. Assam Soc., 51 (2): 98- 104.

Vidyunmala, S., Narsimha Murthy, B. & Sivarami Reddy, M. 1998. Evaluation of new mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) hybrids (multivoltine × bivoltine) through multiple trait evaluation index. J. Entomol. Res., 22 (1): 49-53.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______581

1 2

3 4

Plate I. 1- Larvae of DNP1, 2- Cocoons of DNP1, 3- Larvae of DNP1 × CSR2 and 4- Cocoons of DNP1 × CSR2.

Table 1. Short-listing of polyvoltine breeds and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids based on various statistical measures.

582 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______TWO NEW AGAPANTHIA AUDINET-SERVILLE, 1835 SPECIES FROM GREECE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi*, Gianfranco Sama** and Attila Kotán***

* via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto (UD), ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] ** via Raffaello 84, 47023 Cesena (FC), ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] *** Komáromi út 5/a, 1142 Budapest, HUNGARY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Rapuzzi, P., Sama, G. & Kotán, A. 2013. Two new Agapanthia Audinet-Serville, 1835 species from Greece (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 582- 587]

ABSTRACT: Two new Agapanthia Audinet-Serville, 1835 species from Greece are described and figured. Comparative notes are proposed as well. Agapanthia izzilloi n. sp. from Peloponnese belongs to A. amitina Holzschuh, 1989 species group. Agapanthia markusi n. sp. is close to A. villosoviridescens DeGeer, 1775 and it comes from Pindos Mountains.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Agapanthia, new species, Greece.

Studying large series of Agapanthia collected in Greece, we found two species that evidently belong to new taxon. Agapanthia (s. str.) izzilloi n. sp. belongs to A. amitina Holzschuh, 1989 species group. It is very interesting because the new species is the first record of this group from Europe and it is the most Western species known. Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp. is close related with A. villosoviridescens DeGeer, 1775 and it is known only from Pindos Mountains.

Agapanthia (s. str.) izzilloi n. sp. (Fig. 1)

Material examined: Holotypus ♂: Greece, Arkadia, S of Scortsinos, 450 m., 2.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt. (Coll. P. Rapuzzi); Paratypus: 5♂♂ and 4♀♀ Greece, Arkadia, S of Scortsinos, 450 m., 2.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt.; 1♀ Greece, Lakonia, Hania, 5.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt.; 1♂ Greece, Lakonia, Xirokambi, 1 Km South of Zermpitsa monastery, 4.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt.; 4♂♂ and 4♀♀ Greece, Ahaia, Trapeza, 2.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt.; 1♀ Greece, Ahaia, 25 Km E Kalavryta, 8.V.2012, F. Izzillo lgt.; 1♀ Greece, Arkadia, Megalopolis, 1 Km South of Scortsinos, Falaisia, 450 m., 2.V.2012, G.L. Agnoli lgt. (Coll. F. Izzillo, Napoli, Italy; Coll. M. Bollino, Bari, Italy; Coll. G. L. Agnoli, Bologna, Italy; Coll. G. Sama; Coll. P. Rapuzzi).

Description of the Holotype. Length 11 mm, width 3 mm. Body green metallic with blue reflex. Head deep punctured, frons with dense long erect black hairs and dense short recumbent white hairs, denser in the middle, at eyes side and on cheeks. Pronotum a little longer than wide, dense punctured with denser punctures on the middle of the disk, in this area the punctures are smaller than the rest of pronotum. Pubescence made by long black erect hairs. This hairs are denser at sides then on the disk. Scutellum rounded, with dense and very short recumbent white pubescence, denser at the apex. Elytra parallel sides, with dense and deep punctures. The points merge to form wrinkles along the suture. Shoulders with deep carina. Pubescence made by long black erect hairs, longer and denser on the first half and shorter towards the apex. Along the apical side there are very short and dense

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______583 white hairs. Legs long, metallic green covered with dense short erect white hairs; there are few longer black erect hairs on tibiae and femora. Antennae long, exceeding elytral apex with the last 6 joints. Scape long, metallic green, near reaching the base of pronotum, covered with dense dark erect hairs, from the 3rd to the 12th covered with short recumbent white pubescence, denser on the first two thirds to give a ringed aspect to antennae. Third Joint and half of the fourth with metallic reflections, the others are black.

Variability of the Paratypes The specimens of the type series show a range of color from the green with some golden reflection (the largest number of specimens), to the blue (rarely), few specimens are double colored: head and pronotum golden-green and elytra more or less blue. One specimens is bronze-green. The range of size is between 7 to 13 mm. among males and from 8 to 12,5 mm. among females.

Biology All the specimens was collected on the leaves or flying around the plants of Psoralea bituminosa (Linnaeus, 1753) (Fabaceae). It is very probably that this plant is the host of the new species.

Discussion Agapanthia (s. str.) izzilloi n. sp. belongs to the homogeneous group of metallic Agapanthia where we find: Agapanthia (s. str.) amitina Holzschuh, 1989 from North Iran, Agapanthia (s. str.) pesarini Sama & Rapuzzi, 2010 from Southern Turkey, Agapanthia (s. str.) psoraleae Sama & Rapuzzi, 2010 from Lebanon and Agapanthia (s. str.) gemella Holzschuh, 1989 from Cyprus. The new species for the large size of body is closer with A. gemella but is immediately separable from it by the longer antennae. The antennae ringed in both sex permit to separate the new species from all other species of this group. It is very interesting to note that the new Taxon is the western most species of a species group widespread from the North-East part of the Mediterranean Sea till the mountains up to the Caspian Sea.

Etymology We dedicate the new species with gratitude to Francesco Izzillo from Naples who collected the largest number of specimens of this interesting new species as thanksgiving for the opportunity to study his specimens.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp. (Fig. 2)

Material examined : Holotypus ♂: Greece, Ipiros, Joanina pref., 7 Km SW , 1360 m., 3.VII.2012, A. Kotán, A. Márkus, P. Nemes, T. Németh lgt. (Coll. P. Rapuzzi); Paratypus: 47♂♂ and 67♀♀ Greece, Ipiros, Joanina pref., 7 Km SW Metsovo, 1360 m., 3.VII.2012, A. Kotán, A. Márkus, P. Nemes, T. Németh lgt.; 1♂ Greece, Varnous Mts., 1450 m., Agios Germanos, 6-8.VII.2010, T. Vrána lgt.; 1♀ Greece, , Katara pass, 25.VI.2010, M. Benelli lgt.; 2♀♀ Greece, , Metsovo e Grevena, 25.VI.2010, R. Bocchini lgt.; 6♂♂ and 3♀♀ Greece, Trikala, Katara pass, 1400-1700 m., 10-15.VII.2010, Padovani & Malmusi lgt.; 7♂♂ and 3♀♀ Greece, Florina, Pisoderion, Agios Triados, 1400 m., 28.VI.1982, Osella lgt.; 1♂ idem 1.VII.1984; 1 ♀ Greece, Ioannina, Katara pass, 1650 m., 39°47’48’’N 21°13’49’’E, 19.VII.2010, I. Zappi lgt.; 1♂ Greece, Kastoria,

584 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______M. Vernon, 1900 m., 29.VI.1982, Osella lgt; 1♂ Greece, Pindos, Peristeri, 1400 m., 12.VII.1984, Osella lgt.; 6♂♂ and 4 ♀♀ Greece, Ipiros, Aoos lake, 1- 15.VIII.2009, G. & G. Giannini lgt.; 5♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ Greece, Ipiros, Milia, 1- 18.VIII.2009, G. & G. Giannini lgt.; 3♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ Greece, Ipiros, Milia, 1- 18.VIII.2009, G. & G. Giannini lgt.; 1♂ and 1♀ Greece, Makedonia, pref. Imathia, Mt. Vermio, 6 km W Naussa, 1041m, 27.VI.2012, leg. A. Kotán, A. Márkus, P. Nemes & T. Németh; 1♂ and 1♀ Greece Ipiros, pref. Joannina, 2 km W Fourka, 1450m, 4.VII.2012, leg. A. Kotán, A. Márkus, P. Nemes & T. Németh (Coll. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Verona; Coll. Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest; Daniel Vit, Zlin, Czech Republic; Coll. G. & G. Giannini, Milano, Italy; Coll. C. Pesarini & A. Sabbadini, Milano, Italy; Coll. B. Bujnik; Coll. G. Sama; Coll. P. Rapuzzi; Coll. A. Kotan).

Description of the Holotype. Length 16 mm, width 4 mm. Body black with leaden reflections. Head with deep and dense punctures. Pubescence made by long black erect hairs and dense but not homogeneous short pubescence made by short white recumbent hairs, denser between antennae and around eyes. Pronotum as long as width, dense punctured with deep punctures. Pubescence made by long black erect hairs, little denser at sides than on the disk. In the middle only few short recumbent white hairs, denser near the apex and the base but invisible without loop. Scutellum rounded, larger than long and covered with dense and very short recumbent white hairs. Elytra parallel, shortly acuminate towards the apex, dense punctured and covered with long black erect hairs. These hairs are longer and denser on the first two thirds and shorter and rarer towards apex but reaching the apex. Elytra are complete black, only few evanescent white small spots made by short and recumbent ashen hairs, denser near the apex. Legs long, black. Median and hind tibiae with scattered white recumbent hairs, denser on tibiae than on the femora. Antennae long, exceeding elytral apex with the last five joints. Antennae black, with evanescent ring of ash pubescence on the first half from 3rd to the 12th joint. Scape with medium dense erect black hairs, rarer on the next joints from the third to the fifth and absent on the subsequent joints.

Variability of the Paratypes The paratypes show sometimes a denser scattered ashy pubescence, only two specimens show this pubescence till the first half. Sometimes the white median strips on pronotum is more or less evident. The range of size is between 12 to 18 mm. among males and from 14 to 18 mm. among females.

Discussion The species known of Agapanthia (Epoptes) villosoviridescens widesopread in all the West Paleartic region very probably represents a complex of different species diffuse in all the West Paleartic region. In fact several population from the southern part of its area are quite different from the population from Middle and North Europa. A. villosoviridescens was described by DeGeer on the base of specimens without locality, most likely Sweden or Northern Europe. The specimens from Central Italy show a larger body and a dense yellow pubescence, the specimens from Thracian (Greece and Turkey) are bigger with longer antennae and a different color on elytra. We believe that a study of the whole group is necessary to clear this situation. Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp. is close related with A. villosoviridescens DeGeer, 1775 but it is easy to distinguish by the lead black color

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______585 of the body. Pronotum is with a very thin and incomplete median strip, sometimes this stripe is complete missing. The light pubescence is ashy colored in the new specie and yellowish in villosoviridescens. Antennae are shorter and only small ringed with ashy pubescence, evidently whitish ringed in villosoviridescens. The body is bigger and larger than in villosoviridescens and elytral apex is less acuminate. Erect hairs on elytra are denser in the new species than in villosoviridescens (Figs. 3 and 4) Apex of paramers are shorter and stouter and show denser pubescence than in villosoviridescens (Figs. 5 and 6). Aedeagus and endophallus are similar to villosoviridescens.

Etymology We dedicate the new species to the late dr. András Márkus, who was the father of dr. András Márkus, who collected the largest number of this interesting species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank our friends and colleagues TAMÁS NÉMETH (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary) for producing photos for this paper, PETRA NEMES, ANDRÁS MÁRKUS and TAMÁS NÉMETH for collecting the paratypes of the new species, and G. Handrinos (GREEK MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, Directorate of Aesthetic Forests, National Parks and Game Management) for providing collecting permission and to Apostolos Trichas (Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Iráklion, Greece) for helping get that permission and advice.

LITERATURE CITED

Holzschuh, C. 1989. Beschreibung neuer Bockkäfer aus Europa und Asien (Cerambycidae, Col.). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 59: 153-183.

Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup: 924 pp.

Sama, G. & Rapuzzi, P. 2000. Note preliminaire pour une Faune des Cerambycidae du Liban. Lambillionea, C, 1: 7-23.

Sama, G., Rapuzzi, P. & Kairouz, A. 2010. Catalogue commenté des Cerambycidae du Liban. Quaderni di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna, 30: 131-211.

586 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 1. Agapanthia (s. str.) izzilloi n. sp. (Holotypus male).

Figure 2. Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp. (Paratypus male and female).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______587

Figure 3. Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp. (Paratypus male – Lateral view).

Figure 4. Agapanthia (Epoptes) villosoviridescnes (DeGeer, 1775) (Lateral view).

Figure 5. Paramers of Agapanthia (Epoptes) markusi n. sp.

Figure 6. Paramers of Agapanthia (Epoptes) villosoviridescens (DeGeer, 1775).

588 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______TWO NEW GENUS RECORDS FOR SPIDER FAUNA OF TURKEY (ARANEAE: LINYPHIIDAE)

Tarık Danışman*, Halil Koç**, İlhan Coşar***, Kübra Ceren Karanfil*** and Meryem Arslan***

* Kırıkkale University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, 71450 Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Sinop University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Sinop, TURKEY. *** Kırıkkale University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Kırıkkale, TURKEY.

[Danışman, T., Koç, H., Coşar, İ., Karanfil, K. C. & Arslan, M. 2013. Two new genus records for spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (1): 588-592]

ABSTRACT: This study reports two linyphiid genera as new genus record for the Turkish araneo-fauna. The characteristic features and photographs of Piniphantes pinicola (Simon, 1884) and Trichoncoides piscator (Simon, 1884) are presented. The total number of linyphiid species recorded from Turkey is now 107.

KEY WORDS: Piniphantes, Trichoncoides, Linyphiidae, Araneae, Turkey, New records.

A total of 4419 species in 589 genera have been identified in the family Linyphiidae all over the world (Platnick, 2012). A total of 105 species in 60 genera are known in Turkey (Bayram et al., 2012) from Linyphiidae. With this paper, we add two genera to the spider fauna of Turkey. These taxa are Piniphantes pinicola (Simon, 1884) and Trichoncoides piscator (Simon, 1884).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The main materials in this study were collected from Ağrı and Çankırı province. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification of spiders and photography were made with Lieca S8APO Stereo microscope and Leica DC 160 camera. Photographs have been taken in dishes of different size with paraffin on the bottom. Different size holes were made in the bottom to keep specimens in the right position. Images have been montaged using “CombineZM” image stacking software and “Photoshop CS5” image editing software. SEM photographs were taken with JEOL JSM-5600. The specimens were deposited in the collection of the Arachnological Museum of Kırıkkale University (KUAM). All measurements are in millimeters.

RESULTS

Piniphantes pinicola (Simon, 1884)

Material examined: 2♀, 2♂ from Ağrı province, Diyadin district (39˚54'06" N, 43˚68'06" E), 14.12.2011 (leg. İ. Coşar), 4♀, 4♂ from Çankırı province, Ilgaz district (40˚52'30" N, 33˚39'19" E), 09.09.2011 (leg. T. Danışman). Description: Male. Total length 1.9 mm, carapace length 0.925 mm, width 0.825 mm; abdomen length 0.975 mm, width 0.8 mm. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Cephalothorax brownish yellow, without marginal bands, dots and stripes. Abdomen dirty yellow (Fig. 1). Leg formula I, II, IV, III. Paracymbium large, with 2 teeth. Males recognized by having an elongated

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______589 projection with numerous finger-like protrusions at the proximal part of the embolus (Fig. 2). Female. Total length 2.0 mm, carapace length 0.975 mm, width 0.85 mm; abdomen length 1.025 mm, width 0.85 mm. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Cephalothorax yellow, without marginal bands. Abdomen brownish yellow (Fig. 1). Leg formula I, II, IV, III. Epigyne with a strongly protruding epigyneal area and markedly hypertrophied posterior median plate (Fig. 2).

Trichoncoides piscator (Simon, 1884)

Material examined: 1♀, 1♂ from Çankırı Province, Ilgaz district (40˚52'30" N, 33˚39'19" E), 09.09.2011 (leg. T. Danışman). Description: Male. Total length 1.5 mm, carapace length 0.625 mm, width 0. 52 mm; abdomen length 0.875 mm, width 0. 5 mm. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Cephalothorax fawn coloured, anteriorly with hairs. Abdomen straw-colored (Fig. 3). Leg formula IV, I, II, III. Male palpal paracymbium sickle-shaped. Palpal tibia with three prominent, the first piece in the form of a binary hook. Distal part of the embolus hook shaped (Fig. 4). Female. Total length 1.8 mm, carapace length 0.66 mm, width 0.44 mm; abdomen length 1.14 mm, width 0.74 mm. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Cephalothorax brownish yellow coloured, without hairs. Abdomen straw-colored (Fig. 3). Leg formula IV, I, II, III. Epigyne with trapezoid medial structure, characteristic, with septum, interiorly bears two rounded spermatechae (Fig. 5).

DISCUSSION

With this study, the number of linyphiid spiders in Turkey has increased from 105species belonging to 60 genera to 107 species belonging to 62 genera. The morphometric measurements of this species are not different from European specimens. As a result of our study, two new genera record were given for the araneofauna of Turkey. Therefore, we expect that more new Turkish records will be found in the future for this families.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to Robert Bosmans (Belgium) for his valuable contributions. We wish to thank Kırıkkale University Scientific and Technological Research Laboratories (KUBTAL) for SEM.

LITERATURE CITED

Bayram, A., Kunt, K. B. & Danışman, T. 2012. The checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Version 2012. 1.– Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com

Platnick, N. 2012. The world spider catalog. Version 13.0 – American Museum of Natural History, New York. Online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog.

590 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 1. Piniphantes pinicola A: female dorsal view, B: male dorsal view (scale 1 mm).

Figure 2. Piniphantes pinicola, SEM micrographs, A: male pedipalp median view, B: male pedipalp retrolateral view C: proximal part of the embolus, D: epigyne, ventral view.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______591

Figure 3. Trichoncoides piscator A: female dorsal view, B: male dorsal view (scale 0.5 mm).

Figure 4. Trichoncoides piscator, SEM micrographs, A: male pedipalp retrolateral view, B: male pedipalp ventral view.

592 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 5. Trichoncoides piscator, epigyne, ventral view (scale 0.1 mm).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______593 AN OVERVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BREEDS/ HYBRIDS OF THE MULBERRY SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI L.

Ravindra Singh*, D. Gangopadhyay** and R. Nirupama*

* Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, INDIA. ** National Institute of Science Technology & Development Studies, New Delhi - 110012, INDIA.

[Singh, R., Gangopadhyay, D. & Nirupama, R. 2013. An overview on the development and evaluation of breeds / hybrids of the Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (1): 593-603]

ABSTRACT: Response of different silkworm breeds towards parthenogenetic development has been studied in newly developed bivoltine and polyvoltine silkworm breeds. Japanese type bivoltine silkworm breeds showed pronounced parthenogenetic developments as compared to Chinese ones. An increased tendency towards parthenogenetic development was observed in hybrids obtained from a mother moth having a high tendency of parthenogenesis. Three bivoltine breeds viz., DNB1, DNB6 and DNB7 were developed and evaluated. Evaluation was carried out through various statistical tools like analysis of combining ability, hybrid vigour and cocoon size uniformity. Androgenetic development was also induced in different silkworm breeds/hybrids. Polyvoltine hybrids exhibited higher androgenic development as compared to bivoltine hybrids. A breed with dominant cocoon colour gene was utilized as genetic marker to identify androgenic male individuals. Induction of androgenesis was performed by exposing the oviposited eggs to hot air (38 ºC) for 200 min. Repeated backcrosses were adopted utilizing androgenic males to introgress homozygosity in the breeding lines. Among six polyvoltine silkworm breeds developed through androgenesis, two breeds AGL3 and AGL5 were found promising. Two bivoltine hybrids viz., DNB1 × CSR4 and DNB7 × CSR2 and 2 polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids viz., AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were found promising.

KEY WORDS: Androgenesis, Bombyx mori, evaluation, hybrid vigour, combining ability, parthenogenesis, performance, silkworm breed and hybrids.

Continuous domestication and selection of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L has made a diversified genotype (Tazima, 1964). Though, conventional breeding approaches have remarkably increased the silk production, continuous selection showed a decline of targeted characters (Seidel & Brackett, 1981). Selection of desirable individuals based on phenotypic observation is not always accurate. Breeders often opt to preserve the exact genotypic copy of the parent in the descendants (Strunnikov, 1983). Parthenogenesis and androgenesis would be useful in the development of superior silkworm breeds and hybrids with more viability, hybrid vigour, combining ability and less phenotypic variability (Dznealaidze & Tabliashvili, 1990; Takei et al., 1990; Plugaru et al., 1993; Strunnikov, 1995). Androgenic development in silkworm has been induced through several activating agents like X-ray and gamma irradiation of mated female moths, hot air, hot water, CO2 and super cooling of oviposited eggs at low temperature (Whiting, 1955; Tazima & Onuma, 1967; Ye et al., 1989; Nagoya et al., 1996). Attempts have been made to isolate bisexual lines of the mulberry silkworm through application of dispermic androgenesis (Xu et al., 1997; Nacheva et al., 1999). Information on the role of artificial parthenogenesis and androgenesis in the development of silkworm breeds / hybrids is lacking. In the present study, an attempt was made to explore the possibility of using breeding strategies like artificial parthenogenesis and androgenesis in the development and

594 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______evaluation of outstanding hybrids of high viability, more hybrid vigour, combining ability and phenotypically uniform population. Astaurov (1940) method was followed to induce ameiotic parthenogenesis in the unfertilized eggs. Eggs were extracted by rubbing through a muslin sieve, washed in running tap water, dried and kept in a cotton bag for 12 h at room temperature. Then they were dipped in a hot water bath at 46 ºC for 18 min and abruptly cooled at 20 ºC water bath for 10 min. After drying, eggs batches were put in a Petri dish and incubated at 15 ºC and 80 % RH for 3 - 5 days. Egg were soaked in hot HCl (Sp. Gr. 1.075) for 5 min to terminate the egg diapause and rinsed in tap water (20 ºC) to eliminate acid traces before being dried. Care was taken to incubate the eggs at normal temperature (25 ± 0.5 ºC) and relatively high humidity of 90-95% till larval hatching. Appearance of reddish-brown to dark- brown pigmentation in the serosa was considered as parthenogenetic development. The rate of parthenogenesis was estimated by counting pigmented eggs about 7 - 8 days after transfer from 15 to 25 ºC. The ratio of reddish-brown / dark pigmented eggs and total number of eggs treated was expressed as percentage of parthenogenesis whereas the ratio of hatched larvae and pigmented eggs was considered as percentage of hatching. Data were recorded for number of pigmented eggs, number of non-pigmented eggs, number of larvae hatched, percentage parthenogenesis and hatching.

Induction of androgenesis: Diagramatic representation of androgenetic development in silkworm has been depicted in Fig.1 (Singh et al., 2009a).Twenty six polyvoltine silkworm breeds viz., BL23, BL24, BL61, BL62, BL65, BL67, BL68, BL69, 96A, 96C, 96B, ND5, ND7, NP1, PM, P2D1, MY1, D1, GNP, Sarupat, Moria, Nistari, Kollegal Jawan, Kolar Gold, DNP3 and DNP5 were screened to shortlist superior breeds based on average evaluation indices as per Mano et al. (1993). Five polyvoltine silkworm breeds viz., NP1, ND7, BL68, DNP3 and DNP5 exhibiting higher evaluation index values were utilized as breeding resource materials (Nirupama & Singh, 2007). Induction of androgenesis in the oviposited eggs was carried out in three different hot air treatments I) at 38˚C for 200 min, II) 40˚C for 135 min and III) 42˚C for 210 min to standardize the procedure(Nirupama & Singh, 2007). Soon after treatment, the eggs were transferred to 15˚C till the appearance of pigmentation in the serosa. Bivoltine and bivoltine × polyvoltine hybrid eggs were treated with hot hydrochloric acid to terminate the egg diapause. Incubation of eggs was done at 25˚C till hatching. The ratio of dark bluish pigmented eggs and total number of eggs treated was expressed as percentage of androgenetic eggs. Nistari, a polyvoltine race possessing dominant gene for golden yellow cocoon colour with marked larvae was utilized as genetic marker to identify androgenetic male individuals. Repeated backcrosses were adopted utilizing the androgenic males. Astaurov (1957) method was followed for the induction of androgenetic development. In order to increase the rate of androgenetic development in the eggs of the polyvoltine hybrid [Nistari × (BL68 × BL69)], the method of Astaurov was modified (Singh et al., 2009b).

Artificial parthenogenesis and silkworm breeding: Five breeding plans were initiated during the course of breeding for the development of homozygous breeds of the silkworm utilizing Chinese and Japanese type bivoltine silkworm breeds as breeding resource materials. Breeds with sex-limited characteristics were kept as genetic marker to identify the parthenogenetic female individuals. Six parthenogenetic lines namely, DNB1 and DNB2 of Chinese type (plain larvae;

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______595 oval cocoons) and DNB3, DNB4, DNB6 and DNB7 having Japanese racial characteristics (marked larvae; dumbbell cocoons) were evolved.

Evaluation of silkworm hybrids: Six newly developed bivoltine breeding lines viz., DNB1, DNB2, DNB3, DNB4, DNB6 and DNB7 were evaluated with 4 bivoltine breeds namely, CSR2, CSR4, CSR17 and NB4D2. Selection of the silkworm breeds / hybrids was carried out through multiple traits evaluation index method of Mano et al. (1993). The breeds / hybrids showing greater average evaluation index value and evaluation index value for a particular character higher than 50 for more characters were identified as promising. Newly developed 6 breeding lines and 4 popular bivoltine breeds were utilized as lines and testers, respectively. General combining ability of lines and testers and specific combining of bivoltine and polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids were determined as per Kempthorne (1957).

Identification of silkworm breeds with high parthenogenetic ability: Initially, response towards artificial parthenogenesis in bivoltine silkworm breeds was studied (Gangopadhyay & Singh, 2004, 2006a). Among Japanese type bivoltine breeds, CSR19 expressed maximum parthenogenetic development (58.55 %) followed by NB4D2 (51.09 %) and CSR4 (50.85 %). Among Chinese type bivoltine breeds, CSR12 exhibited maximum parthenogenetic development (39.85%) followed by CSR2 (39.25 %) and CSR18 (37.17 %). In order to establish parthnogenetic characters, crosses were made between the breeds possessing higher parthenogenetic ability. Among Japanese type bivoltine hybrid, maximum parthenogenetic development was observed in CSR19 × CSR6 (91.20 %) followed by CSR19 × CSR4 (88.56 %). Hatching % was recorded maximum in CSR19 × CSR4 (78.13 %) followed by CSR19 × CSR6 (51.05 %). Among Chinese type hybrids, maximum parthenogenetic development was observed in CSR18 × CSR12 (81.65 %) followed by CSR3 × CSR17 (60.34 %) Hatching % was maximum in CSR18 × CSR12 (10.57 %) followed by CSR2 × CSR27 (6.78 %). Though, the rate of parthenogenetic development was higher in F1 hybrids; there was no further improvement in the subsequent generations. A new improved method (Gangopadhyay and Singh, 2006b;c) was devised to improve the rate of parthenogenetic development and results were compared with the routine one.

Development of homozygous silkworm breeds with parthenogenetic origin: Five breeding plans were initiated for the development of homozygous breeds utilizing Chinese and Japanese type bivoltine breeds as breeding resource materials. Astaurov (1940) method was followed for the induction of artificial parthenogenesis. Breeds with sex-limited characteristics were used as genetic marker to identify the parthenogenetic individuals. Eggs extracted from 30 virgin female moths were individually tested and the egg batch of each female was kept separately. The egg batch showing maximum parthenogenetic development and hatchability was continued further. To achieve a balance between viability and productivity characters in the parthenoclones, two backcrosses were adopted in the earlier generations. Six parthenogenetic lines namely, DNB1 and DNB2 of Chinese type (plain larvae; oval cocoons) and DNB3, DNB4, DNB6 and DNB7 having Japanese racial characteristics (marked larvae; dumbbell cocoons) were developed. Improvement in parthenogeneic development in parthenogenetic lines were observed (Gangopadhyay and Singh, 2006b).Promising lines were evaluated in limited scale (Gangopadhyay & Singh, 2007) Mean performance of two promising lines DNB1 and DNB7 has been given in Table 1.

596 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Assessment of advantages of parthenogenesis: Two bivoltine breeds viz., DNB1 and DNB7 and two bivoltine hybrids viz., DNB1 × CSR4 and DNB7 × CSR2 were found promising based on average evaluation indices. Estimation of GCA revealed superiority of DNB1 for 8 characters. Less GCA effects in DNB7 may be due to existence of only females. Two hybrids DNB1 × CSR4 and DNB7 × CSR2 showed significant SCA effects for 5 - 6 characters. Significant hybrid vigour for pupation rate, yield / 10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, filament length and filament size was observed. The hybrids have shown standard deviation less than 8 and their CV % ranged from 4.04 to 4.96 % (Table 2). DNB7 × CSR2 was identified as promising and evaluated along with control CSR2 × CSR4 in the Technology Validation and Demonstration Centre, CSRTI, Mysore (Table 3). The hybrid was characterized with high viability, quantitative characters and each kg of cocoons fetched 15 - 20 rupees more than the control.

Genotypic variability of the silkworm breeds developed through DNA fingerprinting: For the assessment of homozygosity, 8 random decamer primers from Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, USA (OPAA2, OPAA5, OPAH1, OPA5, OPA11, OPA20, OPC4, and OPD2) were tested on 8 individuals each taken from the bisexual line DNB1, female parthenoclonal lines DNB6 and DNB7. No polymorphism in DNA was detected among the individuals randomly selected indicating the attainment of homozygosity in their genetic make-up (Singh et al., 2009c). Further, shared (common) RAPD fragments found in all individuals of DNB lines with fixed frequencies (monomorphic) observed in all investigated primers, imply their close genetic relationships. The RAPD DNA pattern of all the randomly selected individuals belonging to parthenogenetic bisexual line DNB1 (both male and female) and entirely female parthenoclonal line DNB7 have shown identical banding pattern clearly suggesting the attainment of homozygosity (Fig. 2). The amplification product with decamer OPA20 revealed 1 band of 1700 base pairs (bp) specific to DNB7. Thousand two fifty bp bands specific to DNB6 and DNB7 appeared in the DNA profile indicate their close genetic relationship. DNB1 males and females shared 2 bands (1100 and 1000 bp).

Preliminary field trail of promising bivoltine hybrids: Two selected bivoltine hybrids viz., DNB1 × CSR4 and DNB7 × CSR2 along with control CSR2 × CSR4 were further evaluated both in the laboratory and with a few farmers located in Karnataka. Rearing results of 400 dfls each of the selected bivoltine hybrids tested with the farmers recorded an average cocoon yield of 65.450, 69.770 and 60.350 kg / 100 dfls, cocoon weight of 1.789, 1.827 and 1.741 g, cocoon shell weight of 0.371, 0.399 and 0.354 g and cocoon shell percentage of 20.74, 21.85 and 20.35 % in DNB1 × CSR4, DNB7 × CSR2 and CSR2 × CSR4 respectively Gangopadyay et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2009d). Results showed superiority of DNB7 × CSR2 over other hybrids both in the laboratory as well as in the field.

Development of homozygous silkworm breeds with androgenetic origin: Twenty six polyvoltine silkworm breeds were screened based on higher average evaluation indices and 5 breeds viz., DNP5 (59.95), DNP3 (58.25), NP1 (55.52), ND7 (54.42) and BL68 (53.68) possessing higher average evaluation indices were selected for breeding resource materials (Nirupama and Singh, 2007). Treatment of eggs at 38 ˚C for 200 min, maximum hatching percentage (12.78 %) was observed in the modified method as compared to the (6.36 %) in the routine method. Nistari, a polyvoltine silkworm race possessing marked larvae and golden yellow spindle shaped cocoons was kept as a genetic marker to

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______597 identify the androgenetic individuals. Androgenetic individuals were utilized as donors to transmit homozygosity into bisexual lines by a series of backcrosses. Five breeding plans were initiated and five lines viz., AGL1, AGL2, AGL3, AGL4 and AGL5 were developed. Mean performance of selected polyvoltine androgenetic lines namely, AGL3 and AGL5 has been given in Table 4.

Assessment of advantages of androgenesis : Five polyvoltine androgenetic lines were evaluated following different statistical analyses like multiple traits evaluation index method (Mano et al., 1993), combining ability and hybrid vigour analysis (Kempthorne, 1957) and cocoon size uniformity test etc. Polyvoltine androgenetic lines viz., AGL1, AGL2, AGL3, AGL4 and AGL5 were evaluated utilizing popular bivoltine breeds namely, CSR2, CSR3, CSR4, CSR12 and NB4D2. Two polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were found promising based on subordinate function index method, average evaluation indices and cocoon size variability (Nirupama et al., 2008a;b). AGL3 and AGL5 exhibiting significant GCA effects for majority of the characters were good general combiners. Among 30 polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids, AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 expressed highly significant (SCA) effects for fecundity, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percentage (Singh et al., 2010). AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were found promising and manifested highly significant hybrid vigour over MPV and BPV for cocoon yield/ 10,000 larvae by weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, filament length and raw silk percentage over the control PM × CSR2. Cocoons of AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were found relatively uniform with their SD < 8 and CV % of 4.23 and 4.09 %, respectively (Table 5). AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were evaluated in the Technology Validation and Demonstration Centre, CSRTI, Mysore along with control PM × CSR2. Data showed that the new hybrids performed better in terms of cocoon yield, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, filament length and raw silk percentage over the control (Table 6).

Genotypic variability of the silkworm breeds developed through DNA fingerprinting: For the assessment of homozygosity, 8 random decamer primers from Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, USA (OPAA2, OPAA5, OPAH1, OPA5, OPA11, OPA20, OPC4, and OPD2) were tested on 8 individuals each taken from androgenetic lines AGL1, AGL2, AGL3, AGL4 and AGL5. No polymorphism in DNA was detected among the individuals randomly selected indicating the attainment of homozygosity in their genetic make-up (Singh et al., 2009c). A total of 28 scorable, discrete amplicons were generated when the template DNA of AGL series (AGL1 to AGL5) were amplified with 7 random primers at an average of 4 bands per primer. The analysis has shown identical RAPD profiles within the inbred lines of AGL series when amplified with OPA11, and OPD2 (Fig. 3) indicating the accomplishment of homozygosity of the lines at the molecular level. The two bands with 1870 and 1650 bp are seen common in all the AGL series analyzed. Development of silkworm breeds by conventional breeding has played a vital role in upgrading both quality and quantity of silk produced (Datta, 1984). Since most of the quantitative characters in silkworm are governed by polygenes, their inheritance shows variation and therefore, more emphasis is being paid for selection of silkworm breeds based on their phenotypic expression (Nagaraju, 1998). Sometimes, a suitable phenotype may not exhibit a suitable genotype and due to low heritability, the subsequent progeny may lose its unique genotype.

598 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Artificial parthenogenesis enables one to produce from one outstanding individual hundreds of parthenoclones each of which is an exact genotypical copy of its parent (Astaurov, 1957; Strunnikov, 1975). In sexual reproduction, the offsprings receive only a random half of alleles from each parent and the results are not predictable accurately (Seidel and Brackett, 1981). Application of new breeding strategies like parthenogenesis and androgenesis would be beneficial to the silk industry in the development and cloning of homozygous silkworm breeds with either entirely females (completely heterozygous) via ameiotic parthenogenesis or predominantly males (homozygous) via androgenesis to improve the selection efficiency (Strunnikov, 1983, 1986; Retnakaran & Percy, 1985; Takei et al., 1990). Though, the practical significance of artificial parthenogenesis and androgenesis has been realized, less attention has been given to explore the possibility of utilizing these strategies for the development of silkworm breeds / hybrids found in India. Attempts have been made to develop superior breeds / hybrids of the silkworm through the application of artificial parthenogenesis and androgenesis (Singh et al., 2004; Gangopadhyay & Singh, 2007, 2008, 2009; Singh et al., 2009a, 2011). Response of different silkworm breeds towards parthenogenetic development has been studied. Among the different bivoltine and polyvoltine breeds, Japanese type bivoltine silkworm breeds showed pronounced parthenogenetic development (Gangopadhyay & Singh, 2006a). An increased tendency towards parthenogenesis was observed in hybrids obtained from a mother moth having a high tendency of parthenogenesis. Breeds with higher parthenogenetic ability were crossed to establish parthenogenetic character in the lines. Three bivoltine breeds viz., DNB1, DNB6 and DNB7 were developed. The bisexual line DNB1 was characterized by sex-limited characteristics with white oval cocoons while DNB6 and DNB7 were characterized by entirely female parthenoclones possessing white dumbbell cocoons. Hybrids were prepared by crossing the developed silkworm breeds and productive bivoltine breeds. Evaluation of the developed breeds / hybrids was carried out through various statistical measures like analysis of combining ability, hybrid vigour and cocoon size uniformity. Studies showed more combining ability, hybrid vigour and cocoon size uniformity in the new hybrids. Induction of androgenesis was performed in different silkworms to select potential breeds. Polyvoltine hybrids showed higher androgenic development as compared to bivoltine hybrids. Nistari, a polyvoltine breed possessing dominant gene for golden yellow cocoon colour with marked larvae was utilized as genetic marker to identify the androgenic male individual. Females of Nistari were crossed with the males of the hybrid BL68 × BL69 possessing plain larvae and oval shaped greenish yellow cocoons. Induction of androgenesis was performed by exposing the oviposited eggs at hot air of 38 ºC for 200 min. Both marked and plain larvae were observed. Plain larvae were identified as androgenic individuals. Sex of the plain larvae at pupal stage was further determined. All the pupae derived from plain larvae were exclusively males. Backcrossing was adopted utilizing androgenic males to introgress homozygosity in the breeding lines (Singh et al., 2009c, 2011). By utilizing dispermic androgenesis, bisexual silkworm lines have been isolated (Xu et al., 1997). Some bisexual lines of the mulberry silkworm, B. mori with androgenetic origin have been developed (Nacheva et al., 1999). Level of homozygosity was assessed in the breeds developed via parthenogenesis and androgenesis through DNA fingerprinting (Singh et al., 2009c). Promising polyvoltine breeds and hybrids were short-listed utilizing different statistical tools (Singh & Nirupama, 2012).

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Three bivoltine parthnogenetic lines viz., DNB1, DNB6 and DNB7 along with two polyvoltine androgenetic lines viz., AGL3 and AGL5 were developed. One bivoltine hybrid DNB7 × CSR2 and two polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids AGL3 × CSR2 and AGL5 × CSR2 were found promising exhibiting significant improvement for various quantitative characters like higher survivability, combining ability, hybrid vigour and more cocoon size uniformity and may be recommended for commercial exploitation to obtain stabilized cocoon crops and better silk quality. The developed bivoltine parthenogenetic and polyvoltine androgenetic breeds can be utilized as breeding resource materials for future breeding programmes. Besides, studies on combining ability, hybrid vigour and phenotypic uniformity would be of immense use to the silkworm breeders to assess the practical significance of artificial parthenogenesis and androgenesis in the development of superior silkworm breeds / hybrids.

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Astaurov, B. L. 1957. High temperature as a tool for controlling development and sex determination: A review of studies in artificial parthenogenesis, androgenesis and elimination of embryonic diapause in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Proc. Zool. Soc. Calcutta, Mookerjee Memoir., 1: 29-56.

Datta, R. K. 1984. Improvement of silkworm races (Bombyx mori L.) in India. Sericologia, 24 (3): 393- 415.

Dznealaidze, A. N. & Tabliashvili, T. S. I. 1990. Cloned hybrid lines of the silkworm, Shelk, 4: 7-8.

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Gangopadhyay, D. & Singh, R. 2006a. Parthenogenetic development in excised eggs of F1 hybrids of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Sericologia, 46 (2): 229-232.

Gangopadhyay, D. & Singh, R. 2006b. Improvement of parthenogenetic development in the eggs of some parthenogenetic lines of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Entomon, 31 (1): 9-14.

Gangopadhyay, D. & Singh, R. 2006c. An improved method of parthenogenetic development and analysis of combining ability in bivoltine breeds of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 13 (2): 63-72.

Gangopadhyay, D. & Singh, R. 2007. Development and evaluation of parthenoclones of the mulberry silkworm, Bombxy mori L.. Sericologia, 47 (3): 59-269.

Gangopadhyay, D. & Singh 2008. A new breeding approach to evolve polyvoltine breed(s) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. using parthenogenetic techniques. Indian J. Seric., 47 (1): 87-93.

Gangopadhyay, D., Singh, R. & Kamble, C. K. 2009. Evolution of a bivoltine breed “DNB1” of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through ameiotic parthenogenesis. Indian J. Seric., 48 (1): 41-48.

Kempthorne, O. 1957. An Introduction to Genetics Statistics. pp. 208-341, John Willy and sons, Inc. New York.

Mano, Y., Nirmal Kumar, S., Basavaraja, H. K., Mal Reddy, N. & Datta, R. K. 1993. A new method to select promising silkworm breeds / combinations. Indian Silk, 31: 53.

Nacheva, Y., Petkov, N., Tzenov, P., Malinova, K. & Gensu Su, C. 1999. Breeding of bisexual lines of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. with androgenetic origin. Bull. Indian Acad. Seric., 3 (1): 36-41.

Nagaraju, J. 1998. Silk yield attributes – correlations and complexities. In: Silkworm Breeding. Sreerama Reddy, G. (ed.), pp.168-185, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

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Nagoya, H., Okamoto, H., Nakayama, I., Araki, K. & Onozato, H. 1996. Production of androgenetic diploids in amago salmon, Onchorhynchus masou. Fisheries Sci., (Tokyo) 62: 380-383.

Nirupama, R. & Singh, R. 2007. Evaluation of polyvoltine breeds of the Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. J. Exp. Zool. India, 10 (2): 341-344.

Nirupama, R., Singh, R. & Gangopadhyay, D. 2008a. Identification of promising multivoltine × bivoltine hybrids of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Entomon, 33 (2): 147-150.

Nirupama, R., Singh, R. & Kamble, C. K. 2008b. Identification of silkworm breeds and hybrids through evaluation indices and cocoon size variation. Indian J. Seric., 47 (2): 48-52.

Plugaru, I. G., Plugaru, R. I., Golouko, V. A., Stotskii, M. I., Spiridonova, T. I. & Klimenko, V. V. 1993. Perspective hybrids of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. found during parthenogenesis. Bull. Acad. Repub. Moldova Biol. Sci., 3: 12-16.

Singh, R., Rao, D. R., Gangopadhyay, D., Choudhary, N., Kariappa, B. K. & Dandin, S. B. 2004. Development of a polyvoltine breed – BL67 (Pg) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. with parthenogenetic origin. Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 9 (1): 41-46.

Singh, R., Nirupama, R., Gangopadhyay, D. & Kamble, C. K. 2009a. Development of polyvoltine breeds of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. with androgenic origin. Sericologia, 49 (1): 21-28.

Singh, R., Nirupama, R., Gangopadhyay D. & Kamble, C. K. 2009b. An improved method of androgenetic development in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Sericologia, 49 (2): 255-258.

Singh, R., Sreekumar, S., Gangopadhyay, D., Nirupama, R. & Ashwath, S. K. 2009c. Assessment of homozygosity using RAPD markers in silkworm breeds developed through application of androgenesis and parthenogenesis. Sericologia, 49 (3): 261-266.

Singh, R., Gangopadhyay, D., Nirupama, R. & Kamble, C. K. 2009d. New breeding approaches in the development of silkworm breeds of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. In: Jaiswal, K., Trivedi, S. P., Pandey, B. N. & Tripathi, A. K. (Eds.), Mulberry Sericulture: Problems and Prospects, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, pp. 1-25.

Singh, R., Nirupama, R.. Das, R. & Bajpai, A. K. 2010 Heterosis and combining ability in newly developed polyvoltine and bivoltine breeds of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. J. Assam Soc., 51 (2): 98- 104.

Singh, R., Nirupama, R. & Debaraj, Y. 2011. Development of a polyvoltine breed of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. by means of dispermic androgenesis. Mun. Ent. Zool., 6 (2): 995-1002.

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Tazima, Y. 1964. The Genetics of the Silkworm. pp. 1-253, Logos Press (Academic Press), London.

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Figure 1. Diagramatic representation of normal zygotic and androgenic development in the silkworm, B. mori L. (Singh et al., 2009a).

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Figure 2. Identical RAPD profiles of DNB parthenogenetic lines amplified with OPA20 decamer. Arrows indicate 1700 bp product specific to DNB7 line, 1250 bp band specific to DNB6 and DNB7, 1100 & 1000 bp amplified products found in DNB1 males and females (Singh et al., 2009c).

Figure 3. Identical RAPD profiles of AGL androgenetic lines amplified with OPD2 decamer. Arrows indicate 1870 and 1650 bp products common to all the AGL lines (Singh et al., 2009c).

Table 1. Performance of bivoltine parthenogenetic lines.

Table 2. GCA, SCA, Hybrid vigour, average evaluation indices and cocoon size uniformity in promising bivoltine silkworm breeds / hybrids.

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Table 3. Performance of promising bivoltine hybrids at TVDC (Mean of 3 trials).

Table 4. Performance of short listed multivoltine androgenetic lines Data are Mean ± SD of F9 – F12.

Table 5. GCA, SCA, Hybrid vigour, average evaluation indices and cocoon size uniformity in promising multivoltine silkworm breeds / hybrids.

Table 6. Performance of promising multivoltine × bivoltine hybrids in TVDC (Mean of 3 trials).

604 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______CHECKLIST OF THE GENUS LEPTOMIAS FAUST (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: ENTIMINAE) OF THE WORLD

G. Mahendiran* and V. V. Ramamurthy*

*National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, INDIA. E-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]

[Mahendiran, G. & Ramamurthy, V. V. 2013. Checklist of the genus Leptomias Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) of the world. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 604-612]

ABSTRACT: The paper to be published is based on an annotated checklist of Leptomias Faust (Entiminae: Curculionidae: Coleoptera) comprising 131 species with their updated nomenclature, synonyms and distribution. The analysis indicates that the genus is predominantly distributed in Oriental region. China (including Tibet) and India are the areas where the genus is well known, particularly the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions. Currently, China is the single largest country with 81 species, followed by India with 35 species of Leptomias.

KEY WORDS: Leptomias, checklist, synonyms, distribution.

Weevils are among the most important insect herbivores and their species diversity is well documented worldwide, particularly in the tropics (Anderson, 1993, 1995; Farrell, 1998). The family Curculionidae comprises about 4600 genera and 51000 described species. It is larger than any other in weevils and comprises more than 80% of all weevil species (Oberprieler et al., 2007).The broad nosed weevils of the subfamily Entiminae, with more than 12000 described species form the largest group of weevils and they are distributed world-wide, mostly in tropical regions. The Entiminae includes many serious agriculturally important pests (Yunakov & Nadein, 2006). Leptomias Faust is one of the important genera within the tribe Tanymecini (Entiminae: Curculionidae). Leptomias Faust was first described by Faust (1886) with Pachynotus angustatus Redtenbacher as the type species. Marshall (1916) studied the genus and provided a key to species from the Oriental region. He referred the generic names Heteromias Faust and Parisomias Faust as synonyms of Leptomias Faust. Gunther & Zumpt (1933) added Cneorrhinus Redtenbacher also in the list of synonyms of Leptomias Faust. The genus was redefined by Aslam (1961) and Chen (1991) based on their finding from Indo-Pakistan region and China, respectively. Apart from the work of Gandhi & Pajni (1988a,b, 1989), who described four species from India no notable work has come out from India and adjacent countries. As far as its economic importance is concerned, the species Leptomias nigroguttatus Gandhi & Pajni has been reported as a pest of beans in Jammu and Kashmir (Gandhi & Pajni, 1988a). Moreover, no comprehensive studies have been undertaken during recent times.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This checklist is mainly based on available literature rather than on extensive taxonomic studies. It has been compiled mainly with the aid of Zoological Record (Insecta), Coleopteran Catalogues and original descriptions, whenever available.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______605 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Annotated checklist of Leptomias of the world (Table 1)

Genus Leptomias Faust Leptomias Faust, 1886: 132 Heteromias Faust, 1897: 344; Marshall, 1916: 172 Parisomias Faust, 1897: 342; Marshall, 1916: 172 Cneorrhinus Redtenbacher, 1844: 543 (nec Cneorhinus Schoenherr, 1823); Gunther & Zumpt, 1933 Neoleptomias Voss, 1961: 183 Type: Pachynotus angustatus Redtenbacher, 1844

An analysis of the fauna described by the different coleopterists indicates that Chao & Chen (1980-1992) contributed by far the most extensive work on Leptomias. They have described 66 species including a few subspecies from China (including Tibet). Faust (16 species), Aslam (15 species) Marshall (14 species) and Voss (11 species) were the other important contributors on the genus. Gandhi & Pajni (1988-89) described four new species with genitalia description from India. Hoffman (1963), Bajfenov (1980), Zumpt (1937), Redtenbacher (1944) and Hustache (1928) (one species each) were the other contributors in the field. The zoogeographical distribution of the genus indicates that it predominantly exists in Oriental region. China (including Tibet) and India are the areas, where the genus is well known, particularly the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions. China is the largest single region contributing with 81 species. From India, 35 species have been recorded, mainly in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. While a great deal of taxonomic work is needed, a review of existing literature is necessary to facilitate future studies on the genus. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made on preparation of checklist of world species of the genus Leptomias Faust. It includes 131 species with current updated valid names including synonyms and distribution. Synonyms are listed under their respective alphabetical order too. The names of the subgenera, if any, are given in parentheses after species name. Species previously included in the genus but now placed in the other genera are also included in the alphabetical order but neither numbered nor given distribution.

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Faust, J. 1887. Verzeichniss der von Heren Wilkins und Grumm-Grshimailo in Turkestan, Buchara und im Pamir gesammelten Curculionden, eingesendet vom Heren Wladimar Dochturov. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 20 (3/4): 141-178.

Faust, J. 1888. Neue Russelkafer aller Lander. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 49 (7-9): 284-311.

Faust, J. 1890. Insecta, a Cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta. xv. Curculionidae. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 24 (3/4): 421-476.

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Gandhi, S. S. & Pajni, H. R. 1988a. On a new species of genus Leptomias Faust from Kashmir (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachyderinae). Research Bulletin (Science) of the Panjab University, 39 (3- 4): 151-153.

Gandhi, S. S. & Pajni, H. R. 1988b. On two new species of genus Leptomias Faust from Kashmir (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachyderinae). Entomotaxonomia, 10 (3-4): 235-238.

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Table 1. Annotated checklist of Leptomias of the world.

S.No Species Distribution 1. acuminatus Aslam, 1961: 333 Tibet, China 2. acutus Aslam, 1961: 328 Tibet, China 2a. acutus zayuensis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 538 Tibet, China 3. aeneus Marshall, 1955: 150 India 4. alternans Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 100 China amplicollis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 534 see schoenherri amplifrons Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 541 transferred to Xizanomias magnus Chao, 1980; Chen, 1991: 266 5. angustatus (Redtenbacher, 1844) India Pachynotus angustatus Redtenbacher, 1844: 542; Faust, 1886: 132 Cneorrhinus pictus Redtenbacher, 1844: 543; Leptomias angustatus; Marshall, 1916: 177 (= Cneorrhinus pictus Redtenbacher, 1844) 6. aphelocnemius Aslam, 1961: 330 Tibet, China 7. arcuatus Chen, 1987: 412 China 8. argenteus Hoffmann, 1963: 80 Iraq 9. audax Faust, 1886: 134 India 10. bicaudatus Chen, 1987: 412 China 11. bimaculatus (Faust, 1886) Turkistan, Parisomias bimaculatus (Faust, 1886: 132) Aslam, 1961: India 321; Leptomias bimaculatus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 12. bipustulatus Faust, 1897: 342 India 13. bispiculatus Chen, 1987: 412 China 14. bituberculatus Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias bituberculatus Marshall, 1916: 179 Parisomias bituberculatus; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias bituberculatus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 15. brevicornutus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 540 Tibet, China 16. chagyabensis Chao and Chen, 1981: 542 Tibet, China 17. chaoi Chen, 1983: 401 China 18. clarus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 98 China 19. clavellatus Chen, 1992: 850 China 20. clavicrus Marshall, 1955: 147 India 21. clavipes (Faust, 1897) Mongolia, Heteromias clavipes Faust, 1897: 345; Gunther and Zumpt, China 1933

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22. costatus (Faust, 1897) India Parisomias costatus Faust, 1897: 345; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias costatus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) crassus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 533 transferred to Odontomias: Chen, 1991: 265 23. crinitarsus Aslam, 1961: 326 Tibet, China 24. curtus Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias curtus Marshall, 1916: 180 Parisomias curtus; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias curtus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) curvipes Marshall, 1916: 190 transferred to Achlaeonomus: Aslam, 1961: 322 cylindricus Marshall, 1916: 186 see jekeli 25. damxungensis Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 530 Tibet, China dentatus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 533 transferred to Odontomias: Chen, 1991: 265 26. depressus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 546 Tibet, China 27. dilatipes Gandhi and Pajni, 1989: 131 India discaris Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 98 transferred to Triangulomias: Chen, 1991: 264 28. elongatoides Chen, 1987: 411 China 29. elongatulus Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias elongatulus Marshall, 1916: 181; Parisomias elongatulus; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias elongatulus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias but did not mention the species) 30. elongitus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 543 Tibet, China 31. errans Faust, 1887: 158 Central Asia 32. errectus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 539 Tibet, China 33. ferganensis Bajtenov, 1980: 127 Kyrgyzstan 34. foveicollis (Voss, 1935) China, Xylinophorus foveicollis Voss, 1935: 58; Emden and Szetschwan Emden, 1939: 264 35. foveolatus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 536 Tibet, China gerensis Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 531 see sagaensis 36. gibbus Aslam, 1961: 335 India 37. globicollis Aslam, 1961: 332 Tibet, China 38. globosus Chen, 1987: 412 China 39. granulatus Chao, 1980: 30 China 40. griseus Chao, 1980: 30 China 41. hirsutus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 540 Tibet, China 42. huangi Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 537 Tibet, China 43. humilis (Faust, 1882) China Piazomias humilis Faust, 1882: 264; Korotyaev, 1991: 886 korbi Pic, 1905: 98; Korotyaev, 1991: 886 Formanekia sibirica Fleischer, 1923:16; Luk’yanovich, 1938: 239 impar Chao and Chen, 1980: 98 transferred to Triangulomias: Chen, 1991: 264 44. includens Voss, 1970: 448 Nepal 45. indicus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988b: 235 India 46. inquinatus Voss, 1959: 87 Afghanistan

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47. invidus Faust, 1886: 136 India 48. irrisus (Faust, 1890) China Eutinopus irrisus Faust, 1890: 434; Zumpt, 1931: 124 49. jekeli Faust, 1886: 135 India, cylindricus Marshall, 1916: 186; Aslam, 1961: 321 Pakistan 50. kamdeschanus Voss, 1959: 88 Afghanistan 51. kangmarensis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 535 Tibet, China 52. kashmirensis Aslam, 1961: 337 India 53. kingdomwardi Marshall, 1955: 149 India korbi Pic, 1905: 98 see humalis 54. laoshanensis Chao, 1980: 31 China 55. laticnemius Aslam, 1961: 331 Tibet, China latus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 532 transferred to Odontomias: Chen, 1991: 265 56. lhazeensis Chen, 1991: 264 China 57. lineatus Aslam, 1961: 326 Tibet, China 58. lineostriatus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988b: 236 India lituratus (Redtenbacher); Marshall, 1916: 179 transferred to Achlaeonomus: Aslam, 1961: 322 59. lobatus Aslam, 1961: 334 India 60. longicollis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 542 Tibet, China 61. longiscapus Aslam, 1961: 337 Pakistan 62. longisetosus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 534 Tibet, China longulus (Faust, 1897: 345); Marshall, 1916: 189 transferred to Achlaeonomus: Aslam, 1961: 322 63. mainlingensis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 541 Tibet, China 64. mangkamensis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 543 Tibet, China 65. marshalli Hustache, 1928: 4 India 66. micans Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 544 Tibet, China microdentatus Chao and Chen, 1981: 529 transferred to Triangulomias: Chen, 1991: 264 67. mildineatus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 536 Tibet, China 68. monticola Voss, 1959: 89 Afghanistan 69. moxiensis Chen, 1992: 851 China mundali Marshall, 1933: 565 see lituratus 70. nagarzeensis Chen, 1991: 263 China 71. niger Chen, 1983: 401 China nigrinitidus Chen, 1992: 850 see nigronitidus 72. nigroguttatus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988a: 151 India nigrolatus Chao and Chen, 1981: 532 transferred to Odontomias: Chen,1991: 265 73. nigronitidus Chen, 1992: 850 (also spelt L. nigrinitidus) China nitor Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 98 transferred to Triangulomias trianguloplatus Chao, 1980: 98; Chen, 1991: 264 74. nubilus Chen, 1983: 401 China 75. obconicus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 541 Tibet, China 76. obfuscatus Voss, 1961: 183 (Neoleptomias) Afghanistan 77. ochrolineatus Chen, 1987: 412 China odontocnemus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 532 transferred to Odontomias: Chen, 1991: 265 78. opacus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 543 Tibet, China orbiculatus Chen, 1983: 402 transferred to Odontomias: Chen, 1991: 265 79. pandus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 528 Tibet, China parvilatus Chen, 1983: 401 transferred to type species of

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Odontomias Chen, 1991: 265 80. persicus Zumpt, 1937: 15 Faristan 81. persimilis Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias persimilis Marshall, 1916: 187; Parisomias persimilis; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias persimilis; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 82. pilosus Aslam, 1961: 338 India 83. pinnatus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 530 Tibet, China 84. planocollis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 535 Tibet, China planus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 533 transferred to Odontomias crassus Chen, 1981: 533; Chen, 1991: 265 85. porcellus Marshall, 1916 Beludschistan Leptomias porcellus Marshall, 1916: 180; Parisomias porcellus; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias porcellus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 86. posstibialis Voss, 1970: 449 Nepal 87. praetermissus Marshall, 1916: 186 India 88. puncticollis Voss, 1955: 296 Afghanistan pusillus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 533 transferred to Odontomias crassus Chen, 1981: 533; Chen, 1991: 265 89. qamdoensis Chao and Chen, 1981: 542 Tibet, China 90. qomolangmaensis Chao and Chen, 1981: 530 Tibet, China 91. ramosus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 531 Tibet, China 92. rubiginosus Chen, 1983: 402 China 93. sabulosus Faust, 1897 India Leptomias sabulosus Faust, 1897: 341; Parisomias sabulosus; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias sabulosus; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 94. sagaensis Chen, 1981: 531 Tibet, China gerensis Chao and Chen, 1981: 531; Chen, 1991: 264 95. schoenherri (Faust, 1882) Tibet, China Heteromias schoenherri Faust, 1882: 296; Marshall, 1916: 172 amplicollis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 534; Morimoto and Kojima, 2003 96. scrobicollis Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias scrobicollis Marshall, 1916: 181; Parisomias scrobicollis Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias scrobicollis; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 97. semicircularis Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 538 Tibet, China 98. seriatosetulus Voss, 1940: 50 China 99. setulosus Marshall, 1916: 177 India 100. siahus (Aslam, 1969) India Parisomias siahus (Aslam, 1969: 551); Chao and Chen, 1981: 541 simulans Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 541 see tsanghoensis 101. spinifer Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias spinifer Marshall, 1916: 176;

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Parisomias spinifer; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias spinifer; Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 102. squamosetosus Chao and Chen, 1981: 539 Tibet, China 103. stoliczkae Faust, 1886: 137 India 104. strictus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 533 Tibet, China 105. stultus Faust, 1897: 340 India 106. subaeneus Chen in Chao and Chen, 1981: 527 Tibet, China 107. sublongicollis Chen, 1987: 411 China 108. submidlineatus Chen, 1988: 367 China 109. subundulans Chen, 1988: 367 China 110. sulcicollis Marshall, 1916 India Leptomias sulcicollis Marshall, 1916: 187; Parisomias sulcicollis; Aslam, 1961: 321; Leptomias sulcicollis Chao and Chen, 1980: 105 (implicit combination, as they synonymised Parisomias back into Leptomias) 111. sulcus Chen, 1992: 851 China 112. tenuis Chen, 1992: 850 China 113. thibetanus Faust, 1888 Tibet, China Heteromias thibetanus Faust, 1888: 285; 1890: 437 114. transversicollis Voss, 1940: 49 Turkistan trianguloplatus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 98 transferred to type species of Triangulomias Chen, 1991: 264 115. triangulus Chao and Chen, 1981: 527 Tibet, China 116. trilineatus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 99 China 117. tsanghoensis Aslam, 1961: 329 Tibet, China simulans Chao in Chao and Chen, 1981: 541; Chen, 1991: 264 118. tuberculatus Chao in Chao and Chen, 1980: 99 China 119. tuberosus Chen, 1984: 105 China 120. undulans Marshall, 1955: 147 India 121. uniseries Chen, 1983: 402 China 122. varians Chen, 1987: 411 China 123. verrucicollis Faust, 1886: 138 India 124. viridicantis Chen, 1988: 367 China 125. viridilinearis Chen, 1984: 105 China 126. viridirostris Voss, 1961: 185 (Leptomias) Afghanistan 127. waltersi Aslam, 1961: 333 India waltoni Marshall, 1916: 189 transferred to Triangulomias: Chen, 1991: 264 128. wenchuanensis Chen, 1992: 851 China 129. yuhuensis Chen, 1992: 850 China 130. yulogshanensis Chen, 1992: 850 China 131. zheduoshanensis Chen, 1992: 851 China

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______613 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS OF SILKWORM BOMBYX MORI (LEPIDOPTERA: BOMBYCIDAE) ON ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (HYPHOMYCETES: MONILIALES)

Kuniyil Chandrasekharan* and Byrappa Nataraju

* Silkworm Pathology Section, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Chandrasekharan, K. & Nataraju, B. 2013. Effect of different nutritional conditions of Silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) on its susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 613-618]

ABSTRACT: Effect of nutritional conditions of silkworm Bombyx mori on the susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana was studied and discussed in this paper. There was significant difference in the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana when the nutritional conditions of silkworm were changed. Feeding with V1 variety mulberry leaves increased the susceptibility of silkworm to the fungus. Feeding silkworm with tender leaves also increased the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana. The LT50 value was 6.18 days when tender leaves were provided and it was 6.34, 6.62 and 6.59 days with medium, matured and normal leaves, respectively. Feeding with tree mulberry leaves resulted in less mortality when compared to the others.

KEY WORDS: Beauveria bassiana, Bombyx mori, nutritional condition, susceptibility.

Muscardines caused by fungal pathogens are the most virulent and contagious diseases which occurs throughout the sericultural areas of the world (Steinhaus, 1949). White muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. is one of the most common silkworm diseases which are predominant during rainy and winter seasons in India. The loss due to white muscardine varies from 5 to 50 % in different countries (Jayaramaiah & Kuberappa, 1987). Selvakumar et al. (2002) reported that incidence of muscardine was high during rainy (17.96 %) and winter (17.36 %) seasons. A variety of factors may determine or influence the susceptibility of a host to infection by B. bassiana. These include the fungal strain, the host’s physiological state, nutrition, defense mechanisms and a number of other diverse factors such as the environment. A variety of factors may determine or influence the susceptibility of a host to infection by Beauveria bassiana. These include the fungal strain, population density of host, the host’s physiological state, age nutrition, genetics, exposure to injuries, defense mechanisms and a number of other diverse factors such as the environment. The susceptibility of silkworm to most of the pathogens is controlled by poly genes. Due to this, this character is prone to modification by external factors such as food, temperature and chemicals. The susceptibility of silkworm to most of the pathogens is controlled by poly genes. Due to this, this character is prone to modification by external factors such as food, temperature and chemicals. There is some evidence indicating that the food quality influences the susceptibility of silkworm to viral infections. Silkworm reared on the artificial diet with mulberry leaf powder was more resistant to infection than the one without mulberry leaf powder (Matsubara & Hayashiya, 1969). They also indicated that silkworms reared on the artificial diet containing mulberry leaf powder from the spring season were more tolerant to infection than that containing leaf powder of autumn. Silkworms fed with artificial diet containing low protein; sucrose and high cellulose tend to have increased

614 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______susceptibility to viral infections (Watanabe & Imanishi, 1980). The diet with low protein lowered the protease level in the gut juice of silkworm resulting in low anti-viral activity (Watanabe et al., 1989). Mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves constitute the only food source to the silkworm Bombyx mori. There are different varieties of mulberry cultivated in India for rearing mulberry silkworm. The quality of mulberry leaf varies according to the variety, season, age of the plant and height of the plant. When poor quality leaves are provided to silkworm they become undernourished and such silkworms will be more susceptible to the pathogens. Nutritional effect on the disease development and cocoon traits in silkworm was studied by Mareppa et al. (1999) with respect to BmNPV and Bhaskar et al. (1999) with respect to BmCPV and found significant influence. Selvakumar et al. (2005) also studied on the influence of environmental and nutritional factors on the development of flacherie disease in silkworm. In the present paper influence of mulberry leaf quality on the susceptibility of silkworm to the fungal pathogen B. bassiana is discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Influence of mulberry leaf quality on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana, was studied in three experiments. Larvae of a popular bivoltine silkworm hybrid (CSR2 CSR4) were used for the experiments. B. bassiana was cultured in Petri plates using Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Conidia were harvested by brushing the surface of three week-old culture into a 500 ml glass beaker containing 50 ml sterile distilled water using a sterile camel hair brush. A drop of tween-20 was added to the beaker containing distilled water and conidia to keep the conidia dispersed. The conidial suspension was prepared by mixing the solution using a magnetic stirrer for 5 minutes and its concentration was determined based on counts made with an improved Neubauer haemocytometer. The required concentration of B. bassiana inoculum (1 × 105 conidia/ml) was prepared by suitably diluting the stock inoculum with sterilised distilled water. In the first experiment, the effect of feeding mulberry leaves from three different mulberry varieties was studied. Mulberry varieties V1, S36 and K2 were used for the study. Newly ecdysed fourth instar larvae (out of third moult) were counted (100 each) and topically inoculated by dipping them in B. bassiana inoculum suspension of 1 × 105 conidia/ml concentration. The inoculated larvae were then reared separately by providing mulberry leaves of the three varieties in plastic rearing trays (90 cm 60 cm). High relative humidity (95±5 % RH) was provided by keeping wet foam pads in the rearing trays and a temperature of 25±1ºC was maintained in the rearing room. Three replications were maintained for each feed schedule. Muscardine incidence was recorded for ten days post inoculation. LT50 and LT90 values were calculated for each feed schedule by probit analysis (Finney, 1971). Similar experiments were conducted with four different maturities of leaves (tender, medium, matured and normal) and also with mulberry leaves from different sources (tree leaves, bush leaves and shade leaves). Each treatment had 3 replications and 100 larvae were kept per replication. The mortality due to muscardine was recorded every day post inoculation on daily basis and LT50 and LT90 was calculated for each treatment following probit analysis (Finney, 1971).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______615 RESULTS

Influence of feeding three different mulberry varieties on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana is presented in Table 1. It is observed that mortality due to white muscardine was comparatively less up to 8 DPI (71.67%) when the larvae were fed with K2 variety mulberry leaves. The feeding of V1 variety resulted in maximum mortality (100%) followed by S36 (89%) by 8 DPI. However, by 9 DPI, feeding on different varieties of mulberry resulted in 100 % mortality due to muscardine. Results of feeding leaves of different maturity viz., tender, medium and matured leaf vis-à-vis normal leaves on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana are presented in Table 2. Mortality started appearing on 5 DPI and 100% mortality was recorded by 8 or 9th day in the last three treatments while it was on 7 PDI when fed with tender leaves. The LT50 value was 6.18 days when tender leaves were provided. It was 6.34, 6.62 and 6.59 with medium, matured and normal leaves, respectively. The LT90 value varied between 8.07 and 8.65 days in the different batches. Observations made on feeding mulberry leaves from different sources i.e., tree, shade grown plants and mulberry grown in the form of bush on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana are presented in Table 3. It is observed that leaves from tree mulberry resulted in less mortality by 8 DPI 9 74.07%) than from the others. However by 9 DPI, 100% mortality due to muscardine was recorded, irrespective of quality of mulberry fed. The LT50 value with tree leaf was 6.88 days and with shade and bush leaves it was 6.42 and 6.55 days, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Stressed hosts are more susceptible to entomopathogens than non stressed hosts (Steinhaus, 1958; Vago, 1963). Stresses brought about by malnutrition, metabolic imbalances, physical and other factors may result in infection by potential pathogens or by the activation of chronic to acute infection. Certain stresses may enhance the chronic infection or activate latent (occult viral infections). In the present study there was significantly reduced mortality up to 8 DPI when the larvae were fed with K2 variety mulberry leaves. The V1 variety feeding resulted in maximum mortality followed by S36 after 8 days of inoculation. However, in all the varieties 100% mortality was observed by 9 days post inoculation. Here, the difference in the humidity conditions in these varieties might have influenced the difference in mortality. It is well known that the V1 variety is superior in nutritional point of view to silkworm (Sarkar et al., 2000). But its leaf moisture content was high and also it retains leaf moisture for longer periods. This may enhance the bed humidity facilitating fast growth of the fungus. Declining nutrient and water content in the mature foliage of perennial plants was reported to reduce the growth rates of lepidopteran larvae compared with those of closely related species feeding on younger leaves or the foliage of herbaceous plants (Krischik & Denno, 1983). It has also been reported that that high protein concentrations in an insect’s diet can counter balance the toxic effect of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (Costa & Gaugler, 1989). The effect on feeding leaves of different maturity leaves viz., tender, medium and matured leaves revealed that mortality was very fast with tender leaves when compared to other quality leaves. The LT50 value was low when tender leaves were provided, which was followed by medium, matured and normal leaves

616 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______respectively. Usually the tender leaves which contain high moisture are provided to young age worms (80-85 %). Medium leaves contain 65 to 70 % leaf moisture and mature leaves contain 55 to 60 % moisture. The tender leaves with high moisture content when fed to fifth instar larvae may grow faster (Rahamathulla et al., 2004) but it will increase the bed humidity to higher levels. This predisposes to B. bassiana infection at a greater rate. The concentration of secondary metabolites in plants is said to be higher in young leaves than in older leaves, but older leaves contain fewer nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and water) (Fenny, 1992). The effect of feeding mulberry leaves from different sources i.e. tree leaves, shade grown leaves and bush leaves, on the muscardine disease development indicated that the tree leaves induced less mortality when compared to the others. The LT50 value with tree leaf was more. The plants growing under shade produce thin leaves with low dry matter content due to low photosynthetic activity (Nagarjunaiah, 1976). As reported by Balakrishna et al. (1999) shading creates a stress environment for mulberry and all the parameters were decreased when it was grown in shade. Nutrition is a very important factor regulating the susceptibility of insects to entomopathogens and inadequate nutrition often leads to its increased susceptibility. Conversely, diet can also decrease the susceptibility of insect pests to entomopathogensc Hyphomycetes. Ekesi et al. (2000) reported that thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti as less susceptible to Metarhizium anisopliae on certain cow- pea cultivars because of plant derived fungistatic compounds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Director, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore and also to the colleagues in Silkworm Pathology section of the Institute.

LITERATURE CITED

Balakrishna, R., Jalaja, S., Kumar, Kavitha, V. & Sarkar, A. 1999. Screening of mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes for tolerance to coconut shade. In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Tropical Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, December 28 - 30, 1999, (Eds. Chinnaswamy, K. P, Govindan, R., Krishnaprasad N. K and. Reddy, D. N. R). Vol.1. pp. 23-27.

Bhaskar, R. N., Govindan, R., Devaiah, M. C. & Radhakrishna, D. 1999. Influence of mulberry leaf nutrition and BmCPV infection on disease development and some cocoon traits in Bombyx mori. Sericologia, 39: 25-29.

Costa, S. D. & Gaugler, R. 1989. Influence of Solanum host plants on Colarado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) susceptibility to the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Environmental Entomology, 18: 531-536.

Ekesi, S., Maniania, N. K. & Lwande, W. 2000. Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cow-pea. Biocontrol, 45: 79-95.

Fenny, P. 1992. The evolution of chemical ecology: contributions from the study of herbivorous insects. In: Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites 2(2): Ecological and evolutionary process (eds. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M.R.). Academic press, San Diego, California, pp. 1-44.

Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit analysis, Third edition, S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 333 pp.

Jayaramaiah, M. & Kuberappa, G. C. 1987. Silkworm Mycoses, UAS Technical Series. No. 48, University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore, India, 85 pp.

Krischik, V. A. & Denno, R. F. 1983. Individual population and geographical patterns in plant defense herbivorous insects, weed control. In: Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems (Eds. Denno, R.F. and Mc Clure, M.S.). Academic press, New York, pp. 463-512.

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Mareppa, Bhaskar, R. N. & Govindan R. 1999. Influence of mulberry nutrition and BmNPV inoculation on cocoon parameters in Bombyx mori L. In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Tropical Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, December 28 - 30, 1999 (Eds. Govindan, R., Chinnaswamy, K. P., Krishnaprasad, N. K. and Reddy, D. N. R.). Vol. 2: pp. 286-290.

Matsubara, F. & Hayashiya, K. 1969. The susceptibility to the infection with nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm reared on artificial diet. Journal of Sericultural Sciences Japan, 38: 43-48.

Nagarjunaiah, S. 1976. The effects of increased illumination and shading on the low light induced decline of photosynthesis in cotton leaves. Plant Physiology, 36: 338-342.

Rahmathulla, V. K., Himantharaj, M. T., Srinivasa, G. & Rajan, R. K. 2004. Association of moisture content in mulberry leaf with nutritional parameters of bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori, L.) Acta Entomologica Sinica, 47 (6): 701-704.

Sarkar, A., Jalaja, S. Kumar & Datta, R. K. 2000. Gradual improvement of mulberry varieties under irrigated conditions in south India and the optimal program for varietal selection in the tropics. Sericologia, 40 (3): 449-461.

Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sharma, S. D., Chandrasekharan, K. & Sudhakara Rao, P. 2005. Influence of environmental and nutritional factors on the development of flacherie disease in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. In: Conference papers of the 20th congress of the International Sericultural Commission, December 15-18, Bangalore, India. Vol. 1. pp. 207-211.

Selvakumar, T., Nataraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sivaprasad, V., Baig, M., Virendrakumar, Sharma, S. D., Thiagarajan, V. & Datta, R. K. 2002. A report on the prevalence of silkworm diseases and estimated crop loss. In: Advances in Indian Seric. Res. (Proceedings of National Conference on Strategies for Sericulture Research and Development, (eds. Dandin, S. B. and Gupta, V. P.). Novermber, 16-18, 2000.Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, pp. 354-357.

Steinhaus, E. A. 1949. Principles of Insect Pathology. McGraw Hill Publications, New York. pp. 757.

Steinhaus, E. A. 1958. In: proceedings, International Congress of Entomology, 10th congress (Montreal), Vol. 4: pp. 725-730.

Vago, C. 1963. In: Insect Pathology an advance Treatise, Steinhaus, E. A. (ed.), Academic Press, New york, pp. 339-379.

Watanabe, H. & Imanishi, S. 1980. The effect of the content of certain ingredients in an artificial diet on the susceptibility to virus infection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Sericult. Sci. Jpn., 49: 404-409.

Watanabe, H., Nagata, M. & Wang, Y. X. 1989. The effect of protein content of artificial diet on protease and antiviral activities of the gut juice of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 25: 150-152.

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Table 1. Influence of feeding leaves of different mulberry varieties on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana.

Cumulative mortality due to white muscardine in days Mulberry LT50 LT90 after inoculation (%) variety (Days) (Days) 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.67 30.33 55.33 100.00 100.00 100.00 V1 6.55 8.58 ±1.155 ±4.041 ±3.512 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 4.67 29.33 50.67 89.00 100.00 100.00 S36 6.67 8.79 ±1.528 ±2.517 ±2.082 ±3.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 2.67 22.00 39.33 71.67 100.00 100.00 K2 6.94 9.11 ±0.577 ±3.606 ±1.528 ±3.512 ±0.00 ±0.00 SE± 0.94 2.82 2.06 2.14 0.00 0.00 CD at 5% 2.31 6.89 5.03 5.33 NS NS

Table 2. Influence of feeding leaves of different maturity on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana.

Cumulative mortality due to white muscardine in days Leaf after inoculation (%) LT50 LT90 maturity (Days) (Days) 5 6 7 8 9 10 12.00 42.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Tender 6.18 8.07 ±2.00 ±3.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 7.67 34.00 84.67 100.00 100.00 100.00 Medium 6.34 8.29 ±1.53 ±2.00 ±2.52 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 4.67 23.67 52.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Mature 6.62 8.61 ±0.58 ±2.52 ±3.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 5.00 29.00 57.67 95.00 100.00 100.00 Normal 6.59 8.65 ±1.00 ±1.00 ±3.06 ±3.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 SE± 1.13 1.84 2.03 1.23 0.00 0.00 CD at 5% 2.61 4.25 4.68 2.82 NS NS

Table 3. Influence of feeding mulberry leaves from different sources on the susceptibility of silkworm to B. bassiana.

Cumulative mortality due to white muscardine in days Mulberry after inoculation (%) LT50 LT90 type (Days) (Days) 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.67 24.33 42.00 74.67 100.00 100.00 Tree 6.88 9.06 ±0.58 ±3.22 ±3.00 ±3.06 ±0.00 ±0.00 Shade 6.00 35.00 72.33 100.00 100.00 100.00 6.42 8.42 grown ±2.00 ±3.00 ±3.06 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 5.00 32.33 57.33 97.33 100.00 100.00 Bush 6.55 8.61 ±1.00 ±3.06 ±2.52 ±2.52 ±0.00 ±0.00 SE± 1.09 2.52 2.34 1.87 0.00 0.00 CD at 5% 2.66 6.18 5.73 4.57 NS NS

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______619 ARANEO-FAUNA OF KEMALİYE (ERZİNCAN) FROM TURKEY

Tuncay Türkeş* and Hayriye Karabulut*

* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Niğde University, TR–51100 Niğde, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Türkeş, T. & Karabulut, H. 2013. Araneo-fauna of Kemaliye (Erzincan) from Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 619-633]

ABSTRACT: In this study, Araneae fauna of Kemaliye was investigated. In Kemaliye, 132 species belonging to 69 genera within 24 families were confirmed to occur. Of these species, 1 species (Nigma flavescens (Walckenaer, 1830) of Dictynidae, 1 species (Asianellus festivus (C. L. Koch, 1834)) of Salticidae, 1 species (Zoropsis oertzeni Dahl, 1901) of Zoropsidae are new records for Turkish araneo-fauna.

KEY WORDS: Arachnida, Araneae, Fauna, Kemaliye, Turkey.

Kemaliye is located to upper Euphrates River in the East Anatolian Region. Although average altitude of the East Anatolian Region is about 1300 m, altitude of the Kemaliye changes from 600 to 3500 m. Both the Siberian and the Mediterranean climates are dominant in a confined area. As a result of the being on the Anatolian Diagonal, which causes biological separation of continents, both composition of the flora and fauna of the Kemaliye is diverse, plentiful and interesting. For these reasons Kemaliye a privileged position in terms of biodiversity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was carried out through 2005-2007. Spiders were collected using aspirator from among leaves and stems of plants, fallen leaves in forests, on ground, algae upon rocks, soil cracks, stones, boulders and tree bark. They were preserved in 70% ethanol. Examined specimens were deposited in the NUAM. The identification was made by means of a SZ-61 Olympus stereomicroscope, depending on the keys of Heimer & Nentwig (1991) and Roberts (1995) were used.

RESULTS

FAM.: SCYTODIDAE Blackwall, 1864 Scytodes thoracica (Latreille, 1802) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀, 740 m.; - Buğdaypınar, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region, Southeast Anatolian Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: C. L. Koch, 1851 Hoplopholcus cecconii Kulczyn'ski, 1908 Material examined: The road of Kabataş, Ala Cave, 03.06.2007, 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Turkey, Israel, Lebanon (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Kemaliye (centre), 05.07.2006, 3 ♀♀; - Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♂, 740 m., leg. T. Türkeş.

620 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Distribution in world: Mediterranean, introduced elsewhere (Platnick 2012). Distribution in Turkey: İzmir province, Antalya province, Mersin province, Antakya province, Muğla province (Brignoli, 1978). opilionoides (Schrank, 1781) Material examined: Kemaliye (centre), 05.07.2006, 1 ♂; -Subatan, 04.24.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°40E, 1661 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Mediterranean Region, East Anatolia Region, (Topçu et al., 2005). Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) Material examined: Kemaliye (centre), 05.07.2006, 2♀♀, 1 ♂; - Kırkgöz, 1 ♀, 17.05.2006, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Middle Black Sea Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: PALPIMANIDAE Thorell, 1870 Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 2 ♀♀, 740 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: ERESIDAE C. L. Koch, 1851 Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846 Material examined: Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°47E; -Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°31E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: OECOBIIDAE Blackwall, 1862 Uroctea durandi (Latreille, 1809) Material examined: Salihli village, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 37°46N, 43°47E; Yeşilyayla (Hınson village), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: ULOBORIDAE Thorell, 1869 Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Aegean Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: THERIDIIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Parasteatoda lunata (Clerck 1757) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 07.07.2006, 3 ♀♀,1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic, Europe, Asia (Platnick, 2012; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Mikhailov, 1996). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province (Türkeş and Mergen, 2005). Achaearanea riparia (Blackwall, 1834) Material examined: Kemaliye (centre), 06.07.2006, 1♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ordu province (Bayram et al., 2007). Crustulina sticta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.24.2007, 7 ♀♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic, Europe, North America, Asia (Platnick, 2012; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991; Mikhailov, 1996). Distribution in Turkey: Karaman province, Konya province, Ankara province (Türkeş and Mergen, 2005). Dipoena melanogaster (C. L. Koch, 1837) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.24.2007, 7 ♀♀, leg. T. Türkeş.

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Distribution in world: Europe, Europe, North Africa to Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ordu province (Bayram et al., 2007). Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 1 ♂, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province (Kunt KB and Yagmur AE, 2008). Enoplognatha oelandica (Thorell, 1875) Material examined: Subatan, 02.06.2007, 3 ♀♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Gaziantep province (Bayram et al., 2012) Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck 1757) Material examined: Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Middle Black Sea Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn 1833) Material examined: Kumluyazı, 03.06.2007, 4 ♀♀, 39°20N, 38°28E, 1360 m; -Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Başbağlar village, 05.07.2006, 4 ♀♀; -Subatan, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m; -Başbağlar (Barasor, Ziyancık stream), 05.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 2 ♀♀, 740 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Episinus angulatus (Blackwall 1836) Material examined: Kumluyazı, 03.06.2007, 4 ♀♀; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to Russia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province, Yozgat province (Türkeş and Mergen 2005a). Episinus truncatus Latreille 1809 Material examined: Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Nevşehir province, Ankara province, Kırşehir province, Çankırı province (Türkeş and Mergen 2005b). Euryopis quinqueguttata Thorell 1875 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 02.06.2007, 1♀ , 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., Başpınar (the road of Balkırı, Doymuş Hill, Munzur), 04.06.2007, 1♀,1 ♂, 2238 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province (Türkeş and Mergen 2005b). Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) Material examined: Venkağ village, 09.07.2006, 4♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m., Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 37°46N, 43°47E, 1675 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean to China (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 02.06.2007, 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, Aegean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Steatoda dahli (Nosek, 1905) Material examined: Venkağ Village (Venkağ Tepesi), 09.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m., Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 17.05.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Turkey, Israel, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer 1806) Material examined: Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Mediterranean to Central Asia (Platnick, 2013).

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Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, East Anatolia Region, Sutheast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002;Topçu et al., 2005). Steatoda phalerata (Panzer 1801) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 3 ♀♀, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m., Başpınar (The road of Balkırı, Doymuş Hill, Munzur), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂, 2238 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Sutheast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Theridion betteni Wiehle 1960 Material examined: Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Çankırı, Kırşehir, Kayseri (Türkeş and Mergen 2007). Theridion melanurum Hahn 1831 Material examined: Subaşı village (Remziye Kaya Fountain), 04.06.2007, 2 ♀♀; Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 4 ♀♀, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Holarctic, Azores (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991 Platnick, 2012). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province, Ankara province, Kırşehir province, Kırıkkale province, Aksaray province, Eskişehir province, Çankırı province, Konya province, (Türkeş and Mergen 2005a). Theridion mystaceum L. Koch 1870 Material examined: Başbağlar (Barasor, Ziyancık stream), 05.07.2006, 1 ♀; Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Palearctic (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991, Platnick, 2012). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province, Ankara province, Aksaray province, Çankırı province, Konya province, Karaman province, Kayseri province, Sivas province, Yozgat province (Türkeş and Mergen 2005). Theridion nigrovariegatum Simon, 1873 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (subatan), 07.07.2006, 1♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province, Çankırı province, Kırşehir province, Niğde province, Nevşehir province, Yozgat province (Türkeş and Mergen 2007). Theridion simile C. L. Koch 1836 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province, Niğde province, Karaman province (Türkeş and Mergen 2007). Theridion pinastri L. Koch, 1872 Material examined: Subatan, 04.24.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°40E, 1661 m., Yeşilyayla (Hınson Village), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution inTurkey: Artvin province (Marusik et al., 2009 ). Theridion cinereum Thorel, 1875 Material examined: Sırakonak-sarıçiçek plateau, Manzan çeşme, 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 1♂, Yuva köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Austria, Balkans, Bulgaria, Greece, Rusia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ankara province (Marusik et al., 2009) Theridion varians Hahn, 1833 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Ordu province, Giresun province (Bayram et al., 2007).

FAM.: LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859 Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Material examined: Subatan, 02.06.2007, 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

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Frontinellina frutetorum (C. L. Koch, 1834) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 24.04.2007, 1♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1♀, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m; Yuva köy, 04.07.2006, 1♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Megalepthyphantes collinus (L. Koch, 1872) Material examined: Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 3 ♀♀; Yuva köy, 24.04.2007, 1♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Başbağlar village, 05.07.2006, 1♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Neriene furtiva (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) Material examined: The road of Kabataş village, İkisu local, 03.06.2007, 1♀, 1♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, North Africa, Russia, Ukraine (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 3 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: TETRAGNATHIDAE Menge, 1866 Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 4 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m; Yuva köy-Kırkgöz, 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to Georgia (Platnick, 2010). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region, West Black Sea Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1♀, 1♂, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, South Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: The entrance of Kırkgöz, 24.04.2007, 2♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m; Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006,1♂, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: ARANEIDAE Simon, 1895 Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer 1802) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (subatan), 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: The road of Yeşilyayla (Kesen Dere), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1♀; Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Mediterranean Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757 Material examined: Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1♀ , 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, North Europe, (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013).

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Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Middle Black Sea Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 Material examined: Yuva köy, 04.07.2006, 2♀♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, North Europe, (Roberts, 1995), Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Middle Black Sea Region, Central Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002;Topçu et al., 2005). Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 1♀, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Britannia, North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, North Europe, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Araniella opisthographa (Kulczynski 1905) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 1♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; Geşo beli, 08.07.2007, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ 37°46N, 43°47E, 1675 m; Salihli village, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀; Kabataş, İkisu local, 03.06.2007, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Trabzon province, Rize province, Artvin province, Amasya province, Çorum province (Brignoli, 1978). Cyclosa conica (Pallas 1772) Material examined: Dilli brook, 03.06.2007, 1 ♀; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Kırkgöz, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m; Yuva Köy, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Taş yol, Karanlıkdere, 03.07.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Black Sea Region, Central Anatolia Region (Brignoli, 1978; Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Gibbaranea bituberculata (Walckenaer 1802) Material examined: Sırakonak, 24.04.2006, 1 ♀,1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°41E, 1183 m; Yuva Köy, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1♀, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Hipsosinga albovittata (Westring 1851) Material examined: Kırkgöz, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, North Africa, Rusia, Ukraine (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer 1802) Material examined: Yuva köy, 24.04.2006, 1♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Başpınar, 24.04.2007, 1♂, 37°47N, 43°38E, 1405 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: North England, South England, Ireland, Finland, North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer 1802) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 6 ♀♀, 2♂♂, 37°45N, 43°44E; Kabataş , İkisu local, 13.07.2005, 2 ♀♀; Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1♀; Sırakonak-sarıçiçek Plateau, Manzan fountain, 07.07.2006, 1 ♀, 2♂♂; Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°32E; Buğdaypınar, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: England, Ireland, North Europe (Roberts, 1995), Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Middle Black Sea Region (Karol, 1967), Central Anatolia Region, Marmara Region, Aegean Region (Bayram, 2002; Topçu et al., 2005). Zilla diodia (Walckenaer 1802) Material examined: Sırakonak, 24.04.2006, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°41E, 1183 m; Kırkgöz, 24.04.2006, 3 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m; Kabataş , İkisu local, 03.06.2007, 2 ♀♀; Dilli

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______625 brook, 03.06.2007, 3 ♀♀; Yuva köy, 24.04.2006, 7 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Zygiella x-notata (Clerck 1757) Material examined: Geşo beli, 04.06.2007, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°47E, 1675 m; Aksöğüt-Tuğlu, 24.04.2006, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°40E, 839 m; Kemaliye centre, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Britannia, North Europe, Finland (Roberts, 1995), Holarctic, Neotropical (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Yozgat (Türkeş and Mergen 2007).

FAM.: LYCOSIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 02.06.2007, 1 ♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Adana (Topçu et al., 2005). Alopecosa albofasciata (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Başbağlar, 01.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Black Sea Region(Topçu et al., 2005). Alopecosa striatipes (C. L. Koch, 1839) Material examined: Kırkgöz, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Southeast Anatolia Region (Varol et al., 2006). Arctosa leopardus (Sundevall, 1833) Material examined: Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀; -Başbağlar (Barasor, Ziyaret stream), 05.07.2006, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Arctosa lutetiana (Simon, 1876) Material examined: Subaşı Village (Remziye Kaya Çeşme), 04.06.2007, 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂; -Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; - Kabataş Village (İkisu Local), 03.06.2007, 1 ♀; -Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂; -Başbağlar Village, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m; -Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E; -Dilli brook, 03.06.2007, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Rusya (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Black Sea Region (Sancak, 2007) Aulonia kratochvili Dunin, Buchar & Absolon, 1986 Material examined: Kabataş village, 03.06.2007, 1 ♀; - Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E; -Dilli Deresi, 03.06.2007, 2 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Yunanistan, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Southeast Anatolia Region (Özdemir et al., 2006). Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) Material examined: Başpınar, 16.05.2006, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°39E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Middle Europe, Middle Asia, Middle Africa (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Lycosa praegrandis C. L. Koch, 1836 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 1 ♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Yunanistan, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region , Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Black Sea Region(Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa hortensis (Thorell, 1872) Material examined: Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013).

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Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa monticola (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 6 ♀♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; - Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°47E; - Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa morosa (L. Koch, 1870) Material examined: Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E; - Yuva Köy, 06.07.2006 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°44E; -Dilli brook, 03.06.2007, 7 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; - Sirakonak, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°41E; -Subaşı Village (Remziye Kaya Fountain), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀; - Yuva Köy, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E; -Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 4 ♀; -Kumluyazı, 03.06.2007, 1 ♂, 39°20N, 38°28E, 1360 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa proxima (C. L. Koch, 1847) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 1 ♂, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m; -Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; -Kırkgöz, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E; -Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♂; -Başpınar (Balkırı Yolu, Doymuş hill, Munzur), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂, 2238 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region , East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa tatarica (Thorell, 1875) Material examined: Başbağlar (Barasor, Ziyancık stream), 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; -Kabataş village (İkisu local), 03.06.2007, 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂; - Aksöğüt (Tuğlu), 2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 37°46N, 43°40E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Turkey (Topçu et al., 2005). Pardosa wagleri (Hahn, 1822) Material examined: Sırakonak, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N,43°41E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Pirata insularis Emerton, 1885 Material examined: Subaşı Village (Remziye Kaya Fountain), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂; - Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°31E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Black Sea Region (Sancak, 2007). Pirata latitans (Blackwall, 1841) Material examined: Sarıçiçek (Manzan Fountain), 07.07.2006, 1 ♀;- Sırakonak, 37°45N,43°41E, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; -Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°32E; - Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E; - Aksöğüt (Tuğlu), 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°40E; -Subaşı village (Remziye Kaya Fountain), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2013).

FAM.: PISAURIDAE Simon, 1890 Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Kırkgöz, 1 ♂, 37°45N,43°44E; -Kekikpınarı, 15.05.2006, 7 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°32E; - Dutluca, 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°31E; -Yuva Köy, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E; - Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 07.07.2006, 1 ♂; -Kabataş village (İkisu local), 03.06.2007, 2 ♂♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region , Marmara Region, Aegean Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

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FAM.: OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1870 Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 2 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m.; - Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 4 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) Material examined: Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: ZOROPSIDAE Bertkau, 1882 Zoropsis oertzeni Dahl, 1901 Material examined: Kabataş Village (İkisu local), 03.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Italy, Greece, Balkans (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: New record for Turkey.

FAM.: AGELENIDAE C. L. Koch, 1837 Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 37°,45N,43°44E; - Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀,37°45N.,43°32E; - Başbağlar Village, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; - Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 1 ♂ , 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Agelescape gideoni Levy, 1996 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau, 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; - Başpınar- Balkırı (Munzur), 1 ♀, 04.06.2007, 2300m, Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1♀, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Turkey, Israel (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Malthonica pagana (C. L. Koch, 1840) Material examined: Centre (indoor), 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Middle Asia, America, New Zealand (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Tegenaria argaeica Nosek, 1905 Material examined: Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Bulgaria, Turkey (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: DICTYNIDAE O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 Nigma flavescens (Walckenaer, 1830) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, 37°,45N,43°44E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: New record for Turkey. Dictyna uncinata Thorell, 1856 Material examined: Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀; -Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: New record for Turkey. Dictyna arundinacea (Linneaus, 1758) Material examined: Başbağlar Village (Barasor, Ziyancık stream), 05.07.2006, 1 ♀; -Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 1 ♀, 37°,45N,43°44E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

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Dictyna civica (Lucas, 1850) Material examined: Kekikpınarı, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀,37°45N., 43°32E; -Kabataş Village (İkisu local), 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: TITANOECIDAE Lehtinen, 1967 Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas, 1846) Material examined: Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°46N, 43°47E, 1675 m., Sarıçiçek plateau (Manzan fountain), 07.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; - Başbağlar village, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m; Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: MITURGIDAE Simon, 1885 Cheiracanthium elegans Thorell, 1875 Material examined: Geşo Beli, 04.06.2007, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: CLUBIONIDAE Wagner, 1887 Clubiona lutescens Westring, 1851 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀,37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: ZODARIIDAE Thorell, 1881 Zodarion gallicum (Simon, 1873) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀,37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: France, Corsica, Italy, Balkans, Turkey (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: GNAPHOSIDAE Pocock, 1898 Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Başbağlar, 05.07.2006, 2 ♀♀; - Başpınar (Konsar village), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀; - Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 2 ♀♀;- Sarıçiçek plateau (Manzan fountain), 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀ leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region, Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Drassodes pubescens (Thorell, 1856) Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀,37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Drassyllus praeficus (L. Koch, 1866 Material examined: Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀,37°45N, 43°44E, 740 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region , East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Gnaphosa lucifuga (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Başpınar (Konsar Village), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀; -Sarıçiçek plateau, 07.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°44N, 43°37E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013).

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Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region, Marmara Region, East Black Sea Region(Topçu et al., 2005). Haplodrassus dalmatensis (L. Koch, 1866) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau, 02.06.2007, 1 ♂, 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Haplodrassus signifer (C. L. Koch, 1839) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region, Aegean Region, Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Micaria coarctata (Lucas, 1846) Material examined: Geşo Beli, 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, 37°46N, 43°47E; leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region, Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; - Kabataş Village (İkisu Local), 03.06.2007, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region , East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Nomisia ripariensis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau, 1 ♀, 37°44N, 43°37E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Bulgaria, Greece to Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2012). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region, (Topçu et al., 2005). Poecilochroa senilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau, 1 ♀, 37°44N, 43°37E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Corsica to Turkmenistan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province (Seyyar, 2006). Pterotricha kochii (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Başpınar (Ziyaret Tepe), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean, Ukraine (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Zelotes electus (C. L. Koch, 1839) Material examined: Yeşilyayla, 08.06.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region , Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Zelotes longipes (L. Koch, 1866) Material examined: Başpınar- Balkırı (Munzur), 1 ♀, 04.06.2007, 2300m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Marmara Region, East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Zelotes subterraneus (C. L. Koch, 1833) Material examined: Başpınar, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°47N, 43°38E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Zelotes tenuis (L. Koch, 1866) Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Mazgalbaşı), 02.06.2007, 1♀ , 39°12N, 38°26E, 1635 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean, Ukraine, USA (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Niğde province (Seyyar, 2004).

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FAM.: PHILODROMIDAE Thorell, 1870 Thanatus striatus C. L. Koch, 1845 Material examined: Başpınar- Balkırı road (Munzur), 3 ♀♀, 04.06.2007, 2300m; Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1♀, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m; Taş road, Karanlıkdere, 03.06.2007, 1 ♀; Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region , East Anatolia Region , Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Subatan road, 04.24.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°40E, 1661 m; Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Philodromus histrio (Latreille, 1819) Material examined: Yeşilyayla (Kesen stream), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; Başpınar, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°47N, 43°38E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Philodromus longipalpis Simon, 1870 Material examined: Salihli Village, 08.07.2006, 2 ♀♀; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; Yuva Köy, 04.07.2005, 1 ♀, 740 m; Sarıçiçek plateau, 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1♀,1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m; Yuva Köy (Kırkgöz), 08.07.2006, 1 ♀; Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Iran, Azerbaijan (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: THOMISIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Heriaeus hirtus (Latreille, 1819) Material examined: Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♀; Başpınar, 05.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°47N, 43°38E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe to Georgia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Kırkgöz, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Holarctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1♀, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m., -Kekikpınarı, 15.05.2006, 2 ♂♂, - Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♂, - Yeşilyayla (Hınson Village), 04.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 Material examined: Subatan, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m; Subaşı Village (Remziye Kaya fountain), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂;-Başpınar (Balkırı Yolu, Doymuş Tepesi, Munzur), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂, 2238 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Tmarus piger (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Yuva köy 01.06.2007, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013).

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Distribution in Turkey: Diyarbakır province, Mardin province, Siirt province (Bayram et al.,2008) Xysticus edax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Israel, Turkey (Platnick, 2013). Xysticus kempeleni Thorell, 1872 Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus kochi Thorell, 1872 Material examined: Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m; Yuva Köy, 24.04.2007, 1 ♂, 37°45N, 43°44E, 920 m; -Kekikpınarı, 15.05.2006, 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°32E, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Europe, Mediterranean, Middle Europe (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus lanio C. L. Koch, 1835 Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 3 ♀♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m; Sarıçiçek plateau, 07.07.2006, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, Mediterranean Region, Southeast Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus ninnii fuscivinentris Crome, 1965 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 07.07.2006, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887m; Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m; leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Eastern Europe to Mongolia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus pseudorectilineus (Wunderlich, 1995) Material examined: Kemaliye (centre), 06.05.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Greece, Turkey (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus striatipes L. Koch, 1870 Material examined: Sarıçiçek plateau(Subatan), 17.05.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Xysticus tristrami (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Dilli brook, 03.06.2006, 1 ♂; -Sarıçiçek plateau (Subatan), 17.05.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Saudi Arabia to Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

FAM.: SALTICIDAE Blackwall, 1841 Aelurillus v-insignitus (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Başpınar (Balkırı road, Doymuş hill, Munzur), 04.06.2007, 3 ♂♂, 2238 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Asianellus festivus (C. L. Koch, 1834) Material examined: Subatan, 02.06.2007, 1 ♂ , 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: New record for Turkey. Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Venkağ hill, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀ , 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) Material examined: Dutbeli 15.05.2006, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Marmara Region, East Black Sea Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

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Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802) Material examined: Subatan road, 04.24.2007, 2 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°40E, 1661 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Bayram et al., 2013). Heliophanus edentulus Simon, 1871 Material examined: Başbağlar (Barasor, Ziyancık stream), 05.07.2006, 2 ♂♂; -Kabataş village road, İkisu local, 03.06.2007, 1 ♂♂; Çanakçı village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♀;-Subatan, 02.06.2007, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 39°11N, 38°24E, 1887 m; Subaşı village (Remziye Kaya fountain), 04.06.2007, 2 ♂♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Mediterranean (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Heliophanus flavipes (Hahn, 1832) Material examined: Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Heliophanus kochii Simon, 1868 Material examined: Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m; Kırkgöz, 24.04.2007, 1 ♀, 37°45N, 43°44E, 1184 m., leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Heliophanus melinus L. Koch, 1867 Material examined: Salihli Village, 09.07.2006, 1 ♀, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, Middle Black Sea Region (Topçu et al., 2005) Heliophanus mordax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) Material examined: Sırakonak-Sarıçiçek plateau, Manzan fountain, 07.07.2006, 1 ♂, leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Greece to Central Asia (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean Region, Middle Black Sea Bölgesi (Topçu et al., 2005). Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778) Material examined: Subaşı Village (Remziye Kaya Fountain), 04.06.2007, 1 ♂; leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, Marmara Region (Topçu et al., 2005). Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) Material examined: Dutbeli 15.05.2006, 2 ♀♀; Venkağ, 09.07.2006, 2 ♀♀ , 37°45N, 43°52E, 1364 m; -Sırakonak- Sarıçiçek plateau, Manzan fountain, 07.07.2006, 2 ♀♀; Kekikpınar, 06.07.2006, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, 37°45N, 43°32E, 1264 m; Dutluca, 24.04.2007, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 37°46N, 43°31E, 1136 m; Çanakçı Village, 02.06.2007, 1 ♂; leg. T. Türkeş. Distribution in world: Palearctic (Platnick, 2013). Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region, Marmara Region, Aegean Region, Mediterranean Region, East Black Sea Region (Topçu et al., 2005).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for its financial support (ÇAYDAG 105Y016).

LITERATURE CITED

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Bayram, A. 2002. Distributions of Turkish Spiders. In: Demirsoy, A., Ed. Zoogeography of Turkey. Meteksan Pub., Ankara, 1005 pp.

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Bayram, A. & Ünal, M. 2000. A new record for the Turkish spider fauna: Cyclosa conica Pallas (Araneae, Araneidae). Turk. J. Zool., 26: 173-175.

Bayram, A., Kunt, K. B., Özgen, İ., Bolu, H., Karol, S. & Danışman, T. 2008. A crab spider Tmarus piger (Walckenaer, 1802) (Araneae; Thomisidae) new for Turkish araneofauna. Turk. J. Arach., 1 (2): 141-144.

Bayram, A., Danışman, T., Yiğit, N., Çorak, İ. & Sancak, Z. 2007. New records for the Turkish araneo-fauna: Theridion varians Hahn, 1833, Dipoena melanogaster (C. L. Koch, 1837) and Achaearanea riparia (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneae: Theridiidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 40.

Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. 1991. Sipinnen Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Berlin, 543 pp.

Kunt, K. B. & Yağmur, A. E. 2008. A new addition for the araneofauna of Turkey: Enoplognatha caricis (Araneae: Theridiidae). EurAsia J. BioSci., 2 (5): 43-45.

Locket, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. 1951. British Spiders. Vol. 1., The Ray Society, London, 436 pp.

Locket, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. 1953. British Spiders. The Ray Society, London, Vol. 2: 499 pp.

Marusik, Y. M., Kunt, K. B. & Danışman, T. 2009. Spiders (Aranei) new to the fauna of Turkey: 2 New species records of Theridiidae. Arthropoda Selecta, 18 (1-2): 69-75.

Platnick, N. I. 2012. The world spider catolog, Version 13. American Museum of Natural History (on line) http:// research. amnh.org/ entomology/ spiders/ catalog/ INTRO1.Html.

Seyyar, O., Demir, H., Topçu, A. & Taşdemir, A. 2006. Phaeocedus is a new genus of ground spider (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in Turkey. Scientific Research and Essay, 1: 26-27.

Topçu, A., Demir, H. & Seyyar, O. 2005. A Checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket, 9 (4): 109-140.

Türkeş, T. & Mergen, O. 2005. Records of spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae and Araneidae) new for the Turkish fauna. Zoology in the Middle East, 36: 119-120.

Türkeş, T. & Mergen, O. 2005. New records of spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) for the Turkish fauna. Israel Journal of Zoology, 51: 237-238.

Türkeş, T. & Mergen, O. 2007. The comp-footed spiders fauna of the central Anatolia region and new records for the Turkish fauna (Araneae: Theridiidae), Serket, 10 (4): 112-119.

Türkeş, T. & Mergen, O. 2008. The orb-web weavers spiders fauna of the central Anatolian region in Turkey with three new records for the Turkey (Araneae: araneidae), Mun. Ent. Zool., 3 (1): 295-3002.

634 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A FAUNISTIC STUDY ON THE PSEUDOSCORPIONS (ARACHNIDA: PSEUDOSCORPIONES) OF OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS IN SW SLOVAKIA

Jana Christophoryová*

* Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B-1, SK–84215 Bratislava, SLOVAK REPUBLIC. E-mail: [email protected]

[Christophoryová, J. 2013. A faunistic study on the pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of oak-hornbeam forests in SW Slovakia. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 634-645]

ABSTRACT: The faunistic research on pseudoscorpions was performed at 13 study plots in the Malé Karpaty Mts. and at two study plots in Trnavská pahorkatina hills (SW Slovakia). A faunistic survey of the study area is presented in this contribution. All study plots were situated in oak-hornbeam forests; differed in altitude, mean age of forest stands, floristic composition, degree of human impact and fragmentation. The pseudoscorpions were collected by the square method combined with sifting during eight years. A total of 4051 pseudoscorpion specimens of 12 species and four families were examined during the research in the whole study area. The species Roncus sp. was identified only on the genus level. The species Neobisium carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) was common for all study plots, Roncus sp. and Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius, 1793) were found only at one study plot. From the faunistic point of view, the record of quite a rare species Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 was valuable.

KEY WORDS: Pseudoscorpiones, faunistics, oak-hornbeam forest, Slovakia, Central Europe.

The oak-hornbeam forests in Slovakia used to be the most frequent forest climatic zone formation at lower altitudes. In past they covered continuous and large areas, especially in plains and lowlands from the altitude of 100 m a.s.l., in hilly and submountainous regions up to 600 m a.s.l. and in all the Inner- Carpathian hollows (Michalko et al., 1986). Most of the natural oak-hornbeam forests were transformed to very productive agricultural land; nowadays oak- hornbeam forests cover only 15 % of its natural range (Barbati & Morchetti, 2004). In Slovakia, mainly partial data on pseudoscorpions inhabiting oak- hornbeam forests were contained in several systematic faunistic and ecological papers (Krumpál & Krumpálová, 2003; Christophoryová, 2009; Christophoryová & Krumpál, 2010). Christophoryová (2010) recorded species Neobisium carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) and Pselaphochernes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) in oak hollows. Lately, two species were recorded for the first time from Slovakia in oak and oak-hornbeam forests: Chthonius hungaricus Mahnert, 1980 and Allochernes powelli (Kew, 1916) (Christophoryová et al., 2011a,b). Our research originated in the grant concerning animal communities in oak- hornbeam forests in SW Slovakia. Several studies of various groups of soil arthropods in this area have been already published (for example Fenďa & Ciceková, 2005; Holecová et al., 2005a,b; Krumpálová, 2005; Vrabec et al., 2012). Partial results about pseudoscorpions from the study area were published as well; containing only ecological data on assemblages and seasonal dynamics of two species (Christophoryová & Krumpál, 2005, 2007; Christophoryová & Holecová, 2012). The aim of this study was to complete the currently unpublished faunistic data on pseudoscorpions from oak-hornbeam forest of SW Slovakia.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______635 MATERIAL AND METHODS

The faunistic research was performed on several study plots in the Malé Karpaty Mts. and in the Trnavská pahorkatina hills during the years 1999 – 2002 and 2005 – 2008 (leg. M. Holecová, Z. Krumpálová, I. Országh). 13 study plots situated in oak-hornbeam forests were selected in the Malé Karpaty Mts. (Fig. 1):

1. Briežky (BR): 48°10' N, 17°06' E, GRN (Grid Reference Number of the Databank of the Fauna of Slovakia) 7868b, 340 m a.s.l. 80-100 years old oak- hornbeam forest belonging to Querco petraeae-Carpinetum typicum association; commercially used stand with managed suburban forest. 2. Cajla (CA): 48°20' N, 17°16' E, GRN 7669c, 280 m a.s.l. 80-100 years old oak- hornbeam forest of Galio sylvaticae-Carpinetum association; economically managed forest neighbouring with meadows and vineyards. 3. Devínska Kobyla 1 (DK1): 48°11' N, 16°59' E, GRN 7868a, 340 m a.s.l. 60- 80 years old oak-hornbeam forest of the Querco petraeae-Carpinetum melicetosum uniflorae subassociation; a protected stand in the National Nature Reserve, very attractive for tourism. 4. Devínska Kobyla 2 (DK2): 48°10' N, 16°59' E, GRN 7868a, 300 m a.s.l. 40- 60 years old oak-hornbeam forest belonging to the Aceri-Carpinetum association; study site situated within the National Nature Reserve. 5. Devínska Kobyla 3 (DK3): 48°11' N, 16°59' E, GRN 7868a, 452 m a.s.l. 80 years old thermophilous oak-hornbeam forest of the Primulo veris-Carpinetum association; study plot located in the area of the National Nature Reserve; forest is affected by tourism. 6. Dúbravská Hlavica (DH): 48°11' N, 17°00' E, GRN 7868a, 350 m a.s.l. 80- 100 years old oak-hornbeam forest of the Querco petraeae-Carpinetum typicum association; relatively well-preserved forest. 7. Fúgelka (FU): 48°22' N, 17°19' E, GRN 7669b, 350 m a.s.l. 80-100 years old oak-hornbeam forest Galio sylvaticae-Carpinetum facies with Rubus fruticosus and R. hirtus (oceanic species); economically exploited forest with approx. 20 year old underplanting of Acer pseudoplatanus in lines due to transformation from a low forest to high-trunked forest. 8. Horský park (HP): 48°09' N, 17°05' E, GRN 7868a, 212 m a.s.l. Fragmented remnant of an 80 years old oak-hornbeam forest of the association Querco petraeae-Carpinetum variant with Melica uniflora; an isolated, fragmented forest park, strongly used by human. 9. Koliba (KO): 48°10' N, 17°06' E, GRN 7868b, 380 m a.s.l. 90-100 years old oak-hornbeam forest belonging to the Querco petraeae-Carpinetum melicetosum uniflorae subassociation; commercially used suburban forest. 10. Lošonec háj grove (LH): 48°28' N, 17°24' E, GRN 7570b, 260 m a.s.l. 80- 100 years old oak-hornbeam forest Querco petraeae-Carpinetum caricetosum pilosae; Nature Reserve; economically exploited forest surrounded by closed forest complexes. 11. Lošonec lom quarry (LL): 48°29' N, 17°23' E, GRN 7570a, 340 m a.s.l. 80- 100 years old oak-hornbeam forest Querco petraeae-Carpinetum caricetosum pilosae; economically exploited forest, intensively and systematically impacted by dust from the quarry. 12. Mlynská dolina (MD): 48°09' N, 17°04' E, GRN 7868a, 190 m a.s.l. An isolated, fragmented 80-100 years old maple-hornbeam forest of Aceri-

636 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Carpinetum association; surrounded by road communication and the urban agglomeration; intensively affected by tourism and recreation. 13. Vinosady (VI): 48°19' N, 17°17' E, GRN 7669d, 280 m a.s.l. 60-80 years old oak-hornbeam forest of Querco petraeae-Carpinetum variant with Poa nemoralis; economically managed forest, former vineyard, neighbouring with drier subxerophilous meadows and shrub complexes.

Two study plots situated in oak-hornbeam forests were selected in the Trnavská pahorkatina hills (Fig. 1):

1. Horný háj grove (HH): 48°29' N, 17°27' E, GRN 7570b, 240 m a.s.l. 60-80 years old oak-hornbeam forest Querco petraeae-Carpinetum variant with Melica uniflora; economically exploited forest, former vineyard; larger complex of isolated forest surrounded by vineyards and farmland. 2. Lindava (LI): 48°22' N, 17°22' E, GRN 7670a, 240 m a.s.l. 80-100 years old oak-hornbeam forest of Quercetum petraeae-cerris; Nature Reserve; former economically exploited forest; large complex of island forest surrounded by fields and road.

For a detailed characteristic of the study plots (soil properties, floristic compositions, expositions, slope etc.) see Zlinská et al. (2005) and Holecová et al. (2012). The pseudoscorpions were collected by the square method combined with sifting. At app. 1-month intervals the material was collected from the leaf litter and the upper part of soil from 16 squares at each study plot. Each square has included 25x25 cm of the area, i.e. altogether an area of 1 m2 was sifted, representing one sample. The samples were extracted using xereclectors of the Moczarski - Winkler’s type. The specimens were preserved in 80 % ethyl alcohol and were studied as permanent slide mounts. The specimens were identified using the keys of Beier (1963), Mahnert (2004) and Christophoryová et al. (2011c). The nomenclature for all taxa follows Harvey (2011). The material is deposited in the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. Following abbreviations of all developmental stages are used in the text: ♀ – female, ♂ – male, Tn – tritonymph, Dn – deutonymph, Pn – protonymp; abbreviations of study plots vide supra.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 4051 pseudoscorpion specimens of 12 species and four families were examined during the research in the whole study area (Table 1). The species Roncus sp. was identified only on the genus level. 578 specimens of seven species were collected in Trnavská pahorkatina hills, 3473 of 11 species in Malé Karpaty Mts. (Table 1). The most specimens were recorded at study plots Koliba, Fúgelka and Lindava; the lowest amount of them at study plot Vinosady. The most species were identified from Dúbravská Hlavica. On the contrary, the lowest species number was recorded at study plot Vinosady. The species Neobisium carcinoides was common for all the study plots, Roncus sp. and Chernes cimicoides were found only at one study plot (Table 1). The list of the species with examined material and their distribution is given below (abbreviations of study plots and developmental stages see in Material and methods).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______637 Family Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) boldorii Beier, 1934 Material examined: BR: 4/V/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 13/V/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 6/VI/1999, 5♀♀, 1♂; 23/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn; 12/X/1999, 1♂; 4/IV/2000, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 29/IV/2000, 8♀♀, 6♂♂, 1Tn; 9/VI/2000, 4♀♀, 4♂♂; 30/VIII/2000, 2♀♀, 1Tn; 28/IX/2000, 10♀♀, 5♂♂, 1Tn; 26/X/2000, 9♀♀, 10♂♂, 5Tn; 1/IV/2005, 3♀♀, 2♂♂; 3/V/2005, 1♀, 1♂; 4/VI/2005, 1♀; 7/X/2005, 4♀♀, 3♂♂; 17/XI/2005, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 20/IV/2006, 1Tn; 24/V/2006, 1♀, 2♂♂; 3/VIII/2006, 2♀♀, 2Tn; 1/IX/2006, 1♂. CA: 1/VII/1999, 1♀; 14/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂; 23/IV/2000, 1Tn; 12/V/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 31/V/2000, 1♀; 7/VII/2000, 1♂; 16/VIII/2000, 3♀♀, 4♂♂; 6/IX/2000, 1♀; 2/XI/2000, 1♀; 4/IV/2001, 1♀; 9/V/2001, 1♀; 2/VII/2001, 1♀, 1♂; 1/VIII/2001, 1♀; 18/III/2002, 1♀; 23/IV/2002, 1♂; 3/X/2002, 1♀, 2♂♂; 7/XI/2002, 1♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn. DK1: 17/V/1999, 1♀; 24/VII/1999, 7♀♀, 4♂♂, 5Tn; 28/IV/2000, 7♀♀, 10♂♂, 5Tn; 14/VI/2000, 7♀♀, 10♂♂, 1Dn; 26/VII/2000, 1Tn; 31/VIII/2000, 5♀♀, 7♂♂, 6Tn; 20/IX/2000, 2♂♂; 8/IV/2005, 2♀♀; 30/IV/2005, 1♂; 3/VI/2005, 5♀♀, 1Tn; 13/VII/2005, 1♀, 3♂♂; 8/X/2005, 2♂♂; 11/XI/2005, 1♂; 26/V/2006, 1♀, 1♂; 30/VIII/2006 , 1♂; 2/IX/2006, 1♂; 1/XI/2006, 1♀. DK2: 30/IV/1999, 2♀♀; 24/VII/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 3Tn; 15/X/1999, 1♂; 7/IV/2000, 1♂; 28/IV/2000, 4♂♂, 5Tn; 14/VI/2000, 8♀♀, 13♂♂; 26/VII/2000, 4♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn; 20/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 7♂♂, 4Tn, 1Dn; 3/V/2005, 3♀♀, 2♂♂; 3/VI/2005, 4♂♂; 13/VII/2005, 1♀, 1Tn; 31/VIII/2005, 1♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 10/X/2005, 2♂♂; 13/XII/2005, 1♀, 2Tn; 21/IV/2006, 1♀, 3♂♂, 2Tn; 31/V/2006, 2♀♀; 2/VIII/2006, 2♀♀, 1♂; 2/X/2006, 1Tn. DK3: 5/IV/2005, 1♀; 3/V/2005, 1♀, 4♂♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 3/VI/2005, 7♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn; 13/VII/2005, 1♂, 1Dn; 31/VIII/2005, 5♀♀, 5♂♂, 8Tn, 1Dn; 11/X/2005, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 13/XII/2005, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 21/IV/2006, 1♂; 31/V/2006, 1Tn; 30/VI/2006, 1♀, 2Tn; 2/VIII/2006, 2♂♂, 1Tn. DH: 30/IV/1999, 1♂; 17/V/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 24/VII/1999, 4♀♀, 2Tn; 21/VIII/1999, 1♀; 24/IX/1999, 1♂; 15/X/1999, 1♀; 7/IV/2000, 1Tn; 28/IV/2000, 2♀♀, 9♂♂; 14/VI/2000, 17♀♀, 14♂♂; 31/VIII/2000, 3♂♂, 2Tn; 20/IX/2000, 1♂; 7/XI/2000, 1♀, 1Dn; 29/IV/2005, 1♀, 1♂, 3Tn; 3/VI/2005: 1♀, 1Tn; 19/IV/2006, 1♂; 26/V/2006, 1♀, 4♂♂, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2006, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 4/I/2007, 1♂. FU: 27/IV/1999, 1♀; 25/V/1999, 5♀♀; 5Tn; 4/VI/1999, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 4Tn; 1/VII/1999, 3♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 5/VIII/1999, 5♀♀, 1♂, 6Tn; 14/IX/1999, 11♀♀, 19♂♂, 10Tn, 3Dn; 21/X/1999, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 2Dn; 12/V/2000, 3Tn; 7/VII/2000, 2♀♀, 5♂♂, 3Dn; 16/VIII/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 6Tn, 1Dn; 6/IX/2000, 3♂♂, 9Tn, 2Dn; 2/XI/2000, 1♀; 4/IV/2001, 1♀, 5♂♂, 4Tn; 9/V/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 6/VI/2001, 5Tn; 1/VIII/2001, 1♂, 2Tn; 11/IX/2001, 5♀♀, 2♂♂; 9/X/2001, 6♀♀, 5♂♂; 23/IV/2002, 2Tn; 14/V/2002, 1♂; 15/VII/2002, 1♀; 3/X/2002, 1♀, 1♂; 7/XI/2002, 1♂; 28/XI/2002, 4♀♀, 3♂♂, 3Tn. HP: 30/IV/2005, 1♀, 2♂♂; 31/V/2005, 4♀♀, 4♂♂; 29/VI/2005, 8♀♀, 8♂♂, 5Tn; 5/VIII/2005, 1Tn; 30/VIII/2005, 1♀, 2♂♂; 9/X/2005, 1♂; 12/XI/2005, 4♀♀, 1♂, 3Tn; 20/IV/2006, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 23/V/2006, 2♀♀, 1♂; 24/VI/2006, 1♀; 3/VIII/2006, 1♀; 1/X/2006, 1♀, 1Tn; 5/XII/2006, 1♀, 1♂; 4/I/2007, 1♀, 1♂. KO: 4/V/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂; 18/V/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 6/VII/1999, 4♀♀, 1♂, 2Dn; 7/VIII/1999, 3♀♀; 23/IX/1999, 5♀♀, 1Tn; 12/X/1999, 5♀♀, 1♂; 4/IV/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 29/IV/2000, 7♀♀, 19♂♂, 7Tn; 9/VI/2000, 7♀♀, 15♂♂, 2Tn; 25/VII/2000, 4♀♀, 1Tn; 30/VIII/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 2Tn; 28/IX/2000, 12♀♀, 16♂♂, 2Tn, 2Dn; 26/X/2000, 8♀♀, 17♂♂, 3Tn, 1Dn; 1/IV/2005, 4Tn; 3/V/2005, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 4/VI/2005, 8♀♀, 4♂♂, 4Tn; 13/VII/2005, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 26/VIII/2005, 1♂; 7/X/2005, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 2Tn, 3Dn; 17/XI/2005, 1♂, 1Tn; 24/V/2006, 1♀; 1/IX/2006, 1Dn; 7/XII/2006, 1♀; 3/VI/2008, 1♂. LH: 12/IV/2000, 3♀♀, 1♂; 11/V/2000, 2♀♀, 1♂; 6/VII/2000, 1♀; 15/VIII/2000, 2♀♀; 5/IX/2000, 1♀; 10/V/2001, 2♀♀, 1♂; 7/VI/2001, 1♀; 2/VIII/2001, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 10/IX/2001, 1♂; 12/X/2001, 2♀♀, 1♂; 16/VII/2002, 2♀♀, 1♂. LL: 12/IV/2000, 1♂; 5/IX/2000, 3♀♀; 3/IV/2001, 1♂; 3/VII/2001, 1♀, 2♂♂; 2/VIII/2001, 2Tn; 12/X/2001, 1♀; 13/III/2002, 1♀, 1♂; 16/VII/2002, 2♀♀, 1♂; 8/XI/2002, 2♀♀. MD: 8/IV/2005, 1Tn; 30/IV/2005, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Dn; 29/VI/2005, 1♂, 4Tn; 29/VIII/2005, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 9/X/2005, 3♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 8/XII/2005, 2Tn; 22/IV/2006, 2♀♀, 2♂♂; 23/V/2006, 6♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 24/VI/2006, 1♀, 1Tn, 1Dn; 4/VIII/2006, 2♀♀, 2Tn; 1/IX/2006, 1♀, 2Tn; 1/X/2006, 1Tn. HH: 12/V/2000, 1♂; 6/X/2000, 1♀; 6/VI/2001, 2♀♀, 1♂; 2/VII/2001, 1♀; 11/IX/2001, 1♀, 1♂; 19/VI/2002, 2♀♀; 7/XI/2002, 1♀. LI: 25/V/1999, 4♀♀, 3♂♂, 4Tn; 4/VI/1999, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 4Tn; 1/VII/1999, 4♀♀, 7♂♂, 15Tn; 14/IX/1999, 6♀♀, 6♂♂, 3Dn; 19/X/1999, 1Tn, 1Dn; 11/IV/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 12/V/2000, 3♀♀, 10♂♂, 7Tn; 31/V/2000, 3♀♀; 6/IX/2000, 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 2Tn; 2/XI/2000, 1Tn, 1Dn; 4/IV/2001, 1♂, 1Tn; 9/V/2001, 1♀,

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5♂♂, 5Tn; 6/VI/2001, 4♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 2/VII/2001, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 4Dn; 1/VIII/2001, 4Dn; 11/IX/2001, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 9/X/2001, 6♀♀, 5♂♂, 9Tn, 6Dn; 23/IV/2002, 1♂, 4Tn, 2Dn; 14/V/2002, 4Tn; 19/VI/2002, 4♀♀, 7♂♂, 1Dn; 27/VIII/2002, 1♀; 28/XI/2002, 1♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn. Distribution: Austria, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Slovakia (Harvey, 2011; Christophoryová et al., 2012). Remark: This species was recorded for the first time in Slovakia exactly in Malé Karpaty Mts. and Trnavská pahorkatina hills (Christophoryová & Krumpál, 2005). Our research refers that this study area represents an appropriate locality with habitats and conditions suitable for the occurrence of stable and relatively numerous populations of C. boldorii.

Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) fuscimanus Simon, 1900 Material examined: BR: 4/V/1999, 1♀, 2Tn; 6/VI/1999, 3Tn; 23/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 12/X/1999, 1Tn; 4/IV/2000, 1♀, 2Tn; 29/IV/2000, 1♀, 4♂♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 9/VI/2000, 1♂; 28/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 7♂♂, 5Tn, 1Dn; 26/X/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 4Tn, 3Dn; 1/IV/2005, 1♀, 4♂♂; 3/V/2005, 2Tn; 4/VI/2005, 1♀, 1♂; 26/VIII/2005, 1♀; 7/X/2005, 1♀, 1Tn, 1Dn; 17/XI/2005, 2♀♀, 2Tn; 20/IV/2006, 1Tn, 1Dn; 30/VI/2006, 1Tn; 3/VIII/2006, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 7/XII/2006, 1Tn. DK1: 30/IV/1999, 1♂, 1Dn; 17/V/1999, 1♂; 24/VII/1999, 3♂♂, 7Tn, 2Dn; 21/VIII/1999, 1♂; 24/IX/1999, 1Tn; 28/IV/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 2Tn, 2Dn; 14/VI/2000, 3♀♀, 2Dn; 26/VII/2000, 1♂; 31/VIII/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 2Tn; 20/IX/2000, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 7/XI/2000, 1♂; 8/IV/2005, 2♂♂, 30/IV/2005, 1♂; 8/X/2005, 2♀♀; 11/XI/2005, 1♀, 1Tn; 26/V/2006, 1Tn; 30/VI/2006, 2Tn; 2/VIII/2006, 1Tn; 2/IX/2006, 1♀. DK2: 30/IV/1999, 1♂; 17/V/1999, 1♀; 24/VII/1999, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 24/IX/1999, 1♂; 15/X/1999, 2♀♀, 1Tn; 7/IV/2000, 1♀, 2Tn; 28/IV/2000, 1♀, 2Tn, 1Dn; 14/VI/2000, 3♀♀, 3♂♂; 26/VII/2000, 1Tn; 31/VIII/2000, 2♂♂, 1Dn; 20/IX/2000, 1♂, 3Tn; 5/IV/2005, 1♀, 3♂♂, 3Tn, 1Dn; 3/V/2005, 2♀♀, 1♂; 31/VIII/2005, 1Tn; 10/X/2005, 2Tn; 13/XII/2005, 1Tn, 2Dn; 21/IV/2006, 1Tn, 3Dn; 31/V/2006, 1♂; 30/VI/2006, 1♀, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2006, 3♀♀; 2/IX/2006, 1♀; 9/XII/2006, 1♂. DK3: 5/IV/2005, 1♂; 3/V/2005, 1♀; 13/VII/2005, 1♂; 31/VIII/2005, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 11/X/2005, 2♀♀, 2Tn, 4Dn; 2/VIII/2006, 3♀♀, 1♂, 3Tn; 2/XI/2006, 1♂; 9/I/2007, 1Dn. DH: 24/VII/1999, 2♂♂, 9Tn, 1Dn; 21/VIII/1999, 1♂; 24/IX/1999, 1Tn, 1Dn; 15/X/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 7/IV/2000, 2Tn; 28/IV/2000, 5♀♀, 11♂♂, 6Tn, 2Dn; 14/VI/2000, 2♂♂, 4Tn, 2Dn; 31/VIII/2000, 1♂, 2Tn; 20/IX/2000, 1♀, 1Tn; 8/IV/2005, 1♀, 2♂♂, 3Tn; 30/VIII/2005, 2♂♂; 8/X/2005, 3Dn; 11/XI/2005, 1Tn, 6Dn; 2/VIII/2006, 1♀, 1Dn; 5/XII/2006, 1Tn; 4/I/2007, 1♂, 1Dn. FU: 5/VIII/1999, 1♀; 14/IX/1999, 1♂, 1Dn; 21/X/1999, 1Tn; 6/IX/2000, 1Dn; 2/XI/2000, 1Tn; 1/VIII/2001, 1Tn; 11/IX/2001, 1♂; 9/X/2001, 1Tn, 5Dn; 23/IV/2002, 1♀, 1Tn; 3/X/2002, 1♂; 28/XI/2002, 2Tn. KO: 4/V/1999, 1Tn; 18/V/1999, 3♀♀; 6/VII/1999, 1♀; 7/VIII/1999, 1♀, 3Tn, 1Dn; 23/IX/1999, 3♀♀, 10♂♂; 12/X/1999, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 29/IV/2000, 4♀♀, 2♂♂, 6Tn, 7Dn; 9/VI/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 4Tn; 25/VII/2000, 1♂, 5Tn; 30/VIII/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 2Tn; 28/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 4♂♂, 6Tn, 3Dn; 26/X/2000, 3♂♂, 5Tn; 4/VI/2005, 1♀; 13/VII/2005, 1♀; 26/VIII/2005, 2♂♂; 7/X/2005, 1♀, 1♂, 6Tn, 5Dn; 17/XI/2005, 1Tn; 30/VI/2006, 1Tn; 3/VIII/2006, 1♂, 1Tn; 1/IX/2006, 1♀, 1Dn; 1/XI/2006, 1♀; 5/I/2007, 2Dn; 3/VI/2008, 1Tn, 1Dn. LH: 12/IV/2000, 2♂♂; 30/V/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 15/VIII/2000, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 5/IX/2000, 2♀♀, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2001, 1♂, 1Tn; 10/IX/2001, 3Tn, 1Pn; 16/VII/2002, 1Tn, 1Dn; 28/VIII/2002, 1♀; 4/X/2002, 4♂♂. LL: 12/IV/2000, 2♂♂; 5/IX/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 12/X/2001, 2♂♂; 16/VII/2002, 1Tn; 8/XI/2002, 1♀; 27/XI/2002, 1♂. MD: 8/IV/2005, 1♀, 1Dn; 29/VI/2005, 1♂, 3Tn, 1Dn; 29/VIII/2005, 1♀, 9Tn; 9/X/2005, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 4Tn, 9Dn; 8/XII/2005, 1♀, 2♂♂, 2Dn; 22/IV/2006, 1Tn, 3Dn; 23/V/2006, 1Tn; 24/VI/2006, 2Tn; 4/VIII/2006, 1♂; 1/IX/2006, 1Tn, 1Dn; 1/X/2006, 1♀, 2♂♂, 3Tn, 10Dn. Distribution: Austria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Turkey (Harvey, 2011; Christophoryová et al., 2012).

Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) Material examined: BR: 29/IV/2000, 1♂; 9/VI/2000, 1♂. CA: 25/V/1999, 1♂; 12/V/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 16/VIII/2000, 3♀♀. DK1: 30/IV/1999, 1♀; 26/VII/2000, 1Tn. DK2: 17/V/1999, 1♀; 24/VII/1999, 3♀♀; 26/VII/2000, 1♀; 31/VIII/2000, 1♀. DH: 17/V/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 24/VII/1999, 1♂; 14/VI/2000, 2♀♀, 1♂; FU: 27/IV/1999, 1♀; 25/V/1999, 2♀♀, 2♂♂; 4/VI/1999, 1♀; 5/VIII/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 14/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 2Tn;

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7/VII/2000, 7Tn, 2Dn; 16/VIII/2000, 1♀, 4♂♂; 6/IX/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 1/VIII/2001, 2♂♂; 11/IX/2001, 4♀♀, 2♂♂; 14/V/2002, 1♀; 15/VII/2002, 1♂; 27/VIII/2002, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn. KO: 18/V/1999, 1♀; 23/IX/1999, 1♂; 9/VI/2000, 5♀♀, 4♂♂; 25/VII/2000, 1♂; 30/VIII/2000, 2♂♂; 28/IX/2000, 7♀♀. LH: 11/V/2000, 1♂; 2/VIII/2001, 2♀♀, 2♂♂. VI: 31/V/2000, 1♂; 7/VII/2000, 1♂, 1Dn; 1/VIII/2001, 1♂. HH: 12/V/2000, 1♀; 31/V/2000, 2♂♂; 6/VI/2001, 1♂; 11/IX/2001, 1♀. LI: 26/IV/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂; 25/V/1999, 2♀♀, 1Tn; 4/VI/1999, 1♀, 4♂♂; 14/IX/1999, 5♂♂, 2Tn; 12/V/2000, 2♀♀, 2♂♂; 31/V/2000, 3♀♀, 1♂; 6/IX/2000, 1♂, 1Tn; 9/V/2001, 2♂♂; 1/VIII/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 3Tn, 1Dn; 14/V/2002, 3♀♀; 19/VI/2002, 1♂, 1Tn; 15/VII/2002, 1♀, 2Tn, 1Dn; 27/VIII/2002, 1♀. Distribution: , Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, U.S.A., Ukraine, United Kingdom (Harvey, 2011). Remark: C. tetrachelatus often belongs to the most numerous species of the Chthoniidae family. In the study area it represented the Chthonius species with the lowest specimen number (Table 1).

Family Neobisiidae Chamberlin, 1930 Neobisium (Neobisium) carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) Material examined: BR: 4/V/1999, 2♂♂; 13/V/1999, 9Tn; 6/VI/1999, 3♀♀, 4Dn, 1Pn; 23/IX/1999, 5♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 1Dn, 5Pn; 12/X/1999, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 3Tn, 4Dn, 5Pn; 4/IV/2000, 1Tn; 29/IV/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 5Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 9/VI/2000, 1♀, 1Tn; 30/VIII/2000, 2Tn; 28/IX/2000, 4♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 2Dn; 26/X/2000, 1Tn, 14Dn; 1/IV/2005, 1♂; 3/V/2005, 5Tn; 4/VI/2005, 2Pn; 13/VII/2005, 2♂♂, 1Dn; 26/VIII/2005, 1♀; 7/X/2005, 1Tn, 2Dn, 2Pn; 17/XI/2005, 2♀♀, 3Dn, 1Pn; 20/IV/2006, 1♂; 30/VI/2006, 1♀; 3/VIII/2006, 1Dn; 1/IX/2006, 1♀, 3Dn; 1/X/2006, 1Tn. CA: 25/V/1999, 1♂, 6Tn, 1Dn; 4/VI/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 1/VII/1999, 4♂♂, 3Dn; 5/VIII/1999, 1♀, 5Tn, 2Pn; 14/IX/1999, 1♀, 2♂♂, 2Dn; 21/X/1999, 1♀, 1♂, 2Dn; 12/V/2000, 3♀♀, 2♂♂; 8Tn; 31/V/2000, 2♀♀, 3♂♂; 7/VII/2000, 7♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 9Dn; 16/VIII/2000, 5♂♂, 10Tn, 3Dn, 3Pn; 6/IX/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 3Dn; 6/X/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 2Tn, 6Dn, 1Pn; 2/XI/2000, 6♀♀, 6♂♂, 3Tn, 3Dn, 1Pn; 4/IV/2001, 1♂; 9/V/2001, 1♂, 1Tn; 2/VII/2001, 1Dn; 1/VIII/2001, 1♂, 4Tn; 11/IX/2001, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Dn; 9/X/2001, 9♀♀, 13♂♂; 3Tn, 9Dn; 9/XI/2001, 3♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 18/III/2002, 1♂; 23/IV/2002, 1♀, 1Tn; 14/V/2002, 1♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 15/VII/2002, 1♀, 1Tn; 27/VIII/2002, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 3/X/2002, 1♀, 2♂♂, 10Dn; 7/XI/2002, 3♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 28/XI/2002, 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 1Dn. DK1: 30/IV/1999, 1♀, 1Tn, 4Dn; 17/V/1999, 6♂♂, 2Tn; 24/VII/1999, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn, 4Pn; 24/IX/1999, 1♀, 2Dn; 15/X/1999, 1♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 5Dn, 4Pn; 7/IV/2000, 2♀♀, 4♂♂; 28/IV/2000, 1♀, 1Dn, 1Pn; 14/VI/2000, 1♀, 1♂, 2Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 26/VII/2000, 1♂, 1Tn; 31/VIII/2000, 1♂, 1Tn, 2Dn, 3Pn; 20/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 7/XI/2000, 1Dn; 8/IV/2005, 1Tn; 3/VI/2005, 1♂; 13/VII/2005, 1♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 8/X/2005, 1♂, 1Tn, 7Dn; 11/XI/2005, 1Dn; 26/V/2006, 3Tn, 1Dn; 30/VI/2006, 1♂, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2006, 1♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 2/IX/2006, 1Tn; 1/XI/2006, 1Dn; 9/XII/2006, 1Pn. DK2: 30/IV/1999, 3♀♀, 3♂♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 17/V/1999, 2♂♂, 4Tn, 1Dn; 24/VII/1999, 1♀, 6♂♂, 6Tn, 7Dn, 4Pn; 21/VIII/1999, 1♀, 1♂, 5Tn, 1Dn, 1Pn; 24/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 8♂♂, 1Tn, 2Dn; 15/X/1999, 2♀♀, 6Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 7/IV/2000, 2♀♀, 2♂♂, 5Dn; 28/IV/2000, 1♀, 4♂♂, 1Tn, 5Dn; 14/VI/2000, 5♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 4Dn; 26/VII/2000, 4Tn, 2Dn, 4Pn; 31/VIII/2000, 4♂♂, 13Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 20/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 4♂♂, 3Dn; 7/XI/2000, 3♀♀; 5/IV/2005, 1♂, 1Dn; 3/V/2005, 1Tn, 1Dn; 3/VI/2005, 1♂, 3Dn, 5Pn; 13/VII/2005, 2Tn, 1Dn; 31/VIII/2005, 2Dn, 2Pn; 10/X/2005, 5♀♀, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 4Dn; 13/XII/2005, 2♀♀, 3♂♂, 11Dn, 2Pn; 21/IV/2006; 1♀, 1Dn; 31/V/2006, 2Tn; 30/VI/2006, 1Dn; 2/VIII/2006, 2Dn, 1Pn; 2/IX/2006, 2Tn; 2/X/2006, 3♀♀, 2Dn; 2/XI/2006, 1♀, 1Tn. DK3: 5/IV/2005, 1♂, 2Dn; 3/VI/2005, 1♀, 3Tn, 3Pn; 13/VII/2005, 2Dn, 1Pn; 31/VIII/2005, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 2Dn, 4Pn; 11/X/2005, 5♀♀, 8♂♂, 1Tn, 8Dn, 3Pn; 13/XII/2005, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 1Dn, 1Pn; 21/IV/2006, 2Dn, 1Pn; 30/VI/2006, 2Dn, 1Pn; 2/VIII/2006, 1♂, 1Dn, 1Pn; 2/IX/2006, 2Tn, 3Dn; 2/X/2006, 1♀; 2/XI/2006, 1♀, 1Dn; 9/XII/2006, 1♀, 3Dn, 1Pn; 9/I/2007, 1Tn, 2Dn. DH: 30/IV/1999, 1♂; 17/V/1999, 1♀, 1♂, 3Tn, 1Dn; 24/VII/1999, 2♀♀, 2Pn; 21/VIII/1999, 1♂, 5Tn; 24/IX/1999, 1♀, 2♂♂, 13Dn,

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6Pn; 15/X/1999, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 28/IV/2000, 1♂, 2Tn, 2Dn; 14/VI/2000, 1♀, 1Dn, 1Pn; 26/VII/2000, 1♂; 31/VIII/2000, 1Tn; 20/IX/2000, 1♂; 7/XI/2000, 1♀; 13/VII/2005, 1Tn, 1Dn; 11/XI/2005, 6Dn; 19/IV/2006, 1Dn; 5/XII/2006, 1♀, 1Dn, 1Pn. FU: 27/IV/1999, 1Tn; 25/V/1999, 2♂♂, 5Tn, 2Dn, 6Pn; 4/VI/1999, 1♀, 2Tn, 6Pn; 1/VII/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 5/VIII/1999, 2♀♀, 3Tn, 1Dn, 1Pn; 14/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 8Dn, 4Pn; 21/X/1999, 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 7Dn, 6Pn; 31/V/2000, 1Tn, 1Dn, 1Pn; 7/VII/2000, 2Dn, 1Pn; 16/VIII/2000, 1Pn; 6/IX/2000, 1Tn, 3Dn, 17Pn; 6/X/2000, 1♂; 2/XI/ 2000, 2♀♀, 1♂, 5Dn, 1Pn; 4/IV/2001, 1♂; 9/V/2001, 3Tn; 6/VI/2001, 3Dn, 17Pn; 2/VII/2001, 1♀, 1♂; 11/IX/2001, 2♂♂, 1Dn, 1Pn; 9/X/2001, 2♀♀, 1Tn, 5Dn, 4Pn; 9/XI/2001, 2♀♀; 23/IV/2002, 1Tn; 14/V/2002, 1♂; 19/VI/2002, 1Dn; 15/VII/2002, 5Dn; 27/VIII/2002, 1Dn, 1Pn; 3/X/2002, 1♂, 1Dn; 7/XI/2002, 1Tn; 22/XI/2002, 1♂; 28/XI/2002, 1♀, 1Tn, 2Dn. HP: 7/IV/2005, 3♂♂, 1Tn, 2Dn; 30/IV/2005, 3♂♂, 2Dn; 31/V/2005, 4♀♀, 9♂♂, 6Pn; 29/VI/2005, 2♀♀, 8♂♂, 2Tn, 36Dn, 1Pn; 5/VIII/2005, 11Tn; 30/VIII/2005, 4♂♂, 1Tn, 2Dn; 9/X/2005, 11♀♀, 13♂♂, 10Tn, 13Dn; 12/XI/2005, 3♀♀, 3♂♂, 6Tn, 10Dn; 20/IV/2006, 1♀, 1Tn, 4Dn; 23/V/2006, 4♂♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 24/VI/2006, 3Tn, 3Pn; 3/VIII/2006, 2Tn, 2Dn; 1/IX/2006: 1Tn; 1/X/2006: 4♂♂, 1Tn; 1/XI/2006, 1♀, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 5/XII/2006, 3♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn; 4/I/2007, 1Dn. KO: 4/V/1999, 2Tn; 18/V/1999, 3Tn, 1Dn; 6/VII/1999, 5Dn; 7/VIII/1999, 2Tn; 23/IX/1999, 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 3Tn, 3Dn, 1Pn; 12/X/1999, 2♂♂, 3Dn, 2Pn; 4/IV/2000, 1Tn; 29/IV/2000, 1♀, 2Dn; 9/VI/2000, 2Tn, 2Dn, 2Pn; 25/VII/2000, 2♀♀, 1♂, 4Tn, 3Dn; 30/VIII/2000, 1♂; 28/IX/2000, 1Pn; 26/X/2000, 3♀♀, 3♂♂, 12Dn; 1/IV/2005, 3Dn, 1Pn; 3/V/2005, 3Tn, 1Dn; 4/VI/2005, 3Pn; 13/VII/2005, 1♀, 6♂♂, 2Tn; 26/VIII/2005, 2♀♀, 2♂♂; 2Tn, 1Dn, 5Pn; 7/X/2005, 3♀♀, 10♂♂, 1Tn, 40Dn, 17Pn; 17/XI/2005, 1♂, 8Dn, 2Pn; 20/IV/2006: 1♀, 1Tn, 1Dn; 24/V/2006, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Pn; 30/VI/2006, 1Tn; 3/VIII/2006, 1♂, 3Pn; 1/X/2006, 2♀♀, 3Dn; 1/XI/2006 , 2♀♀, 1♂, 1Dn, 2Pn; 7/XII/2006, 1Tn, 2Dn; 5/I/2007, 1Dn; 3/VI/2008: 1Pn. LH: 12/IV/2000, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 11/V/2000, 1♂, 3Tn; 6/VII/2000, 1Dn; 15/VIII/2000, 1♂; 5/X/2000, 3♀♀, 2♂♂; 2/VIII/2001, 1Tn; 10/IX/2001, 1♂, 1Tn; 12/X/2001, 1♂, 1Dn; 8/XI/2001, 2♀♀; 13/III/2002, 1♂; 18/VI/2002, 1♀, 7Dn; 28/VIII/2002, 2Tn; 4/X/2002, 2♀♀, 6♂♂; 8/XI/2002, 1♀, 1♂; 27/XI/2002, 1♀. LL: 5/X/2000, 1Dn; 10/V/2001, 1Dn; 3/VII/2001, 1♀, 2Tn; 2/VIII/2001 , 4Tn; 12/X/2001, 1Dn; 8/XI/2001, 1♂; 13/III/2002, 1Tn; 13/V/2002, 1Tn; 16/VII/2002, 1Tn, 1Dn; 8/XI/2002, 2♂♂, 1Tn. MD: 30/IV/2005, 1♂; 29/VI/2005, 1♂, 2Dn; 29/VIII/2005, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn, 2Pn; 1/IX/2005, 5Dn, 1Pn; 9/X/2005, 3♀♀, 5♂♂, 3Tn, 6Dn, 5Pn; 8/XII/2005, 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 2Tn, 2Dn; 22/IV/2006, 1Tn, 3Dn; 23/V/2006, 1Pn; 24/VI/2006, 2♀♀, 9Dn, 4Pn; 4/VIII/2006, 1♀, 5Tn, 7Pn; 1/IX/2006, 1Dn; 1/X/2006, 1♂, 1Tn, 3Dn; 6/XII/2006, 4♀♀, 1♂, 3Tn, 2Dn; 7/I/2007, 1♀, 1♂. VI: 25/V/1999, 4♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 4/VI/1999, 3♀♀, 2♂♂, 1Pn; 1/VII/1999, 4Tn; 12/V/2000, 2♂♂, 1Tn; 31/V/2000, 2♀♀, 1Tn, 1Dn; 7/VII/2000, 1♂; 2/XI/2000, 2♀♀; 4/IV/2001, 1♂; 9/V/2001, 1♂, 1Tn; 6/VI/2001, 1Tn; 1/VIII/2001, 1♂, 2Tn; 11/IX/2001, 2Dn; 9/XI/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 18/IV/2002, 3♂♂; 14/V/2002, 3♂♂, 1Tn; 16/VII/2002, 1Tn, 2Dn; 27/VIII/2002, 1♂, 2Tn. HH: 12/V/2000, 2♂♂; 31/V/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 6/X/2000, 2♂♂; 4/IV/2001, 1♂; 9/V/2001, 1Tn; 6/VI/2001, 1♀; 2/VII/2001, 3Dn; 11/IX/2001, 1♀, 1Tn, 3Dn; 9/X/2001, 1♂, 1Dn; 9/XI/2001, 1♂; 3/X/2002, 1♂, 1Dn; 7/XI/2002, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 1Dn. LI: 26/IV/1999, 3Tn, 3Dn; 25/V/1999, 3Tn, 4Pn; 4/VI/1999, 3♀♀, 2Tn, 7Pn; 1/VII/1999, 13Dn; 5/VIII/1999, 1Pn; 14/IX/1999, 1Tn, 2Dn, 1Pn; 19/X/1999, 4♀♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 5Dn, 4Pn; 11/IV/2000, 2Tn, 1Dn, 1Pn; 12/V/2000, 6Tn; 31/V/2000, 2♀♀, 1Pn; 16/VIII/2000, 1Tn; 6/IX/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂, 2Tn, 3Dn, 8Pn; 2/XI/2000, 2♂♂, 1Tn, 9Dn, 1Pn; 4/IV/2001, 2Dn, 1Pn; 9/V/2001, 1♂, 2Tn, 4Dn; 6/VI/2001, 1♂, 2Pn; 2/VII/2001, 1♂, 11Dn; 1/VIII/2001, 5Tn; 11/IX/2001, 2♀♀, 1♂, 3Tn; 9/X/2001, 1♂, 1Tn, 7Dn; 9/XI/2011, 6♀♀, 1♂, 2Tn, 1Dn; 18/III/2002, 1♀, 2Dn; 19/VI/2002, 1Tn, 1Pn; 15/VII/2002, 3Dn; 3/X/2002, 2Dn; 7/XI/2002, 2♀♀, 1♂; 28/XI/2002, 1Tn, 4Dn, 1Pn. Distribution: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Latvia, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Harvey, 2011). Remark: N. carcinoides is considered to be eurytopic, mainly epigeic species and often the most common species of the family of Neobisiidae (Beier, 1963; Christophoryová, 2009).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______641 Neobisium (Neobisium) carpaticum Beier, 1935 Material examined: CA: 25/V/1999, 2Tn; 1/VII/1999, 1♂; 12/V/2000, 4Tn; 7/VII/2000, 1♂; 16/VIII/2000, 4♂♂; 6/IX/2000, 3♀♀, 1♂, 2Pn; 9/V/2001, 1♂; 9/XI/2001, 1♀; 27/VIII/2002, 1Pn; 3/X/2002, 1Pn. DK1: 30/IV/1999, 1Pn; 17/V/1999, 1Tn; 24/IX/1999, 1♂, 1Dn; 31/VIII/2000, 1Pn. DK3: 11/X/2005, 2♂♂, 4Dn; 13/XII/2005, 1Tn, 2Dn; 2/X/2006, 2♀♀; 9/XII/2006, 1Dn. DH: 14/VI/2000, 1♂; 20/IX/2000, 1♀; 7/XI/2000, 1♀. FU: 27/IV/1999, 1Dn; 1/VII/1999, 1♂, 1Tn; 5/VIII/1999, 1♀, 1♂; 14/IX/1999, 1♀, 3♂♂, 4Dn, 2Pn; 21/X/1999, 1♂; 6/IX/2000, 8Pn; 6/X/2000, 1♀, 1Dn; 2/XI/ 2000, 1Tn, 5Dn, 2Pn; 2/VII/2001, 1Tn; 1/VIII/2001, 1♂; 11/IX/2001, 1♂; 9/X/2001, 1♂, 1Tn, 4Dn, 1Pn; 9/XI/2001, 1Dn; 23/IV/2002, 1♀; 14/V/2002, 1Tn; 15/VII/2002, 1♂; 27/VIII/2002, 1Pn; 3/X/2002, 1Tn, 1Dn. LH: 12/IV/2000, 2Dn; 11/V/2000, 4Tn; 5/X/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 3/XI/2000, 2♂♂; 10/V/2001, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2001, 1Tn; 10/IX/2001, 1♀, 1♂; 18/VI/2002, 1♀; 4/X/2002, 1♂; 8/XI/2002, 1♀, 1Tn; 27/XI/2002, 2Tn, 1Dn. LL: 12/IV/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 11/V/2000, 1Tn; 5/IX/2000, 1♂; 5/X/2000, 1♂, 1Dn; 3/IV/2001, 1♂; 10/V/2001, 1Tn; 7/VI/2001, 1♀; 3/VII/2001, 1Tn; 2/VIII/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 1Pn; 10/IX/2001, 1Pn; 12/X/2001, 2♂♂, 2Dn; 13/III/2002, 1♀, 1Dn; 22/IV/2002, 1Tn; 16/VII/2002, 3♂♂; 8/XI/2002, 1♂, 1Pn; 27/XI/2002, 1♀, 2Dn. HH: 16/VII/2002, 1♂. LI: 26/IV/1999, 1♂, 3Tn. Distribution: Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia (Harvey, 2011). Remark: Some specimens were previously misidentified as Neobisium erythrodactylum (L. Koch, 1873), all misidentification were corrected in Christophoryová et al. (2012).

Neobisium (Neobisium) sylvaticum (C.L. Koch, 1835) Material examined: DK2: 24/IX/1999, 1♂; 26/VII/2000, 1Dn. DH: 26/V/2006, 1Tn; 8/X/2005, 1Dn. HP: 7/IV/2005, 1♂; 29/VI/2005, 1Dn; 3/VIII/2006, 1Tn; 1/IX/2006, 2Tn. Distribution: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine (Harvey, 2011).

Roncus sp. Material examined: HH: 6/VI/2001, 2Tn; 16/VII/2002, 1♂. Remark: This species was previously identified as Roncus lubricus L. Koch, 1873. The application of the karyological methodology approach and molecular data has recently enabled to recognize a cryptic species in this genus in Slovakia (Christophoryová & Šťáhlavský, 2012). As long as the detailed redescription will not be done, the accurate identification is impossible.

Family Cheliferidae Risso, 1826 Dactylochelifer latreillii (Leach, 1817) Material examined: DK1: 26/V/2006, 1Tn. MD: 29/VI/2005, 1Dn; 6/XII/2006, 1♀. Distribution: Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Harvey, 2011).

Family Chernetidae Menge, 1855 Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius, 1793) Material examined: DK3: 5/IV/2005, 1♀. Distribution: Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom (Harvey, 2011).

Chernes similis (Beier, 1932) Material examined: DK3: 3/VI/2005, 1♀, 1♂. DH: 8/X/2005, 1Tn. HH: 11/IX/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 1Tn, 1Dn; 16/VII/2002, 31♀♀, 45♂♂, 5Tn, 25Dn.

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Distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey (Harvey, 2011; Novák, 2012). Remark: This species was the most numerous one from the family of Chernetidae (Table 1). 110 specimens were found only at the study plot Horný háj, where the leaf litter containing high amounts of dead wood was sifted.

Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 Material examined: BR: 1/IV/2005, 1Dn. CA: 25/V/1999, 1♀. DK3: 3/V/2005, 1Tn. DH: 26/V/2006, 3♀♀. Distribution: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Sweden, U.S.A. (DeVore-Scribante, 1999; Harvey, 2011). Remark: From the faunistic point of view, the record of this species is valuable; it is a rare species listed in the Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as vulnerable (Šťáhlavský & Ducháč, 2005).

Pselaphochernes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) Material examined: CA: 4/VI/1999, 1♀; 9/V/2001, 1♂. DK1: 14/VI/2000, 1♀. DK2: 10/X/2005, 1♀. DH: 28/IV/2000, 1Dn; 14/VI/2000, 4Tn. FU: 4/VI/1999, 1Dn; 6/VI/2001, 1♂; 23/IV/2002, 1♂. HP: 30/IV/2005, 1♂. LH: 5/IX/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 3/XI/2000, 1♀; 3/VII/2001, 1♀, 1♂, 2Tn; 13/III/2002, 1♀. LL: 5/IX/2000, 1♀, 2♂♂; 10/V/2001, 3♀♀; 7/VI/2001, 1♀; 3/VII/2001, 3♀♀; 13/III/2002, 1Tn; 22/IV/2002, 4♀♀, 1Dn; 18/VI/2002, 1♂; 28/VIII/2002, 3♀♀, 1♂; 27/XI/2002, 3♀♀, 1Tn. HH: 12/V/2000, 1Tn; 9/V/2001, 1♀. LI: 12/V/2000, 1♀, 1♂; 9/V/2001, 1♀; 15/VII/2002, 1♀. Distribution: Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lebanon, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, U.S.A., Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan (Harvey, 2011).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues Milada Holecová, Zuzana Krumpálová and Ivan Országh for the collecting of the pseudoscorpion material. I acknowledge Juraj Holec for the design of the study area map. The research was financially supported by the VEGA 2/0035/13 project.

LITERATURE CITED

Barbati, A. & Morchetti, M. 2004. Forest types for biodiversity assessment (FTBAs) in Europe: the re- vised classification scheme. In: Marchetti, M. (Ed.), Monitoring and indicators of forest biodiversity in Europe – From ideas to Operationality. EFI Proceedings No. 51, pp. 105-126.

Beier, M. 1963. Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea (Afterskorpione). Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas. Verlag, Berlin, 313 pp.

Christophoryová, J. 2009. Šťúriky – Pseudoscorpiones. In: Mašán, P. & Mihál, I. (Eds.), Pavúkovce Cerovej vrchoviny (Arachnida: Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Acari). Štátna ochrana prírody SR Banská Bystrica, Správa CHKO Cerová vrchovina Rimavská Sobota, Ústav zoológie SAV Bratislava, Ústav ekológie lesa SAV Zvolen, pp. 125-135.

Christophoryová, J. 2010. Šťúriky (Pseudoscorpiones) pod kôrou stromov, v dutinách a v hniezdach na Slovensku. Folia faunistica Slovaca, 15 (1): 1-12.

Christophoryová, J., Fenďa, P. & Krištofík, J. 2011a. Chthonius hungaricus and Larca lata new to the fauna of Slovakia (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae, Larcidae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 41: 1-6.

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Christophoryová, J., Gardini, G. & Korenko, S. 2011b. Allochernes powelli new to the fauna of Slovakia (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae). Folia faunistica Slovaca, 16 (2): 67-70.

Christophoryová, J. & Holecová, M. 2012. Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones). In: Holecová, M., Christophoryová, J., Mrva, M., Roháčová, M., Stašiov, S., Štrichelová, J., Šustek, Z., Tirjaková, E., Tuf, I. H., Vďačný, P. & Zlinská, J. (Eds.). Biodiversity of soil micro- and macrofauna in oak-hornbeam forest ecosystem on the territory of Bratislava. Comenius University, Bratislava, pp. 31-42.

Christophoryová, J. & Krumpál, M. 2005. Communities of pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones, Arachnida) in epigeon of oak-hornbeam forests in the Malé Karpaty Mts. and Trnavská pahorkatina hills (SW Slovakia). Ekológia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 76-86.

Christophoryová, J. & Krumpál, M. 2007. Šťúriky pôdnej hrabanky (Pseudoscorpiones) Malých Karpát a Trnavskej pahorkatiny. Entomofauna Carpathica, 19: 27-31.

Christophoryová, J. & Krumpál, M. 2010. Šťúriky (Pseudoscorpiones) PR Šúr. In: Majzlan, O. & Vidlička, Ľ. (Eds.), Príroda rezervácie Šúr. Ústav zoológie SAV, Bratislava, pp. 105-114.

Christophoryová, J. & Šťáhlavský, F. 2012. Skrytá diverzita šťúrikov a možnosti využitia karyologických dát a sekvenácie v jej objavovaní na príklade rodu Roncus (Pseudoscorpiones). In: Krumpálová, Z. (Ed.), 10. Arachnologická konferencia, Východná. Katedra ekológie a environmentalistiky FPV UKF, Nitra, pp. 24-25.

Christophoryová, J., Šťáhlavský, F. & Fedor, P. 2011c. An updated identification key to the pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Zootaxa, 2876: 35- 48.

Christophoryová, J., Šťáhlavský, F., Krumpál, M. & Fedor, P. 2012. Pseudoscorpions of the Czech Republic and Slovakia: An annotated and revised checklist (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). North- Western Journal of Zoology, 8 (1): 1-21.

DeVore-Scribante, A. 1999. Les pseudoscorpions (Arachnida) de la Suisse: étude systématique, faunistique et biogéographique. Thèse de doctorat en biologie. Université de Genève, Genève.

Fenďa, P. & Ciceková, J. 2005. Soil mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) of oak forests in the Malé Karpaty Mts (W Slovakia). Ekológia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 102-112.

Harvey, M. S. 2011. Pseudoscorpions of the World. Version 2.0. Western Australian Museum, Perth. Available from: http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions (28.1.2013).

Holecová, M., Christophoryová, J., Mrva, M., Roháčová, M., Stašiov, S., Štrichelová, J., Šustek, Z., Tirjaková, E., Tuf, I. H., Vďačný, P. & Zlinská, J. 2012. Biodiversity of soil micro- and macrofauna in oak-hornbeam forest ecosystem on the territory of Bratislava. Comenius University, Bratislava, 144 pp.

Holecová, M., Lukáš, J., Haviar, M. & Harakaľová, E. 2005a. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as an important part of the epigeic fauna in Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests. In: Tajovský, K., Schlaghamerský, J. & Pižl, V. (Eds.), Contribution to Soil Zoology in Central Europe I. ISB AS CR, České Budějovice, pp. 31-35.

Holecová M., Némethová D., Kúdela, M. 2005b. Structure and function of weevil assemblages (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) in epigeon of oak-hornbeam forests in SW Slovakia. Ekológia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 179-204.

Krumpál, M. & Krumpálová, Z. 2003. Šťúriky – Pseudoscorpiones. In: Mašán, P. & Svatoň, J. (Eds.), Pavúkovce Národného parku Poloniny (Arachnida: Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Acari – Parasitiformes). Štátna ochrana prírody SR Banská Bystrica a Správa Národného parku Poloniny Snina, pp. 115-126.

Krumpálová, Z. 2005. Epigeic spiders (Araneae) of the ecosystems of the oak-hornbeam forests in the Malé Karpaty Mts (Slovakia) and their ecological categorisation. Ekológia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 87-101.

Mahnert, V. 2004. Die Pseudoskorpione Österreichs (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones). Denisia, 12: 459- 471.

Michalko, J., Berta, J. & Magic, D. 1986. Geobotanická mapa ČSSR. Slovenská socialistická republika. Textová časť. Veda, Bratislava, 168 pp.

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Novák, J. 2012. New records of pseudoscorpions for the fauna of the Bükk Mts., Northeast Hungary (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 43 (1): 57-65.

Šťáhlavský, F. & Ducháč, V. 2005. Pseudoscorpiones (štírci). In: Farkač, J., Král, D., & Škorpík, M. (Eds.), Červený seznam ohrožených druhů České republiky. Bezobratlí. Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha, pp. 83-84.

Vrabec, M., Fenďa, P. & Kalúz, S. 2012. Pôdne roztoče (Acari: Prostigmata) vybraných bylinných habitatov intravilánu Bratislavy. Folia faunistica Slovaca, 17 (4): 329-336.

Zlinská, J., Šomšák, L. & Holecová, M. 2005. Ecological characteristics of the studied forest communities of an oak-hornbeam tier in SW Slovakia. Ekológia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 3-19.

Table 1. List of the pseudoscorpion species and numbers of specimens collected at individual study plots in Malé Karpaty Mts. and Trnavská pahorkatina hills.

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Figure 1. Study area of the Malé Karpaty Mts. and Trnavská pahorkatina hills with the position of all the study plots (design: Juraj Holec).

646 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______EFFECT OF SOME ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF PYRGOMORPHIDAE (ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHOIDEA) IN PUNJAB OF INDIA

H. Kumar*, M. K. Usmani* and M. H. Akhtar*

* Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Kumar, H., Usmani, M. K. & Akhtar, M. H. 2013. Effect of some ecological factors on the distribution and diversity of Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphoidea) in Punjab of India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 646-653]

ABSTRACT: Twelve species of grasshoppers of family Pyrgomorphidae belonging to five genera and four tribes were collected during consecutive survey of Punjab. From South- western Punjab eleven species of grasshoppers collected belonging to four tribes and five genera. The value of Shannon Diversity index, Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.92, 1.70, 0.80 and 0.19 respectively. From Central Punjab eight species of grasshoppers collected belonging to five genera and four tribes. The value of Shannon Diversity index, Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.86, 1.11, 0.89 and 0.15 respectively. From Eastern Punjab seven species of grasshoppers collected belonging to two genera and two tribes. The value Shannon Diversity index, Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.42, 1.22, 0.73 and 0.31 respectively.

KEY WORDS: Ecology, Distribution, Diversity Pyrgomorphidae, Orthoptera, Punjab, India.

Punjab has been divided into South-Western Punjab, Central Punjab and Eastern Punjab on the basis of soil and climatic conditions. South-western Punjab includes the districts bordering Haryana and Rajasthan and having some arid climatic conditions. In Central Punjab the climatic conditions are semi-arid type. While the Eastern Punjab covers the districts which are present in the foot hills of Himachal Pradesh and the climatic conditions are sub-humid type. Pyrgomorphidae is a family of the Order Orthoptera belonging to suborder Caelifera under the superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea. The members of this family are commonly known as gaudy grasshoppers. Pyrgomorphids are very colorful insects and due to their bright colours they seem to be poisonous to their predators(called aposematic colouration). It contains 29 genera and at least 70 species and subspecies worldwide. They are characterized by the presence of fastigial furrow, lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than the upper one, absence of antennal grooves and Krauss`s organ and presence of apical fastigial areolae etc. The members of this family are mostly preferred to live in desert areas. Grasshoppers constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of insects causing damage to agricultural crops (Joshi et al., 1999) are considered as oligophagous (Mulkern, 1967). Studies on Ecological study of grasshoppers has been done by Mondal and Shishodia (1982), Julka et al. (1982), Tandon & Khera (1978) in India. Locusts are probably the most formidable enemy of man since the onset of agriculture. Although only a few species are considered serious pests, other non-gregarious species can become very dangerous when climatic conditions facilitate their multiplication. Therefore, it is necessary to have systematic knowledge of all locust species that settle in a territory. It no longer makes sense in the field of Acridology to publish taxonomical lists without the necessary basic environmental species distribution data (Lecoq, 1991). For this

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______647 region a preliminary inventory of Pyrgomorphoidea in relation to different vegetation types in the three different regions of Punjab is provided. The present study is mainly based on a few ecological aspects such as distribution, diversity and host plant interaction of Pyrgomorphid insects in three different regions of Punjab. The specimens are deposited in Insect Museum, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Study area: The present study was conducted in the Punjab state which is situated in the northwest India. It stretches from 29º32' to 32º32'N latitude and 73º55' to 76º50'E longitude, occupying a land of 50,362 sq. kms in the north- western part of India. Its average elevation is 300 m from the sea level. On the basis of soil types Punjab can be divided into following three distinct regions.

A. South-western Punjab This region covers Muktsar, Bhatinda, Mansa, Faridkot and Ferozepur which border Haryana and Rajasthan states in the south-west. The soil is predominantly calcareous, developed under hot and arid to semi-arid conditions. The pH value ranges from 7.8 to 8.5 which shows that the soil is normal in reaction. Temperature ranges from 20C to 480C and annual rainfall is 380-450 mm. B. Central Punjab The region covers the districts of Sangrur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, and Amristar.The soil of this zone is of semi-arid type showing sandy loam to clayey with pH ranging from 7.8 to 8.5. Problem of alkalinity and Salinity is quite acute, especially in districts of Amristar, Sangrur. The soil of the central zone is generally recognised as alluvial. Temperature ranges from 40C to 450C and annual rainfall is 680-780 mm. C. Eastern Punjab The soil has developed in the sub-humid foothill areas bordering Himachal Pradesh covering eastern parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Nawanshahar district etc. Because of the undulating topography and fair amount of rainfall, normal erosion is quite common. The fertility of the soil is medium to low and the texture is loamy to clayey. The soil is neutral in reaction (pH 6.5 to 7.5). Temperature ranges from 40C to 440C and annual rainfall is 780-900 mm.

2. Collection of grasshoppers Authors surveyed agricultural crops and grassland ecosystems of Punjab to collect the grasshoppers and locusts during the period 2011 and 2012. They were caught by hands, forceps, and through the ordinary aerial insect net. The net was used for catching insects individually or by sweeping on grasses, bushes and other vegetables. Attempts were made to collect the specimens from their host plants. The collected specimens were killed in cyanide bottles.

3. Preparations for morphological studies Dry mounts were prepared for better understanding the certain characters like size, colour, texture etc. For this purpose, the specimens were first relaxed, stretched, later pinned and labeled. Complete records were also maintained indicating the reference number, locality, data of collection and name of host plants. Permanent collections of pinned specimens were kept in store boxes and cabinets for further studies on their morphological structures.

648 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______4. Preparations for genitalic studies For detailed study, permanent slide of their genatalic structure (Supra anal plate, Sub genital plate, Epiphallus, Aedeagus, Ovipositor and Spermatheca) were prepared, examined under the microscope and drawings were made with the help of Camera Lucida. Details were filled in by conventional microscope examination.

5. Data analysis Diversity indices, richness, evenness and dominance were calculated by using SPECDIV program

A. Shanon and Wiener (1963) diversity index:- H = -∑pi log pi B. Species richness SR = (S-1)/lnN,

C. Simpson’s Dominance: D. Evenness J = H/lnS Where H = Species diversity, Pi = ni/N is the probability of an individual to belong to a species, ni = Number of individuals of one species in sample, In= Natural log, N = Total number of individuals in samples,R = Species richness, S = Total number of species, J = Evenness, λ = Dominance

RESULTS

In the present study authors collected 155 specimens of the family Pyrgomorphidae from different hosts and various areas of Punjab. In all, twelve species belonging to five genera and four tribes were identified (Plate 1: Table 1). From South-western Punjab region seventy eight specimens of the family were collected. The collected materials include eleven species belonging to four tribes and five genera (Plate 1: Table 2). The maximum number of specimens collected were of Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus species (Plate 2: Figure 1). The value of Shannon Diversity index 1.92 shows moderate range of diversity. Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.70, 0.80 and 0.19 respectively. In this region maximum numbers of specimens were collected from grasses followed by jowar and then oak (Plate 3: Figure 5). From the central Punjab region fifty one specimens were collected having the eight species over five genera and four tribes (Plate 1: Table 3). Specimens of Atractomorpha psittacina psittacina were in maximum number from this region (Plate 2: Figure 2). The value of Shannon Diversity index 1.86 shows medium range of diversity. Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.11, 0.89 and 0.15 respectively. In central Punjab the maximum number of samples collected from grasses followed by paddy and then oak (Plate 3: Figure 5). Twenty six individuals were collected from the eastern region of Punjab. These individuals include seven species from two genera and two tribes (Plate 1: Table 4). Specimens of Atractomorpha psittacina psittacina were also in maximum number in this region (Plate 2: Figure 3). The value of Shannon Diversity index 1.42 shows lesser range of diversity. Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance value are 1.22, 0.73 and 0.31 respectively. In this region the maximum catch was from paddy followed by grasses and then maize (Plate 3: Figure 5). No record of Pyrgomorphid grasshoppers occurs from punjab except Thakur et al (2004) who reported only two species of Pyrgomorphidae i.e. Atractomorpha crenulata crenulata and Chrogonus trachypterus trachypterus out of 21 species representing 19 genera of Acridoidea from Roper wetland

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______649 Punjab. Tewari & Kaushal (2007) worked on insect’s diversity in Himalayan Tarai region. Simmilarly Usmani et al., (2010) reported only four species of Pyrgomorphidae out of 33 species from Western Uttar Pradesh whereas Usmani and Nayeem 2012 also reported four species of Prygomorphidae out of 37 species from Bihar while no species have been described by Nayeem and Usmani 2012 from Jharkhand. Paulraj et al in 2009 studied the distribution of grasshoppers from two districts of Tamil Nadu and described five species of Pyrgomorphidae out of 33 species of grasshoppers. Shoshodia and Gupta (2009) reported seven species of Prygomorphidae out of 165 species from Himachal Pradesh. The comparison in the values of Shannon Diversity, Species richness, Evenness and Simpson’s dominance are shown in Plate 3: figure 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.

DISCUSSION

Agriculture is one of the largest industries in Punjab and provides maximum amount of cereals and food grains to India. Locusts and grasshoppers cause considerable damage to agricultural crops which produce food both for humans and livestock. Keeping the economic importance of these insect pests, systematic and ecological studies were undertaken. Due to low diversity index from all three regions of Punjab, Pyrgomorphids can not be considered as major pests but its plague may be. Since South-Western Punjab is more diverse among three that indicates favourable climatic factors for the family, hence needs attention from agricultural community. Due to Biting and chewing type of mouthparts grasshoppers tear plant tissue and feed on foliage, flowers, fruits, seed heads, stems causing heavy loss in agriculture industry. To increase the yield it is recommended to control these pests for the sake of agriculture.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are grateful to Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi for financial assistance. Authors are also thankful to Prof. Irfan Ahmad, Chairman, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for providing necessary facilities.

LITERATURE CITED

Joshi, P. C., Lockwood, J. A., Vashishth, N. & Singh, A. 1999. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) community dynamics in a moist deciduous forest in India. Journal of Orthopteran Research, 8: 17-23.

Julka, J. M., Tandon, S. K., Halder, P. & Shishodia, M. S. 1982. Ecological observation on grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) at Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Oriental Insect, 16 (1): 63-75.

Lecoq, M. 1991. Gafanhotos Brasil. Natureza do Problema e Bibliografia. CIRAD-PRIFAS, France- EMBRAPA/NMA, Brazil. 157p.

Mondal, S. K. & Shishodia, M. S. 1982. Population fluctuation of grasshopper fauna in a field near Culcutta. Pro. Symp. Ecol. Anim. Popul. Zool. Surv. India. 3: 127-132.

Mulkern, G. B. 1967. Food selection by grasshoppers. Ann. Rev. of Ent., 12: 59-78.

Nayeem, M. R. & Usmani, M. K. 2012. Taxonomy and field observations of grasshopper and locust fauna (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) of Jharkhand, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1): 391-417.

Paulraj, M. G., Anbalagan, V. & Ignacimuthu, S. 2009. Distribution of grasshoppers (Insecta: Orthoptera) among different host plants and habitats in two districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 1 (4): 230-233.

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Shishodia, M. S. & Gupta, S. 2009. Checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) of Himachal Pradesh,India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 1 (11): 569-572.

Singh, D., Bharti, H. & Ramaneek. 2007. Population dynamics of Orthoptera (Insecta) collected from light trap. Journal of Entomological Research, 31 (1): 63-71.

Tandon, S. K. & Khera, P. 1978 Ecology and distribution of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Arunachal Pradesh, India and impact of human activities on their ecology and distribution. Mem. of the School of Ent. Agra, 6: 73-92.

Tewari, M. & Kaushal, B. R. 2007. Density, diversity and herbivory of aboveground insects in a grassland community of central Himalayan tarai region. Tropical Ecology, 48 (1): 71-78.

Thakur, S. K., Shishodia, M. S., Mehta, H. S. & Mattu, V. K. 2004. Orthopteran diversity of Roper wetland Punjab, India. Zoos Print Journal, 19 (11): 1697.

Usmani, M. K. & Nayeem, M. R. 2012 Studies on taxonomy and distribution of Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Bihar, India. Journal of Threateteaned Taxa, 4 (13): 3190-3204.

Usmani, M. K., Khan, M. I. & Kumar, H. 2010 Studies on Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Western Uttar Pradesh. Biosystematic, 4 (1): 39-58.

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654 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A PECULIAR NEW SPECIES OF ENTEDON DALMAN, 1820 (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) FROM ŞANLIURFA PROVINCE, TURKEY

Mikdat Doğanlar*

* Mustafa Kemal Üniversity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 31034, Hatay, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Doğanlar, M. 2013. A peculiar new species of Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 654- 658]

ABSTRACT: A peculiar new species, Entedon bakacakicus Doğanlar of the sparetus-group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was described from Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Some diagnostic characters of the new species were illustrated, and its taxonomic position was discussed.

KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Entedon, morphology, new species, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Eulophidae, Entedoninae) comprises small to middle- sized (1.8–8.8mm long) parasitoid wasps, which are endoparasitoid koinobionts of beetles, chiefly Curculionidae (Dalman, 1820; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Graham, 1971; Schauff, 1988; Rasplus, 1990; Noyes, 2012). The E. sparetus species group was initially formalized as the subgenus Megalentedon by Erdös (1944). Then it was treated as a group of species related to E. sparetus Walker by Graham (1963, 1971), which was accepted thereafter (Askew, 1992; Gumovsky, 1997a). Gumovsky and Boyadzhiev (2003) studied Bulgarian species of Entedon, including the sparetus-group, and Gumovsky (2007) made a taxonomic revision of the Entedon sparetus species group of Palearctic region. The aim of this work is describe an interesting peculiar new species in Entedoninae, as a part of forthcoming works on the revision of Entedon species of Turkey. This study is based upon examination and identification of the specimens collected from Bakacak, Akçakale, Şanlıurfa (Turkey). The examined specimens were deposited in Insect Museum of Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey (MKUI). Specimens were collected by sweeping and putting the whole contents of the swept materials directly in 96 % ethanol. After sorting the materials, individuals were stuck on card for morphological studies. Wings and antennae of male paratype were slide- mounted in Canada balsam. Morphological terminology follows Gibson (1997) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). Abbreviations used in the key and descriptions are OOL=distance between ocello-ocular line, POL= distance between posterior ocelli, MDO= distance between median and dorsal ocelli, OCL= distance between dorsal ocellus and occipital carina.

Entedon bakacakicus sp. nov. (Figs. 1- 3)

Diagnosis. Mesoscutum and scutellum with unusual broad, coarse reticulations medially, meshes are about 3 times wider than meshes on side part, side lobes finely reticulated. Head with frons having coarse reticulations. Fore tibia with

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______655 dorsal pale longitudinal stripe along entire tibia. Metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma. female antenna with 3 funicle, 2 club segments, male antenna with 4 funicles, one club segment. Breadth of mouth opening twice as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin weakly produced. Apical margin of forewing of female almost bare, without fringe, but that of male very short fringe on posterior margin apically.

Description. Female. (Fig. 1a,b). Length 2.4 mm. Body metallic blue, with bronze tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs dark, except knees, extreme distal ends of tibiae and first two tarsomere of mid and hind legs, pale, apical ones dark; fore leg with tarsi pale brown. Dorsal pale longitudinal stripe on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Fore wing hyaline, veins dark brown. Head (Fig. 1c,d) in dorsal view 2.85 times as broad as long; POL: OOL: MDO: OCL= 27 : 11 : 15 : 3 in holotype. Occipital margin distictly sharp. Eye with short sparse setae, eye height 2.9 times as long as malar space. Head in facial view 1.5 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 1.9 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus fine, genae with fine reticulation. Breadth of mouth opening twice as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin weakly produced. Frons with coarse reticulations as (Fig. 1d). Antennae (Fig. 2c) inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margins. Antennal scape of female 7.0 times as long as broad; pedicel about 3.0 times as long as broad; F1 about 2.3, F2 1.6, F3 1.5 times as long as broad, clava two- segmented, about 2.25 times as long as broad, slightly more than 1.5 times longer than the preceding segment, with terminal spine almost null. Mesosoma (Fig. 1b) as long as broad. Pronotal collar not carinated, postero-lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded, pronotum 3.2 times as broad as long. Mesoscutum 2.4 times as broad as long, notauli traced anteriorly as very fine sutures, medially with 15 broad coarse reticulations, which are about 3 times wider than meshes on side part, side lobes finely reticulated (Fig. 1c); scutellum slightly longer than broad and 1.3 times as long as mesoscutum, its surface coarsely reticulated, but medially meshes narrower than ones on sides, which are about 3 times wider than meches on median part (Fig. 1b,f). Propodeum 0.3 times as long as broad, and about half length of scutellum, propodeal surface coarsely reticulate medially and finely reticulate on callus, median carina complete, lateral sulcus complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long setae. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 3.3 times as long as broad, fore tibia 7.3 times as long as broad, 0.8 times as long as its femur; mid femur 3.5 times as long as broad; mid tibia 6.3 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia as long as breadth of tibia, 0.6 times as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.6 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 7.4 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about 0.8 times as long as breadth of its tibia, about 0.7 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Hind tarsus 0.7 times as long as its tibia, mid tarsus 0.8 times as long as its tibia. Ratio of tibiae and tarsi of holotype are as follows: fore tibia : tarsus 44 : 40; fore tarsomeres: 8 : 10 : 6 : 8 (+ pretarsus 8); mid tibia : tarsus 63 : 50; mid tarsi: 16: 12 : 10 : 10 (+ pretarsus 8); hind tibia : tarsus 74 : 50; hind tarsi: 11: 17 : 10 : 10 (+ pretarsus 7). Fore wing (Fig. 2a) 2.1 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 7.5 times as long as broad, as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein as long as stigma vein; speculum open; apical margin without fringe (Fig. 2b). Petiole about 0.4 times as long as broad. Metasoma as long as head plus

656 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______mesosoma, about 1.7 times as long as broad; syntergum 0.5 as long as broad, about two-tenth of length of the metasoma.

Male. (Fig. 3a) length 2.3 mm. Similar to female except as follows: Head as in fig.3c. Scutellum with coarse reticulation medially, and laterally with broad reticulations (Fig. 3b) Antenna (Fig. 2d) with 4 funicle, one club segments, scape 2.5 times as long as broad, pedicel 1.6 times as long as broad; 1st funicle segment 1.6 times as long as broad, and 1.7 times as long as pedicellus, 2nd segment 1.25 times as long as broad, 0.7 times as long as 1st segment; 3rd segment 1.25 times as long as broad, and as long as 2nd segment; 4th segment 0.9 times as long as broad, 0.7 times as long as 3rd segment; club twice as long as broad (including spicula), spicula 1/5 length of club. Petiole (Fig. 3d) almost as long as broad. Metasoma 0.7 times as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.8 times as long as broad.

Type material. Holotype ♀, Bakacak, Akçakale, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, 36 43 85 N; 38 49 52 E, 773 m, swept from Circium sp., M. Doğanlar (ICMKU). Paratype: 1♂, same data as Holotype. The types were deposited in Insect Museum of Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey (MKUI).

Remarks. The new species belongs to the sparetus-group (Graham, 1971) of Entedon in having fore tibia with dorsal pale longitudinal stripe along entire tibia, other tibiae mostly darkened, trochanters darkened, occipital margin sharp, anteriaor margin of clypeus truncate; speculum open. Entedon bakacakicus n.sp. is close to E. thomsonianus Erdös in having fore wing margin without fringe, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter species and as well as other species of the genus in having unusual sculpture on mesosoma.

Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality Bakacak.

LITERATURE CITED

Askew, R. R. 1992. Review of species of Entedon Dalman having a complete frontal fork with redefinition of the species-group cioni Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 219-229.

Bouček, Z. & Askew, R. R. 1968. Palaearctic Eulophidae sine Tetrastichinae. (In Delucchi, V. and Remaudiére, G., eds).Index of Entomophagous Insects, 3, Paris, 260 pp.

Dalman, J. W. 1820. Försök till Uppställning af Insect-familjen Pteromalini, i synnerhet med afseen de på de i Sverigefunne Arter. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41 (1): 123-174, 177- 182.

Erdös, J. 1944. Species hungaricae generis Entedon Dalm. Studium zoo-sytematicum cum redescriptionibus et descriptionibusspecierum, Kalocsa, 64 pp.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Morphology and terminology. In: Gıbson, G.A.P., Huber, J.T., Woolley, J.B., 1997 – Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hym.). NRC Res. Press, USA, 794 pp.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1963. Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactionsof the Society for British Entomology, 15 (9): 167-275.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1971. Revision of British Entedon (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of four newspecies. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123 (3): 313- 358.

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Gumovsky, A. V. 1997. Review of Cionus weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with notes on their chalcidoid parasitoids(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society, 3: 49-72.

Gumovsky, A. V. & Boyadzhiev, P. 2003. Review of the Bulgarian Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae,Entedoninae). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 55 (3): 3-32.

Gumovsky, A. 2007. A taxonomic revision, biology and morphology of immature stages of the Entedon sparetus speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), egg-larval endoparasitoids of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bulletinof Entomological Research, 97 (2): 139-166.

Noyes, J. S. 2012. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Avaibale from: www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html[accessed 18 December 2003].

Rasplus, J.-Y. 1990. Nouvelles espèces afrotropicales du genre Entedon Dalman et notes sur leur biologie. Bulletin de laSociété Entomologique de France, 94: 223-245.

Schauff, M. E. 1988. The species of Entedon in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae). Journal of New York Entomological Society, 96 (1): 30-62.

Figure 1. Entedon bakacakicus n. sp. Female. a. body in dorsal view; b. head and mesoscutum and scutellum; c. head, in dorsal view; d. head, in frontal view; e. mid lobe of mesoscutum; f. scutellum, propodeum, anterior part of metasoma. Scale bar for a= 0.50 mm; for b, c, f= 0.30 mm; for d= 0.25 mm; for e= 0.10 mm.

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Figure 2. Entedon bakacakicus n. sp.a-c. female. a. forewing; b. apical margin of forewing; c. antenna; d. male antenna. Scale bar for a=0.125 mm; for b= 0.05 mm; for c, d= 0.10 mm.

Figure 3. Entedon bakacakicus n. sp. Male. a.body, in lateral view; b. head and mesosoma, in dorsal view; c. head, in frontal view; d. part of propodeum and anterior part of metasoma. Scale bar for a= 0.50 mm; for b, c= 0.30 mm; for d= 0.25 mm.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______659 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF OXYTHYREA CINCTELLA (SCHAUM, 1841) IN THE CRIMEA, UKRAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEDAE: CETONIINAE)

Igor V. Kizub*

* Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680, Kiev, UKRAINE. E-mail: [email protected]

[Kizub, I. V. 2013. New evidence on the distribution of Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) in the Crimea, Ukraine (Coleoptera: Scarabaedae: Cetoniinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 659-663]

ABSTRACT: The paper presents new faunistic information regarding Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) distribution in the Crimea, Ukraine. An updated map of Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) distribution in Palearctic region is given.

KEY WORDS: Oxythyrea cinctella, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae, Crimea, Ukraine.

The genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842 belongs to the subtribe Leucocelina of the tribe Cetoniini Leach, 1815 and comprises 10 species distributed in the Western Palearctic (Sabatinelli, 1981; Krikken, 1984; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012). Based on external morphology and structure of aedeagus three groups of species (Sabatinelli, 1981) are divided among the Mediterranean species of the Oxythyrea genus: O. funesta, O. abigail, and O. cinctella (Sabatinelli, 1981; Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005). Until recently only the species Oxythyrea funesta (Poda von Neuhaus, 1761) had been known from Ukraine, widely distributed over its territory (Medvedev, 1964; Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005). Recently, a new species for Ukraine, Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841), has been reported by Vasko & Gerasimov (2005) recorded from the Crimean Peninsula (Karadag). Three males of this species were collected in the Kurortnoe village environs of Feodosia district by R. Gerasimov and D. Кurinnyi (Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005). We have obtained new evidence on the distribution of Oxythyrea cinctella in the Crimea based on our collected material and material collected by G. Shayakhmetova and О. Kharchenko at the same location: Novy Svet village, Sudak district.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The insects were collected manually in the daytime in the Sudak district of the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine. The material used for this study is deposited in the private collection of the author, Kiev, Ukraine. The following keys were used for the identification of the specimens: Medvedev (1964), Vasko & Gerasimov (2005), and Rittner & Sabatinelli (2010).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) Synonyms: albella IIliger, 1802 (Cetonia); variegata Pallas in Gory & Percheron, 1833 (Cetonia); longula Desbrochers des Loges, 1872 (Cetonia); cinctelloides Reitter, 1898 (Leucocelis); natalia Olsoufieff, 1916 (Leucocelidia); cinctella ab. confluens Petrovitz, 1970; cinctella ssp. taftanensis Montreuil & Legrand, 2008. All the synonyms are given according to Tauzin (2012).

660 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Material examined: Ukraine, the Crimea, Sudak dist., Novy Svet vill., 22-29. 05. 2011, Kizub I.V. leg. et det., 2 males and 1 female; Ukraine, the Crimea, Sudak dist., Novy Svet vill., 11-16. 06. 2012, Shayakhmetova G.M. and Kharchenko O.I. leg., Kizub I.V. det., 1 female. The studied material is deposited in the private collection of the author, Kiev, Ukraine. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Carpaneto et al., 2000). Geographical distribution: O. cinctella is widely distributed in the Palearctic region. The species is reported from Croatia (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004), Montenegro (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Eastern Serbia (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Gavrilović & Ćurčić, 2010), Macedonia (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Rozner & Rozne, 2009a; Tauzin, 2012), Albania (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso- Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), South Romania (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004), Bulgaria (Medvedev, 1964; Bunalski, 2000; Alonso- Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Greece including Andikithira, Evvia, Samothraki, Thasos, Northern Sporades, North Aegean, Ionian, and the Dodecanese Islands (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Crete (Medvedev, 1964; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Tauzin, 2012), Cyprus (Medvedev, 1964; Tauzin et al., 2008), European and Asian parts of Turkey (Medvedev, 1964; Carpaneto et al., 2000; Alonso-Zarazaga & Krell, 2004; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin et al., 2008; Şenyüz and Şahin, 2009; Rozner & Rozne, 2009b; Anlaş et al., 2011; Demirözer et al., 2011; Tauzin, 2012), Syria (Medvedev, 1964; Smetana 2006; Tauzin et al., 2008; Tauzin, 2012), Lebanon (Medvedev, 1964; Chikatunov & Pavliček, 1997; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin et al., 2008; Tauzin, 2012), Israel (Medvedev, 1964; Chikatunov & Pavliček, 1997; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin et al., 2008; Rittner & Sabatinelli, 2010; Tauzin, 2012), Jordan (Medvedev, 1964; Chikatunov & Pavliček, 1997; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin et al., 2008; Tauzin, 2012), the Sinai part of Egypt (Tauzin, 2012), Ukraine (Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005; Martynov, 2010), Russian Caucasus (Medvedev, 1964; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Georgia (Medvedev, 1964; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Azerbaijan (Medvedev, 1964; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Armenia (Medvedev, 1964; Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1967; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Iran (Medvedev, 1964; Modarres Awal, 2006; Smetana, 2006; Montreuil & Legrand, 2008; Tauzin, 2012), Iraq (Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Kazakhstan (Medvedev, 1964; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Uzbekistan (Medvedev, 1964; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Kyrgyzstan (Medvedev, 1964; Protsenko, 1968; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Tajikistan (Medvedev, 1964; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006), Turkmenistan (Medvedev, 1964; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Afghanistan (Medvedev, 1964; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), Pakistan (Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012), and China (Xinjiang province) (Medvedev, 1964; Nikolaev, 1987; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012). The occurrence of O. cinctella in Portugal, Spain, and South Italy, including Sicily, previously reported by Medvedev (1964) was not confirmed by recent data (Blanco Villero, 1985; Mozos-Pascual & Martin-Cano, 1988, 1992; San Martin et al., 2001; Smetana, 2006; Tauzin, 2012). In Ukraine O. cinctella is known to be an extremely rare species and so far it has only been reported from Karadag (Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005) and Novy Svet in the Crimea. Figure 1 shows O. cinctella records from the Crimean Peninsula. Based on the above- mentioned references and our findings from Ukraine, an updated map of O. cinctella distribution in the Palearctic region is presented in Figure 2. The present study reveals new evidence on the O. cinctella distribution in Ukraine and allows shifting the previously known northern border of the O. cinctella areal to the southern part of the Crimea (Fig. 2). Comparative notes: O. cinctella can be easily distinguished from O. funesta (Poda von Neuhaus, 1761), the only other known Ukrainian species of Oxythyrea, which is widely distributed in the Western Palearctic, by hairless upper surface of the body, the presence of only two white spots near the base of the pronotum, the wide white border along the whole length of the pronotum sides, the white spots on the sides of the mesosternum, and by the absence of the longitudinal row of white spots in the middle of the 1st through 4th abdominal sternites (Medvedev, 1964; Vasko & Gerasimov, 2005). From O. noëmi Reiche & Saulcy, 1856, which is closely related to O. cinctella and belongs together with this species to the «сinctella» species group (Sabatinelli, 1981; Vasko

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& Gerasimov, 2005), O. cinctella can be distinguished by the presence of only two white spots on the pronotum (Medvedev, 1964; Sabatinelli, 1981; Rittner and Sabatinelli, 2010). The distribution of O. noëmi is limited to Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey and the Sinai part of Egypt (Smetana, 2006; Rittner & Sabatinelli, 2010; Tauzin, 2012). A few aberrations of O. cinctella have been described (Tauzin, 2012), notably the white spots of the pronotum and the elytra can decrease or disappear (ab. cinctelloides Reitter, 1898), enlarge (ab. natalia Olsoufieff, 1916), or merge (ab. confluens Petrovitz, 1970). Some authors (Tauzin, 2012) relate O. cinctella to the subgenus Leucocelidia designated by Olsoufieff (1916) but synonymised by Smetana (2006) with the genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is sincerely grateful to Ganna M. Shayakhmetova (Kiev, Ukraine) and Olga I. Kharchenko (Kiev, Ukraine) for collecting of the study material and Pierre-Hubert Tauzin (Vanves, France) for kind contribution to preparing of the paper.

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Tauzin, P.-H., Sabatinelli, G. & Rittner, O. 2008. The Scarabs of the Levant: Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Sinai. Available from: http://www.glaphyridae.com/Cetoniinae/ Ox_cinctella.html

Valcárcel, J. P. 2010. Coleoptera, family Cetoniidae Leach, 1815. Unpublished records of cetoniid beetles from Spain mainland, Canary Islands and Melilla. Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 3: 113-115.

Vasko, B. N. & Gerasimov, R. P. 2005. A new for the fauna of Ukraine species from the genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniidae) from the Crimea. The Kharkov Entomological Society Gazette, 13: 27-30.

Figure 1. Map of Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) known localities in the Crimea, Ukraine: 1 - Novy Svet; 2 - Kurortnoe (Vasko and Gerasimov, 2005).

Figure 2. An updated map of Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum, 1841) distribution: 1 – Locality in Ukraine.

664 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______FIRST RECORD OF PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE), AN INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ON PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) IN JAMMU (J&K), INDIA

Sheetal Sharma*, Sanjay Bhatia, Jyoti Sharma, Sarit Andotra, Madhu Sudan and Kapil Sharma

* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi-180006, J & K, INDIA. E- mail: [email protected]

[Sharma, S., Bhatia, S., Sharma, J., Andotra, S., Sudan, M. & Sharma, K. 2013. First record of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), an invasive alien species on papaya (Carica papaya L.) in Jammu (J&K), India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 664-671]

ABSTRACT: The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive alien species found to heavily infest papaya (Carica papaya), the major host. Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), was first described by Williams and Granara de Willink in 1992. It is a polyphagous species native to Mexico and Other Central American Countries. It is also recorded from many countries of the Caribbean region, causing huge economic losses to papayas since 1994. Paracoccus marginatus is a small hemipteran that attacks several genera of plants (more than 40 species), including economically important fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. It potentially posed a serious threat to numerous agricultural crops. Integrated pest Management (IPM) was identified as a key component in a management strategy for the papaya mealybug. Paracoccus marginatus damaging papaya in Jammu region is reported for the first time. Besides it, the fundamental biological data of Paracoccus marginatus, its existing host plants and its distribution in India and around the world was described.

KEY WORDS: Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, Carica papaya, host range, control, Jammu (J&K).

Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus is an invasive pest and most of the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are serious pests of agricultural plants, horticultural plants and ornamentals. Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink was recently found in Jammu (J&K). It is a polyphagous species native to Mexico and Other Central American Countries and became a pest when it invaded the Caribbean region. Since 1994, it has been recorded from many countries and distributes over a wide range in the world (Tanwar et al., 2010). This pest induces leaf yellowing, reduce plant growth and destroy fruits of the host plants. Papaya mealybug was reported infesting papaya plants in Jammu (J&K), India for the first time in May 2009. The pest was observed to spread rapidly and occurred in large colonies on all aerial parts of the plant, including leaves and fruits. This paper summarizes the information collected on the identity, host plants, distribution and damage caused by mealybug and the control measures adopted against it.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sampling The infested area was visited in June 2009, immediately after the problem was reported. Mealybugs were collected from 4 locations for identification. The insects collected from infested plants material were brought to the laboratory and

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______665 transferred from infested papaya plants fragments to glass vials. The three quarters of the vial was then filled with 90% ethanol, labeled, sealed and immersed in a water bath (100oC) for 20 minutes. Identification Preserved specimens and live mealybugs were studied under a binocular microscope to observe morphological and taxonomic characters for identification. The preserved samples (each containing approximately 70 specimens including all developmental stages were collected from host plant Carica papaya L. from four different locations in Jammu, (J&K) and was initially determined by comparison with descriptions given by Miller & Miller (2002) and then authoritative identification was made by using keys and description given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION

Distribution Paracoccus marginatus was originally reported from the Neotropical region including Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992) and subsequently from the Caribbean region, Florida, Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, United States, St. Kittis and Nevis (Watson and Chandler, 1999) and also in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, St. Marten, Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy, Barbados and St. Lucia. In India, pest was reported from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tripura, Odisha and Maharashtra. Hosts The papaya mealybug is a polyphagous pest, which was recorded from at least 22 plant families and over 40 species that includes economically important crops such as papaya, cassava, citrus, Annona sp., sweet potato, peas, beans, ochro, egg plant, guava, Acacia, Morus alba, cotton, Red gram (Cajanus cajan), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Allamanda, Acalypha, Hamelia, Frangipani, Mangifera, capsicum and ornamental plants such as hibiscus, Jathropha, and Leander and weeds such as sida, Ipomoea and Parthenium (Ben-Dov, 2008; Miller & Miller, 1999; McComie, 2000; Meyerdirk et al., 2000).

Morphological and taxonomic characteristics of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus

Adult female Adult females are soft bodied about 2-3 mm long and 1.4 mm wide covered with mealy white wax and the body contents are yellow. The surface wax on the dorsum showed transverse creases between the body segments. The mature female secreted an ovisac of white wax filaments from the ventral margins of the abdomen which eventually extended three to four times to the body length and entirely covered the female. Slide mounted adult female possess upto 18 pairs of cerarri on body margins, eight segmented antennae, ventral anal lobe bars, translucent pores on the hind coxa and usually on the tibia, auxiliary setae are present in the anal lobe cerarri only and oral rim ducts are present somewhere on the body. Dorsal surface with short slender setae; cerarri numbering 16 or 17 pairs only; oral rim tubular ducts restricted to marginal area of dorsum and venter; hind legs with translucent pores present on coxa only (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992; Miller & Miller, 2002; Walker et al., 2003; Heu et al., 2007).

666 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Adult male The adult male appears yellow and approximately 1.0 mm long with an elongate oval body widest at the thorax (about 0.3 mm). The antennae were 10 segmented; the thorax and head were heavily sclerotized and a pair of lateral pores clusters occurred near the apex of the abdomen. The lateral pore clusters secreted a pair of white wax caudal filaments.

Biology Mealybugs were most active in warm and dry weather and had piercing and sucking type of mouth parts and fed by inserting their mouth parts into the plant tissue and sucked the sap. Females had no wings and moved by crawling to short distances or blown in air currents. A female laid 200-500 eggs in an ovisac that is 3 to 4 times the body length and entirely covered with wax. The ovisac was developed ventrally on the adult female. Egg laying usually occurred over the period of one to two weeks. Eggs were greenish yellow in color and hatched in about ten days. Nymphs or crawlers actively searched feeding sites. Female crawlers have four instars with a generation taking approximately one month to complete depending on the temperature. Males have five instars, the fourth instar was produced in a cocoon and referred as pupa. The fifth instar of the male was the only winged form of the species capable of flight. Adult females attracted the males with sex pheromones. Reproduction occurred throughout the year and there were several generations per year. Seasonal occurrence Adults breed throughout the year, though activity slows down during December to March. During winter the papaya mealybugs remained confined to the covered parts of the host and became more active during pre-monsoon and monsoon period i.e. May to September. A widespread infestation occurred with hundreds of similar aged nymphs gregariously on the papaya. During these outbreaks, each papaya fruit and leaf of the infested plants fully covered with the mealybugs. Damage Paracoccus marginatus attacked and damaged various parts of the host plant including the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. On lightly infested plants, papaya mealybugs looked like small pieces of cotton masses attached to the aerial parts of the plant. On severe infested plants, this symptom was more prominent as the insects were attached to the fruits and looked like the oozing of milky sap. The papaya mealy bugs feeds on the sap of the plants by inserting its stylets into the epidermis of the leaf, as well as into the fruits, flowers and stems. In doing so, it injected a toxic substance into the plant parts. New flushes of growth on damaged plants were deformed due to toxicity of the saliva injected into the plant by the mealybugs while feeding. The infestation led to chlorosis, plant stunting, leaf deformation, early leaf and fruit drop and a heavy build up of honey dew. Honey dew excreted by the mealybugs resulted in heavy sooty mould growth. The sooty mould turned the leaves completely black, blocking out light and air, so interfering with photosynthesis. Heavy infestations are capable of rendering fruit inedible due to the buildup of thick white wax. Heavily attacked plants were killed (Walker et al., 2003; Hue et al., 2007). Damage symptoms of different parts of the host plant Leaf damage – Curling, crinkling, rosetting, twisting and general leaf distortion; reduced in leaf size and surface area.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______667 Stem and shoot damage - Shoots and young stems distorted and malformed; arrested growth at the shoot terminals lead to shortened internodes and rosetting at the shoot tip. Flower damage - Flowers also distorted and failed to open; where they open, petals became twisted or malformed or show various types of blemishes. Premature flower drop and poor fruit set occurred. Fruit damage - Fruits failed to develop normally and such fruits eventually shrivel and drop. Fruit blemish and sooty mould reduced the market value of the fruit.

Pest significance Paracoccus marginatus attacks over 40 species of plants, field crops, fruit trees, ornamentals, weed and scrub vegetation. The potential economic loss due to this pest has not been quantified. It is a serious risk when infested plants material is transferred from place to place. The waxy secretions with papaya mealy bugs may become attached to animals or birds or human clothing and may be transported from one place to another place in this way. ‘Crawlers’ may also become wind borne and be transported from place to place.

Outbreak and control of Papaya Mealybug The pest was first observed on papaya crop (Carica papaya L.) in Jammu during 2009- 2010. Rapid spread of Paracoccus marginatus among agricultural and horticultural crops of economic importance was noticed and the pest emerged as a serious threat to papaya crop. It was necessary to take up immediate steps to manage it in the places of occurrence to limit the yield and crop losses. An integrated pest management (IPM) including cultural practices, chemical and biological control can be applied to manage papaya mealybug. The parasitoid natural enemies of the papaya mealybug include Acerophagus papaya, Anagyrus loecki, Anagyrus californicus Compere, and Pseudaphycus sp. (Noyes & Schauff, 2003). All the above parasitoids have been observed attacking 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs but not capable of reducing high population of this pest in a short period. Spalgius epius Westwood (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) being the dominant predator, feeds efficiently on the ovisacs, nymphs and adults of the papaya mealybug (Tanwar et al., 2010). The predatory larvae could devour about 42 to 53 (48.15± 4.08) ovisacs and 196 to 222 (210.99± 10.77) nymphs and adults of Paracoccus marginatus (Thangamalar et al., 2010) during the whole larval period (Chen et al., 2011). Botanical insecticides such as neem oil (1 to 2%), NSKE (5%), or Fish Oil Rosin Soap (25 g/L) and chemical insecticides such as profenophos 50 EC (2 mL/L), chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2 mL/L), buprofezin 25 EC (2 mL/L), dimethoate 30 EC (2 mL/L) etc were suggested to control this pest (Thangamalar et al., 2010). However, papaya mealybug is difficult to control because it inhabits protected areas such as cracks and under the bark of their host plants, where cultural practices and chemical control treatments are difficult to reach. Integrating monitoring and pest control measures are necessary for crop production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are greatly thankful to Head, Department of Zoology, University of Jammu for providing necessary facilities to work.

668 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______LITERATURE CITED

Ben-Dov, Y. 2008. Scalenet, Paracoccus marginatus. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/ pseudoco/Paracoccusmarginatus.htm (17 September 2008).

Chen, S. P., Wong, J. Y. & Wu, W. J. 2011. Preliminary report on the occurrence of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research, 60: 72-76.

Heu, R. A., Fukada, M. T. & Conant, P. 2007. Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). State of Hawaii New Pest Advisory. Department of Agriculture No. 04-03 March 2007.

McComie, L. D. 2000. Progress report on the papaya (Paracoccus marginatus) project in St. Kittis and Nevis. Presented at PROCICARIBE CIPMNET meeting 2000, Kingston, St. Vincent, 17-18 August, 2000.

Meyerdirk, D., Stibick, J. & Ambrose, E. 2000. Guidelines for a papaya mealybug survey in the Caribbean Islands. Presented at A Technical Meeting and Workshop on Biological Control of Papaya Mealybug, Paraccocus marginatus, Basseterre, St. Kittis, July, 2000.

Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. 1999. Notes on a new mealybug (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) pest in Florida and the Caribbean: the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink. Insect Mundi, 13 (3-4): 179-181.

Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. 2002. Redescription of Paracoccus marginatus Williams, D. J. and Granara de Willink, (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), including descriptions of the Immature Stages and Adult Male. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104 (1): 1-23.

Noyes, J. S. & Schauff, M. E. 2003. New Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) from papaya mealybug (Paraccocus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Proceding of Entomological Society, Washington, 105: 180-185.

Tanwar, R. K., Jeyakumar, P. & Vennila, S. 2010. Papaya Mealybug and its management strategies. Technical Bulletin, 22. National Center for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, 22 p.

Thangamalar, A., Subramanian, S. & Mahalingam, C. A. 2010. Bionomics of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its predator Spalgius epius in mulberry ecosystem, Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 23 (1): 39-41.

Walker, A., Hoy, M. & Meyerdirk, D. E. 2003. Papaya Mealybug. Univ. Florida Featured Crea- tures.http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit/mealybugs/papaya_mealybug.htm (Accessed on 29 Sept 2008).

Watson, G. W. & Chandler, L. R. 1999. Identification of Mealybugs important in the Caribbean Region. 40 p. Commonwealth Science Council and CAB International, CARINET.

Williams, D. J. & Granara de Willink, M. C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 635 pp.

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1-2. Healthy plants and fruits of papaya, 3-4. Infested plants of papaya, 5. Deformed leaves and stunted growth of the plant, 6-8. Cotton like masses on the stem, leaf and leaf stalk.

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9-10. Male adult of Paracoccus marginatus, 11-12. Female adult of Paracoccus marginatus, 13-14. Colony of papaya mealybug showing various stages with waxy secretion and honeydew.

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15-17. Mealybug colony and sooty mould on papaya fruit, 18. Clusters of cotton like masses of P. marginatus on papaya fruits, 19-20. Damage symptoms on papaya tree.

672 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A NEW SPECIES OF DORCADION DALMAN, 1817 FROM TURKEY (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Hüseyin Özdikmen* and Özgür Koçak**

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected] ** Karaman, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H. & Koçak, Ö. 2013. A new species of Dorcadion Dalman, 1817 from Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 672-676]

ABSTRACT: The following new taxon is described: Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) karamanense sp. n. from Karaman province (Turkey), close to D. oezdurali Önalp, 1988.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Dorcadioninae, Dorcadion, new species, Turkey.

Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) karamanense sp. n. (Figs. 1, 2)

Type serie. Holotype ♂: Turkey, Karaman prov., Kılbasan-Karadağ / Halisgömü plateau, 1300 m, 20.VI.2011. Allotype ♀: Turkey, Karaman prov., Kılbasan- Karadağ / Halisgömü plateau, 1300 m, 02.IV.2011. The specimens are deposited in collection of Özgür Koçak (Turkey: Karaman prov.) (Map 1).

Description: Body length: 14.3 mm. Body width: 6 mm. Body black or blackish-dark brown, covered with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence. Head completely black with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence; on vertex with two triangular areas of blackish-brown ground hairs. Antennae completely black or blackish-dark brown; first and second antennal segments covered with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence. Pronotum with three (2 lateral and 1 median) complete longitudinal bands of dense yellowish-white hairs. Median band complete. Each medio-lateral part on pronotum (between lateral and median hairy bands) with distinct longitudinal dark part that forms dense, recumbent blackish-brown pubescence. They extends to the triangular areas on vertex. Punctuation of pronotum invisible. Lateral process of pronotum rather short, but rather pointed. Scutellum triangular, but more or less rounded apically; margins of scutellum with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence. Elytra with very dense, recumbent, blackish-brown ground pubescence and with patterns shaped as bands of dense recumbent yellowish-white hairs. Each elytron with 5 bands as lateral, humeral, dorsal, presutural and sutural. Lateral band rather thick and complete. In dorsal view, this band invisible. Humeral and dorsal bands combined, but interrupted almost behind the middle of elytron; this combined band with spotted by elytral ground pubescence, thicker than lateral band and reaches to elytral apex. Presutural band distinctly and longitudinal. Sutural band the thinnest band on elytron. Elytral apex flattened and rounded. Apex of pygidium visible in dorsal view.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______673 Abdomen black or blackish-dark brown with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence except middle parts of 1-4th sternites that have very sparsely pubescence. Legs completely black or blackish-dark brown; with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence.

Differential diagnosis. The new species definitely belongs to the subgenus Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) Pic, 1901. It is closely related to D. oezdurali Önalp, 1988 (Fig. 3). D. oezdurali was described by Önalp (1988) from Kahramanmaraş province in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. She compared the species only with D. smyrnense (Linnaeus, 1757). Pesarini & Sabbadini (1998) also compared the species with D. smyrnense (Linnaeus, 1757) and D. lohsei Braun, 1976 and accepted as a distinct species. According to Özdikmen (2010), D. oezdurali is distributed only in Kahramanmaraş province in Turkey (Map 2). The new species is easily distinguished from D. oezdurali Önalp, 1988 by first and second antennal segments that covered with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence (at most with sparsely pubescence in D. oezdurali); very widened area of yellowish-white hairs on vertex between triangular areas that are smaller (narrowed area of whitish-gray hairs on vertex between triangular areas that are larger in D. oezdurali); the interruption of humeral and dorsal bands (combined or not combined) on the upperside almost evenly truncated (the interruption of humeral and dorsal bands (combined or not combined) on the upperside more or less obliquely truncated in D. oezdurali); head without median glabrous line (head with a median glabrous line in D. oezdurali); much denser yellowish-white pubescence (dense whitish-gray pubescence in D. oezdurali).

Variability of paratypes. Body length changes between 14.3 mm in male and 15 mm in female. Body width changes between 6 mm in male and 7 mm in female. In female, humeral and dorsal bands especially on the basal half of elytra not combined and abdomen completely covered with very dense, recumbent, short yellowish-white pubescence.

Etymology. From the type locality “Karaman”.

LITERATURE CITED

Önalp, B. 1988. Eine neue Dorcadion-Art aus der Turkei (Col., Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 98 (24): 361-363.

Özdikmen, H. 2010. The Turkish Dorcadiini with zoogeographical remarks (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5 (2): 380-498.

Pesarini, C. & Sabbadini, A. 1998. Osservazioni sistematiche su alcuni Dorcadion della fauna anatolica, con descrizione di 9 nuovi taxa (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Ann. Mus. Civ. St. nat. Ferrara, 1: 45-61.

674 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 1. D. karamanense sp. n. (holotype ♂).

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Figure 2. D. karamanense sp. n. (allotype ♀).

676 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 3. D. oezdurali Önalp, 1988 (♂) (from Jiří Mička, http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/ id132232).

Map 1. Location of Karaman province that is the type locality of D. karamanense Özdikmen & Koçak sp. n..

Map 2. Location of Kahramanmaraş province that is the type locality of D. oezdurali Önalp, 1988.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______677 DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF HEMIPTERA FAUNA OF SINGHORI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, RAISEN DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA

Kailash Chandra* and Sandeep Kushwaha**

* Zoological Survey of India, ‘M’ Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 West Bengal, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected] ** Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, Scheme No. 5, Plot No. 168- 169, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur-482 002 Madhya Pradesh, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Chandra, K. & Kushwaha, S. 2013. Distribution and diversity of Hemiptera fauna of Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, India.Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 677-681]

ABSTRACT: The study yielded the identification of 38 species belonging to 13 families of the order Hemiptera and all these species are reported first time from this sanctuary.

KEY WORDS: Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary, Hemiptera.

Singhori Wildlife sanctuary is located in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh with headquarter at Bari, which is situated on NH 12, 249 km away from the Jabalpur. Sanctuary lies between 22045’ and 22055’ N latitudes and 770 15’ and 780 00’ E longitudes (Fig-1). This SWLS was notified on 2nd July 1976 vide Govt. of Madhya Pradesh notification no. 15/4/76/10/2 dated 02.07.1976. Most of the area of sanctuary is hilly and consist of hills, valleys, gorges and at places plains. There are two main streams in the sanctuary, Ghoghara and Barna respectively. Barna dam is the only permanent water source for sanctuary and its wildlife, whereas a large area of the sanctuary gets dry during summers. Mixed and deciduous are two main forest type. Tectona grandis is dominant species of the sanctuary, Anogeissus latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Boswellia serrata, Terminalia alata, and Dendrocalamus strictus are the others crops of the sanctuary. Hemiptera is a diverse group of true bugs. There are 133 families of Hemiptera found worldwide, consisting about 184000-193000 species (Hodkinson & Casson, 1991). A detailed account of Hemiptera fauna of central India had been done by Distant (1902, 1904 & 1906). Later on brief account of this order were described by Ghosh & Biswas (1995), Ramakrishna et al. (2006), Chandra (2000, 2008 & 2009), Chandra et al. (2010), Chandra et al. (2011), Chandra et al. (2012), Chandra et al. (2012) respectively from Madhya Pradesh. Present paper reports 38 species of bugs from the sanctuary.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

During the four years survey (2009-2012) of the sanctuary by the Zoological Survey of India Jabalpur, altogether 256 bugs were collected from various localities of the WLS viz., Bamhori, Belgaon, Sitapur, Jaitagarh, Siyalwada, Peer Badanala, Gaganwada, etc. (Fig. 2) by hand picking, net trap and light tarp methods. The specimens were shorted out and bugs were pinned and dried and identified with the help of literature available. Morphology of bugs were studied by Leica microscope M 205-A.

678 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______RESULTS

List of Hemiptera studied from Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh.

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Abbreviation used: VH-Very high; H-High; L-Low; R-Rare; VR-Very Rare; FRH-Forest Rest House; SWLS- Singhori Wild Life Sanctuary, DDM -Degrees and Decimal Minutes.

Geographical coordinates: All GPS reading was used in DDM format.

DISCUSSIONS

Bugs mainly occur as a pest on various plants. Present paper deals with study of 37 genera belonging to 38 species of order Hemiptera. All of them are reported

680 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______first time from records SWLS, belonging to 13 families of order Hemiptera. Of these, 4 species belong to suborder Auchenorrhyncha and 34 species to suborder Heteroptera. Family Pentatomidae and Reduviidae respectively show the maximum diversity among all the families.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director Zoological Survey of India for providing necessary facilities and encouragement.

LITERATURE CITED

Chandra, K., Kushwaha, S., Ghosh, M., Biswas, B. & Bal, A. 2012. Diversity of Grassland Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadidae, Cercopidae, Cicadellidae And Fulgoridae) In Madhya Pradesh And Chhattisgarh, India. IJPAES, 2 (4).

Chandra, K., Kushwaha, S., Sambath, S. & Biswas, B. 2012. Distribution and Diversity of Hemiptera Fauna of Veerangana Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary, Damoh, Madhya Pradesh (India). Biological Forum An International Journal, 4 (1): 68-74.

Chandra, K. 2000. Records of lace the-bugs Madhya Pradesh, India (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Bionotes, 2 (3): 57.

Chandra, K. 2008. Insecta: Hemiptera, Faunal Diversity of Jabalpur District, M.P, 141-157.

Chandra, K. 2009. Insecta: Hemiptera. Fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 39: 247-257.

Chandra, K., Sharma, R. M. & Praveen, O. 2010. A Compendium on the faunal resources of Narmada river basin in Madhya Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 310: 39-140.

Chandra, K., Kushwaha, S., Gupta, D. & Singh, S. P. 2011. Records of some insects associated with Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in Jabalpur District (M.P.), India. National Journal of life Sciences, 8 (2): 131-134.

Distant, W. L. 1906. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, III: 1-502.

Distant, W. L. 1902. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, I: 36-421.

Distant, W. L. 1904. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, I: 26-416.

Ghosh, L. K. & Biswas, B. 1995. Fauna of conservation areas No. 6 Fauna of Indravati Tiger Reserve: 19-29.

Hodkinson, I. D. & Casson, D. 1991. A lesser predilections for bugs: Hemiptera (Insecta) diversity in tropical rain forests. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 43: 101-109.

Ramakrishna, Chandra, K., Nema, Ahirwar, & Alfred, J. R. B. 2006. Faunal Recourses of National parks of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, Conservation Area Series, 30: 1-123+27.

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Locality map of SWLS.

682 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A NEW SPECIES OF APATOPHYSIS CHEVROLAT, 1860 FROM JORDAN (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi* and Gianfranco Sama**

* via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto (UD), ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] ** via Raffaello 84, 47023 Cesena (FC), ITALY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Rapuzzi, P. & Sama, G. 2013. A new species of Apatophysis Chevrolat, 1860 from Jordan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 682-684]

ABSTRACT: In this paper we describe a new species of Apatophysis Chevrolat, 1860 from Jordan and Syria. The new species is related with Apatophysis caspica Semenov, 1911 from Caspian area.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Apatophysis, new species, Jordan, Syria.

Among several Cerambycidae collected by prof. Katbeh-Bader Ahmad (Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultur, University of Jordan in Amman) we found a small series of Apatophysis that belong to a new species, related to Apatophysis caspica Semenov, 1911 from Caspian region.

Apatophysis katbehi n. sp. (Fig. 1)

Material examined: Holotypus ♂ (Coll. G. Sama): Jordan, Shaumari reserve, 31°45’N 36°43’E 15-17.V.201 Katbeh lgt.; Paratypus (National Museum Prague; P. Rapuzzi; Coll. G. Sama; P. Kabatek, Praha, Czech Republic): 14♂♂: Jordan, Shaumari reserve, 31°45’N 36°43’E 15-17.V.201 Katbeh lgt.; 1♂: idem 19-24.V.2010; 1 ♂: Jordan, Irbid, Ein Rahoub, 2.III.1997, Katbeh lgt; 11♂♂ and 3♀: Jordan, Al Azraq, Schaumari res., 31°45'115’’N26°45'354’’E, 24.V.2007, 530 m., F. & L. Kantner lgt.; 1♀ Syria, Talilah Nat. Park. (Palmira), 6.IX.2000, Serra lgt.

Description of the Holotype. Length 14 mm, width 5 mm. Body reddish, head and pronotum darker then elytra. Head long, antennal tubercles prominent, a thin a long groove between eyes and antennal insertion. Eyes moderately big. Puncture dense and made by small points; pubescence whitish, made by short and lying setae. Many thin, long erect hairs on labrum. Pronotum as long as wide, its disk with four small callosities, two just up the middle and flat, the other two behind the middle, smaller but a little more prominent. Side of pronotum parallel, with a small tooth just up to the middle. Puncture made by small points, denser on the disk and more sparse at the sides. Pubescence made by short lying whitish setae, denser at the sides; few erect long thin white setae at lateral margin. Scutellum short, rounded posteriorly, densely covered by whitish short lying setae. Elytra relatively short, acuminate towards apex, lightly emarginated just behind middle. Punctures small, not dense and arranged in more or less evident longitudinal rows. Punctures denser in the first half and smaller and sparse towards apex. Pubescence made by very short whitish short lying setae. Only few long and thin erect hairs just around the base. Legs long and slender. Middle and posterior femora with hair brushes. Antennae long, 3rd and 4th joints of the same size. Exceeding apex with the last three joints. All antennal joints covered by very short light hairs.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______683 Variability of the Paratypes The type series shows a size range from a minimum of 11 mm. and a maximum of 20 mm. in the males and from 20 to 22 mm in the females. The color of the teguments sometimes are darker or lighter than the holotype.

Females: darker and larger than males; the body pubescence is sparser and elytra are shining, the punctures are sparser and denser towards the base. Antennae are shorter than body reaching the last quarter of elytra.

Discussion Apatophysis katbehi n. sp. belongs to Apatophysis caspica Semenov, 1901 group. This group consist of several species (some of them not so good characterized) widespread from Caucasus, Iran and Turkey: Apatophysis caspica Semenov, 1901 from Daghestan to Iran, West Kazakhstan and Northern Afghanistan, Apatophysis karsica Danilevsky, 2008 from NE Turkey, Apatophysis anatolica Heyrovsky, 1938 from Central Turkey, Apatophysis vedica Danilevsky, 2008 from Aremenia, Apatophysis farsicola Sama, Fallahzadeh, Rapuzzi, 2005 from Central Iran and Apatophysis kadleci Danilevsky, 2008 from SE Turkey. According Danilevsky (2008) A. caspica group can be divided according the rate between length and wide of elytra: A. caspica and A. anatolica show the smaller rate between 2.0 and 2.1. A. katbehi shows a smaller rate: 1,7 -1,8. Moreover the pronotum is shorter, long as wide in the largest number of specimens or rarely larger than long. From Apatophysis farsicola it can be divided by the more acuminate elytra towards the apex and the higher rate between wide and length of elytra (2,0 – 2,1).

Etymology We dedicate the new species to prof. Katbeh-Bader as thanksgiving for the opportunity that he gives us to study part of his Cerambycidae.

LITERATURE CITED

Danilevsky, M. L. 2006. A revue of genus Apatophysis Chevrolat, 1860 of Iran (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Les cahiers Magellanes, 59: 1-11.

Danilevsky, M. L. 2008. Apatophysis Chevrolat, 1860 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of Russia and adjacent regions. Studies and reports of District Museum Prague-Est. Taxonomical Series, 4 (1-2): 7-56.

Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 924 pp.

Rejzek, M., Kadlec, S. & Sama, G. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of Syrian Cerambycidae fauna (Coleoptera). Biocosme Mésogéen, Nice, 20: 7-50.

Sama, G., Fallahzadeh, M. & Rapuzzi, P. 2005. Notes on some Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Iran with description of two new species. Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna, 20: 123-132.

Sama, G., Katbeh-Bader, A. & Miloud Mahdi, D. 2002. A preliminary catalogue of the Cerambycidae of Jordan (Coleoptera). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 107: 471-487.

684 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 1. Apatophysis katbehi n. sp. (Holotypus male).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______685 NATURAL HISTORY OF REDUVIUS PERSONATUS LINNAEUS (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

M. Javahery*

*c/o Lyman Entomological Museum & Research Laboratory, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, St-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, CANADA H9X 3V9. E-mail: javahery@videotron. ca

[Javahery, M. 2013. Natural history of Reduvius personatus Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in North America. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 685-703]

ABSTRACT: Reduvius personatus is commonly known as the masked bed bug hunter. It is a European species which has successfully adapted to life in North America, where it was introduced at an unknown date. My study of the biology, ecology and distribution of this insect is from 1997-2012 in southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Adults were found in spring and summer, both inside and outside dwellings. Third and fifth nymphs were present indoor during the winter as well. Third and fifth nymphal instars exhibited dormancy during the first and second winter, respectively. Nymphs exude a sticky substance which facilitates body-masking with dust particles. This camouflage has given rise to the alternative names “masked bug” or “masked bed bug hunter”. Mating occurs in a lateral orientation. Four successive generations reared over a decade showed a two-year life cycle. The adult morphology, first instar, characteristics of egg, embryonic development, feeding, mating, and cannibalistic behaviour were studied and are illustrated. The distribution in its adapted (North America) and native (Western Palaearctic) habitats was studied and mapped. This insect was not found to be harmful to humans and household pets. This is the first long- term natural history study of R. personatus, in North America.

KEY WORDS: Assassin bug, Life cycle, Ecology, Dormancy, Distribution.

Reduvius personatus is an European insect species described by Linnaeus (1758) and now widely distributed in the Western Palaearctic and parts of North America (Fig. 8) (Blatchley, 1926; Southwood & Leston, 1959; Schuh & Slater, 1995; Ambrose, 1999, 2000; Dusoulier, 2007; Putshkov & Moulet, 2009). The species is nocturnal, employs camouflage, and is known as “the Assassin bug” or “the masked bed bug hunter”. Adults and very rarely nymphs have been reported from Quebec (Moore, 1950; Larochelle, 1984; Javahery, 2002; Boucher, 2006), Ontario (Marshall, 2006; Javahery, 2008), British Columbia (Scudder, 1961, 1992), Kansas (Readio, 1927) and Illinois (McPherson, 1999). European researchers have undertaken numerous studies on this insect (De Geer, 1773; Butler, 1923; Fabre, 1923; Harz, 1952; Immel, 1955; Southwood, 1956; Putshkov, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987; P. Putshkov & V. Putshkov, 1996; Moulet, 2002; Putshkov & Moulet, 2009). However, very little is known about its new world natural history and distribution. The main objective of the present study was to undertake a long-term biological and ecological investigation of R. personatus over several generations using representative samples from southeastern Canada. Four successive generations of this species were produced from adults collected in Quebec and Ontario over the last 10 years in order to determine the life cycle (especially nymphal dormancy), reproductive potential, embryonic development, and cannibalism. Another objective was to study and illustrate feeding and mating behaviour, characteristics of eggs, egg-shell, instars, adults, terminalia, and aedeagus. Distribution maps of R. personatus in its adaptive (Nearctic) and native (Western Palaearctic) habitats were also prepared. Results

686 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______are compared with relevant publications on this insect in Europe and North America. This is the first long-term natural history study of R. personatus, in North America.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was based on 345 adults (143 males, 202 females), 57 nymphs (39 third, 18 fifth) collected manually in 12 localities in the western suburbs of Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto. Adults and nymphs were reared in clear-polystyrene vessels (10 x10 x 25 cm) with a mesh cover and containing several pieces of crumpled paper towels and twigs. They were fed 2-3 times /week with small (5-10 mm) soft-bodied, field-collected insects or larvae or laboratory– cultured larvae of the flour moth Anagasta kiehiella (Zeller). Eggs from the laboratory culture (n=500) were incubated in 35-mm clear-plastic Petri dishes. Embryonic development was monitored by dissecting 10 randomly selected eggs every generation in isotonic solution of 0.9% NaCl. The egg- cup was cut off just below the cup circle and placed in a drop of xylene and was later mounted on a microscope slide in Canada balsam. The micropylar processes were examined under 200X magnification with an electronic binocular microscope. Ten specimens of adults, nymphs, eggs and terminalia were selected at random and measured (in mm). The terminalia, aedeagus, egg-cup, and egg- burster were removed with fine forceps in a relaxing fluid of 75% ethanol and illustrated on graph papers with the aid of an eyepiece graticle ( Figs. 1. 5). The drawings were then scanned and transferred to the computer. Images of live bugs were taken at night. All cultures were maintained under ambient room conditions of variable temperature (12- to 36°C), relative humidity (55-to 98%) and light. Voucher specimens of eggs, nymphs and adults have been deposited in the Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University. Nymphal specimens are very rare because of their camouflage with dust particles (Fig. 4). Only two third instar nymphs were checked at the Canadian and B.C. National insect Collections in Ottawa and Victoria, B.C., respectively. Adult specimens (n >1000) from the Nearctic (southern Canada and eastern United States) and Western Palaearctic Regions, deposited in the following institutions or museums, were examined. In addition, reduviid collections in eastern Argentina, Australia and China were checked:

ANHM American Natural History Museum, New York, United States. ANIC Australian National Insects Collection, (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia. BUAC Barcelona University, Arthropod Collection, Spain. BNHMA Buenos Aires Natural History Museum, Argentina. CBCMS Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Museum, Sydney, Australia. CNIC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. CAUBC China Agricultural University, Insect Collections, Beijing, China. FUIC Ferdowsi University, Insect Collections, Mashhad, Iran. FSCAG Florida State Collection of Arthropoda, Gainsville, United States. KUZKP Karachi University, Zoology, Insect Collections, Karachi, Pakistan. LSEBB Laboratoire de Systématique et d’Ecologie animale, Bruxelles, Belgium. MNPA La Plata Museum, Universidad National de La Plata, Argentina. LEM Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University, Canada. MNHN Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. NUZNC Nankai University, Zoology, Insect Collection, Nankai, China.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______687 NNML Nationaal Natuurihistorisch Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands. NSMJ National Science Museum (TZNSM), Tokyo, Japan. PPDRI Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. QNHM Queensland Natural History Museum, Brisbane, Australia. RBCM Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C., Canada. ROM Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. SEM Spencer Entomological Collection, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada. EEIMF Unité d’entomologie, ENSAM – INRA, Zoologie, Montpellier, France. ZISPC Zoological Institute, Insect Collection, St. Petersburg, Russia. ZMTF Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The habitats Adults and nymphs were mostly found in houses and rarely in out-houses. The favorite habitats of adults and 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs were floors, stairs, basements, garages, crevices, cracks, corners, underneath household objects, storehouses, cellars and stables. Adults and nymphs were not detected outdoors during daylight hours but adults were often found after sunset on walls and foliage close to light fixtures. Mature insects were observed to fly short distances towards light and were commonly sighted outdoors in June and July. Only two live female adults were captured indoors mid-January and February, 2005. Several adults were captured on spider’s webs near light fixtures in out- houses, near roof corners inside garages, and indoors within air conditioning- heating canals. Two live 3rd instar nymphs were found outdoors in late winter ( March 18, 2001), on the wall of a dwelling in a dusty hole (2 x 9 cm) covered by a spider’s web , in South Beaconsfield, Quebec. The hole was located between two bricks and under an external light fixture. Adults were also collected in the West Island area of Montreal which includes the townships of Beaconsfield, Ste-Anne- de-Bellevue, Kirkland, Pointe Claire, Ile Perrot, St. Lazare and Oka. Scudder (1961,1992) reported a large number at dockside warehouses in Vancouver, and also indoors and in garden sheds in Osoyoos, British Columbia. DeGeer (1773), Fabre (1903), Butler (1923), and Readio (1927,1931) reported the habitats of this insect, in Europe and Kansas, USA. Popov (pers. comm.) observed that a number of adults of R. personatus flew towards the light after sunset in early July 2002, near the Black sea area of Russia. Characteristics of Egg, Nymph and Adult Description of different stages were reported by several researches. Readio (1927, 1931), Putshkov & Moulet (2009) reviewed the literature and described the life stages from materials collected in Kansas, USA, and Europe, respectively. The following brief descriptions of the egg, nymphs, and adult of R. personatus are based on materials from southeastern Canada, field-collected or cultured by the writer. Eggs - Oblong-oval, 1 mm long and 0.4 mm wide, shining brownish-yellow colour, distinct brown cap and minute micropylar processes (Figs. 1A, B). First instar - Length of body 2-3 mm; colour whitish, eyes reddish and bean- shaped. Hind legs longer than body (Figs. 2A, B). Second instar- Length of body 3.5- 4.5 mm; slightly darker in colour than the first instar. Dorsum of head and thorax distinctly sclerotized and brownish (Fig. 7. Top row of A).

688 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Third instar- Length of body 6-7 mm; Colour darker than the second instar; abdomen whitish; head, thorax, legs and antennae more sclerotised and brownish; eyes reddish; wing pads present (Figs. 4A, B; 7 top row of A). Fourth instar - Length of body 8-9 mm; colour as in third instar; abdomen slightly darker with five dark spots on lateral margins of segment 2-6; wing pads extending to second abdominal segment (Figs. 3A; 7 top row of A). Fifth instar - Length of body 12-14 mm; head elongate, narrowed to neck basally, and widest across eyes; wing pads extend to middle of abdomen; colour similar to fourth instar (Figs. 3B; 7 top row of A). Adult - Length of body 17-21 mm; Antennae four-segmented and filiform particularly segments III and IV; the ocelli very large, shining brownish-black hue; the femora-tibia joint and tarsi pale or honey-coloured; wings fully developed and extending to end of abdomen (Figs. 6A, B; 7A, B). The antennae and legs of adult and instars are covered with dark fine and long setae. Food Fabricius (1775), in his first reference to this insect stated “Larva horrida, personata, consumit C. lectularius” , and Linnaeus (1758) gave a very brief statement, “ The larva preys upon the common house bug”. De Geer (1773), Fabre ( 1923), Butler (1923) and Readio (1927,1931) commented that this insect feeds on the larva and adult of a number of other insects. Ambrose (1999, 2000) stated that this insect feeds on insects and ticks. Putshkov and Moulet (2009) reviewed the prey taken by this insect and mentioned that it attacks and feeds on ectoparasites and arthropods such as dermestids, flies , mites, as well as the larva and adult of Lepidoptera and other Coleoptera. The writer has had excellent success in rearing four successive generations of this insect on a diet of flies, small larvae and adults of other insects, swept from fields. As well, nymphs and adults of this insect were fed on cultured larvae and adults of the flour moth, when prey were scarce in the field in early spring and late summer (Table, 1). Throughout the present studies, many observations on habits of this insect, such as capturing, killing and feeding have been made. A summary of these follows. Adults and nymphs are attracted to prey by their movement. They approach a potential prey, quietly touching it gently with their antennae, then grabbing it with their front legs. It insert its stylets into the softer parts of the victim, and injects its venom (Fig. 6A). The prey is paralyzed within 0.5 to 3 minutes. Feeding continues for several hours during which the predator may change its feeding position to the head, thorax, or the abdomen. The process of capturing and killing the prey is thus distinct from that of predatory pentatomids (Javahery, 1986). Although this reduviid was able to grab carpenter ants, it could not kill them, because this potential prey reacted quickly with bites to fend off attacks. Extensive feeding was observed during the pre-maturation stage. Cannibalism was observed in the adult stage in the absence of prey (Fig. 7B). Additionally, first instar nymphs fed on other immatures or eggs. The insects caught in field or reared in the laboratory to feed R. personatus in this study are shown in Table 1. This bug has not been known to be harmful to humans, but Leconte (1855) reported that “when caught or unskillfully handled it always stings with its beak.” J.T. Polhemus (pers. comm. ) observed that the two cats in his home in Englewood, Colorado near Denver, left their sleeping pads after this reduviid began feeding on them. Also, M. Giroux (pers. comm), reported that a person in

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______689 Montreal, received a painful bite on his foot from this bug when putting on his boots. However, no biting incidents of humans or pets were observed during this study. The venom responsible for killing prey or causing pain or irritation in humans and pets has not been analyzed. Reproductive Biology The terminalia of the male , the aedeagus and claspers (Figs. 5A to F) and female genital plates (Figs. 5G, H) are illustrated. Captured and reared insects were reproductively active during summer. Females exhibited a maximum of three upright eggs within each ovariole. The eggs within the ovariole are honey- coloured. Eggs are fertilized in the common oviduct through the micropyle channels on the egg-cap. This mechanism is similar to other Heteroptera as seen through scanning electron microscope (e.g., Acrosternum hilare (Say), Pentatomidae; (Javahery, 1994). Adults survived without food for 2-3 weeks but were sensitive to food deprivation during the development of eggs and oviposition. Extensive feeding, walking and short flights were observed during reproduction. Mating behavior Mating in most Heteroptera is end-to-end (e.g., Eurygaster integriceps Puton, Javahery 1995). However, in R. personatus, mating was observed to occur in a lateral orientation (Fig. 6B). In this case, the responsive female would move slightly forward, and then the male would mount it, holding on to both sides of the female’s thorax with its front legs and would rapidly touch the head, front legs, and antennae of the female. Several seconds later, the male would move slightly backward with his genitalia out-stretched and insert its aedeagus into the genitalia of the female. The male would then lie laterally alongside the body of the female throughout the mating episode. Dispons (1955) reported that the male of R. personatus puts its rostrum on the anterior margin of the female’s pronotum. Mating was observed to last several minutes to five hours, during which the female would feed or move short distances, carrying the male on her side. Females usually mate 4-6 times while nonresponsive females moved away quickly. Harz (1952) states that many matings are necessary to fertilize all the eggs. Fecundity and Longevity The number of eggs deposited by each female of R. personatus is reported by several writers. Fabre (1923) obtained from 30 to 40 eggs, but Readio (1927) stated the total number deposited during the life of the female was 273. The writer observed that on average a female deposits 3-5 eggs in 24 hours with a total of 48-157 eggs over her life time. Males lived an average of 68 days and females 88 days. The maximum longevity of a female was 217 days. Oviposition, Incubation, Embryonic development, and Hatching Fabre (1923) and Readio (1927) noted June was the time of egg laying, and that eggs are not attached to the substrate. Fabre gave an interesting account of the hatching process of this reduviid. The writer has had excellent success in observing the oviposition, incubation, embryonic development, and hatching of this insect during the study. My observations indicated that mated females began to lay eggs in June and continued until early autumn with 85 percent of the eggs laid in July to mid-August. Incubation of the eggs and development of the embryo occurred within a 2-3 week period (Fig. 1C). Up to 98 percent of the eggs hatched in the morning period in July and August. Fabre (1923) observed hatching during the night or early morning but Dispons (1955) states that in North Africa hatching in R. personatus take place at night as well as during the day. The role of

690 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______the egg-burster in hatching is similar to a number of other true bugs (Javahery, 1994). The egg-burster was found to be of distinct shape; it had two very long semi-chitinized horns attached to the embryonic membrane (Figs. 1D, E). The tooth of the egg-burster is located between the horns and the underlying eyes of the embryo (Fig. 1D). The chorionic incision for lifting the egg-cap to hatch, results from peristalsis and focused pressure of the egg-burster within the circle of micropylar processes (Figs. 1D, E). The first instars appeared from early August to the end of September and moulted into the 2nd stadium after two weeks. Aggregation of 1st instars around egg-shells, common in some true bugs (Javahery, 1994), was not observed in this insect. Nymphal diapauses Different accounts on the life cycle of R. personatus are reported in Europe and North America, particularly on nymphal diapause or overwintering. Diapause starts in early winter and terminate in spring. Third, 4th and 5th instars, but rarely 2nd instars, do not feed during winter in southern Quebec and Ontario. The habits, stages of development, and life cycle of this insect have been mostly studied by European workers. References on the life cycle of this species in North America are very limited, especially in Canada. However, there is variation in the length of the stages, particularly during nymphal diapauses. A summary of what is known of nymphal development is given below: Butler (1923) reported that the life cycle of R. personatus was nonseasonal in England, because the species is a household insect and lives indoors. He states that the imago has been found from May to September, but is associated more or less with places of human occupation, and has no definite seasons for the different stages. Readio (1927) points to a seasonal life history; winter was spent as a nymph usually in the 4th or 5th instar, although as 3rd instars in a few instances, and normally became adults in May or June. Some, however, did not undergo the final moult until July and possibly August. De Geer (1773) and Poujade (1888) (in Butler, 1923) reported similar overwintering nymphal dormancy in the fifth stage and moulting to the adult in June of the following year. Putchkov (1986) observed one generation per year while overwintering as a 4th or 5th instar in England, Germany and the Ukraine. He also mentioned a two-year life cycle in Germany and the United States, where the nymphs spend the first winter in the third instar. Scudder (1992) reported a two-year life cycle, overwintering in the 3rd and the 5th instars in British Columbia, Canada. This writer’s experience on overwintering nymphs in Quebec and Ontario during four generations points to a two-year life cycle with an obligatory diapause during the first winter in the 3rd instar and overwintering the following winter in the 5th (Table, 2). The insect normally becomes an adult in May and June. However, the writer has collected two individual adults indoors at a temperature of 20°C in late January 2005 and at 22°C in early February 2008. It would seem that two successive winter dormancies in R. personatus is obligatory and not induced by the environmental conditions as mentioned by Readio (1931) and Scudder (1992). The two-year life cycle observed in the writer’s study in eastern Canada appears to be similar to that reported for R. personatus in the west coast of this country (Scudder, 1992). However, it is not yet clear, that this insect also has a proportion of its population with a single generation a year as in its habitats as in England, Germany and the Ukraine (Butler, 1923; Putchkov, 1986).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______691 Origin and Distribution There is no definite information as to the time that R. personatus was introduced into North America (Blatchley, 1926; Readio, 1927; Schaefer, 1988; Schuh & Slater, 1995; Maw et al., 2000; Putshkov & Moulet, 2009). However, examination of specimens deposited in the National Collection of Insects in Ottawa, other collections in Canada, and several in the USA, showed that the first female was captured in 1905 by Arthur Gibson in Ottawa, and the second in July 20, 1917 by C.E. Petch in Hemingford, Quebec. One specimen of R. personatus collected in the USA was in June 20, 1917 by R.I. Mitchelle in Norwalk, Ohio. This alien true bug, like the predatory Picromerus bidence (L.) and the plant feeder Acrosternum hilare (Say) (Javahery, 1986, 1990), is well adapted in its new environment in Canada and the eastern USA (Fig. 8). Because there is no record of the importation of this bug for evaluation as a potential biocontrol agent of house pest insects or spiders by either the Canadian or the U.S. Department of Public Health, Environment or Agriculture, it is believed to have been introduced accidentally, perhaps carried with household goods (probably transported in the 3rd or 5th instars) when people migrated from Europe sometime in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century into Canada and eastern US. R. personatus has a wide distribution (30º-52° latitude and 12W-67 E longitude) in North America (Uhler, 1886; Van Duzee, 1917; Blatchley, 1926; Readio, 1927; Maldonado-Capriles, 1990; Scudder, 1992; Maw et al., 2000; Javahery, 2002, 2008), and within 35º-63º latitude and 10 W to 65 E longitude in the Western Palaearctic (Southwood & Leston, 1959; Putshkov & Moulet, 2009). This bug has rarely been reported from the west coast of USA. Wygodzinsky and Usinger (1964) stated: that it has been collected from the states of Washington, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado, and also some from Arizona, but the species is significantly very rare in California, and was never reported in the literature. They also reported having seen only one specimen, a male, in the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. Adults, and nymphs, deposited in the institutions and collections listed have been examined by the writer and in several cases by curators or heteropteran colleagues. According to the current survey, distribution of this insect appears to be expanding in Canada, with a gap in the central states (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan), and in the east (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland). The species is established in eastern USA (Fig. 8). In Europe, the insect has been found from southern Sweden and Norway to North Africa, and from England and Estonia to the southern Caspian Sea. It has not been found in Finland (Fig. 8). The writer has not seen specimens of this insect in collections in eastern China, Australia, and Argentina.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduvius personatus, was introduced into Canada and the USA probably sometime in the late eighteenth or early ninteenth century. This alien species is established, although not numerous in Canada (southern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, British Colombia) and in the eastern USA above 32° latitude. The life cycle and distribution of this insect has been studied in Europe, but very little was done in North America. This large assassin bug has a two-year life cycle, overwintering the first winter in the 3rd instar and in the second winter as a 5th instars. Mating is side-by-side (lateral orientation), whereas, this is end to end in a number of other Heteroptera. It oviposits singly, dropping eggs which do not adhere to the substrate or to other

692 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______eggs. The egg-shell is relatively thick with minute micropylar processes. The embryonic membrane has two long semi-chitinized hooks connected to the egg- burster. The bug can withstand food deprivation but cannibalism occurs in the absence of prey. The two-year life cycle of this insect is also recorded in the USA, Germany, and Canada. Single generation or seasonal development reported in England, Germany, and the Ukraine, was not observed in Canada in Ontario, Quebec, and British Colombia. However, two individual adults where collected in January and February in Beaconsfield, west of Montreal, Quebec. Nymphs exude a sticky substance which facilitate body-masking with dust particles. This camouflage has given rise to the alternative names “masked bug” or “masked bed bug hunter.” Nymphs did not feed from December to April, although food was always provided and temperature was maintained between 16-19° C with variable day light. They entered into dormancy for the two winters. It seems dormancy in this bug is obligatory and not induced by environmental temperature or humidity and light. This species may depress the population of small, soft-bodied insects in houses and out houses and may be considered a useful predatory true bug. However, its long period of nymphal development, its low rate of reproduction, and the wide range of prey acceptance, are disadvantages if this species were to be considered for biological control of specific insect pests in houses. More rearing experiments from different populations of this reduviid both in the original habitats (Europe) and its newly adapted environments (Canada and USA) would be desirable to determine whether a single generation occurs as well in North America. It will also be useful to rear this bug at different photoperiods during nymphal development to determine whether photoperiodism is a regulator of dormancy in this insect.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks to all colleagues associated with the institutions and collections listed in the text for allowing me to examine specimens under their care. Special thanks to C.W. Schaefer, P. Moulet, R. Manuel and the late N. Barthakur for reviews on the manuscript; S. Boucher, J. Brambila, A. Buchaman, C. Buddle, M.Carver, G. Cassis, M. Coscaron, the late I.M. Kerzhner, R.E. Linnavuori, J. E. McPherson, G. Monteith, V. Rinne, G.G.E. Scudder, and T. A.Wheeler for useful comments or providing references.I also thank, I. Ahmad, P. Azmayesh Fard, W. Cai. Guo-Qing, F. Cherot, C. Copley, M. Goula, M. Modarres Awal, J. Mohaghegh, K.M. Needham, D. Pluot-Sigwalt, Y.A. Popov, E. Ribes, J.F. Roch, J-C Streito, M. Tomokuni for data on locating; Belgique Hainaul Centre for image 5 (top) and R. Lemke for image 5 (bottom). Further thanks are due to S. Brooks, M. Giroux, J. Mlynarek, and C. Borkent for the identification of dipteran preys; J. Macdonald, D. Edge, and A. Ghassemian for running computers. Finally, I am indebted to my family for their patience and help in collecting bugs and preys.

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Figure 1. Reduvius personatus – Egg, A; operculum with minute micropylar processes, B; 200X; developed embryo, C; hatching process while embryo is enveloped in membrane, D; operculum and egg-burster are attached on top of egg-shell, E; egg-burster, F.

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Figure 2. Reduvius personatus – First instar, dorsal view, A; ventral view, B.

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Figure 3. Reduvius personatus – 4th instar, A; 5th instar nymph, B.

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Figure 4. Masked 3rd instar of Reduvius personatus A and B.

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Figure 5. Reduvius personatus – Male terminalia: Ventral view, A; dorsal view, B; genital organs,C ; right and left clasper D and E; aedeagus, F. Female terminalia: Ventral view, G; dorsal view, H.

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Figure 6. Female Reduvius personatus feeding on a mayfly, A (scale bar = 8 mm); side by side (lateral) copulation of Reduvius personatus, B (scale bar = 10 mm).

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Figure 7. Development of Reduvius personatus, A: Egg to nymphal development (top row of A); a pair of adult R. personatus with female on the right (bottom row of A) (scale bar = 8mm). B. Cannibalism (Reduvius personatus : female feeding on male).

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Figure 8. Geographical distribution of Reduvius personatus in Canada and the U.S.A. (top). Distribution of Reduvius personatus in Western Palaearctic in this study (bottom).

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Table 1. Insect prey of R. personatus in this study

Taxa Family Genus & Species Common Names

Hilemia brassicae Anthomyiidae Root-Maggot flies (Bouchi) Calliphoridae Pollenia rudis (L.) Cluster fly

Dolichopodidae Condylostylus sipbo (Say) Long-legged fly

Muscidae Musca domestica (F.) House fly Diptera Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) Stable fly

Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga sp. Flesh fly

Syrphidae Syrphus torvus O.S. Hover fly Tabanus similans Tabanidae Horse fly Macquart Ephemeridae Ephemera sp. Mayfly Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Heptagenia limbata Pict

Odonata Libellulidae Libellula insesta Dragonfly Chlorotettis unicolor Homoptera Cicadellidae (Fitch) Heteroptera Miridae Lygus lineolaris P. de B. Tarnished Plant bug Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) Lepidoptera Pyralidae Flour mouth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) Scudderia furcata Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Grig Brunner

Table 2. Nymphal development time of R. personatus.

Nymphal First Second Third Forth Fifth Adult stedia

July Aug. Spring Spring Spring Spring To to After and and and Sept. Sept. First Summer Summer Summer Occurrence Winter and of second

Dormancy Winter dormancy 15 - 25 18 - 28 5 – 6 3 - 4 6 - 7 4 - 6 Duration (day) (day) (month) (month) (month) (month)

704 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______EFFECT OF YELLOW MITE, POLYPHAGOTARSONEMUS LATUS (BANKS) DENSITYON HOSTS (CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS L.) PHENOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT OFYIELD LOSS UNDER NET HOUSE CONDITION

A. S. M. Kamruzzaman*, M. Z. Alam** and M. R. U. Miah**

* Entomology Department, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka- 1207, BANGLADESH. E-mail: [email protected] ** Entomology Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman Agricultural University, Gazipur, BANGLADESH.

[Kamruzzaman, A. S. M., Alam, M. Z. & Miah, M. R. U. 2013. Effect of yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) densityon hosts (Corchorus capsularis L.) phenology and assessment ofyield loss under net house condition. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 704-711]

ABSTRACT: The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari: Tarsonemidae) population is one of the most destructive pests of jute crop (Corchorus capsularis L.) in Bangladesh. Jute plants of deshi (Corchorus capsularis L) varieties were considered as treatments viz., CVL-1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 and BJC-83. The paired plot treatments (miticide treated and miticide untreated cintrol) were laid out under net house condition. The effect of yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks, were studied on three stages of jute plants: 60 DAS, 90 DAS and 120 DAS. The higher number of mite stages observed upto 90 DAS then declined afterward upto 120 DAS in var. BJC-7370 among four C. capsularis varieties. A damage index scale (0-5) was to assess yellow mite injury to jute plants. The percent infestation and damage index was also used to relate yellow mite injury to number of leaves, leaf area, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, soluble solids, plant height, base diameter, fibre weight, stick weight, number of flowers per plant, number of pods, pod weight per plant, seed per pod, seed weight and 1000 seed weight of plants infested at three different phenological stages. The yield contributing characters of untreated pots showed significant damage at 60, 90 and 120 DAS in C. capsularis varieties compared to treatment pots. The highest fibre yield losses due to mite infestation was found in the variety BJC-7370 (65.10%) followed by CVE-3 (61.46%), CVL-1 (58.83%) and the lowest was in BJC-83 (52.97%); the highest stick yield losses due to mite infestation was found in the variety BJC- 7370 (51.29%) followed by CVE-3 (47.54%), BJC-83 (46.49%) and the lowest was in CVL-1 (44.21%) and the highest seed yield losses due to mite infestation was found in the variety BJC-7370 (38.25%) followed by CVE-3 (31.93%), CVL-1 (29.28%) and the lowest was in BJC-83 (28.89%) for Corchorus capsularis under net house condition. High yellow mite population in the untreated check decreased plant growth and showed significant yield loss in the variety BJC-7370.

KEY WORDS: Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Corchorus capsularis, abundance, yield.

The occurrence of mite in Brazil has been registered long ago. Bitancourt (1935) reported in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the State of São Paul, the occurrence of symptoms called "Tear sheets", suggesting agent a small mite found on the underside of leaves. This suspicion was confirmed, and the species identified as Tarsonemus latus (Hambleton 1938) subsequently placed gender Polyphagotarsonemus (Beer & Nucifora, 1965, cited by Flechtmann, 1967). In recent years there has been outbreak of yellow mite population almost regularly as one of the most serious pests of jute crop (Corchorus capsularis L.). Its population builds up continual increase, reaches a peak in mid-June and again during the third week of July. The years of most serious mite infestation of jute are those of dry periods prevailing in these months (Kabir, 1975).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______705 This destructive pest causes terminal leaves and flower buds to become malformed. The mite's toxic saliva causes twisted, hardened and distorted growth in the terminal of the plant (Baker, 1997). Mites are usually seen on the newest leaves and small fruit. Leaves turn downward and turn coppery or purplish. Internodes shorten and the lateral buds break more than normal. The blooms abort and plant growth is stunted when large populations are present (Denmark, 1980; Wilkerson et al., 2005; Anon, 2005). On fruit trees the damage is usually seen on the shaded side of the fruit, so it is not readily visible. Fruit is discolored by feeding and in severe cases premature fruit drop may occur. Severely damage fruit is not salable in the market but may be used for processing (Peña & Campbell, 2005). Reduction in photosynthesis and instability of water balance are some the damaging effects to plants. Feeding damage also causes terminal leaves and flower buds to become cupped and distorted. As a result of feeding injury, corky brown areas appear between the main veins on the underside on the leaf. Young foliage sometimes becomes rust colored and nearly always deformed. Blooms abort, and the plant growth is stunted. Damaged leaves often become discolored, thickened and brown (Iacob, 1978). Of frequent occurrence in many cultures as cotton (Oliveira & Calcagnolo, 1974), papaya (Carica papaya L.) (Manica, 1982), lemon (Citrus limon Burm, Citrus latifolia Tanaka, Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) (Silveira, 1993) and jute (Corchorus sp. L.) (Kabir, 1975), the species has required each years more attention from producers for present populations increasingly high and be increasing the number of cultures severely attacked. In this study, we considered the damage and the plant response to infestation at morphological and phenological levels. Also measure the impact of mite density on yield under net house condition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted in the field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) of Gazipur during the period from March to August, 2009. Collection and rearing yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus were collected from the infested jute plant of the research field of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka in March 2009. The collected mites from infested leaves were transferred into the potted jute plants kept outside the laboratory. Fifteen plants were infested to have constant supply of mite for the study purpose. Jute plants of deshi (Corchorus capsularis L) varieties considered as treatments viz., CVL1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 & BJC-83 were sown in earthen pots (5 plant/pot) at 15 March, 2009. Plants were fertilized with a spoonful of 15-2-3-4 NPKS and sprinkle irrigation twice daily. When the jute plants age as about 28th days, yellow mite (12 pairs female and male) infestation were allowed to build up by artificial inoculation. The paired treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design (strip trial) with three replication under net house condition (100% shaded by 0.05 mash white colored net). After population build up in the net house, the treatment pots were treated with miticide (Mycosul 80 WDG @ 3 gm per litre of water) and repeat treatment after 7 days interval until harvest to kill the nymphs which may hatch out after these treatments (kabir, 1975) and control pots were left untreated. Young 3rd leaf by each plant from the tip (from 5 plants/pot) described by Alagarmalai et al. (2009) were collected at 60, 90 & 120

706 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______days after sowing (DAS) , because yellow mites are commonly found on the lower surfaces of young apical leaves and flowers, where they deposit their eggs. The number of mite stages (egg, larva, pupa, female and male) per cm2 leaf was counted under a stereomicroscope.

Damage index at different plant ages The experiment consisted of yellow mite infested plants and uninfested plants of each variety at different age (60, 90 & 120 DAS), where percentage of infestation, rating score of yellow mite infested plants were recorded at three stages of plants pre and post harvestation. To establish a damage index per plant, plants were separated into 5 categories of damage followed by Pradhan (1988) method. The rating scores of the categories were: 0=Fresh and healthy leaves, without any changes in colour, 1= Slight changes in colour of leaves, 2= Curling of leaves, 3= 1 to 3 infested leaves dropped from the top, 4= All infested leaves fall prematurely but top shoot alive and 5= Top shoots dead. Different phenology viz., leaf area, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, number of leaves, plant height, base diameter, fibre weight, stick weight, number of flowers per plant, number of pod per plant, pod weight, number of seed per pod, seed weight per plant and 1000’ seed weight from both treated and untreated plots was also assessed at 3 stages (60, 90 & 120 DAS) of plants during the course of study. Leaf area was determined with a leaf area meter (LI-COR, Lambda Instruments Corporation, Lincoln, NE) and water content was determined by subtracting dry leaf weight from fresh leaf weight.

Assessing yield loss The difference between the weight of yield in treated and untreated plots was considered as loss. The percent loss in yield was calculated using the following formula (Khosla 1977):

Per cent loss in yield = X1-X2 x 100 X1 Where, X1 is the mean yield in treated plots. X2 is the mean yield in untreated plots.

Data Analysis The experimental data were analyzed statistically after appropriate transformation. Densityof mite population data were transformed into square root transformation and Tukey’s test(P=0.05) was done using the program MSTAT and analysis of variance (ANOVA) wasused to determine differences among varieties.Differences in categories for treated and untreated plants were analyzed by t-test (P=0.05)using the program MSTAT and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determinedifferences among plant ages.Yield data for both treated and untreated condition were transformed in to square root/logarithm transformation where necessary, percent data were transformed into arcsin (y =sin-1 x) or square root (y = x + 0.5) and means were separated by Tukey’s test Test (Steeland Torrie, 1960).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mite dynamics related to plant age The number of mite stages varied for different plant stages. The mean number

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______707 of eggs, larvae, pupae, females and males per cm2 leaf in different varieties, viz., CVL-1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 and BJC-83 (C. capsularis) at different plant stages under net house condition is presented in table 1. Number of eggs, larvae, pupae, females and males increase over time upto 90 DAS then decreased. There are significant differences in the population of eggs, larvae, pupae, females and males among the different varieties of jute. The maximum number of eggs, larvae, pupae, females and males population was found at 90 DAS with Corchorus capsularis variety, BJC-7370. The ascending orders of infestation in case of egg population among the varieties were BJC-83 (61.45) < CVE-3 (78.11) < CVL-1 (87.67) < BJC-7370 (90.11); larvae population those were CVE-3 (34.89) < CVL-1 (40.89) < BJC83 (41.78) < BJC-7370 (43.22); pupal population those were CVE-3 (2.55) < BJC-83 (3.00) < CVL-1 (3.34) < BJC-7370 (4.22) ; female population among the varieties were CVL-1 (3.34) < BJC-83 (5.89) < CVE-3 (6.44) < BJC- 7370 (11.11) and male population among the varieties were CVE-3 (2.44) < BJC- 83 (3.22) < CVL-1 (4.00) < BJC-7370 (4.67), respectively.Similar trend of result was reported by De Coss-Romero and Peña (1998) in pepper plant. Apparently, tarsonemid mouthpart appendages are unsuitable for effective penetration ofrenitent tissues (Jeppson et al., 1975). Thus P. latus may not be able to puncture the morelignified tissues found in after 90 days old plants as opposed to those tissues in 60-90 daysold plants. These data may be of value in programs for evaluating resistance of jute to P. latus. Assessments of plant resistance to P. latus made at early growth stages of jute would be particularly effective for identifying highly resistant plants.

Incidence of P. latus on host (Corchorus capsularis) phenology and yield Yellow mites significantly reduced the leaf sizes of untreated plants compared to the treated plants in all varieties (CVL-1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 and BJC-83) at three plant growth stages (Table 2). Fresh leaf weight was reduced at all the three plant stages, but significant reductions in dry weight were observed at 90 DAS in CVE-3 & BJC-83 and 120 DAS in CVE-3, BJC-7370 & BJC-83. The level of significance associated with the soluble solids was also reduced at all the three plant growth stages (Table 3). The numbers of leaves per plant, plant heights, base diameter, fibre weight, stick weight, number of flowers, number of pods, pod weight, number of seed per pod, seed weight and 1000 seed weight per plant were also affected by mite injury as observed at three plant growth stages in all the varieties and was significantly reduced compared to those of uninfested plants (Table 4 & 5). The data suggest that yellow mite reduce height in the infested plants, and induced lateral shoot growth. Fibre weght, stick weight and seed weight both in treated and untreated situation in varieties, CVL-1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 and BJC-83 (C. capsularis) and their respective yield loss due to yellow mite infestation are presented in Table 6. The differences in the fibre weight, stick weight and seed weight in different varieties, which could be minimized by the insecticidal treatment. The weight and percent yield losses have been found to vary in different varieties. Both in treated and untreated situation the highest fibre weght was obtained in the variety BJC- 83 (20.44 gm/plant) followed by BJC-7370 (20.11 gm/plant), CVE-3 (18.22 gm/plant) and the lowest fibre weight was obtained in CVL-1 (17.00 gm/plant). Yield loss was varied because of mite population fluctuations due to host phenology and environmental condition. The highest fibre yield losses due to mite infestation was found in the variety BJC-7370 (65.10%) followed by CVE-3 (61.46%), CVL-1 (58.83%) and the lowest fibre yield losses was obtained in BJC-

708 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______83 (52.97%). The highest stick weight was obtained in the variety BJC-7370 (41.22 gm/plant) followed by BJC-83 (37.89 gm/plant), CVE-3 (35.56 gm/plant) and the lowest stick weight was obtained in CVL-1 (31.89 gm/plant). The highest stick yield losses was found in the variety BJC-7370 (51.29%) followed by CVE-3 (47.54%), BJC-83 (46.49%) and the lowest was in CVL-1 (44.21%). The highest seed weight was obtained in the variety BJC-83 (6.44 gm/plant) followed by CVE- 3 (6.30 gm/plant), CVL-1 (6.06 gm/plant) and the lowest seed weight was found in BJC-7370 (5.36 gm/plant). The highest seed yield losses was found in the variety BJC-7370 (38.25%) followed by CVE-3 (31.93%), CVL-1 (29.28%) and the lowest was found in BJC-83 (28.89%). High levels of stress induced by P. latus feeding resulted in reduction in vegetative growth, flower development and reduction in quantity & quality of seed might be in response to some anatomical, physiological or biochemical differences between vegetative and reproductive stage of plants. These reductions were due to chronic feeding on plants younger leaf tissue, which appear to be more susceptible than plants with greater numbers of mature leaves. This effect has been shown to vary with the phenological development of hedera,reported by Nemestothy et al. (1982). Plants with younger hirsute leaves suffered the strongest damage compared to older plants with leaves with less hairs and where cell differentiation has already occurred. These results are in agreement with the reports of Smith (1935) who stated that the yellow mite cannot survive longer on the tough, mature leaves of most plants. It was reported that about 15.50% (O9897) & 10.00% (CVL- 1) of fibre yield were decreased by the attack of yellow mite in potted plants and 12.30% (O-9897) of fibre yield was decreased under field condition (Faruquzzaman 1987). De Coss-Romero & Peña (1998) reported about 80% of yield reduced by P. latus in green house pepper plant. The above discussion concluded that the variety BJC-7370 of C. capsularis showed most susceptible against P. latus under net house condition. The knowledge that the damage arises from mite responses to the phenological stage of the crop can enhance the efficiency and value of yellow mite monitoring programs and control strategies by focusing attention on the critical periods in jute crop. We observed in economic crop jute, Corchorus capsularis L.,that rapid increases of yellow mite numbers coincided with different stages of the plant. However, yield responses to yellow mite damage under field conditions may differ from those observed under conditions in the net house.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Dr. Md. Zinnatul Alam for reviewing the manuscript. Dr. Ramiz Uddin Miah and Dr. Md. Mofazzal Hosssain provided useful comments on an earlier draft.We also acknowledge Md. Fazler Rahman, Abdul Mazid Mia, Razzob Ali, Abdul Quader for laboratory assistance and to Dr. khandokar saif Uddin for statistical advice. This study was partially funded by a development project of “Jute production, diversified use of jute products & its extension” by Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI).

LITERATURE CITED

Alagarmalai, J., Grinberg, M. & Soroker, V. 2009. Host Selection by the Herbivorous Mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). J. Insect Behav., 22: 375-387.

Anonymous, 2005. Broad mite. Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants. http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/entomol/ncstate/mite1.htm (13 September 2005).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______709

Baker, J. R. 1997. Cyclamen mite and broad mite. Ornamental and Turf Insect Information Notes. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/flowers/note28/note28.html. (14 September 2005).

Beer, R. E. & Nucifora, A. 1965. Revisione dei generi della famiglia Tarsonemidae (Acarina). Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachic., Ser. 2, 7: 19-43.

Bitancourt, A. A. 1935. Doenças do algodoeiro. O Biológico, 1: 157-159.

De Coss-Romero, M. & Pena, J. E. 1998. Relationship of broad mite (Acari: Tarsonemidae) to host phenology and injury levels in Capsicum annuum. Florida Entomol., 81: 515-526.

Denmark, H. A. 1980. Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). FDACS-DPI Bureau of Entomology Circular No. 213. pp. 2.

Faruquzzaman, A. K. M. 1987.Determination of economic threshold of jute pests. Annual report of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute. Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka, 1207. Pp. 91-94.

Hambleton, E. J. 1938. A ocorrência do ácaro tropical Tarsonemus latus Banks, (Acari: Tarsonemidae) causador da rasgadura das folhas nos algodoais de São Paulo. Arq. Inst. Biol., 9: 201-209.

Iacob, N. 1978. New Mite Pests on Greenhouse Crops and on Grapevine (abstract only). Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. A., 67 (12): 595-596.

Jepsson, L. R., Keiffer, H. H. & Baker, E. W. 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants Univ. California Press, Los Angeles.

Kabir, A. K. M. F. 1975. Jute pest of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute. Dacca, 15: 28-36.

Khosla, R. K. 1977. Techniques for assessment of losses due to pests and diseases of rice. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 47: 171-174.

Manica, I. 1982. Fruticultura tropical: 3. Mamão. São Paulo, Ceres, p. 276.

Nemesthoty, K., Volcsansky, E. & Simon, N. 1982. Influence of damage of the mites Tarsonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on the morphological properties of fashedera and hedera leaves. Novenyvedelem, 10: 437-442.

Oliveira, C. A. L. & Calcagnolo, G. 1974. Ação do ácaro branco Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) na depreciação quantitativa e qualitativa da produção algodoeira. O Biológico, 40: 139-149.

Peña, J. E. & Campbell, C. W. 2005. Broad mite. EDIS. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH020 (13 September 2005).

Pradhan, S. K. 1988. Evaluation of jute and kenaf/mesta germplasm for pest resistance. Procedings of the training course on breeding for varietal improvement of jute, kenaf and allied febres. 12-21 April, 1988. IJO, JARI. Barrakpure, India : 185 pp.

Silveira, D. A. 1993. O controle racional dos ácaros branco e da ferrugem. Inf. Coopercitrus, 7: 17-20.

Smith, F. F. 1935. Control experiments on certain Tarsonemus mites onornamentals. Journal of Economic Entomology, 28: 91-98.

Steel, R. G. D. & Torrie, J. H. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., NewYork. pp.107-109.

Wilkerson, J. L., Webb, S. E. & Capinera, J. L. 2005. Vegetable Pests II: Acari-Hemiptera - Orthoptera-Thysanoptera. UF/IFAS CD-ROM. SW, pp. 181.

710 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Table 1. Comparison of mean number of population at different stages of yellow mite per cm2 of leaf at three DAS of C. capsularis under net house condition.

Means followed by same letter in column do not differ by Tukey’s test (P = 0.05). Figures in the parentheses are the square root transformed mean values.

Table 2. Comparison of mean percent infestation, damage rating, leaf area of jute plants infested with yellow mite at three plant stages under net house condition.

Means for each parameter within rows followed by the same letter are not significantly different (t-test, P=0.05).

Table 3. Comparison of mean fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight and soluble solids at three jute plant stages infested with yellow mite under net house condition.

Means for each parameter within rows followed by the same letter are not significantly different (t-test, P=0.05).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______711

Table 4. Comparison of mean number of leaves, plant height and base diameter at three jute plant stages infested with yellow mite under net house condition.

Means for each parameter within rows followed by the same letter are not significantly different (t-test, P=0.05).

Table 5. Comparison of mean fibre weight, stick weight, number of flowers, number of pods, pod weight, number of seed per pod, seed weight and 1000 seed weight at three jute plant stages infested with yellow mite under net house condition.

Means for each parameter within rows followed by the same letter are not significantly different (t-test, P=0.05).

Table 6. Yield loss of C. capsularis varieties due to P. latus infestation under nethouse condition.

In a column, treatment means having the same letter(s) are not significantly different by Tukey’s test (P=0.05). Figures in the parentheses are the transformed mean values.

712 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______FIRST RECORD OF TRICHOFERUS PALLIDUS (OLIVIER, 1790) FOR ITALY (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi* and Bruno Grego**

* via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto (UD), ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] ** via Lazzaretto Vecchio, 9, 34123 Trieste (TS), ITALY.

[Rapuzzi, P. & Grego, B. 2013. First record of Trichoferus pallidus (Olivier, 1790) for Italy (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 712-713]

ABSTRACT: Trichoferus pallidus (Olivier, 1790) was firstly recorded for Italy after its description. Three new localities was found from Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto regions.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Trcihoferus pallidus, new record, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Italy.

Trichoferus pallidus (Olivier, 1790) was described without any detailed locality from “Italy” and for more than 2 centuries it was never collected. For this reason it was deleted from the count of the Italian species of Cerambycidae (Sama, 1988; Sama, 2005; Sama & Rapuzzi, 2011). Recently thanks to the investigation of Mr. Alberto Sette and Mr. Bruno Grego of the Cerambycidae Fauna of Trieste area and the Verona’s province several specimens of this species were collected. The use of sugar traps has permitted to find many interesting and rare species. Recently Trichoferus pallidus was collected in Istria (Lovran) (Demelt & Schurmann, 1964) and in Cres Island, Filožici and Beli villages (!), both localities are in Croatia but close to the Italian border (the series of specimens collected in Cres island was found using sugar traps). It is interesting to note that this species was never collected before in this area although these localities are very well known by the entomologist from many years. We are sure that new records must be found in Italy and not only in the North East of Italy, but it is very likely that this species will be found in many other Italian region, in Central and Southern Italy as well.

Trichoferus pallidus (Olivier, 1790) (Callidium pallidum Olivier, 1790, Encycl. Méthod. Entom., 5 (Ins.): 256. Patria: Italie). (Fig. 1)

Friuli Venezia Giulia: Trieste, Santa Croce, Monte San Primo Southern slopes, 150 m., 24.V-10.VII.2012, 14.VII-03.IX.2012; Trieste, costal road near Aurisina cross, 160 m., 03.VII-01.VIII.2012, Bruno Grego lgt. Veneto: Cerea, Villa Bertelé (Verona province), 45°13’01’’N 11°12’18’’E, 2.VII- 15.IX.2012 Alberto Sette lgt.; Montecchia di Crosara, Monte Calvarina (Verona province), 565 m., 45°30’25’’N 11°16’52’’E, 15.VI-6.VII.2012, Remo De Togni lgt.

Discussion The two localities of Friuli Venezia Giulia are very close to the Adriatic Sea and they represent the relict belt of the indigenous forest between the sea and the Carsic plateau. In this small area the vegetation is mainly represented by Fraxinus ornus, Ostria carpinifolia, Prunus mahaleb, Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex. The localities of Veneto region are very interesting. The first one (Cerea) is a small relict plane forest that it is a part of a park of a Venetian villa. The vegetation of this park consists of Acer sp., Ostrya carpinifolia, Populus sp.,

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______713 Corylus avellana and Quercus sp. This locality is in the Southern part of the Verona province, surrounded by a very large agriculture area. The second locality is Monte Calvarina, it is a thermophile area in the North East of the Verona province and the vegetation consists by small and medium size trees of Quercus spp., Ostrya sp., Corylus avellana and Prunus sp. According these information it is very likely that other localities for Trichoferus pallidus can be found in future in Italy. The locality of Cerea shows as this species very probably was widespread in the past in the Padanian plane before this area became an intensive agriculture and industrial area. It will be necessary to investigate other relict plane forest to have an idea on its diffusion today in Northern Italy.

LITERATURE CITED

Demelt, C. & Schurmann, P. 1964. Die Cerambycidenfauna von Istrien (Jugoslawien). Zeitschr. Der Arbeitsgemeinschaft österr. Entomologen, 16. Jhg. Nr. 1-3: 26-43.

Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 924 pp.

Müller, G. 1949-53. I Coleotteri della Venezia Giulia. II: Coleoptera Phytophaga - Pubbl. n.4, Centro Sperim. agr. for., Trieste: 1-685.

Sama, G. 1988. Fauna d'Italia. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Catalogo Topografico e Sinonimico. Ed. Calderini, Bologna, XXXVI + 216 pp.

Sama, G. 2002. Atlas of the Cerambycidae of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Volume 1: Northern, Western, Central and Eastern Europe. British Isles and Continenal Europe from France (excl. Corsica) to Scandinavia and Urals. Nakladatelstvi Kabourek: pp. 1-173.

Sama, G. 2005 – Stoch, F. 2000-2005. CKmap for Windows. Version 5.1. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Direzione per la Protezione della Natura. http://ckmap.faunaitalia.it

Sama, G. & Rapuzzi, P. 2011. Una nuova Checklist dei Cerambycidae d’Italia. Quad. Studi Nat. Romagna, 32: 121-164.

Figure 1. Trichoferus pallidus male, Trieste, Santa Croce, Monte San Primo.

714 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______PSEUDOSCORPIONS (ARACHNIDA: PSEUDOSCORPIONES) OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF ČESKÝ KRAS PROTECTED LANDSCAPE, CZECH REPUBLIC

Katarína Krajčovičová*, Jana Christophoryová* and Miroslav Krumpál*

* Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B-1, SK–842 15 Bratislava, SLOVAKIA. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

[Krajčovičová, K., Christophoryová, J. & Krumpál, M. 2013. Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of the Southwestern part of Český Kras protected landscape, Czech Republic. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 714-725]

ABSTRACT: Faunistic data on pseudoscorpions from the Protected Landscape Area of the southwestern part of Český Kras are presented. The selected fragmented landscape includes seventeen forest fragments of different size and different plant associations and three open non-forest localities. A faunistic survey was conducted during the years 2008 – 2011. Soil sampling and pitfall trapping were used as the sampling methods. Out of 3859 collected pseudoscorpions, 11 species belonging to 3 families including Chthoniidae, Neobisiidae and Chernetidae were identified. New localities and all nymphal stages of the rare species Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 and Microbisium suecicum Lohmander, 1945 were found during this research.

KEY WORDS: Pseudoscorpiones, faunistics, Český kras, Czech Republic, Central Europe.

Pseudoscorpions are the fourth largest order with more than 3380 species described worldwide (Harvey, 2011). Attention to this arachnid group has been payed more intensively in the Czech Republic during the last 20 years. The local pseudoscorpion fauna includes 38 species from seven families (Christophoryová et al., 2012b). More numerous faunistic data are known only from few areas: Prague and surroundings (Šťáhlavský, 2001), National Park Podyjí (Šťáhlavský, 2006a), Protected Landscape Area Kokořínsko (Šťáhlavský, 2006b), Dolní Povltaví and Podřisko (Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007), Protected Landscape Area Litovelské Pomoraví (Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009) and Protected Landscape Area Třeboňsko and surroundings (Šťáhlavský, 2011). The pseudoscorpion fauna of Český Kras was studied for the first time and the research was supported by the project „Limits of biodiversity protection in fragmented landscape”. The aim of the project was to study the effect of forest fragmentation on habitat characteristics and their biodiversity. Some partial results have already been published: the first complete description of all developmental stages of pseudoscorpion Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 (Christophoryová et al., 2012a) and the ecology of this rare species (Krajčovičová et al., 2012). The Protected Landscape Area of Český Kras covers an area of 128 km2 and is situated in the altitude of 208–499 m a.s.l. The diversiform landscape includes warm steppes, karst canyons and gorges. Besides many karst formations, there are many larger or smaller caverns and cave complexes. Oak and hornbeam forests are the most common forest communities.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______715 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The material was examined in the southwestern part of the Protected Landscape Area Český Kras (Fig. 1). The selected fragmented landscape represented 17 forest fragments of different size and different plant associations and three non-forest open localities (Tab. 1). 57 sampling plots were selected during the years 2008 – 2011 (area of each 25 m2). The altitude of the plots ranged from 142 m a.s.l. to 472 m a.s.l. The pseudoscorpions were collected using soil samples and pitfall traps. Five pitfall traps (each with a diameter of 9 cm, containing formaldehyde killing-preserving solution) with a year continual exposition and monthly sampling intervals were used at each sampling plot. At each plot, five soil samples were taken in May and September (area of each 625 cm2, depth ca 10 cm). All specimens were determined by K. Krajčovičová and J. Christophoryová using the identification key of Christophoryová et al. (2011b). Nomenclature for all taxa follows Harvey (2011). The part of the material was studied as temporary slide mounts and was deposited in ethanol. A part of it was studied as permanent slide mounts using Leica ICC50 microscope. The whole material is deposited in the zoological collections of the Comenius University, Bratislava.

Abbreviations used in the text: FF – forest fragment, NOL – non-forest open localities; PT – pitfall trap, SS – soil sample; m – male, f – female, tn – tritonymph, dn – deutonymph, pn – protonymph.

RESULTS

During the research, 11 species belonging to 3 families were identified. All of them are being newly reported for the studied area. A total number of the specimens, GPS position and plant associations are shown in the Table 2.

Family Chthoniidae Daday 1888 Chthonius (Chthonius) carinthiacus Beier, 1951 FF15: 466 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 3m. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Brná u Ústí nad Labem, Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape, Třeboňsko Protected Landscape (Ducháč, 1997; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009; Šťáhlavský, 2011). Range: Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia and Italy (Christophoryová et al., 2011a; Harvey, 2011).

Chthonius (Chthonius) orthodactylus (Leach, 1817) FF1: 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1m, 1f; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1m; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1f; SS: 8.9.2009: 1f; 426 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1m; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1f, 1tn; SS: 5.5.2009: 1f; 8.9.2009: 1f, 1tn; FF2: 311m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1m, 1f; 420 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1tn; 2.3.- 15.3.2009: 1m; 433 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 2f; FF3: 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 3m; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1m, 2f; FF4: 358 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2008: 4m, 2f; 16.4.-13.5.2008: 3m, 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m, 2f; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m, 1f, 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1tn; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1m; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1m; 8.9.2009: 1dn; 370 m a.s.l.: PT: 22.3.-14.4.2010: 1m; 380 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 6m, 15f; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 7m, 6f; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m, 2f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m, 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1tn; 22.3.-14.4.2010: 7m, 4f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1f; 384 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1m, 1f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1f; 7.3.- 12.4.2011: 1m; FF6: 347 m a.s.l.: SS: 8.9.2009: 2tn; 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1m; FF7: 323 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1tn; 30.9.- 27.10.2009: 1f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1f;

716 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

FF8: 302 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 4m, 1f; 310 m a.s.l.: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1f; 311 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1f; FF10: 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 5m, 2f; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m, 1f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 2m, 3f; FF11: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 10m, 24f; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 5m, 30f; 13.5.-8.6.2009: 2m, 4f; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m, 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1f, 3tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1f, 1tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1m, 1f, 1tn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1m; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 9m, 4f; 7.3.- 12.4.2011: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 2m, 2f; 8.9.2009: 6tn; FF15: 344 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; SS: 10.9.2010: 1tn; 363 m a.s.l.: SS: 10.9.2010: 1tn; 369 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2009: 1tn; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1m; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 3m, 2f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1f; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1tn; 436 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 444 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1f; 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1m; 23.7.-27.4.2012: 1m, 2f; SS: 4.5.2011: 2f; 18.5.2011: 1f; 452 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 4m; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 2m, 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1f; 462 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1m; 466 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 2f; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 2f; 19.8.- 16.9.2008: 1tn; FF17: 412 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m, 1tn; FF18: 402 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m; 440 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 4m; 461 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 4m, 4f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1m, 2f; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1tn; SS: 4.5.2011: 1f; NOL 801: 370 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn. Unknown data from Český kras: 11m, 22f, 1tn. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Prague, Dolné Povltaví and Podřipsko (Krumpál & Kiefer, 1981; Šťáhlavský, 2001; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007). Range: Europe, Tunisia (Harvey, 2011).

Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) fuscimanus Simon, 1900 FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: PT: 14.6.-11.7.2011: 2f; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1f; SS: 4.5.2011: 1m, 2f. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Milíčovský les, Šance Natur Reserve, Podyjí National Park, Litovelské Pomoraví (Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). Range: Austria, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Turkey (Christophoryová et al., 2012b; Harvey, 2011).

Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) FF2: 323 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1f; 18.8.- 15.9.2010: 1m; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1f; 431 m a.s.l.: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 2m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 3m; FF3: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m; FF5: 323 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 2m; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1f; 370 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.- 25.5.2010: 2m, 2f, 1tn; 25.5.-24.5.2010: 2m, 1f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 13m, 1f; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1m; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 7m, 3f, 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 5m, 2f, 1tn; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1f; SS: 4.5.2010: 1m, 2f, 5tn, 1dn; FF6: 347 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1m; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1f; 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.- 16.4.2009: 2m, 5f, 1tn; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 3m, 2f, 1tn; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 7m, 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 17m, 9f, 5tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 7m, 7f, 2tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 2f; 22.3.- 15.4.2010: 1m; SS: 8.9.2009: 1m; FF7: 324 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 8m, 2f, 1dn; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1m, 6f, 5tn; 8.6.- 8.7.2009: 1m, 2f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 4m, 2f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 9m, 10f, 2tn, 1dn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 8m, 4f; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 2m, 2f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 2f; FF11: 363 m a.s.l.: PT: 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1m; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1m; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1f; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1m, 1f; FF15: 341 m a.s.l.: SS: 18.5.2011: 1m; 9.9.2011: 2m; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 3m, 2f; 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2010: 1f; 442 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2010: 1m; 452 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2010: 2m; FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1m, SS: 1.9.2011: 1m; FF17: 142 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 1tn; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 4f, 2tn; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 2m, 1tn; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 6m, 4f, 3tn; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 2m, 1f; 5.2.- 2.3.2009: 2m, 1f; FF18: 440 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 448 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f;

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FF23: 432 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 1tn; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 2m, 1f; FF24: 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m, 1f; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1f; NOL 800: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 3m, 2f, 2tn; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1f; 24.6.- 19.7.2010: 7m, 3f; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 3m, 1f; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1m, 1f; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1f; SS: 10.9.2010: 1f; Unknown data from Český kras: 5m, 2f, 3tn. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007). Range: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Cuba, Egypt, Estonia, Europe, Iran, Israel, U.S.A., Syria, Turkey (Harvey, 2011).

Family Neobisiidae Chamberlin 1930 Microbisium suecicum Lohmander, 1945 FF1: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; SS: 18.5.2011: 2f; FF7: 323 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 4f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1f; 1.9.2009: 1f; FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: SS: 1.9.2009: 5f, 3tn; 4.5.2011: 9f, 2dn; 1.9.2011: 5f, 1dn, 1pn. Distribution in the Czech Republic: the heathland around the villages Havraník and Popice (Šťáhlavský & Ducháč, 2001; Šťáhlavský 2006a). Range: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and Morocco (Christophoryová & Krumpál, 2009; Christophoryová et al., 2012b; Harvey, 2011).

Neobisium (Neobisium) carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) FF1: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 5m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1f, 4tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 7f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 2f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 5m, 2f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 5m, 2f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 3m; SS: 9.9.2011: 6m, 3f; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 2m; 8.7.- 5.8.2009: 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1f, 3tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 5m, 3f, 2tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 3m, 4f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 2m; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 9m, 4f; SS: 8.9.2009: 1m, 4f, 2tn, 1dn; 426 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 2f, 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 2f; 27.10.- 25.11.2009: 4m, 3f, 1tn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 5m, 3f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1m, 1f; 8.9.2009: 3m, 2tn, 1dn, 1pn; FF2: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 6m, 2f; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1tn; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1f; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 4m, 2f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 19m, 7f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 3m, 1f; SS: 4.5.2010: 4m; 2.9.2010: 5m; 416 m a.sl.: PT: 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1tn; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1f; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 2m; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1m, 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 1m; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 2m, 1f; 420 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 2m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 2m, 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1m, 1tn; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 8m, 1f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 1m; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 2m, 1f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 2m, 1f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 7m, 2f; 4.1.- 27.2.2012: 2m, 2f; SS: 18.5.2011: 2m; 9.9.2011: 5m, 3f, 1pn; 422 m a.s.l.: PT: 6.3.-2.4.2008: 1f; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 5m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 7m, 1f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 2m, 3f, 1tn; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 2m, 3f; 14.11.- 9.12.2008: 1m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 4m; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 1m, 3f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 2m, 1f; 431 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m, 3f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m, 1tn; 19.8.- 16.9.2008: 4m, 3f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1m; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1m, 1f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 2m, 1f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 1m, 1f; 433 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 2m; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 1m; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1m; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 3m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 2m; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 2m, 1f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 2f; FF3: 374 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 1m, 1f; 8.6.-8.7.209: 1m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m; 5.8.- 2.9.2008: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1dn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 2m; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 2m, 3f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1pn; 1.9.2009: 2m, 2f, 1tn; 405 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 2m, 1f; 8.6.- 8.7.2009: 1m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f, 2tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 2tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 3m, 2f; 27.10.- 25.11.2009: 2m, 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 16m, 4f; SS: 5.5.2009: 2m; 1.9.2009, SS: 1m, 3tn, 1dn; 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1f; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1m; 12.10.- 9.11.2010: 2f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 14m, 4f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 3m, 3f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m; SS: 4.5.2010: 1m, 1f, 1tn, 1dn, 1pn; 2.9.2010: 4m, 1tn; 414 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1dn; 8.7.- 5.8.2009: 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 3m, 2f; 27.10.- 25.11.2009: 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 5m, 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 2m, 2tn; 1.9.2009: 1m, 2f, 2tn; 422 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 1m, 1f; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 2tn, 1dn; 2.9.-

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30.9.2009: 2m; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 5m, 8f, 1tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 5m, 1f; 25.11.2009- 22.3.2010: 4m, 6f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1tn; SS: 5.5.2009: 1tn; 1.9.2009: 8m, 1tn; FF4: 344 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m, 1f; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1m; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 14m, 3f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 4m; SS: 4.5.2010: 1m; 2.9.2010: 2m; 358 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 1m, 1f; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 3m, 1f; 17.5.- 14.6.2011: 1m; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 3m, 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 2m; 27.2.- 27.3.2012: 1f; SS: 8.9.2009: 1m; 18.5.2011: 1f; 9.9.2011: 1m, 2f, 1tn, 1dn; 380 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 2m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m, 1f, 1dn; 30.9.- 27.10.2009: 1m, 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 7m, 3f; SS: 5.5.2009: 3m; 8.9.2009: 3m, 1f; 384 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1m; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 10m, 1f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1m, 1f; 19.7.- 18.8.2010: 4m, 2tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1f; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 2m, 2tn; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 34m, 4f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2m; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 2m, 2f; SS: 4.5.2010: 2m; 2.9.2010: 2m, 1tn, 1dn; FF5: 368 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1m, 3f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1f; SS: 9.9.2011: 1m, 1tn; 370 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.4.- 24.6.2010: 2m; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1m; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 3m, 4f; 7.2.- 7.3.2011: 2f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m; SS: 2.9.2010: 3m, 2f, 2tn; FF6: 346 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1m; 27.10.-25.11.2010: 2m; SS: 8.9.2009: 3m, 2f; 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1pn; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m, 1dn; 12.10.- 9.11.2009: 2m, 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1m; SS: 8.9.2009: 1m; FF7: 324 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1tn; 13.5.-8.6.2009: 1m; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1dn; 5.8.- 2.9.2009: 2f; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1m, 6f, 1tn; SS: 5.5.2009: 2tn; 1.9.2009: 1m; FF8: 302 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 3m; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1tn; 5.8.- 2.9.2009: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1f; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1m; 25.11.2009- 22.3.2010: 4m, 5f; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1f; SS: 12.5.2009: 1f, 1dn, 2pn; 1.9.2009: 2m, 3f, 4tn, 2dn; 310 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.7.-5.8.2009: 2f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 3m, 1f; 27.10.- 25.11.2010: 3m, 3f; 25.11.2010-22.3.2011: 17m, 3f; SS: 12.5.2009: 1m, 1tn; 1.9.2009: 4m, 3f; FF10: 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.5.-8.6.2009: 4m; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 3f; 1pn; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1tn; 5.8.- 2.9.2009: 2tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1m, 1f; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 2f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 4m; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 5m, 6f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1m; 8.9.2009: 8m, 1f, 3dn; FF11: 363 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 2f; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m, 3f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 2m, 1tn; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1m, 3tn; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 2m, 3f; 12.10.- 9.11.2010: 4m, 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 15m, 5f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 5m; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 3m; 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 2m, 3f, 1tn, 3dn; 10.9.2010: 11m, 1tn; 414 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m; 24.6.- 19.7.2010: 2m; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1tn; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1m, 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 7m, 4f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 1f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m, 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1f, 1tn; 10.9.2010: 1m, 2f, 2tn, 1dn, 1pn; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1f; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1f; 13.5.-8.6.2009: 5m, 5f; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 3f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 3tn; 2.9.- 30.9.2009: 2m, 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 7m, 3f, 1tn; 25.11.2009- 22.3.2010: 10m, 5f; SS: 5.5.2009: 4m, 1f; 8.9.2009: 2m, 9f, 3tn, 3dn; FF12: 453 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1tn; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1f, 1dn; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1m, 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 5m, 6f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 1m, 1f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 2m, 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 4m, 1f; 2.9.2010: 1tn; 472 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m, 1f; 24.6.- 19.7.2010: 1m, 1dn; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1m, 2f; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1m; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 8m, 2f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 4m; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m; SS: 11.5.2010: 1m, 1dn; 2.9.2010: 1tn; FF15: 341m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 9m, 3f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 4m; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1m, 2f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 4m, 2f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 4m, 1f, 1dn; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 5m, 2f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1m, 3f; SS: 18.5.2011: 1m, 1tn; 9.9.2011: 2m,1f, 3tn, 1pn; 342 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1tn; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 1m; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1m, 2f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1f; SS: 9.9.2011: 2m; 344 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1f; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 3m, 4f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 4m, 3f, 2dn; 19.7.- 18.8.2010: 5m, 4f, 1tn; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1m, 3f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 5m, 4f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2m, 1f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 3f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1m, 1f; 10.9.2010: 4m, 2f; 369 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.- 25.6.2008: 3m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1tn, 1dn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 1m, 2f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 2f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 2m, 4f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 4m; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 1m, 2f; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 7m, 1f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m; 11.8.- 9.9.2011: 1f; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1m, 1f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 3m, 4f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 4m, 2f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 2m, 2f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 3m, 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 5m, 1f; SS: 1.9.2011: 3m, 2f, 2dn; 391 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1f; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 5m, 4f; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1tn;

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______719

19.7.-18.8.2010: 1f, 4tn; 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1m, 1tn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 2m; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 4m, 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 7m, 3f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2m, 1f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1m; 10.9.2010: 5m, 3f, 2tn, 2pn; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1tn; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 8m; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1m; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1m, 2tn; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 3m, 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 19m, 6f; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 5m, 2f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m, 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 4m; 10.9.2010: 1tn; 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 12.3.-2.4.2008: 1m; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 7m, 1f; 25.6.- 23.7.2008: 2m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m, 1f; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 5m, 3f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 2m; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 6m; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 3m, 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 11m, 3f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 9m, 2f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 1m, 2f; 436 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1m, 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 2f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1m; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1f, 1tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 2f; 3.10.- 3.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 2m, 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 3m, 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 2m, 1f; SS: 18.5.2011: 1m, 2f; 1.9.2011: 2m; 442 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 3m, 1f; 25.6.- 23.7.2008: 3m, 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1tn, 1dn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 5m, 2f, 2tn; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 2m, 2f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 3m, 1f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1m, 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 5m, 3f; 5.2.- 2.3.2009: 2m, 1f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 1m; 444 m a.s.l.: PT: 12.3.-2.4.2008: 1m; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m, 1f; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 2f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1m, 2f; 13.10.- 14.11.2008: 1f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 3m, 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 7m, 1f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 4m, 1f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 1m, 1f; 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 4m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m, 3tn; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 2tn; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 2m, 3f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 1f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 5m; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 10m, 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 4m, 1f; SS: 4.5.2011: 2m; 1.9.2011: 2m, 1f, 1pn; 451 m a.s.l.: PT: 12.3.-2.4.2008: 2f; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1f; 23.7.-18.2008:1m, 1tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 3m; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 2m; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 2f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 4m, 1f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 2f; 462 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 3m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m, 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 3m, 2tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 2m, 1f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1m; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1f; 9.12.2008- 5.2.2009: 6m, 1f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 4m, 9f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 3f; 465 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.6.- 23.7.2008: 1m, 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 2tn, 1dn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 5m, 1f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1m, 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 2m, 1f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 4m, 1tn; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 7m, 4f; 5.2.- 2.3.2009: 6m, 5f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 3m, 3f; FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 3tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 2m; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 3m, 5f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m, 2f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 2m, 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 3f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 2f; SS: 1.9.2011: 1tn; FF17: 142 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 4m; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 2m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1m, 1dn; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 4m, 1f, 3tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 5m, 1f; 16.9.- 13.10.2008: 2f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 1m, 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 5m, 3f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 5m, 1f; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 1m; FF18: 402 m a.s.l: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1m, 3f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 7m, 6f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m, 1f, 4tn; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1f; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1m, 5f, 1tn; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 4m, 2f; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 2m; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 4m, 2f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1m, 1f; SS: 1.9.2011: 4m, 1f, 1tn; 440 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 3f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 2m, 7f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 10m, 3f, 1tn; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 3f, 1tn; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 2f, 2tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 2m, 2f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 2m, 4f, 2tn; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1f, 1tn; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1m; 27.2.- 27.3.2012: 4m, 7f; SS: 4.5.2011: 1m, 1tn, 1dn; 18.5.2011: 2tn, 1dn; 1.9.2011: 1f, 1tn, 1dn; 446 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 2m, 4f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 2f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 2f; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 2tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 3f, 1pn; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1m; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 3m; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 3m, 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 2m, 4f; SS: 4.5.2011: 2m, 1tn; 1.9.2011: 2f, 2tn, 3dn; 448 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 4m, 1f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1m, 3f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 2m, 4f; 11.8.- 9.9.2011: 4tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 4m, 2f; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 3m, 6f, 1tn; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1m; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 3m, 2f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1m; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1m, 2f, 1tn; SS: 4.5.2011: 1m, 1f, 2dn; 1.9.2011: 3m, 6f, 1tn, 2dn; 461 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 6m, 2f; 14.6.- 11.7.2011: 1m, 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1f, 2tn; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1tn; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 2m, 1tn; 3.10.- 3.11.2011: 4m, 3f; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 2m; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 9m, 3f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 4m, 2f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 5m, 2f; SS: 4.5.2011: 2m, 1tn; 1.9.2011: 7m, 1f, 3tn; FF23: 432 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m, 1tn; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 2tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 1m, 1f; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1m, 1tn; 9.12.2008- 5.2.2009: 3m; 2.3.-15.3.2009: 2m, 3f; FF24: 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 3m, 2f; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1f, 1dn; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 2tn; 19.8.-16.9.2008: 8m; 16.9.-13.10.2008: 4m, 3f; 14.11.-9.12.2008: 3m, 1f; 9.12.2008- 5.2.2009: 9m, 1f; 5.2.-2.3.2009: 9m, 3f; NOL 802: 430 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m.

720 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Ducháč, 1994; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a, b, 2011; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). Range: Algeria, Estonia, Europe, Georgia, India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Montenegro, Marocco, Tunisia, Estonia, India, Russia, Tunisia (Harvey, 2011).

Neobisium (Neobisium) erythrodactylum (L. Koch, 1873) FF1: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1m; 14.6.-11.7.-2011: 1f; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1tn; 3.10.- 3.11.2011: 1tn; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1dn; SS: 9.9.2011: 1f, 1tn; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f; SS: 8.9.2009: 1f; 426 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 2m, 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 2f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1pn; 18.3.-16.4.2010: 1tn; SS: 5.5.2009: 1tn, 1dn; 8.9.2009: 2m; 1.9.2011: 1pn; FF2: 416 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.20.4.2008: 2f; 420 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 1f; 3.10.- 3.11.2011: 1tn; 422 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1f; 433 m a.s.l.: PT: 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; FF3: 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 4m; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1f, 1dn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1dn; 30.9.- 27.10.2009: 1tn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1tn; SS: 1.9.2009: 1dn; 405 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.- 13.5.2009: 1m; 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 24.6.-19.78.2010: 4f; 19.7.-.18.8.2010: 2f; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1tn, 1dn; 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1tn; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m, 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 1tn; SS: 5.5.2009: 1f; 422 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.- 13.5.2009: 1tn, 1dn; 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1f; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1tn; 1.9.2009: 1dn; FF4: 358 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m, 1f; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1f; FF5: 370 m a.s.l.: SS: 4.5.2010: 1dn; FF6: 347 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1tn; 2.9.-30.9.2009: 1pn; SS: 8.9.2009: 2m; 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 2m, 1tn; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 2m, 1f, 1tn; 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1dn; 30.9.- 27.10.2009: 1m; 18.3.-16.4.2010: 1f; SS: 5.5.2009: 1f, 1tn; 8.9.2009: 1m, 1dn, 1pn; FF7: 324 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 6tn; SS: 1.9.2009: 1m, 1tn; FF10: 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1dn; FF11: 363 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 2f; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1tn; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 2m, 2f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1tn, 3dn; 10.9.2010: 1m, 3f, 1tn, 1dn; 414 m a.s.l.: 19.7.- 18.8.2010: 2tn; SS: 10.9.2010: 1tn; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m; SS: 8.9.2009: 1f, 1dn; FF12: 453 m a.s.l.: SS: 2.9.2010: 1m; 472 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 2f; 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1m; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1f; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1f, 1tn; 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1dn; SS: 11.5.2010: 1dn; 2.9.2010: 1f; FF15: 342 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1m; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1f; 11.8.- 9.9.2011: 2tn; 345 m a.s.l.: SS: 10.9.2010: 1dn; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 14.6.- 11.7.2011: 1f; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m; 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1dn; 4.1.-27.2.2012: 1f, 1tn; SS: 4.5.2011: 2tn; 392 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.8.-15.9.2010: 1dn; 15.9.-12.10.2010: 1f; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.- 25.5.2010: 1f; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 2f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1tn; 419 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 2m, 1f; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; 25.6.-23.7.2008: 1m, 1f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1f; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 1tn; 436 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1f; SS: 1.9.2011: 1f; 442 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 2f; 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1f; 444 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; SS: 4.5.2011: 1tn; 452 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1f; 466 m a.s.l.: PT: 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1m; FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1dn; 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1f; 4.1.- 27.2.2012: 2tn, 3dn; FF17: 412 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m; FF18: 402 m a.s.l.: PT: 9.9.-3.10.2011: 1tn; 440 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1dn; 27.2.- 27.3.2012: 1f; 446 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; 448 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.- 17.5.2011: 1m; 11.8.-9.9.2011: 1tn; SS: 1.9.2011: 2f; 461 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 3.10.- 3.11.2011: 1f; FF23: 432 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1f; FF24: 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 1m. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Ducháč, 1989, 1994, 1997; Šťáhlavský 2001, 2006a, 2006b, 2011; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). Range: Armenia, Azerbaijan, south and central Europe, Georgia, Iran, Turkey, Poland (Harvey, 2011).

Neobisium (Neobisium) fuscimanum (C.L. Koch, 1843) FF6: 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 12.10-9.11.2010: 1f;

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FF8: 302 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1dn; 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1m; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1f, 1dn; 22.3.-15.4.2010: 1dn; SS: 1.9.2009: 2pn; FF11: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1f; SS: 8.9.2009: 2m; 472 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 1tn; 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1tn; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 2f; 9.11.2010- 7.2.2011: 1m, 1pn; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2pn; SS: 10.9.2010: 1f; FF12: 453 m a.s.l.: PT: 7.3.- 12.4.2011: 1f; 472 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2010: 1f; FF15: 344 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.5.-24.6.2010: 2tn; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 3m, 3f; 12.10.-9.11.2010: 1m; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1m, 2f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1dn; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.7.-11.8.2011: 2m; 401 m a.s.l.: PT: 24.6.-19.7.2010: 2m; 19.7.-18.8.2010: 1f, 1pn; 436 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; 14.6.-11.7.2011: 1tn; 11.7.-11.8.2011: 1m, 1f; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1f, 1pn; SS: 18.5.2011: 1dn; 442 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008, 1m; 30.4.-28.5.2008: 1dn; 28.5.-25.6.2008: 1m; 23.7.- 19.8.2008: 4m, 1f, 1tn; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 1m, 3f; 444 m a.s.l.: PT: 2.4.-30.4.2008: 1m, 1f; 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1f; 466 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.-19.8.2008: 2m. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Ducháč, 1989, 1994; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a, 2006b, 2011). Range: Albania, south and central Europe, Georgia, Iran, Montenegro, Poland, Turkey (Harvey, 2011).

Neobisium (Neobisium) sylvaticum (C.L. Koch, 1835) FF1: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 7.3.-12.4.2011: 1m; 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1tn; 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1f; FF3: 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1pn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1tn; 410 m a.s.l.: PT: 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1m, 1tn; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 1f; SS: 2.9.2010: 1tn; 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.11.2009- 22.3.2010: 1tn; 422 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 3m, 1tn; SS: 1.9.2009: 1f; FF4: 358 m a.s.l.: PT: 3.11.-29.11.2011: 1f, 1tn; 380 m a.s.l.: PT: 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1dn; FF6: 347 m a.s.l.: PT: 18.3.-16.4.2009: 1m, 1tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 2f; date unknown: 1f; 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 2tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 2m, 1tn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 2m, 2f; date unknown: 1m; SS: 8.9.2009: 4tn; FF7: 324 m a.s.l.: PT: 5.8.-2.9.2009: 4tn; 30.9.-27.10.2009: 4m, 8f, 1tn; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1f, tn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 2m, 1f, 2tn; date unknown: 1tn; SS: 1.9.2009: 4tn; FF8: 302 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1f; 27.10.-25.11.2009: 1m, 1f; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1f; 311 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1pn; 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1m, 1f; FF10: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 25.11.2009-22.3.2010: 1m; FF11: 363 m a.s.l.: PT: 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1m; 7.2.-7.3.2011: 1m, 1tn; 414 m a.s.l.: PT: 7.3.- 12.4.2011: 1m; FF15: 341 m a.s.l.: PT: 3.10.-3.11.2011: 1m; 29.11.2011-4.1.2012: 1tn; 342 m a.s.l.: PT: 11.7.- 11.8.2011: 2tn; SS: 9.9.2011: 1tn; 344 m a.s.l.: PT: 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2m, 1f; SS: 11.5.2010: 1f; 369 m a.s.l.: PT: 19.8.-16.9.2008: 1tn; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 1m; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 27.2.-27.3.2012: 1m; 392 m a.s.l.: PT: 7.2.-7.3.2011: 2m; 442 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.10.-14.11.2008: 1tn; 14.11.- 9.12.2008: 2m, 1tn; 9.12.2008-5.2.2009: 1tn; 2.3.-14.3.2009: 1f; 466 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.10.- 14.11.2008: 1tn. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Ducháč, 1988, 1995; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a, 2006b, 2011; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). Range: Albania, Armenia, south and central Europe, Georgia, Moldavia, Montenegro, Turkey (Harvey, 2011).

Family Chernetidae Menge 1855 Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 Published data: (Krajčovičová et al., 2012) New data: FF1: 390 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; SS: 18.5.2011: 1f, 2tn; 9.9.2011: 1m, 7f, 1tn; 420 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 2f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1dn; SS: 18.5.2011: 1m, 1f, 2tn; 9.9.2011: 2m, 10f, 4tn, 3dn; FF3: 415 m a.s.l.: PT: 16.4.-13.5.2009: 1f; SS: 1.9.2009: 1f; FF15: 341 m a.s.l.: SS: 18.5.2011: 1tn; 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 1f; 392 m a.s.l.: PT: 24.6.-19.7.2010: 1f; 9.11.2010-7.2.2011: 1f; 436 m a.s.l.: PT: 17.5.-14.6.2011: 2f; SS: 18.5.2011: 2m, 8f, 2tn; 1.9.2011: 1m, 5f; 444 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; 17.5.-14.6.2011: 6f; SS: 4.5.2011: 5m, 11f; 18.5.2011: 3m, 5f, 1tn; 1.9.2011: 3m, 9f, 1tn; FF16: 457 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; SS: 1.9.2011: 1f, 2tn; FF18: 402 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 1f; SS: 1.9.2011: 1m; 448 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.- 17.5.2011: 1f; SS: 4.5.2011: 2f; 1.9.2011: 1m; 461 m a.s.l.: PT: 13.4.-17.5.2011: 3f; 17.5.-

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14.6.2011: 2f; SS: 4.5.2011: 4m, 10f, 1tn; 18.5.2011: 1m, 3f, 2tn; 1.9.2011: 3m, 12f, 5tn, 1dn; 2.9.2011: 1tn; NOL 800: 390 m a.s.l.: SS: 11.5.2010: 1f; 10.9.2010: 3m, 3f; 1dn. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Pálava Biosphere Reserve (Ducháč, 1995). Range: central Europe, U.S.A. (Harvey, 2011; Christophoryová et al., 2012a; Krajčovičová et al., 2012).

Pselaphochernes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) FF1: 401 m a.s.l.: SS: 8.9.2009: 3dn; FF3: 375 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.7.-5.8.2009: 1f; FF6: 352 m a.s.l.: PT: 8.6.-8.7.2009: 1m; FF7: 324 m a.s.l.: SS: 5.5.2009: 1f; FF10: 419 m a.s.l.: SS: 5.5.2009: 2dn; FF15: 392 m a.s.l.: PT: 15.4.-25.5.2009: 1m; 24.6.-19.7.2009: 1f; 452 m a.s.l.: PT: 23.7.- 19.8.2009: 1f; FF18: 446 m a.s.l.: PT: 14.6.-11.7.2009: 1f. Distribution in the Czech Republic: Widespread (Ducháč, 1993, 1994; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a, 2006b, 2011; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). Range: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Europe, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, U.S.A., Uzbekistan (Harvey, 2011).

DISCUSSION

A total of 3823 specimens were examined from the studied forest fragments (except the open non-forest localities). The pseudoscorpion N. carcinoides was eudominant and euconstant in the whole studied area of Český kras. In Central Europe, N. carcinoides is considered to be eurytopic, mainly epigeic species and often the most common species of the family of Neobisiidae (Beier, 1963; Krumpál, 1980; Mahnert, 1983; Ducháč, 1994; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a, b, 2011; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007; Christophoryová, 2009; Šťáhlavský & Tuf, 2009). C. tetrachelatus often belongs to the most numerous species of the family of Chthoniidae (Beier, 1963; Šťáhlavský, 2001, 2006a; Šťáhlavský & Krásný, 2007). Surprisingly, the research in Český kras revealed, that C. orthodactylus was the most numerous Chthoniidae species in this area. In all known localities of the Czech Republic, as well as in other countries, only isolated findings of the pseudoscorpion A. peregrinus were recorded (Rafalski, 1967; Drogla, 1983; Krumpálová & Krumpál, 1993; Ducháč, 1995; Drogla & Lippold, 2004; Christophoryová & Krumpál, 2007, 2010). Vice versa A. peregrinus occurred in all the studied forest fragments in Český kras and belonged to eudominant species. The only known locality of M. suecicum from the Czech Republic was the heathland around the villages Havraník and Popice (Šťáhlavský, 2006a). Český kras became the second known locality in the Czech Republic with the distribution of this quite rare species. Except the females, all its nymphal stages were found there. Altogether 36 specimens belonging to four species (C. orthodactylus, C. tetrachelatus, N. carcinoides, A. peregrinus) occurred in open non-forest localities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. Karel Tajovský and Aleš Tenčík for collecting the pseudoscorpion material. The study was financially supported by the projects VaV SP/2d3/139/07 (Limits of biodiversity protection in fragmented landscape) of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic and VEGA 1/0176/09.

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Šťáhlavský, F. & Tuf, I. H. 2009. Štírci (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) CHKO Litovelské Pomoraví. Acta rerum naturalium, 7: 97-102.

Table 1. List of selected localities of Český kras. Abbreviations: FF – forest fragment, NOL 800 – shrubby eutrophic area inside the arable field, NOL 801 – xerothermic steppe enclave inside an arable field, NOL 802 – managed meadow; AO – acidophilous oak, BOH – beech oak-hornbeam, CP – coniferous trees, DP – plantations of deciduous trees, MM – managed meadow, MOH – mesophilous oak-hornbeam, NDP – plantations of non-native deciduous trees, SEA – shrubby eutrophic area with solitary oak inside the arable field, TOH – termophilous oak-hornbeam, XO – xerothermic oak, XSE - xerothermic species-rich steppe enclave inside the arable field.

Peri Area Locality meter Latitude Longitude Vegetation type (ha) (km) FF 1 36 4 14°05' 49°54' TOH, XO FF 2 21 2 14°06‘ 49°55‘ CP, MOH, TOH, XO FF 3 19 2 14°07‘ 49°55‘ DP, TOH FF 4 14 2 14°06‘ 49°54‘ AO, TOH FF 5 6 2 14°07' 49°54' AO, CP, MOH FF 6 11 3 14°07' 49°54' AO, NDP FF 7 0.7 0.6 14°08' 49°54' NDP FF 8 15 2 14°08' 49°54' BOH, MOH FF 10 10 1.6 14°05' 49°54' MOH FF 11 15 2 14°06' 49°54' MOH, NDP FF 12 20 3 14°06' 49°53' DP, MOH, NDP FF 15 255 11 14°07' 49°53' AO, BOH, CP, DP, MOH, NDP, TOH, XO FF 16 3 0.9 14°06' 49°53' NDP FF 17 5 0.8 14°06' 49°53' TOH FF 18 53 4 14°06' 49°52' BOH, TOH, XO FF 23 0.1 0.14 14°06' 49°55' XO FF 24 0.26 0.33 14°06' 49°55' TOH NOL 800 0.0025 0.02 14°06' 49°54' SEA NOL 801 0.0025 0.02 14°06' 49°54' XSE NOL 802 0.0025 0.02 14°06' 49°55' MM

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Table 2. The total number of all developmental stages of the recorded species in Český kras. Abbreviations: m – male, f – female, tn – tritonymph, dn – deutonymph, pn – protonymph. The data of A. peregrinus included the total number of the species recorded during the four- year research, including the published ones (Krajčovičová et al., 2012).

Species m f tn dn pn Total C. carinthiacus 3 0 0 0 0 3 C. orthodactylus 129 178 34 1 0 342 C. fuscimanus 1 5 0 0 0 6 C. tetrachelatus 167 106 39 3 0 315 M. suecicum 0 29 3 3 1 36 N. carcinoides 1197 671 182 48 14 2112 N. erythrodactylum 42 72 44 28 5 191 N. fuscimanum 24 24 6 6 7 67 N. sylvaticum 32 26 38 1 2 99 A. peregrinus 129 372 106 66 3 676 P. scorpioides 2 5 0 5 0 12

Figure 1. Map of the Czech Republic with the marked position of the Protected Landscape Area of Český kras.

726 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______EFFECT OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES ON VERMICOMPOSTING OF PAPER WASTE USING EPIGEIC EARTHWORM, EUDRILUS EUGENIAE (ANNELIDA: CLITELLATA)

Muddasir Basheer*, Rajesh Kumar*, S. A. Ganai* and O. P. Agrawal*

* Vermibiotechnology Research Unit, School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior. (M.P). INDIA – 474011. E-mails: [email protected]; op_agrawal51@ rediffmail.com

[Basheer, M., Kumar, R., Ganai, S. A. & Agrawal, O. P. 2013. Effect of various additives on vermicomposting of paper waste using epigeic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Annelida: Clitellata). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 726-733]

ABSTRACT: Earthworms perform wonderful job to maintain nutrient balance in the soil by recycling of organic waste. Earthworms have been used in the degradation of various types of wastes from prehistoric times. This study examines the potential of the African night crawler, Eudrilus eugeniae in the vermicomposting of waste paper. The effect of some additives on the process of vermicomposting was also observed. A mixture of waste paper and cow dung in the ratio of 1:1 was found to be the best for the growth and survival of Eudrilus eugeniae. Trichoderma treated media was the most preferential medium (35%) followed by Vermiwash (28%) and Jaggery + Buttermilk (21%) and control (16%). An increase was noticed in various parameters like percent number, weight, percent population growth and biomass production of earthworms.

KEY WORDS: Eudrilus eugeniae, Paper waste, Trichoderma, Vermiwash, Gwalior.

A significant amount of paper waste is produced in day-to-day life, particularly in offices, business concerns, packaging industries and homes. Shredded paper is used for packaging and transport of fruits, vegetables, foods, breakable items etc. For confidential reasons, the paper waste is not sold in the market and usually torn into pieces and burnt. The paper and card board waste from market yard is also not sorted out for recycling. A huge amount of such waste along with other waste are disposed off by dumping, land-filling and burning. The paper and paper based wastes are rich in cellulose (carbon) and poor in nitrogen content. They have much higher C/N ratio. Shredded paper has low bulk density permitting enough aeration, but water soaked stuff becomes too dense and does not allow free aeration. The aerobic bacteria are unable to utilize complex cellulose of paper waste. Thus vermicomposting of paper waste is not an easy task. No sincere attempts have been made to recycle the paper waste so that pollution caused by its disposal be prevented and useful end product can be generated. Earthworms are important Vermiresources having simple, cylindrical, coelomate and segmented body characterized by presence of setae.Many organic by-products of agricultural production and processing industries are currently seen as .waste' and thus become potential environmental hazards. A portion of this waste is currently reused, recycled or reprocessed. However, a majority of it is disposed off in Landfills (anaerobic composting), which is a matter of concern due to many factors including cost and environmental issue. During recent years, applied use of earthworms in the breakdown of a wide range of organic residues, including sewage sludge, animal wastes, crop residues, and industrial refuse to produce vermicompost, has been recommended (Mitchell et al., 1980; Reinecke & Venter, 1987; Edwards & Neuhauser, 1988; Hartenstein & Bisesi, 1988; Van Gestel et al., 1992; Dominguez & Edwards, 1997; Edwards, 1998; Kale, 1998; Garg

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______727 et al., 2006). Vermicompost is rich in microbial populations and diversity particularly fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes (Edwards, 1998). The importance of the earthworms in waste management, environmental conservation, organic farming and sustainable agriculture has been highlighted by several workers (Edwards & Neuhauser, 1988; Senapati, 1992; Mitchell, 1997; Ismail, 1997; Eijasackers, 1998; Talashikar & Powar, 1998; Tripathi, 2003). It has been observed that although paper sludge is a good source of organic carbon, this sludge cannot be applied directly to fields as it is deficient in other nutrients (Kaur et al., 2010). It is reported that paper sludge can be used as a good bulking agent or good source of carbon in composting (Suriyanayanam et al., 2010). It was reported that paper waste can be managed by earthworms (Sinha et al., 2008).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The fresh cattle dung was procured from nearby buffalo dairy farm. The moisture content of the medium was maintained at about 50%-60% and the paper waste (A4 size sheets) was procured from office and research laboratories of the Department and they were converted into small pieces using paper shredder machine. Earthworms were procured from vermicomposting center, charak Udhyan, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (India). For the present study, vermi-beds were made using ten days (10 days) old cattle dung for mass culture of Eudrilus eugeniae. The culture was constantly monitored throughout the period of study with time by time spraying of water. Mature worms for experimental purpose were taken from this stock culture. During preliminary studies, preference of earthworms towards cultured media was determined. A free choice experiment was conducted in ceramic tanks of 55x40x15 cm measurement (Fig. 1). This tank was divided into four equal size chambers with the help of thermocole sheets provided with some holes so that earthworms can pass through from one chamber to another, according to their preferential habits. In the first chamber, mixture of dung and shredded paper was filled, which was pre-decomposed by using water. Dung and shredded paper was filled in chamber B, which was pre-decomposed by sprinkling with a solution containing of Butter milk and Jaggery (450 ml + 250 gm in 5 litre of water). In the chamber (C), mixture of dung and shredded paper was filled which was pre-decomposed by adding vermiwash and in the chamber (D), mixture of dung and shredded paper was filled, which was pre-decomposed with a solution containing 5 gm of Trichoderma harzianum in five litres of water. The quantity of the medium in all the four chambers was kept constant (3 kgs.). 100 adult earthworms were released and the whole assembly was covered by garden mesh net. Free choice experiment was repeated three times and the results were recorded after 15 days by counting the number of earthworms. Detailed composting experiments were carried out (in triplicates) using different additives as enhancers in plastic containers of 45 x 30 x 10 cm (Fig. 2) dimensions in all the experiments except the first one which was kept control. A mixture of waste paper and dung in the ratio of 1 : 1 treated with different additives i.e. Trichoderma herzianum, Vermiwash and Buttermilk + Jaggery used during the pre-decomposition period of 15 days. These additives enhance the process of decomposition of waste. After 15 days, 25 mature weighed earthworms were taken from the stock culture and were uniformly released in all the containers. The culture containers were covered by mesh garden cloth for a period of 60 days. After 60 days, the contents of the culture containers were emptied on a white plastic sheet. It was then sieved to separate the vermicompost and earthworms. The cocoons and

728 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______juveniles were also separated for experimental observation. Degree of composting was obtained by weighing the vermicompost. Also percent increase in number, weight, population growth and biomass production were calculated. In order to determine the overall efficiency, pecentile scoring was calculated for all the media. This was obtained by adding all the parameters. The medium giving maximum value was taken equivalent to 100 percent. The percent scores of other substrates was calculated. The percent scores of different media followed the sequence. Finally prepared vermicompost was analyzed for the following parameters: pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium.

RESULTS

Results obtained during free choice experiment were depicted in figure 3. The maximum number (35%) of earthworm’s prefered the medium that was treated with Trichoderma for their settlement. Vermiwash treated medium was next with 28% preference. Next choice was shown for Jaggery and Buttermilk (21%). Least preference was shown for control (17%). Results obtained in main composting experiment revealed that a significant increase in number and weight of adult worms, number of cocoons and juveniles and a good amount of good quality compost was obtained during the 60 day period experiment time. Numbar & weight of adult worms: A percent increase was observed in the number & weight of worms (Fig. 4) in media treated with different additives. Maximum increase was in number was noticed in Trichoderma treated media (101%) followed by Vermiwash (84%), Jaggery + Buttermilk (72%) and least increase was shown by control containers (61%), table 1. The trend of biomass (weight) was more or less similar to that of biomass (number). Maximum increase in biomass (weight) was recorded in containers treated with trichoderma (142%). This was followed by Jaggery + Buttermilk treated medium (117%), Vermiwash (108%) whereas minimum increase was shown by Control (90%) (Table 2). Worm population: Percent population growth was also recorded in all the treated and control media. Maximum increase was shown by containers containing Trichoderma (937%), followed by Vermiwash (813%), and Jaggery + Buttermilk (746%). The minimum population growth was shown by control (680%) (Fig. 5). Biomass production: Maximum biomass production was recorded in Trichoderma treated medium (182%) followed by Jaggery + Buttermilk (150%) and Vermiwash (140%). The minimum increase in percent biomass production was recorded in control containers (120%) (Fig. 5). Degree of composting: Maximum degree of composting was observed in Trichoderma treated medium (59%), followed by vermiwash treated medium (50%), and Jaggery+ Buttermilk treated medium (45%). Lowest degree of composting was observed in control (42%) (Fig. 6). Results obtained for percentile scoring are depicted in figure 7. The trend of percentile scorings was as follows: Trichoderma > vermiwash > Jaggery + Buttermilk > Control. Physico-chemical analysis: The results of physico-chemical analysis of the vermicompost obtained from differentially treated substrates and control are given in table 3. The pH (7.6) was observed maximum in vermiwash treated media followed by Trichoderma (7.5) and Jaggery + Buttermilk (7.5), while least value for pH was recorded in control (7.3). The Elecrical conductivity values obtained for the compost obtained from various treatments were 0.36 in

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______729 vermiwash, 0.50 in trichoderma, 0.70 in Jaggery+Buttermilk and 0.85 in control. With regard to percent Nitrogen in compost obtained from different treatments, the values were 0.50%, 0.43%, 0.41% and 0.36% in Trichoderma, Vermiwash, Jaggery +Buttermilk and Control. Phosphorous and potassium content in the various treatments was also analyzed. The maximum phosphorous content was observed in Trichoderma (1.41%) followed by Vermiwash (1.30%), Jaggery + Buttermilk (1.28%) and Control (1.18%). The potassium content was also maximum in Trichoderma treated compost (0.34%). Vermiwash treated compost was having (0.30%) potassium content. Minimum potassium content was observed in Control group (0.19%) in which no any additive was added.

DISCUSSION

Results obtained for number, weight & biomass production are more or less similar to the findings of Kale et al. (1986) and Nagavallemma et al. (2004) who reported increase in number & weight of earthworms on the basis of quality and quantity of available food. The results obtained for vermicomposting performanance were more or less similar to Pramanik & Chung (2011); Rasal et al. (1988); Buswell & Chang (1994); Milala et al. (2009) and Parray (2012), who reported that the composting can be enhanced by adding different additives like spirulina, vermiwash, sugarcane and Trichoderma. Also the time of predecompostion was reduced by adding different additives. The results were in agreement to the studies of Kumar et al. (2010) who demonstrated that overall time required for composting can be reduced to 20 days by adding different additives. It can be concluded that vermicomposting is a feasible technology for the conversion of carbon rich waste paper after mixing with cow dung slurry and pre- digestion with different additives into a valuable product i.e. vermicompost.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are highly thankful to School of Stuies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior to provide facilities to carry out this research work.

LITERATURE CITED

Buswell, J. A. & Chang, S. T. 1994. Biomass and extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production of six mushroom species grown on soyabean waste. Biotechnology Letters, 16: 1317-1322.

Dominguez, J. & Edward, C. A. 1997. Effect of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 29: 743-746.

Edwards, C. A. 1998. The use of earthworms in the breakdown and management of organic wastes.In: Edwards, C.A. (Ed.), Earthworm Ecology. Lewis, Boca Raton. pp. 327-354.

Edwards, C. A. & Neuhauser, E. F. 1988. Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management, SPB Acad. Publ., The Hague, The Netherlands.

Eijasackers, H. 1998. Earthworms in environment research :Still a promising tool. In: Earthworm Ecology (C. A. Edwards, ed.) CRC Press, The Netherlands. pp. 295-323.

Garg, V. K., Gupta, R. & Yadav, A. 2006. Vermicomposting technology for solid waste management. Environmental-expert (on line magazine) Article available at the below given link: http://www.Environmentalexpart.com/resulteacharticle4.asp?codi= 9047.

Hartenstein, R. & Bisesi, M. S. 1988. Use of earthworm biotechnology for the management of effluents from intensively housed livestock. Outlook on Agriculture, 18: 72-76.

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Ismail, S. A. 1997. Vermicolgy ‘Biology of earthworms’ Orient Longman Limited, Chennai, India. ISBN 81-250-10106.

Kale, R. D. 1998. Earthworm: Natures gift for utilization of organic wastes. In: C. A. Edwards (ed.) Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press LLC, Florida. 355-376.

Kale, R. D., Vinayaka, K. & Bagyaraj, D. J. 1986. Sustainability of neem cake as a additive in earthworm feed and its influence on the estabilishment of microflora. Journal of soil biology & ecology, 6: 98-103.

Kaur, A., Singh, J., Vig, A. P., Dhaliwal, S. S. & Rup, P.J. 2010. Composting with and without Eisenia fetida for conversion of toxic paper mill sludge into soilconditioner. Bioresource Technology, 101: 8192–8198.

Kumar, R., Verma, D., Singh, L., Kumar, U. & Shweta, 2010. Composting of sugarcane waste by products through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 101: 6707-6711.

Milala, M. A., Shehu.B. B., Zanna, H. & Omosioda, V. O. 2009. Degradation of agro-waste by cellulose from Aspergillus candidus. Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 51-56.

Mitchell, A. 1997. Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicompost from feed-lot cattle manure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 29: 763-766.

Mitchell, M. J., Hornor, S. G. & Abrams, B. I. 1980. Decomposition of sewage sludge in drying beds and the potential role of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Journal of environmental quality, 9: 373- 378.

Nagavallemma, K. P., Wani, S. P., Stephane, L., Padmaja, V. V., Vineela, C., Babu Rao, M. & Sahrawat, K. L. 2004. Vermicomposting: Recycling wastes into valuable organic fertilizer. Global Theme on Agrecosystems Report no. 8. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 20 pp.

Parray, M. A. 2012. Stimulatory influence of some additives on vermicomposting. M. Phil. Dissertation. Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Pramanik, P & Chung, R. Y. 2011. Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost. Waste Management, 31 (6): 1169-1175.

Rasal, P. H., Kalbhor, H. B., Shingte, V. V. & Patil, P. L. 1988. Development of Technology for Rapid Composting and Enrichment. In: Biofertilizers: Potentialities Problems, Sen, S.P. and P. Palit (Eds.). Plant Physiology Forum and Naya Prakash, Calcutta, India, 255-258.

Reinecke, A. J. & Venter, J. M. 1987. Moisture preferences, growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). Biology and Fertility of Soils, 3: 135-141.

Senapati, B. K. 1992. Vermibiotechnology: An option for recycling of cellulosic waste in india. In: New trends in Biotechnology. (Eds. Subba Rao, M. S., Balgopalan, C. and Ramakrishnan, S. V.). Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. pp. 347-358.

Sinha, R. K., Nair, J., Bharambe, G., Patil, S. & Bapat, P. S. 2008. “Vermiculture Revolution: A Low-cost and Sustainable Technology for Management of Municipal and Industrial Organic Wastes (Solid and Liquid) by earthworms with significantly low greenhouse gas emissions”. In J. I. Daven and R. N. Klein, Eds. Progress in Waste Management Research, NOVA Science Publishers, Hauppauge, 159- 227.

Suriyanarayanan, S., Mailappa, A, S., Jayakumar, D., Nanthakumar, K., Karthikeyan, K. & Balasubramania, S. 2010. Studies on the Characterization and Possibilities of Reutilization of Solid Wastes from a Waste Paper Based Paper Industry. Global Journal of Environmental Research, 4 (1): 18- 22.

Talashikar, S. C. & Powar, A. G. 1998. Vermibiotechnology for eco-friendly disposal of wastes.Ecotechnology for pollution control and environment management. Indian Journal of Environment & Ecoplanning, 7 (3): 535-538.

Tripathi, G. 2003. Vermiresource technology. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi. India.

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Van Gestel, C. A. M., Ven-van Breemen, E. M. & Baerselman, R. 1992. Influence of environmental conditions on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei in an artificial soil substrate. Pedobiologia, 36: 109-120.

Table 1. Showing number of adults, cocoons and juveniles in substrate treated with different additives.

Number Final Numbe of Sr. Initia number Treatments r of juveniles No. l No of cocoons & baby adults worms 1 Trichoderma 25 50.33±1.45 90.00±1.15 119.00±1.52 2 Vermiwash 25 46.00±1.00 80.33±2.02 102.00±2.08 3 J+BM 25 43.00±1.15 76.33±1.76 92.33±1.75 4 Control 25 40.33±0.88 71.66±1.45 83.33±1.20

Table 2. Showing weight of adults, cocoons and juveniles in substrate treated with different additives.

Sr. Initial Final Weight Weight of No. Treatments weight of weight of of juveniles adults adults cocoons 1 Trichoderma 33.66±0.88 81.66±1.17 1.27±0.02 12.05±0.04 2 Vermiwash 35.66±0.88 74.33±0.87 1.09±0.04 10.27±0.03 3 J+BM 34.33±1.15 65.66±0.88 1.04±0.02 9.32±0.05 4 Control 34.66±0.88 63.00±1.15 0.98±0.01 8.36±0.02

Table 3. Showing the reults of physico-chemical parameters of differentially treated vermicompost.

Sr. Treatment pH EC N (%) P (%) K (%) No. (dS/m) 1 Trichoderma 7.5 0.36 0.50 1.41 0.34 2 Vermiwash 7.6 0.50 0.43 1.30 0.30 3 J+BM 7.5 0.70 0.42 1.28 0.29 4 Control 7.3 0.85 0.36 1.18 0.22

Figure 1. Showing container used in free choice experiment.

732 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 2. Showing containers used for composting experiments.

Figure 3. Showing the relative preference of earthworms during free choice experiment.

Figure 4. Showing percent increase in adult number and weight in media treated with different additives.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______733

Figure 5. Showing percent increase in population growth and biomass production in media treated with different additives.

Figure 6. Showing degree of composting in differentially treated media.

Figure 7. Showing the net percentile score differentially treated media.

734 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A STUDY ON SAMPLING OF MOSQUITOS USING ECO- FRIENDLY MOSQUITO TRAP IN AND AROUND JIWAJI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS (INDIA)

Suheel Ahmad Ganai*, R. Kumar*, M. Basheer* and O. P. Agrawal*

Entomology Research Unit School of Studies in Zoology Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011 (M.P.) India. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

[Ganai, S. A., Kumar, R., Basheer, M. & Agrawal, O. P. 2013. A study on sampling of mosquitos using eco-friendly mosquito trap in around Jiwaji University Campus (India). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 734-738]

ABSTRACT: Mosquitoes are the most important among all arthropod vectors that causes human disease in the tropical conditions. In order to reduce the mosquito nuisance and risk of diseases caused by them it is essential to reduce mosquito populations. All Iinn Mosquito Trap/Killer was placed in four different outdoor locations. Out of total insects trapped, the percentage of mosquitoes was 36 %, 45 %, 35 % and 36 in case of Backyard of animal house, Backyard of Aryabhatt boys hostel, Front part and Fish pond area of School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior respectively.

KEY WORDS: Gwalior, Mosquito, trap, sampling.

Mosquitoes are the most important among arthropod vectors of human disease in the tropics and are notoriously responsible for causing much greater misery to mankind than all other insects. Mosquitoes are considered “Public Enemy Number One” for humans owing to their biting and blood feeding habits. In order to reduce the mosquito nuisance and risk of diseases caused by them it is essential to reduce mosquito populations. Successful mosquito control requires detailed information about their diversity, distribution, seasonal variations etc. A large number of control programmes have been launched from time to time against mosquitoes such as chemical treatments, smoking, bio-pesticides and biological organisms. In addition to chemical insecticides other methods of mosquito control like window screens, mosquito nets, and mosquito repellents are being used. But all these control measures have got one or more drawbacks. Furthermore, mosquitoes are becoming resistant to different insecticides. So mosquito traps are much better option for controlling them, estimation of species abundance and composition. A large number of traps have been developed by Sudia & Chamberlain (1962), Odetoyinbo (1969), Service (1970), Davis et al. (1995), Mathenge et al. (2002), Hoel et al. (2007), Brown et al. (2008), Kaufman et al. (2008), Ritchie et al. (2008) and Kweka & Mahande (2009). But a significant success in mosquito control has yet to be achieved. In the present study, a new commercially available mosquito trap has been used. The device involves a number of attractive cues, UV light, heat, moisture (humidity) and carbon dioxide with creation of an atmosphere mimicking human skin, for female mosquitoes. The system does not involve any hazardous chemical and is perfectly eco-friendly. In India no studies have been conducted to demonstrate effectiveness of such mosquito traps, therefore the present study has been taken up with objectives of installing mosquito traps in different locations (outdoor) during different times (day, night) and different durations so as to observe the abundance of various mosquito species.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______735 MATERIAL AND METHODS

Four pieces of All Iinn Mosquito Trap/Killer, model Terminator – I were procured from market. The device works on the principle of attraction of mosquitoes, particularly the females, with creation of an atmosphere imitating / mimicking human skin. All Iinn Terminator – I is fitted with small fluorescent (UV) tube and its inner walls are coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) - a natural oxide of the earth mineral that is non-toxic and is widely used in paints and to combat environment pollution worldwide. Specifications of Device were as follow: Gross Weight: ~ 620 g/piece, UV fluorescent tubular lamp (200-400 nm), Air Blower (Exhaust Fan): Low noise, ultra-quiet fan, Transparent layer of TiO2 is coated on the inner surface of the dome, Input Voltage: 220V AC, 50 Hz, Power Consumption: 6W, Approximate Monthly Power Consumption: 1.5 units. A photo-catalytic reaction takes place when UV rays radiate TiO2 resulting in generation of heat, moisture and CO2, in the presence of organic carbon (bacteria). Thus hungry female mosquitoes are attracted towards Terminator – I through capture windows on upper part of the system. The attracted mosquitoes are sucked in a cage, at lower part, by vacuum created by a small exhaust fan. The trapped mosquitoes cannot fly upwards because of strong air flow of the ventilator. In few hours they die out due to dehydration under the influence of air blown onto them. The system does not involve any hazardous chemicals and is perfectly eco-friendly. Mosquito traps were installed at various locations, as mentioned below, in Jiwaji University, campus. Outdoor locations selected for the study were, Backyard of animal house, Backyard of Aryabhatt Boys Hostel, Front part and Fish pond area of School of Studies in Zoology. Mostly they were installed for nocturnal survey for a period of 12 hours from 6 PM to 6 AM. Trapped and killed insects were collected in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were placed in an oven at 60oC for 12 hours to remove moisture of the insects and then they were stored in air-tight plastic containers, for further study. The trapped insects were sorted out according to their orders. Identification of mosquitoes up to genus level was carried out. Data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis (Mean ± S. E.).

RESULTS

The results of present study have been depicted in figure I - IV. The number of mosquitoes and other insects trapped in different locations were observed and recorded. The range of number of mosquitoes caught per day at the backyard of animal house (good place for breeding and hiding of mosquitoes) was 45-81. In total 5360 insects were caught in one month, the maximum number (1979) and percentage (37%) of insects caught at this point were of psycodids, while mosquitoes were the next with total number of 1936 and percentage share of 36%. Other dipteran insects of the catch included houseflies, sand flies and chironomids and some non-dipteran insects (small moths, bugs, beetles, grasshoppers) in small numbers (Fig. 1). The results obtained from 2nd location, backyard of Aryabhat Hostel, were more or less similar with some difference in the total number, daily average and percentage share of over-all catch. At this location mosquitoes dominated the catch and psycodids were at second place. The number of mosquitoes caught per day at this location ranged from 45-81 (Fig. 2).

736 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______The results obtained from 3rd location, Front part of School of Studies in Zoology, were more or less similar with some difference in the total number, daily average and percentage share of over-all and differential catch (Fig. 3). At this location psycodids dominated the catch and mosquitoes were at second place. The total number of insects caught during this period was 4826 with daily average of 155.68 per day. The number of mosquitoes caught per day at this location ranged from 24-94. The range of number of insects caught per day at the Fish pond area of School of Studies in Zoology was 94-192. The range of number of mosquitoes caught per day at this location was 32-78 (Fig. 4). Results of present studies are more or less similar to that of studies conducted by Moree et al. (2001) reported that UV light traps caught more mosquitos than the traps with incandescent bulbs. Also, Hoel et al. (2009) reported maximum collection of Ae. Albopictus using commercial mosquito traps. Octenol trap is known to be an attractant for most Aedes and some Culex mosquitoes (Kline et al., 1991a,b; Kline, 1994; Kline & Mannm, 1998). Krockel et al. (2006), Maciel-de- Freitas et al. (2006) and Williams et al. (2006) compared the efficacy of BG- Sentinel™ mosquito trap (BGS) to other traps or active collection methods and reported the trap as an effective tool for capturing adult Ae. aegypti in the outdoor environment. On the basis of observations of the present study it is concluded that trap used in the study acts as a good eco-friendly device for the control and sampling for the mosquitoes and the use of these traps do not cause any environmental pollution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to School of Studies in Zoology for providing facilities to carry out this research work.

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, H. E., Paladini, M., Cook, R. A., Kline, D., Barnard, D. & Fish, D. 2008. Effectiveness of mosquito traps in measuring species abundance and composition. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45: 517-521.

Davis, J. R., Hall, T., Chee, E. M., Majala, A., Minjas, J. & Shiff, C. J. 1995. Comparison of sampling anopheline mosquitoes by light-trap and human-bait collections indoors at Bagamoyo, . Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 9: 249-255.

Hoel, D. F., Kline, D. L., Allan, S. A. & Grant, A. 2007. Evaluation of carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, and lactic acid as baits in mosquito magnet pro traps for Aedes albopictus in north central Florida. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 23: 11-17.

Hoel, D. F., Kline, D. L. & Allan S. A. 2009. Evaluation of six mosquito traps for collection of Aedes albopictus and associated mosquito species in a suburban setting in North Central Florida. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 25 (1): 47-57.

Kaufman, P. E., Butler, J. F. & Nelson, C. 2008. Evaluation of the mosquito sentinel 360 trap in Florida residential environments. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 24: 528-533.

Kline, D. L. & Mann, M. O. 1998. Evaluation of butanone, carbon dioxide, and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for mosquitoes associated with North Central Florida bay and Cypress swamps. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 14: 289-297.

Krockel, U., Rose, A., Eiras, A. E. & Geier, M. 2006. New tools for surveillance of adult yellow fever mosquitoes: comparison of trap catches with human landing rates in urban environment. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 22: 229-238.

Kweka, E. J. & Mahande, A. M. 2009. Comparative evaluation of four mosquitoes sampling methods in rice irrigation s chemes of lower Moshi, Northern Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 8: 149.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______737

Kline, D. L. 1994. Introduction to symposium on attractants for mosquito surveillance and control. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,10: 253-257.

Kline, D. L., Dame, D. A. & Meisch, M. V. 1991a. Evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide as attractants for mosquitoes associated with irrigated rice fields in Arkansas. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7: 165-169.

Kline, D. L., Takken, W., Wood, J. R. & Cornell, J. A. 1991b. Interactive effects of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance and control. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28: 254-258.

Mathenge, E. M., Killeen, G. F., Oulo, D. O., Irungu, L. W., Ndegwa, P. N. & Knols, B. G. 2002. Development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling afrotropical malaria vectors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 16: 67-74.

Maciel-de-Freitas, R., Eiras, A. E. & Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R. 2006. Field evaluation of effectiveness of the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for capturing adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101: 321-325.

Moore, S. J., Zunwei, D., Hongning, Z., Xuezhong, W., Hongbing, L., Yujiang, X. & Hill, N. 2001. The efficacy of different mosquito trapping methods in a forest-fringe village, Yunnan Province, Southern China. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32 (2): 282-289.

Odetoyinbo, J. A. 1969. Preliminary investigation on the use of a light-trap for sampling malaria vectors in The Gambia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 40: 547-560.

Ritchie, S. A., Zborowski, P., Banks, D., Walsh, I. & Davis, J. 2008. Efficacy of novel updraft traps for collection of mosquitoes in Cairns, Australia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 24: 520-527.

Sudia, W. D. & Chamberlain, R. W. 1962. Battery operated light trap, an improved model. Mosquito News, 22 (2): 126-129.

Service, M. W. 1970. A battery-operated light-trap for sampling mosquito populations. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 43: 635-641.

Williams, C. R., Long, S. A., Russel, R. C. & Ritchie, S. A. 2006. Field efficacy of the BG-Sentinel compared with CDC backpack aspirators and CO2-baited EVS traps for collection of adult Aedes aegypti in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 22: 296-300.

Figure 1. Showing percentage of insects trapped at backyard of animal house.

738 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 2. Showing percentage of insects trapped at backyard of Aryabhatt Boys Hostel.

Figure 3. Showing percentage of insects trapped at front part of S.O.S. in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior.

Figure 4. Showing percentage of insects trapped at fish pond area of S.O.S. in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______739 A NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOTROMBIDIUM KOBULEJ, 1951 (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA: MICROTROMBIDIIDAE) FOR THE TURKISH FAUNA

İbrahim Karakurt* and Sevgi Sevsay**

* Instıtue of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum / TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Department of Biology, Arts & Science Faculty, Erzincan University, Erzincan / TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Karakurt, İ. & Sevsay, S. 2013. A new species of Trichotrombidium Kobulej, 1951 (Acari: Prostigmata: Microtrombidiidae) for the Turkish fauna. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 739-744]

ABSTRACT: In this study, larvae of Trichotrombidium rafieiae Saboori, 2002 which are new for Turkish fauna and obtained as an ectoparasite on adult Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae), are given the morphological characters and drawings of various organs, identification key and its zoogeographical distribution.

KEY WORDS: Acari, Microtrombidiidae, Trichotrombidium, larva, Erzincan, Turkey.

Microtrombidiidae is a large family that has 437 species registered in 126 genus (Mąkol & Wohltmann, 2012). The genus Trichotrombidium Kobulej, 1951 is known only from larvae and deutonymf forms. Trichotrombidium includes two species as Trichotrombidium hemistriatum (originally described as Trichotrombidium hemistriatum by Riley (1878) and redescribed as Trichotrombidium muscae by Kobulej (1951) and known from larvae and deutonymf forms) and Trichotrombidium rafieiae (Southcoot, 1994) (known only larval form). The latter species is an ectoparasite on adult Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) (Saboori, 2002). In this paper larvae of Trichotrombidium rafieiae is described and illustrated as an ectoparasite on adult Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) from Erzincan, Turkey. A short key for larvae of the Trichotrombidium species is also proposed. The genus Trichotrombidium is recorded from Turkey for the first time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Larvae obtained as an ectoparasite on adult Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) from Erzincan, Turkey. Examined material was preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol and cleared in 9% KOH. Specimens for light microscope studies (6 larvae) were fixed on slides in Hoyer’s medium (Krantz & Walter, 2009). Measurements were taken and drawings made under a Leica DM 4000 microscope with differential interference contrast and phase contrast. Mąkol (2007) and Southcoot (1994) followed for the morphological terminology in the text. All measurements are given in micrometers (μm).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Family Microtrombidiidae Thor, 1935 Genus Trichotrombidium Kobulej, 1951 Type species Trichotrombidium muscae Kobulej, 1951

740 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Trichotrombidium rafieiae Saboori, 2002 Diagnosis. Scutum and scutellum are available with longitudinal striations in its lateral parts. And larva with the following features: palpal formula: 0-0-0-NN- NNNNNζω; fD=28; IP=797 ƒCx formula: BB-B-B. Pretarsus of legs I–II with paired claws and claw-like empodium. Pretarsus of leg III with outer claw and empodium, inner claw deformed. Description. Standart measurements in Table 2. Colour in life red. Gnathosoma with horseshoe-like mouth that bearing large denticled membranes outside (Fig. 1). Setae bs in the shape of stout calyx, distally seven finger-like. Adoral seta smooth. Cheliceral blade short and slightly curved. Seta absent on palp femur and genu. Palp tibia with two nude setae. Palp tarsus with five nude setae, an eupathidium and a solenidion; palpal formula: 0-0-0-NN-NNNNNζω (Figs. 2-3). Scutum pentagonal; clearly convex at the mid of its anterior border and slightly concave at the mid of its posterior border and with longitudinal striations in its lateral parts. The surface of scutum bears three pairs nonsensillary setae and one pair sensillary setae. AM (36 µm) seta smooth. AL (37 µm) seta with slightly setules. S (66 µm) seta thin and long. PL (61 µm) seta with distinctly setules has stem thicker than AM and AL setae. Two pairs of eyes at the level of S seta, each pair situated on the on the oval sclerite. Anterior lens (diameter: 20 µm) larger than posterior one (diameter: 15 µm). Scutellum more narrowed in cooperation with scutum but it with longitudinal striations in its lateral parts similar scutum and slightly convex at the mid of its anterior border. Surface of scutellum bears a pair of c1 (or SL=61 µm) seta. All dorsal setae situated on plates or platelets (the largest c1 and d1 plates) barbed and arranged in 5 rows. : fD formula: 6-6-6-4-4 (c1-c3, d1-3, e1-3, f1-2, h1-2), (38-76 µm), (h2 setae observed in idiosoma ventrum). Number of all dorsal setae (fD) 28 (Fig. 4). All coxae punctuated. Claparéde’s organs laterally between coxae I and coxae II. All coxal setae with setules. ƒCx formula: BB-B-B. One pair of barbed intercoxal setae 3a placed in between coxal plates III. Posteriorly following four barbed setae situated anterior and lateral to anal opening. ƒV formula: 2-2u-2. Ventral setae slightly thinner than dorsal setae. Anal opening without sclerite (Fig. 5). Legs segmentation formula: 6-6-6, for leg chaetotaxy see Table 1. All normal setae on legs I–III setulose. Pretarsus of legs I–II with paired claws and claw-like empodium. Pretarsus of leg III with outer claw and empodium, inner claw deformed (shortened) (Figs. 6-10). Material examined. 6 larvae were obtained as ectoparasites on adult Musca domestica L., 1758, vicinity of Terzibaba Mosque of Erzincan, Turkey, 39°44'41"N 39°30'14"E, 1195 m, 17. 09. 2010, leg. H. H. Özbek. Distribution. Iran and Turkey. Discussion. Trichotrombidium rafieiae easily separated from Trichotrombidium hemistriatum by the number of normal setae on femur I (4 vs. 5), on genu I (4 vs 3), on tibia I (6 vs. 5), fD (28 vs. 22), solenidion on genu I (4 vs. 3). In fact, this species are similar to zoogeographical and morphological properties of Iranian specimens that were given by Saboori (2002). But Turkish specimens (656 length, 423 width) differs from Iranian specimens (388 length, 245 width) by large body. Also, setae AM and AL combined length subequal with distance between their insertation (AM + AL ≡ MA) in Iranian specimens, but not equal in Turkish specimens. In addition, morphological differences are available of these specimens (see Table 2).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______741 Key to the species of Trichotrombidium (larva)

1. 3 solenidion on genu I, fD= 22 ...... Trichotrombidium hemistriatum - 4 solenedion on genu I, fD= 28 ...... Trichotrombidium rafieiae

LITERATURE CITED

Kobulej, T. 1951 Novyi vid Trombidiidnogo kleshcka Trichotrombidium muscae gen. n. et spec, n., Microtrombidiinae Sig Thor, 1935. Acta vet. Acad. Sci. Hung., Budapest, 1 (1): 83-105.

Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. 2009. A manual of Acarology. Texas Tech University Press, 807 pp.

Mąkol J. 2007. Generic level review and phylogeny of Trombidiidae and Podothrombiidae (Acari: Actinotrichida: Trombidioidea) of the world. Ann. Zool., 57 (1): 1-194.

Mąkol J. & Wohltmann A. 2012. An Annotated Checklist of Terrestrial Parasitengona (Actinotrichida: Prostigmata) of the World, Excluding Trombiculidae and Walchiidae. Ann. Zool., 62 (3): 359-562.

Riley, C. V. 1878. Agricultural advancement in the United States. Journal of the American Agricultural Association, 1878: 8.

Saboori, A. 2002. Two new species of larval mites (Acari: Microtrombidiidae, Erythraeidae) from Iran. Biologia, Bratislava, 57 (5): 547-552.

Southcott, R. V. 1994. Revision of the larvae of the Microtrombidiinae (Acarina: Microtrombidiidae) with notes on life histories. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 48, 2(144): 1-155.

Figures 1-5. Trichotrombidium rafieiae (larva) 1. Gnathosoma (ventral), 2. Palp; genu, tibia and tarsus (lateral), 3. Palp (dorsalateral), 4. Idiosoma (dorsal), 5. Idiosoma (ventral).

742 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figures 6-10. Trichotrombidium rafieiae (larva) 6. Leg I, 7. Leg II; trochanter, femur and genu, 8. Leg II (tibia and tarsus), 9. Leg III (trochanter, femur and genu), 10. Leg III (tibia and tarsus).

Table 1. Leg chaetotaxy of larvae of Trichotrombidium rafieiae Tr Fe Ge Ti Ta Leg I 1n 6n 4n, 2σ,1κ 6n, 2φ,1κ 16n, 1ω,1ε,1ζ Leg II 1n 5n 2n, 1σ,1κ 5n,2φ 14n,1ω,1ε,1ζ Leg III 1n 4n 2n,1σ 5n 12n, 1scp, 1 lop.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______743

Table 2. Morphometric data on larvae of Trichotrombidium rafieiae.

T.rafieiae (n=6) T.rafieiae Characters Min. Max. Mean Saboori, 2002 L 590 762 656 388 W 379 485 423 245 L/W 1.51 1.57 1.54 1.58 AMB 59 62 60.5 51 AW 101.7 112.6 105.7 102 PW 113.4 119.3 115.9 114 SB 91.2 94.5 93.3 87 ASB 115.2 120.8 117.5 94 PSB 25.5 29.2 27.4 24 SD 144.3 148.6 146.5 118 Scutum (W) 148.8 154.2 151.5 126 AP 49.1 53.8 51.8 49 SA 28.9 31.1 29.5 27 SP 25.8 27.6 26.5 26 AM 45.9 49.5 47.7 24 LN 28.3 35.1 32.2 22 MSA 46.8 55.8 52.4 46 AL 36.5 38 37 32 PL 55.5 61.5 57 48 S 65.8 65.8 65.8 53 MA 57.2 62 60.2 51 PSL 34 36 35 34 LSS 142.3 150 146.5 128 SL 53.6 59.2 57 68 PLN 20.5 21.5 21 19 QW 67.2 70.8 68.5 53 DS Min. 37 40 38 36 DS Max. 64.5 76.5 70 53

h1 48.2 48.9 48.5 36

h2 71.5 80.7 75.5 73 SA/SP 1.12 1.12 1.12 1

744 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

AW/AMB 1.8 2.06 1.93 1.8 AW/QW 1.45 1.67 1.53 1.92 SL/QW 0.78 0.88 0.81 1.28 LSS/QW 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 HS/PLN 1.65 1.68 1.66 1.78 Cx I 55.2 70 64.3 58 Tr I 31 37 33.5 37 Fe I 47.2 49.5 48 37 Ge I 18.5 22.3 19.5 22 Ti I 40.5 46.5 43 41 Ta I 77.5 83.5 80.5 80 Leg I 275 310 288.8 275 Cx II 60 65 62.5 53 Tr II 30.5 35.5 32.5 29 Fe II 43.5 48 45.5 37 Ge II 16 24 18.5 19 Ti II 33 35 34 36 Ta II 60 68.8 63.5 65 Leg II 240 265 256.5 239 Cx III 59 66.1 62.8 51 Tr III 32 38.9 35.5 27 Fe III 45.6 52.7 49 43 Ge III 16.5 20 18 15 Ti III 29 35.5 32.5 31 Ta III 50 58.1 54 51 Leg III 238 265 251.8 218 IP 765 815 796.5 732

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______745 ASSESSMENT OF DEARTH PERIODS FOR HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) IN GWALIOR (M.P.), INDIA

Rajesh Kumar*, Gajendra Singh Rajput*, Suheel Ahmad Ganai*, Mudashir Basheer* and Om Prakash Agrawal*

* Entomology Research Unit, School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior - 474011 (M.P.), INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]; op_agrawal51@rediffmail. com

[Kumar, R., Rajput, G. S., Ganai, S. A., Basheer, M. & Agrawal, O. P. 2013. Assessment of dearth periods for honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Gwalior (M.P.), India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 745-748]

ABSTRACT: Management of honeybees for the production of various value added products require complete knowledge & understanding of beekeeping practices. Honeybee colonies should be evaluated for their performance during dearth periods so that appropriate measures can be opted to successfully overcome dearth periods. In the present study, various colony parameters viz. egg laying area, brood area, honey and pollen storage area were observed and recorded. Values obtained for all the parameters viz. egg laying (1712 cm2), brood area (1302.7 cm2), pollen stores (1090.7 cm2) and honey stores (1476 cm2) were maximum in the April month when sufficient bee flora was available. The values decreased for all the parameters and reached minimum (0.0) in June month when the food sources were in scarce.

KEY WORDS: Honeybee, beekeeping, dearth periods, Gwalior, brood.

During summer season, natural food sources (pollen and nectar) of honeybee become scarce. In India, summer seasons are getting prolonged and so also the dearth period due to huge industrialization and global warming. Periodical dearth periods results into depletion of food stores & nutritional reserves inside the bee hives. Due to deficiency of protein rich food, egg laying frequency of queen bee decreases. Worker bees stops brood rearing resulting into weakening of colony performance & colony strength. Sometimes prolonged dearth of bee flora may lead to perishing of the bee colonies. Poor bee colonies may sometimes be attacked by bee enemies such as wasps, ants, bee eater birds, wax moth and robbing by wild bees. Therefore management of bee colonies is getting more and more difficult. Quite often beekeepers harvest excess amount of honey before dearth period so that colonies cannot sustain due to the shortage of food. All these reasons forces the beekeepers have to follow the concept of colony migration which involves a lot of labor, time and money. Several colonies may perish during transportation due to accidents, improper timing and improper site selection. In addition to colony migration, study related to colony parameters during dearth period may help in variety of ways in successful beekeeping management. Study of various colony parameters during dearth periods may help in calculating the severity and effect of dearth period and amount of pollen substitute to be provided to bee colonies during different time intervals of the dearth period. Mishra (1995) reported the dearth of bee flora from May to September and emphasized the necessity of feeding artificial diets to bee colonies during this period to strengthen their stores. The present study was conducted to assess the severity of dearth periods and their effect on bee colonies so that suitable arrangements can be done for proper bee management to help tide the colonies of Apis mellifera over the dearth periods.

746 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______MATERIAL AND METHODS

Required number of disease free Apis mellifera colonies of almost equal strength were procured from Navdarshnam Bee Farm and maintained at Jiwaji University Campus, Gwalior (M.P.) during summer 2010. Egg laying area, brood area, pollen and honey stores in the colonies was measured after every 21 days interval with the help of wire grid measuring frame consisting of squares of the size of one inch2 (Seeley & Mikheyev, 2003; Amir & Peveling, 2004) (Fig. 1). This value denotes the area in inch2 which was then converted into cm2 by multiplying with a factor of 6.45. Data thus obtained was tabulated and subjected to randomized block design (Gomez & Gomez, 1984).

RESULTS

Results obtained during the study were depicted in figures 2 & 3. Egg laying area was observed to be 1712 cm2 per colony in April month which decreased to 317.4 cm2 per colony in May followed by 58 cm2 per colony in late May. No any egg laying was observed in the June month. Fresh egg laying (112.7 cm2) was observed in July and after that it started increasing and recorded to be 357 cm2 and 486.3 cm2 on 5th August & 26th August respectively (Fig. 2). Brood area was observed maximum 1302.7 cm2 per colony in beginning of study which decreased to 640 cm2 on 22nd April. Brood area further decreased to 112.7 cm2 in the May month and no any brood was observed in June month. With the onset of monsoon season, brood reappeared as value recorded for brood area was 30 cm2 on 15th July. Brood area further increased to 114 cm2 as on 5th August and reached 266.3 cm2 at the end of August month (Fig. 2). Reserved food stores in form of pollen and honey were also observed & recorded in the colonies to assess the severity of dearth period. The pollen stores were observed to be 1090.7 cm2 per colony on 1st April followed by 805 & 389 cm2 per colony on 22nd April and 13th May. No any pollen stores were observed in June month as values recorded to be 0.0. After that with the fresh showers of monsoon, bee flora started reappearing and fresh pollen was observed in the bee hives as 67 cm2, 112.7 cm2 & 167.3 cm2 on 15th July, 5th August and 26th August respectively (Fig. 3). Similarly honey stores were also observed in the colonies. No sealed/unsealed honey was found in the colonies in the month of June. Fresh honey (45.0 cm2) was observed in July month which increased to 82.7 cm2 on 5th August. Honey storage area reached 110 cm2 at the end of study i.e. on 26th August (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

The results obtained during the study were more or less similar to the observations of Standifer et al. (1973), Doull (1980), and Mishra (1995) who reported that dearth period for honeybees starts in May and end in September month. Also they emphasized the necessity of feeding protein rich artificial diets to bee colonies during this period to strengthen their stores. During the study, it was also observed that egg laying & brood area started recovering with the first showers of monsoon (July onwards). The inferences drawn from the study were in accordance with that of Singh (1943); Thakar & Shende (1962); Shah & Shah (1976) who reported an increase in the rate of egg laying by queen bee and brood rearing with the first income of pollen after dearth period. Thus the study on control colonies was of prime significance as it gives an idea about the severity of

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______747 dearth period for honey bees. Also, the study was helpful in determining the amount of artificial protein rich diet to be provided to bee colonies during different time intervals of the dearth period. At the end of study, it can be concluded that intensive care of bee colonies is required only during severity of dearth periods. Proper bee management practices must be followed to overcome dearth period successfully.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are highly thankful to School of Studies in Zoology, J. U. Gwalior for providing research facilities & UGC New Delhi for providing research grant.

LITERATURE CITED

Amir, O. G. & Peveling, R. 2004. Effect of tri-flumuron on brood development and colony survival of free flying honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Journal of Applied Entomology, 128: 242-249.

Doull, K. M. 1980. Relationships between consumption of pollen supplement honey production, and brood rearing in colonies of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). I. Apidologie, 11 (4): 361-365.

Gomez, K. A. & Gomez, A. A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 680.

Mishra, R. C. 1995. Social behavior of bees and related management practices, pp. 44-59, In: Honey bees and their management in India. Kriski Anusandhan Bhawan, Pusa, New Delhi, pp. 168.

Seeley, T. D. & Mikheyev, A. S. 2003. Reproductive decisions by honey bee colonies: tuning investment in male production in relation to success in energy acquisition. Insects Society, 50: 134-138.

Shah, F. A. & Shah, T. A. 1976. A note on the bee activity and bee flora of Kashmir. Indian Bee Journal, 38: 29-33.

Singh, S. 1943. Bee management: Management of bees during the honey-flow. Indian Bee Journal, 5: 41-44.

Standifer, L. N., Waller, G. D., Levin, M. D., Haydak, M. H. & Mills, J. 1973. Value of three protein ratios in maintaining honey bee colonies in outdoor flight cages. Journal of Apicultural Research, 12: 137-43.

Thakar, C. V. & Shende, S. G. 1962. Management pattern for experimental apiaries. Indian Bee Journal, 24: 92-101.

Figure 1. Frame sized wire grid used to measure various colony parameters.

748 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 2. Showing variation trend in egg laying & brood area during dearth period.

Figure 3. Showing variation trend in honey & pollen area during dearth period.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______749 BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LYMANTRIA OBFUSCATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE) ON APPLE PLANTATIONS (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) IN JAMMU REGION OF J & K, INDIA

Ruchie Gupta* and J. S. Tara*

* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) - 180006, J & K, INDIA. E- mail: [email protected]

[Gupta, R. & Tara, J. S. 2013. Biological studies of Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae) on apple plantations (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Jammu Region of J & K, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 749-755]

ABSTRACT: Lymantria obfuscata Walker is a polyphagus pest infesting a wide variety of fruit and forest trees. The objective of this work is to study the detailed life cycle of Indian gypsy moth (Lymantria obfuscata Walker) on apple plantations (Malus domestica Borkh.), which is a cherished and economically important fruit crop in Jammu region of J & K State, India and is severely attacked by the larvae off Indian gypsy moths. Larvae defoliate apple plants, reduce their vigour and sometimes the infestation is so severe that it leads to mass destruction of apple plants. Thus, an attempt was made to study the biology of this pest in Jammu as no earlier record of the pest has been obtained from the region so far. Incidence of the pest was determined by the defoliated leaves fallen from the trees which indicates an identification mark for locating the pest. Biological studies include morphometric measurements of different stages from egg to adult. Incubation period varies from 286.0 to 329.0 days (305.2±5.26 days) (mean±SE). Larval period varies from 37 to 60 days (49.8±2.43) days. Pupal period ranges from 12 to 14 days (13.4±0.27 days). Adult longevity of male and female is 3.5 to 6 days (4.45±0.25) and 7 to 9 days (7.60±0.0.20 days) respectively. Besides biology, host plants and distribution of the pest are also included in the paper.

KEY WORDS: Lymantria obfuscata Walker, Malus domestica Borkh, biology, new, morphometric.

Indian gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae), also known as hairy caterpillar is one of the most destructive pest of fruit and forest plantations across the world. The pest has been recorded by the montane and sub -montane regions of south western Himalayas, West Pakistan (Hampson, 1892; Beeson, 1941; Browne, 1968) and USA (Fuester et al., 2008) and Canada (Gries et al., 2007) have been reported causing frequent and severe defoliation. In India the pest has been recorded from Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh (Beeson, 1941; Pruthi & Batra, 1960; Nair, 1970; Malik et al., 1972; Mishra & Basu Choudhuri, 1974; Sheikh, 1975; Dar et al., 1976; Butani, 1979; Shrivastava & Masoodi, 1985; Rishi & Shah, 1985; Singh & Singh, 1986; Masoodi, 1991; Bhardwaj & Bhardwaj, 2005; Mir & Wani, 2005), Tamilnadu (Rahman, 1941; Nair, 1970; Gupta, 1976; Verma et al., 1979; Butani, 1979; Masoodi et al., 1986; Bhardwaj & Bhardwaj, 2005; Singh et al., 2007;), Dehradun (Roonwal,1954), Uttar Pradesh (Gupta, 1976), Karnataka (Nair & Premkumar, 1974) and Varanasi (Raju et al., 1994; Raju et al., 1995) on different host plants. The biological studies of this pest have not been conducted in detail on apple although, some preliminary observations were made by Beeson (1941), Rahman & Kalra (1944) and Roonwal (1977). Kumar (1974) while observing this pest in South India on cocao leaves made some observations about the hatching of eggs and feeding habits. Mishra & Basu Choudhuri (1974) while recording the occurrence of Lymantria obfuscata Walker on cashew in Tamil nadu described its

750 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______bionomics. Masoodi (1991) recorded its biology on willow leaves in Kashmir. These observations on its biology are either incomplete or were undertaken in different situations in India and no detailed and systematic information on its bionomics in Jammu province in India, where it has assumed serious dimensions, is available. The present work was therefore undertaken to study the detailed biology of Lymantria obfuscata Walker in Jammu, India which would be useful for development of management programme of the pest on the most important economic crop plant i.e. apple plantations of the area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studies on the biology of Lymantria obfuscata were conducted under laboratory conditions in the field laboratory established at Bhaderwah area of Jammu Province from April to July during 2011-12. The insect larvae were collected from apple plantations of the area and reared in the laboratory. Adult moths were allowed to copulate separately in wire meshed cages. Each pair was observed for pre-mating, mating, pre-oviposition and oviposition behaviour and duration. Longevity of adult moths was also recorded. The egg masses were measured and eggs in each mass were dehaired, counted and their diameter measured by means of an ocular micrometer after calibration. Dehaired eggs were washed with distilled water; air dried and kept under laboratory conditions for incubation in Petri dishes. Newly hatched larvae were then transferred to sterile paired petri dishes, lined with moist filter paper and provided with fresh apple leaves. The food and filter paper lining were changed after every third day during the first and second larval instars and later on food was changed daily and filter paper lining on alternate days. Larvae were observed daily and data was recorded with regards to moulting, duration and size of each larval instar, pupation and pupal period. All life stages were recorded morphometrically. Male and female pupae were placed in separate petridishes lined with filter paper. Pupae were segregated on the basis of size as female pupae were larger than the males. Observations were recorded with regards to emergence and fecundity. Morphometric measurements were recorded using standard graphic paper method. For the study of different instars, the head capsule width was measured with the help of an occulometer. Data gathered during the experiment was analyzed statistically for calculating mean, standard deviation and standard error.

RESULTS

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Emergence of the pest: In the field, adult gypsy moths appeared in late May and remains till June on apple plantations in study areas. Before copulation the male shows some signs of pre-copulatory behaviour indicated by twitching of antennae and shaking of the body. Simultaneously female moth responds by protracted and retracted last abdominal segment of their body. Mating occurs during day time and lasts for about one and a half hour. Oviposition: Immediately after copulation female starts egg laying in batches on the bark of apple trees and other adjoining places and forms an egg mass covered with golden brown hair. Egg laying continued for 2.0 to 5.0 days and an average of 270.83 eggs are laid by each female in the area of investigator on apple trees. Egg laying

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______751 behaviour of the pest under study has also been observed by some earlier workers like Rahman & Kalra (1944) and Masoodi (1991) who gave a brief account of the oviposition of female moths of L. obfuscata and recorded 200-400 and 462.13 eggs laid by each female. Egg masses are laid by female moths in clusters on the surface of the bark or leaves of trees, each egg mass usually being covered externally with a layer of hairs believed to be derived from the anal tufts of the ovipositing females. Exceptionally eggs were also laid on leaves, dried fruits, and even on the surface of brick walls, ceilings on the houses and metal wire gauze nettings. The egg masses of Lymantria obfuscata on apple plantations in the present area of study are sub ovoid, oval to quadrate and semi linear and measures 26.0±9.72 (SE: 2.80) and 19.66±5.86 (SE: 1.69) mm in length and width respectively. The egg masses also assume a variety of other shapes. Freshly laid eggs were pale yellowish and rounded when seen from above, having a diameter of about 0.75±0.070 (SE: 0.02) mm that ranged from a minimum of 0.65mm to a maximum of 0.85 mm. Incubation Period: Incubation period of the eggs as observed by the present author in the area under investigation on apple plantations as host ranged from 9 to 10 months with an average of 305.2±16.63 days. Hatching From the incubated eggs of the previous season, young larvae start hatching from late March and continued till April in Jammu region of J&K State on apple plantations (Malus domestica Borkh.). Masoodi (1991) also recorded the same hatching period of the pest from 5.0 days to 24.0 days with an average of 9.8±5.37 days and occurs during day time. After hatching first instar larvae wander about and started feeding on upper surfaces of leaves forming small perforations. They remain hidden during the night where they do not feed. Larval Stages: The author has recorded five larval instars in the life cycle of the pest. First Instar First instar larvae of Lymantria obfuscata were darker measuring 4.03±0.80 (SE: 0.25) mm in length and 0.37±0.05 (SE: 0.01) mm in width. Body covered with tuft of hairs, bearing a pair of small dots on each segment running all along the back. Newly hatched larvae feed on upper surfaces of leaves forming small perforations. They remain hidden during the night where they do not feed. This stage lasted for 7.0 to 10.0 days with an average of 8.55±0.92 (SE: 0.29) days while feeding on apple in the area of present investigator. Second instar Larvae brownish, with hairs covering the body and measured 8.43±1.30 (SE: 0.41) mm long and 1.78±0.27 (SE: 0.08) mm wide. Larva possess double row of small tubercles along the back. Feed usually in the morning hours by defoliating the leaves along their margins. During night or when not feeding, larvae rest under shade i.e. under leaves and cracks in the bark spaces of trees in the field and inside the filter paper of Petri dishes under lab conditions. The second larval stage lasted for a period of 5.0 to 9.0 days with an average of 6.75±1.37 (SE: 0.43) days by the investigator during her studies in Jammu region. Third instar Third instar larvae are dark grey. Double rows of tubercles are prominent with first five pairs of bluish and last six pairs brick red in color. The dark brown head of the larva had yellow markings and body measured 17.12±3.17mm in length and 3.89±0.70 mm in width. Larvae usually feed during morning and cause massive

752 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______defoliation of the apple trees in study area of the present investigator. This stage lasted for 5.50 to 9.0 days with an average of 7.6±1.41 days. The duration of third larval instar in the study area on to range between 5.0 to 9.0 days with an average of 7.6 days. Fourth instar Body becomes more hairy, brownish and double row of tubercles become more prominent and measured 25.67±3.33 mm in length and 6.22±0.33mm in width. A light strip between the tubercles and the spiracles runs on each side of larva all along the length. The feeding behaviour of fourth instar larvae vary much from the previous ones as larvae now start feeding during night hours also but remains confined to leaf margins and during the day larvae rest under the shade of the leaves. This larval stage varies between 8.0 - 14.0 days with an average of 11.6±1.85 days. Fifth instar General appearance of the final instar larvae was similar to that of the fourth instar except variations in the length and width of the body that measured 39.94±4.41 mm (SE: 1.39) and 8.30±0.42 (SE: 0.13) mm respectively. It has short dorsal and long lateral tufts of hair. Duration of fifth instar lasted for a minimum period of 12.0 days to a maximum of 18.0 days with an average of 15.3±2.16 days. Average larval duration of the pest as recorded by the author in the study area on apple tree as a host ranged between 37.5 - 60.0 days with an average of 49.8 ±7.71 (SE: 2.43) days. Pupae Fully fed and matured larvae stopped feeding, body start shrinking and thickening in size. It then spins some silken threads around its body and remains in this pre-pupal stage for about 3.35±0.88 days. Larvae do not spin any cocoon around its body. Pupae almost naked, reddish brown with only a few strands of silken threads attached loosely to its body. Female pupa characteristically larger than male pupa measured 22.0±1.58 mm and 6.20±0.78mm respectively. Pupal period ranged from 12.0 to 14.5 days with an average of 13.4±0.87 days. Adults In adults of gypsy moth, sexual dimorphism is well distinct. Female moths larger in size and dirty creamish whereas males smaller than females and have brownish bodies. In males wings are well developed. Front and hind wings dissimilar in venation and in shape. Rs in hindwing unbranched; jugum and fibula absent; front and hind wings united by a frenulum; mouthparts usually in the form of a coiled proboscis. Wings entire; scaled throughout. Hindwings much broader than their fringe and usually wider than front wings; hind wings with two anal veins; front wing with a single complete anal vein Sc and Rs in hind wing not connected by a cross vein; M2 in front wing arising closer to M3 than to M1; cubitus appear four branched; front wing with some branches of R and M fused beyond discal cell; hindwing without humeral veins; usually with a frenulum; Cu2 in front wing arising in basal half; frenulum well developed; Sc in hindwing present and well developed; Hindwing with Sc and Rs widely separate beyond discal cell and base of Rs well developed; ocelli present; front wings smoothly scaled; Hindwing with a small basal areole and Sc and Rs fused for only a short distance at end of areole. Female moths apterous possessing feebly developed wings and bulky body and therefore are unable to fly. Male moths have functional wings and can perform its normal flight in a zig zag manner during the day. The average length and width of male and female moths are 14.2±1.64 (SE: 0.73) mm and 33.4±4.21 (SE: 1.88) mm and 20.6±2.96 (SE: 1.32) mm and 40.8±2.94 (SE: 1.31) mm respectively.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______753 Male and female moths lived for a period of about 3.5 to 6.0 days and 7.0 to 9.0 days with an average of 4.45±0.79 (SE: 0.25) days and 7.60±0.65 (SE: 0.20) days respectively when fed with 5% honey solution in the field lab established at study station at Bhaderwah. Damage: Indian gypsy moth is an important defoliator and a destructive pest of deciduous, shade and fruit trees in parts of Asia, Africa, Europe and North America (Berozoa et al., 1973 and Kumar (1974). Although the insect has a wide range of host plants but some host species such as willows, poplars and apples are extensively defoliated and support large larval populations. Butani (1979) reported that the larvae of Indian gypsy moth defoliates the trees completely and results in failure of fruit formation. Present investigations in Jammu division of J&K State on apple plantations (Malus domestica Borkh.) as a host found the caterpillars of this pest to defoliate the leaves and their feeding increases with the subsequent instars and the caterpillars feed voraciously on the entire tender leaves including the veins. In the field, the first instar larvae usually remains on the underside of leaves and are carried by wind from tree to tree, suspended by long threads that they spin. Caterpillars are nocturnal and gregarious in habit. They aggregate in large numbers on the ground under the fallen dry leaves near the base of the trees, crevices of bark or on lower parts of well shaded main branches. After dusk the larvae start crawling through tree trunks and feed there. In severe attack the caterpillars defoliate the host plants completely thereby retarding the growth of the trees. On the basis of above observations recorded by the author in the field Lymantria obfuscata is recorded as an important pest of apples in Jammu province of J & K State. In the near future this pest may assume more serious and destructive position if adequate control measures were not undertaken immediately. This warrants attention of the orchardists of the region for its timely and proper control.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are highly thankful to Head, Dept. of Zoology, University of Jammu for necessary help and Entomology Division of IARI New Delhi for the insect identification.

LITERATURE CITED

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Fuester, R. W., Swan, K. S., Taylor, P. B. & Ramasesiah, G. 2008. Effects of parent age at mating on reproductive response of Glyptapanteles flavocoxis, a larval parasitoid of The gypsy moth. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 (4): 1140-1145.

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Gries, R., Schaefer, P. W., Hahn, R., Khaskin, G., Gujjandadu, R., Singh, B., Hehar, G. K. & Gries, G. 2007. Sex pheromone component of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33 (9): 1774-1786.

Gupta, B. P. 1976. Life history and control of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker. Research Report, All India Coordinated Fruit Improvement Project, Ranikhet, U.P. (Nov. 17-20): 454.

Hampson, G. F. 1892. Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma moths. Indian Forest Record, 1 (23): 527.

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Mishra, M. P. & Basu Choudhuri, J. C. 1974. New pest and distributional record of Lymantria obfuscata Walker on Cashew from South India. Indian Forester, 100 (6): 391-393.

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Nair, R. R. & Premkumar, T. 1974. Aspergillus flavus Link., a fungal parasite on the leaf eating caterpillar, Lymantria obfuscata Walker. Current Science, 43 (17): 563.

Premkumar, T. 1974. Occurrence of Lymantria obfuscata Walker, the Indian gypsy moth, as a pest of Cacao in South India. Current-Science, 43 (9): 395.

Pruthi, H. S. & Batra, H. N. 1960. Some important fruit pests of north- west India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research Bulletin, 80: 96.

Rahman, K. A. 1941. Occurrence of gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata in Shimla Hills. Indian Journal of Entomology, 3: 338.

Rahman, K. A. & Kalra, A. N. 1944. Apple hairy caterpillars in the Shimla hills. Indian Farming, 5 (7): 312-314.

Raju, S. V. S., Jaiswal, P. K. & Singh, H. N. 1995. Effect of temperature on bio-energetic changes and egg diapause development in Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker. Journal of Applied Biology, 3 (1/2): 33-35.

Raju, S. V. S., Kumar, G. T. & Singh, H. N. 1994. Effect of temperature on egg diapause termination of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker. And survival of its egg parasite, Anastatus kashmiriensis . Naturalia Sao Paulo, 19: 109-117.

Rishi, N. D. 1968. Insect pests of Kashmir part I, check list of pests of horticulture importance. Kashmir Science, 91 (2): 243-257.

Rishi, N. D. & Shah, K. A. 1985. Survey and bioecological studies on the natural enemy complex of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal of Entomological Research, 9 (1): 82-93.

Roonwal, M. L. 1953. Unusual population eruption of the moth, Lymantria mathura Moore in Autumn, 22 (12): 384.

Roonwal, M. L. 1954. Structure of egg masses and their hairs in some species of Lymantria of importance to forestry (Insecta: Lymantriidae). Forest entomologist, Forest Research Institute, Dehra dun: 553-559.

Roonwal, M. L. 1977. Life history and control of the Kashmir willow defoliator Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae). J. Ind. Acad. Wood. Sci., 8: 97-104.

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Sheikh, A. G. 1975. Effect of repeated defoliation caused by Lymantria obfuscata on apple trees in Kashmir. Himalayan Horticulture, 5 (3/4): 9-29.

Singh, M., Gupta, R. & Gupta, P. R. 2007. Biology and control of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata on apple in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Plant protection, 35 (1): 104-105.

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Singh, R., Kumar, S., Chakrabarthy & Kumar, A. 2007. Resurgence of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) forests in Rajgarh forest division, Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry, 30 (1): 83-85.

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Table 1. Morphometric measurements of various life stages.

STAGE BODY LENGTH (mm) BODY WIDTH (mm) Mean±SD (Min-Max) Mean±SD (Min-Max) Mean±SE Egg mass 15.0-45.0 26.0±9.72 13.0-28.0 19.66±5.86 First instar 3.04-5.20 4.03±0.80 0.32-0.48 0.37±0.05 Second instar 6.00-9.80 8.43±1.30 1.20±2.06 1.78±0.27 Third instar 10.8-19.8 17.12±3.17 3.00-5.00 3.89±0.70 Fourth instar 25.0-30.0 25.67±3.33 6.22-7.50 6.20±0.33 Fifth instar 39.0- 47.0 39.94±4.41 7.60-9.00 8.30±0.42 Pupa 20.0- 25.0 22.0±1.58 5.00-7.00 6.20±0.78 Adult male 12.0 -16.0 14.20±1.64 28.0-34.0 33.4±4.21 Adult female 18.0-25.0 2.06±2.96 36.0-47.0 40.8±2.94

Table 2. Duration of different stages in the life cycle of Lymantria obfuscata Walker on apple plantations.

STAGE DURATION OF DAYS MEAN±SD SEM MIN. MAX. Incubation period 286.0 329.0 305.2±16.63 5.26 First Instar 7.0 10.0 8.55±0.92 0.29 Second Instar 5.0 9.0 6.75±1.37 0.43 Third Instar 5.5 9.0 7.6±1.41 0.44 Fourth Instar 8.0 14.0 11.6±1.85 0.58 Fifth Instar 12.0 18.0 15.3±2.16 0.68 Total Larval Period 37.5 60.0 66.5 ±7.71 2.43 Prepupation 2.0 4.0 3.35±0.88 0.27 Pupation 12.0 14.0 13.4±0.87 0.27 Life cycle(egg to adult 38.0 59.0 48.8±6.98 2.20 emergence) Adult longevity (Male) 3.5 6.0 4.45±0.79 0.25 Adult Longevity (Female) 7.0 9.0 7.60±0.65 0.20

756 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______BIONOMICS OF AAK WEEVIL, PARAMECOPS FARINOSA (WIEDEMANN) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), A PEST OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA (AIT.) R. BR. IN JAMMU DIVISION OF J & K STATE (INDIA)

Madhu Sudan*, J. S. Tara and Baldev Sharma

* Department of Zoology, Division Entomology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi)- 180006, J & K (INDIA). E-mail: [email protected]

[Sudan, M., Tara, J. S. & Sharma, B. 2013. Bionomics of aak weevil, Paramecops farinosa (Wiedemann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. in Jammu Division of J & K State (India). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 756-766]

ABSTRACT: The bionomics of Aak weevil Paramecops farinosa (Wiedemann) has been studied on Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. in Jammu, Reasi and Rajouri Districts of Jammu region of J & K State. This is the first report from India as well as the world. P. farinosa has been observed as a major pest of C. procera, an important medicinal plant which is grown only in restricted patches in Jammu region of J & K State. Adults feed externally on the tender leaves and flowers whereas larvae feed internally with in the developing seed pods causing heavy damage. Mating usually occurs during night or early morning hours. Copulation lasts for 30 to 45 minutes and females oviposit in the pericarp of seed pods and lay 6 to 12 eggs per clutch. Eggs are oval with both ends rounded, creamish to dull yellow. Larvae are apodous, soft, and cylindrical with dark brown head and pass through five larval instars. Egg, larval and pupal periods is 6.20±0.66, 22.50±1.55 and18.00±1.47 respectively. The total period from egg to adult takes about 46.70±3.75 days. Adults emerge from the infested seed pods from June to November without any interruption and remain actively feeding on host plants till the beginning of next fruiting stage. The pests breed throughout the year and do not undergo winter rest. At least two generations are observed from June to November.

KEY WORDS: Bionomics, Paramecops farinosa, Calotropis procera, Medicinal plant, Jammu, Reasi, Rajouri, India.

Paramecops farinosa (Wiedemann) has been observed as a major pest of Calotropis procera, an important medicinal plant in Jammu, Reasi and Rajouri Districts of Jammu region of J & K State. C. procera commonly known as Giant- milkweed, Swallow-wort, Apple-of-Sodom, or Rooster tree is an Asclepias genus that is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas such as India, Nepal, Pakistan, Africa, Australia, Egypt, Iran, and Arabic islands. In India, it is found wild, distributed throughout from Punjab and Rajasthan to Assam and Kanayakumari in comparatively drier and warmer areas upto an altitude of 1,050 m. C. procera has so important ecological roles because of its settlements in sandy soils, preventation of soil erosion, natural reproduction and its uses in the weavering, rubbering and medical industries (Golestaneh et al., 2009). In India, C. procera is well known for its medicinal properties and holds a place of pride largely because of its other uses and economic values. This shrub has been widely used in the Sudanese, Unani, Arabic and Indian traditional medicinal system for the treatment of various diseases namely leprosy, ulcers, piles and diseases of the spleen, liver and abdomen. Different parts of this plant have been reported to exhibit analgesic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihelminthic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, oestrogenic, antinociceptive, and antimalarial activity (Sharma et al., 2011). The flowers of the plant exhibit hepatoprotective activity, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial effects and larvicidal activity.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______757 The latex of the plant is reported to possess analgesic and wound healing activity, as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity while the roots are reported to have anti-fertility and anti-ulcer effects (Meena et al., 2011). The crude aqueous extract from the leaves of C. procera showed potent anti HIV-1 activity (Mohanraj et al., 2010). Besides Paramecops farinosa, this medicinal plant is attacked by number of pests viz. Spilostethus pandurus, Poekilocerus pictus, Anosia chrysippus, Aphis nerii, Corynodes peregrines, Phytoschapus sp. and Dacus longistylus. Both adult and larvae feed on various parts of the host plant causing serious damage. But the present study is restricted to Paramecops farinosa only and provides details of its bionomics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collections were made from Akhnoor (District Jammu), Dhanwa (District Reasi) and Solki (District Rajouri) of Jammu province, where the Aak plantations, Calotropis procera are in abundance. Studies were conducted during the period 2009-2011 when the occurrence of the pest was at peak. Rearings were made through culture on potted cage plants. Mating pairs were collected and kept in captivity in the laboratory in 20×20×20 cm rearing cages with wire gauge (5 meshes per cm) on the sides and on top. They were kept supplied with fresh and healthy twigs bearing flowers, fruits/seed pods and leaves of Calotropis procera. Copulatory behaviour was studied and each mating pair was observed for pre- mating, mating, pre-oviposition and oviposition behaviour and duration both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Eggs laid by each female within the fruit were counted and egg period was determined from freshly laid eggs. These eggs were placed in the niches and on moist filter paper in petridishes to prevent their desiccation before studying them for hatching. In order to determine the individual larval periods cellular rearing was done. Freshly oviposited places on previously uninfected shoots were covered by thin wire mesh cages and examined regularly. From the collected data only the total larval period could be derived. For determining the instars, newly hatched larvae and the subsequent stages were subjected to Dyar’s law (Dyar, 1890). For determining the pupal period matured larvae collected from the infested plants were observed at intervals till the emergence of adults. Eggs were preserved in 5 per cent formalin with few drops of glycerine where as larvae, pupae and adults were preserved in 90 per cent ethyl alcohol. For studying number of generations, the time taken to complete adult stage in one generation in captivity was considered. For the morphological studies, the twenty numbers of each biological stage (eggs, larva, pupa, adults) were selected. All the stages were examined and photographed with Sony Cyber-Shot T10, Digital Still Camera, having 5x optical zoom with 7.2 effective megapixels and with inbuilt macro function for extreme close-ups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Distribution: The results revealed the distribution in Jammu and Kashmir as: Poonch, Rajouri, Reasi, Jammu and Samba Districts of Jammu Province; and from literature throughout southern India all the year round (Fletcher, 1914); Rajasthan Desert (Parihar, 1983); througout District Rajouri in Solki, Sial Sui (Kalakote); Chingus, Narian (Rajouri); Rajal, Lamberi (Nowshera) and Siot,

758 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Thanda Pani (Sunderbani) and Rajasthan, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal, Mexico, USA (Sudan, 2008).

Host Plants: P. farinosa is a monophagous pest of Milkweed plants (Asclepiadaceae) and has been found feeding on Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea and Asclepias syriaca. Both adults and larvae cause severe damage to these plants (Sudan, 2008).

Pest status: Both adults and larvae make extensive damage to the host plants throughout the year. Adults leave a characteristic crescent-shaped hole in one half of leaves that have been eaten and the larvae go on boring inwards and feeding on all seeds until it was fully fed and the last instar larvae emptied the fruit from most of its seeds. Maximum of 10 adults and 20 larvae at different stages of development were recorded per twig and per fruit of C. procera respectively. The percentage incidence recorded during the month of June is as high as 85.00±1.41 per cent and this reveals its serious pest status.

Seasonal Incidence: The pest is prevalent throughout the year, the peak of the incidence being attained during May-June. Adults are found to be most active from March to November, whereas, larval stages being internal feeders are quite active from April to October as the fruits or seed pods of Calotropis procera are available from April in the field. Adults breed throughout the year, though activity slows down during winter months from December to February. Adult do not undergo hibernation or winter rest, although, during winter the adults remained confined in the basal portion of the plant or in the surrounding leaf litter at the base of plant.

Nature and Extent of Damage: The most adapted and specialized insect occurring on C. procera is the Aak weevil, Paramecops farinosa. It is a small, cryptic, monophagous herbivore that feeds nocturnally on the leaves and flowers of C. Procera. Both adults and larvae of P. farinosa cause considerable damage to this milkweed plant. The adult weevils prefer to feed on the leaves, buds and flowers thus leaving number of characteristic crescent-shaped holes in leaves whereas, the larvae prefer to feed on the developing seeds thereby completely destroying all seeds inside the pods and thus check the reproduction and growth of this particular medicinal plant. With the increase in infestation and number of individuals at different stages of development, entire plants get defoliated and even the flowers are damaged, thereby resulting in complete drying of entire plant. Similar observations were made by Parihar (1983) who recorded that the grubs bored into the soft tissues of pods and then fed on the developing fibers and young seeds and the adults after their emergence also fed on the leaves.

Life Cycle:

Mating behaviour (Fig. 1): Field observations revealed that mating usually took place during night or early morning hours and sometimes they mate during a mid-day hours under cool and calm weather conditions but the frequency of mating was quite low in these

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______759 situations. a number of mating pairs were observed in the field and it was seen that a mating pair always tried to hide in leaf axils or branches of the host plants.

Courtship and Copulation Behaviour: After about half an hour of courtship, the male weevil succeeds in riding over the female and holds it firmly with the help of its legs. During the process of copulation, the antennae remained directed upwards and forward and male also strokes the female with the help of its snout. It has been observed that the freshly emerged adults are not sexually mature and the pre-copulation and pre- oviposition periods are observed to be 1 to 2 days and 5 to 10 days respectively. Copulation lasted for 30 to 45 minutes but sometimes it continues for several hours.

Site Selection and Oviposition Behaviour (Fig. 2): A Paramecops female has a very interesting ovipositional behaviour. Gravid female positioned herself on the upper side of the fruit (a follicarium), and uses her mandibles to cut a hole of approximately 1 mm diameter into the outer layer of the three layered fruit wall (pericarp). A copious amount of latex exudes during the process from the perforated laticifers present in the fruit wall. The female then turns by 180° and aligns her ovipositor structures with the hole. Eggs are laid into the fibrous middle layer of the fruit wall. The female turns again by 180° and spreads the plant latex on and around the hole, using her mandibles to seal it, presumably to prevent desiccation as well as predation of eggs by potential enemies, e.g. ants that inhabit the host plant in great numbers. Latex from the damaged pericarp forms a hard plug over the entrance to the hole, sealing the egg inside and protecting it as it develops. The female then engages herself in removing the partially coagulated latex from her mandibles and legs. Having freed herself from the latex, the female moved away from the fruit, but not before depositing her excrement near the sealed hole, presumably to deter oviposition by conspecific females. The entire process of oviposition typically lasted 20-30 minutes. Eggs are usually laid in a small group or a clutch and the number of eggs in a clutch varies from 6 to 12. The average number of eggs per clutch was approximately 10±2 (Amritphale & Sharma, 2006).

Egg and Incubation Period (Fig. 3): Freshly laid eggs are oval with both ends rounded, surface smooth, shiny, soft and creamish or light yellow which frequently changes to dull yellow as development proceeds. The egg measures 1.25±0.12 mm ranging from 1.00 to 1.40 mm long and 0.80±0.11 mm broad ranging from 0.50 to 0.90 mm. Incubation period varies from minimum of 5.00 and maximum of 7.00 days with an average of 6.20±0.656 days.

Hatching (Fig. 4): The eggs hatch into a small, apodous, creemish white grub in the space between a double-walled pericarp layers of fruits of Calotropis procera, sometimes wandering about before making a hole through the inner layer of the pericarp to enter the fruit or seed pod containing the seeds.

Larval instars (Figs. 5-10): Since the larva is an internal feeder, Dyar’s law has been applied to determine the number of larval instar, and it was observed that the grub passes through five instars. Not much difference has been observed between the five different instars

760 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______in general characters and hence the detailed description of the first instar larva and the final instar larva are taken into account. Freshly hatched larva is elongate, smooth, soft, apodous, transparent white to creamish white, narrow posteriorly and slightly curved with C-shaped body. Head prominent, smooth, pale brown, shiny with yellowish tinge, comparatively larger in size and with biting and chewing type of mouth parts. Mandibles prominent, dark brown, pointed, triangular and bidentate. Body segments not clearly discernible. Abdomen wrinkled, tapering posteriorly and curved ventrally forming C-shaped structure. Head capsule of the first instar larva measured 0.20 to 0.35 mm averaging 0.25±0.043 mm in length and 0.30 to 0.45 mm averaging 0.40±0.046 mm in width. Body length ranged between 1.50 to 2.50 mm with a mean of 2.00±0.291 mm and width ranged between 0.30 to 0.60 mm with a mean of 0.52±0.085 mm. The width of the head capsule in the successive instars increase in the geometrical progression. Body of full grown larva stout, creemish white, apodous, elongate, cylindrical and when taken out of the follicle shows typical curvature, becomes C-shaped with posterior end slightly narrower. Head dark brown, fairly well sclerotized, provided with mandibulate mouth parts. Mandibles strong, black, triangular and bidentate. Thorax with three segments, each with a pair of cushion-like pedal lobes on the ventral side, slightly broader than abdominal segments with transverse rows of hairs dorsally one each in every segment on either side. Abdomen large, prominent, nine segmented and narrow posteriorly; first seven segments almost equal in size while eighth and ninth are quite narrow and rounded; a row of long hairs in each segment present dorsally on either side. Sparse hairs present all over the body. Laterally eight pairs of small spiracles with pale brown margin are clearly visible; one pair in the segmental groove of metathoracic segment and seven pairs each in first seven abdominal segments. Head capsule measures 1.00±0.053 mm in length ranging between 0.80 to 1.02 mm and width between 1.50 to 2.00 mm averaging 1.80±0.144 mm. Fifth instar larva measured on an average 15.20±0.808 mm in length ranging between 13.50 to 16.00 mm and 5.25±0.420 mm in width ranging between 4.50 to 6.00 mm.

Larval Duration: The larval period of Indian Aak weevil on Calotropis procera in Jammu region lasts for 20.00 to 25.00 days with an average of 22.50±1.547 days.

Pupation (Figs. 11 & 12): After passing through a number of instars the full grown larva pupate inside a “cocoon” made from the silk threads of the seed parachutes by cutting and winding short pieces of fibrous material of the seed silk around its body, thus enclosing itself with in the cocoon, where they transform into pupae after passing through prepupal stage. The cocoon is pale white to creamish, elongate, cylindrical which effectively plugs the exit hole apparently bitten in advance by the mature larva. The average length of the cocoon measures 25.24±4.059 mm ranging from 15.00 to 30.00 mm and width of 10.00 mm to 25.00 mm with an average of 20.05±4.285 mm while the average length of the pupal chamber inside the cocoon varies from 12.00 mm to 20.00 mm with an average of 18.12±2.615 mm and average width of 8.52±0.826 mm ranging from7.00 mm to 10.00 mm.

Pupa (Figs. 13a,b): Pupa is exarate, naked, with all the appendages distictly visible and freely projecting on the ventral surface. General colour is creemish white in the

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______761 beginning but gradually turn pale yellow to pale brown. Fine sparse hairs are present all over the body. Head is light brown with sparse hairs, small broader than long and ventrally prolonged in the form of elongate, cylindrical, well developed rostrum which touches coxae of first leg. Eyes are prominent, black, and present at the base of the rostrum. Mouth parts are prominent, located at the tip of rostrum, which reaches upto the middle of the abdomen ventrally; mandibles black, small, pointed and clearly visible. A pair of geniculate antennae present on either side of the rostrum and segmentation not clearly demarcated. Thorax is three segmented, creemish pale brown with two wing pads, and three legs sharply bent and folded on the ventral side. Abdomen prominent, narrow posteriorly, with clearly demarcated segments and bears sparse setae on either side. Pupa measures 12.00±0.968 mm in length varying from 10.00 mm to 13.00 mm and 5.52±0.630 mm in width varying from 4.00 mm to 6.00 mm. The pupal period including pre-emergence resting period of adult lasts for 15.00 to 20.00 days with an average of 18.00±1.468 days.

Adult Emergence (Fig. 15): The pupa ultimately transforms into adult and emerges out from the pupal chamber through the emergence hole made by the mature larva with its mouth parts at anterior end of the cocoon or sometimes at the middle of the cocoon. Emergence hole in cocoon varies between 5.00 to 8.00 mm in length with an average of 6.50±0.795 mm and 4.50 to 6.00 mm in width with an average of 5.00±0.426 mm while emergence hole in the pericarp layer of fruit or follicle varies from 5.00 to 6.00 mm with an average width of 5.50±0.331 mm. Even after transforming into adult, the weevil remains in the cocoon for about 5 to 8 days, with an average of 6.50±0.842 days, attained maturity and then finally emerged out.

Adult (Fig. 16): Adult robust, usually reddish brown on emergence and turned light grey to greyish black on maturity. Integument glossy, often partially or largely covered with a consistent, moderately pruinose coating, not easily removable. Antennae and occasionally pronotum and tarsi are dark ferruginous. Head globose; interocular space on vertex, half as wide as the base of the rostrum. Rostrum nearly cylindrical, weakly broadened apically. Eyes flat, elongate elliptical, closer together at the bottom and rounded at their lower margin. Antennae strong; scape straight or barely curved forwards, moderately and regularly thickened from basal third to apex; funicle segment one approximately 2 times longer than broad; segment 2 slightly longer than broad; segments 3 to 5 nearly subquadrate; segments 6–7 conical, broadened and transverse; club elliptical, as long as the last five segments of the funicle. Pronotum distinctly granulose, often having deeper and more clearly delimited punctures, as long as it is broad; base strongly bisinuate, broadly curved towards elytra at middle; maximum width at base, sides slightly convergent from base to near apex. Elytra with maximum width at humeri; metathoracic wings very large, macropterous. Fore femora scarcely broadened at middle, inner side with barely developed median teeth, hidden by the setae and the pruinose coating; tibiae short, straight, robust, inner side indistinctly sinuate; segment 3 of tarsi with lobes moderately developed. Average length of adult from head to abdomen and from snout to abdomen measures 11.00±0.963 mm ranging from 9.00 to 12.00 mm and 13.02±0.862 mm ranging from 11.00 to 14.00 mm respectively; antennal length varies from 2.80 to 3.20 mm with an average of 3.00±0.106 mm; snout varies from 2.50 to 3.20 mm

762 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______in length with an average of 3.00±0.230 mm and 0.50 to 0.90 mm in width with an average of 0.80±0.120 mm; average length of head is 1.80±0.139 mm varying from 1.50 to 2.00 mm while head width varies from 1.80 to 2.20 mm averaging 2.00±0.114 mm; length of thorax varies from 5.00 to 7.00 mm with an average of 6.00±0.515 mm and width across pronotum averages 3.00±0.269 mm ranging from 2.50 to 3.50 mm; average abdominal length is observed as 5.00±0.553 mm with a range of 4.00 to 6.00 mm and average width of 3.50±0.317 mm ranging from 3.00 to 4.00 mm; elytral length and width are observed on an average of 7.02±0.281 varying from 6.50 to 7.50 mm and 3.25±0.147 varying from 3.00 to 3.50 mm.

Total Life Cycle: The total life cycle of Paramecops farinosa i.e. from egg to adult emergence on Calotropis procera in Jammu region observed is of 46.70±3.746 days ranging from 40.00 to 52.00 days.

Adult Feeding Behaviour (Figs. 17, 18, 19a,b): Adult weevils feed on Calotropis leaves and flowers and are mostly active at night, hiding during the day in the leaf axils on the lower side of leaves or in the leaf litter at the base of the plant. The adult weevils feed on milkweed leaves in a very distinctive way, first making characteristic feeding marks on leaves, puncturing or cutting the latex canal of the midrib, and then feeding distally to the cut. This is a form of “latex-canal sabotage behaviour”, a way of reducing the impact of the plant’s defensive reaction by preventing the milky alkaloid-laden exudates from reaching the feeding site and this form of feeding is also practised by many other milkweed herbivores. It leaves a characteristic crescent-shaped hole in one half of leaves that have been eaten.

Larval Feeding Behaviour (Figs. 20a,b,c,d): Immediately after emergence from the egg in the space between double-walled pericarp layers of fruits of C. procera, the neonate larva begins to feed on the internal tissue for sometimes and then makes its way in the form of a hole through the inner pericarp layer. The larva moves by wriggling movements and penetrates fully to feed on the developing seeds, completely destroying all seeds within the seed pod. The larva goes on boring inwards and feeding on all seeds until it is full fed and the last instar larvae empties the fruit from most of its seeds and uses the fine filaments attached by them to construct its cocoon and pupate. The pupa develops into an adult. The adult found its way out of the cocoon and the fruit through a small hole to start a new life cycle.

Management: Medicinal plants have great scope to achieve net higher returns and in international agribusiness which has an estimated growth rate of approximately 5-10%. However, they are facing danger of extinction due to the attack of some serious insect pests, diseases, deforestation, extensive exploitation and harvesting from natural sources and lack of proper knowledge on these problems among majority of the people. Report on insect pest’s management of medicinal plants is meagre and scattered. In the recent past the emphasis was given to the insect management measures which are scientifically sound, environmentally safe and economically feasible. A wider range of useful botanicals or bio-extracts serve as natural repellent/pesticides and proved to be more effective in controlling many insect

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______763 pests and diseases. In this case, some preparations from botanicals i.e. leaf extracts of four plants viz. Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) commonly known as Neem, Melia azedarach Linnaeus (Meliaceae) commonly known as Chinaberry tree, Mentha longifolia (Linnaeus) (Lamiaceae) commonly known as Hourse mint and Vitex negundo Linnaeus (Verbenaceae) commonly known as 5- leaved Chaste tree at different concentrations (10%, 50%, 70% and 100%) were evaluated against important insect pests of Calotropis procera besides using kerosene oil and water (control) in Jammu Division of J & K State. The results with botanical extracts @ 100% concentration revealed that A. indica caused 80.92%, 86.92% & 92.71% reduction in adult and 85.63%, 91.57% & 96.99% reduction in larval population of Aak weevil, P. farinosa at 3, 5 & 10 DAS respectively. On the other hand, M. azedarach @ 100% concentration being superior, caused as high as 92.35% reduction of adult and 95.86 % larval population of P. farinosa at 3 DAS which was further increased upto 95.64% & 98.36% and 100% control over adult and larval population at 5 and 10 DAS respectively as compared to control (water treatment). M. longifolia leaf extract resulted in 70.80%, 68.98% & 65.63% reduction of adult and 75.97%, 73.85% & 70.80% of larval population followed by V. negundo leaf extract which caused 50.64% 48.47% & 46.91% reduction in adult and 52.27%, 50.98% & 48.63% in larval population of P. farinosa at 3, 5 & 10 DAS respectively. None of the extracts were found to produce phytotoxicity in any form. Among all the bio-pesticides tested on the basis of overall effectiveness, Melia azedarach (100%) suppressed more than 98.36% and 100% adult and larval population in the tenth day after spray (DAS) respectively and is thus a promising pesticide for the management of this pest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. V.V. Ramamurthy, Principal Scientist, Entomological Division, IARI, New Delhi for the identification of specimens. The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Zoology, University of Jammu for providing the necessary facilities to conduct the work.

LITERATURE CITED

Amritphale, D. & Sharma, S. 2006. Oviposition Mechanism of the Indian Aak Weevil. Curculio-An International Newsletter for Curculionoidea Research, 52: 7-8.

Dyar, H. G. 1890. The number of moults of lepidopterous larvae. Psyche, (Cambridge, Mas), 5: 420- 422.

Fletcher, T. B. 1914. Some south Indian insects and other animals of importance considered especially from an economic point of view. Printed by the Superintendent, Government Press, Madras, 332-333.

Golestaneh, S. R., Askary, H., Farar, N. & Dousti, A. 2009. The life cycle of Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on Calotropis procera in Bushehr-Iran. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 4 (2): 451-456.

Meena, A. K., Yadav, A. & Rao, M. M. 2011. Ayurvedic uses and Pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera Linn. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, 6 (2): 45-53.

Mohanraj, R., Rakshit, J. & Nobre, M. 2010. Anti HIV-1 and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 4: 242-246.

Parihar, D. R. 1983. Some ecological observations of insect pests of Aak (Calotropis procera) and their significance in Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal of Forestry, 4 (3): 191-195.

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Sharma, A. K., Kharb, R. & Kaur, R. 2011. Pharmacognostical aspects of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2 (3): 480-488.

Sudan, M. 2008. Survey of Insect pests infesting some medicinal plants in district Rajouri (J&K). M. Phil. Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu.

Plate I. Fig. 1: Mating pair, Fig. 2: Ovipositional hole on fruit, Fig. 3: Eggs, Fig. 4: Hatching, Fig. 5: Neonate First instars, Fig. 6: Late First instars, Fig. 7: Second instar, Fig. 8: Third instar.

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Plate II. Fig. 9: Fourth instar, Fig. 10: Fifth instar, Fig. 11: Final instar ready for pupation, Fig. 12: Cocoons, Fig. 13a: Early Pupa, Fig. 13b: Late Pupa, Fig. 14: Premature Adult, Fig. 15: Adult Emergence, Fig. 16: Newly emerged Adult.

766 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Plate III. Fig. 17: Adult feeding on inflorescence, Fig. 18: Adults feeding on leaves, Fig. 19a & 19b: Damaged twigs of Calotropis procera, Fig. 20a-20d: Damaged fruits due to larval infestation.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______767 IMPROVEMENT OF REARING PERFORMANCE IN MUGA SILKWORM ANTHERAEA ASSAMENSIS WITH HORMONE TREATMENT

Palash Dutta*, P. Dutta**, A. K. Rai*** and K. Neog*

* Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute,Lahdoigarh, Jorhat-785700, Assam, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected] ** Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Lahoal,Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, INDIA. *** Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, INDIA.

[Dutta, P., Dutta, P. Rai, A. K. & Neog, K. 2013. Improvement of rearing performance in muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis with hormone treatment. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 767-771]

ABSTRACT: Reproductive efficiency of economic insects and its rearing performances are greatly affected by hormonal activities together with the environmental and cultural practices. Two different hormones were selected for tropical application on muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer) to study their effect on the overall rearing performances. JH-III (Juvenile hormone) in three different concentrations and 20-Hydroxyecdysone i.e. 5, 10 and 15 µg/g body weight (w/w) were applied exogenously on head region of 5th instars 1st day larvae of muga silkworm. Larvae treated with higher concentration of 20- hydroxyecdysone (15 µg) and JH-III (10 µg) were significantly superior in terms of cocoon formation (86.2±3% and 78.4±2.97%), cocoon weight (6.174±0.34gm and 5.616±0.07gm), pupal weight (5.888±0.10gm and 5.078±0.04gm), shell weight (0.576±0.005gm and 0.532±0.01gm) compared to that of control. Similarly, the length of ovary (10.26±0.22 cm and 9.38±0.12cm) and fecundity (179.3±8.35 nos and 163.6±2.97 nos) in the treated larvae was also higher. Application of JH-III has resulted in the prolongation of larval period (8.0±0.44days) however, treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone has shortened the larval period (5.8±0.37days) with higher silk ratio (8.346 ±0.29 %). Thus, JH-III and 20- hydroxyecdysone can successfully be applied for ovarian development which in turn can exhibit reproductive efficiency of muga silkworm.

KEY WORDS: Rearing, hormone, muga, silkworm.

Sericulture is an income generating agro-enterprise in the north-east region to alleviate poverty, through increasing rural women employment and their income, and thus, has been given due priority by Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP, 1995). In muga culture, the seed production is the most critical aspect that is considered as bottleneck in augmenting muga production. Large-scale production of muga silk is a daunting task due to insufficient yield of seed. The fecundity in muga silkworm is very poor for commercial rearing. Although the silkworm has the potential to lay a good number of eggs (250-280) realized fecundity (120-150) is comparatively poor even during the favorable seasons of Jethua and Kotia compared to eri (440-470) and mulberry (450-550).For reason unknown retention of eggs always occurs in this insect. Thus, the physiology of the insect itself can be attributed as the main factor that leads to the drawback in muga industry. There is a strong possibility that the neuroendocrine factor might come into play in controlling the physiology of the insect’s reproductive cycle. Works on endocrine control of reproduction by different workers in different insects have given insight that interplay of juvenile hormones and ecdysteroids are essential during vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovarian development. The shiny golden silk producer muga silkworm (Anthereae assamensis Helfer) is a multivoltine and polyphagous lepidopteron insect highly endemic to North Eastern part of India, especially in Assam (Choudhury, 1970; Subba Rao,

768 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______1983). The silkworm is being reared six crop in a year including two crops each of pre seed, seed and commercial. Chotua and Bhodia are seed crops, Jethua and Kotia are commercial crops and while Jarua and Aherua are pre seed crops (Thangavalu et al., 1988). Due to it’s out door nature of rearing, the silkworm is exposed to various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall etc. which eventually affect on reproductive behavior of muga silkworm (Das et al., 2006). The two hormone 20 hydroxyecdysone (20HE) and juvenile hormone (JH) are the major circulating hormones in insects which control majority of growth and developmental activities (Novak, 1975). Exogenous application of these two hormones could induce larval activities and create normal insect development. Plant-produced insect moulting hormones, termed phytoecdysteroids (PEs), function as plant defenses against insects by acting as either feeding deterrents or through developmental disruption (Schmelz et al., 2002). Rearing performance affects sharply in their ecological, biochemical, physiological and quantitative characters, which influence growth and development, and quantity and quality of silk they produce in different geographical locations, and thus, varies under different ecological conditions to make silkworm rearing cost effective and more productive (Hirobe, 1968; Shekharappa et al., 1993). Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of muga silkworm growth, development and quality cocoon production which increase fecundity after application of Juvenil hormone III and 20 hydroxyecdyxon.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The larvae of muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis were reared on som Persia bombycina plant as usual practices in Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute. When the larvae attain in 5th inster just after molting apply hormone at appropriate doses. The two hormone namely Juvenil-III and 20 hydroxyecdyson (20E) with three different concentrations i.e. 5μl,10 μl and 15 μl is formulated (Miranda et al., 2002). Exogenous application at 5th inster 1st day old larvae by tropically at doses within the normal physiological range with this three different concentration along dorsal midline using appropriate Micro Syringe (Mizoguchi et al ., 2001). Untreated set of larvae consider as control. Cocoons of different treatments were kept separately in rearing cage (30 cm x 30 cm x40 cm) until emergence. In the first two hours after emergence, the insects were coupling both artificially and naturally. All the insects were maintained at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 5% RH and natural light. The potential fecundity (number of eggs deposited plus eggs remaining in ovaries after three day) of treated females was recorded by dissecting the female moths.

RESULTS

The impact on rearing performance in muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis the larval duration, % of cocoon formation, shell and pupal weight, fecundity , retained eggs, ovaries length, silk ratio and thickness of silk were considered. The results indicate that the two hormones after application significantly increased fecundity, larval, cocoon and pupal weights, silk ratio and thickness of silk with comparisons to control groups.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______769 EFFECT OF JH-III HORMONE TREATMENTS: The rearing performance among the three different concentration of JH-III, the 10 µg is most effective resulting (81.33±0.88 %) of cocoon formation, (4.990±0.04gm) single pupal weight, (0.450±0.02 gm) shell weight, (165±13.22 nos) fecundity, and prolong 5th inster larval duration to (8 ±0.57) days. The length of ovary is significantly longer when insects are treated with JH-III (10 µg) measuring (9.26±0.24cm) while it is (9±0.25cm) in control female. This situation suggests that the treatment of JH-III 10 µg promote ovarian development with more egg formation .Eggs are less retained in the abdomen when treated with JH- III10µg (9.66± 0.88nos) than control (33.33±3.28 nos). The thickness of silk is also more in JH-III 10µg (5.044±0.56 cm) and silk ratio (9.023 ±0.05 %) then the other treatments.( Figs. 1-4).

EFFECT OF 20 HE HORMONE TREATMENTS: The rearing performance among the three concentration of 20 E the 15µg is most effective resulting (86.2±3.00 %) of cocoon formation, (5.638±0.28 gm) single pupal weight, (0.483±0.01gm) shell weight, (179.33 ±8.35 nos) fecundity, and shortened 5th inster larval duration to (6 ±0.57) days. The length of ovary is significantly longer when insects are treated with 20-HE (15 µg) measuring (11± 0.40 cm) while in untreated normal female it is (9±0.25 cm). It is also suggests that the treatment of 20-HE (15µg) promote ovarian development with more egg formation. Eggs are less retained in the abdomen when treated with 20E 15µg (12±2.08) than control (33.33 ±3.28) nos. The thickness of silk is more in 20HE 15µg (5.188±0.10) and silk ratio (8.346 ±0.29) but in control (4.247±0.31) and (5.596 ±0.20) respectively. (Figs. 1-4).

DISCUSSION

In insects, virtually all life processes are regulating by neural and endocrine system. Basically brain hormone, molting hormone and juvenile hormone are involved in regulating insect development (Dhaliwal & Arora Ramesh, 2001). In this study revile that the 20 hydroxyecdysone decreased shortly after application of JH-III would bounce back and reach the maximum peak on the seventh day which results longer the larval duration (first days old larvae after the treatment).The same phenomenon was reported by Trivedy et al. (2006) in which fifth instar of B. mori treated with a low dose of juvenile hormone R394 topically to stadium of 24 hours did not show any distinct effect to its ecdysteroid titer until the sixth day. On the seventh day, ecdysteroid titer dropped significantly until it began making a cocoon. Larvae treated with low dose at a stadium of 48, 72, and 96 hours showed a reduction in their ecdysteroid titer starting from the fifth day to the seventh day and would increase again on the eight day, when they began making cocoon. In sericulture, Juvenile hormone analogues and also ecdysteroids have been tested in Bombyx mori as insect growth regulators in order to increase silk production (Baruah et al., 1998; Choudhury et al., 1998). The application of methoprene by spraying or immersion of the leaves into the products has been reported to increase fecundity in Antheraea yamamai (Gongin et al., 1999). Changamma et al. (2000) also observed increment of fecundity, weight of testis and ovaries when 5th instar larvae of B. mori were treated with methoprene. In this studies the treatment of 20 hydroxyecdysone (a moulting hormone) larvae become shortened their larval period (5.8±0.37) and give the good rearing performance of all the parameter may be because of suppressed to synthesis of

770 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______normal juvenile hormone which is present in a normal insect in low concentration with compared to untreated control larvae. Under normal conditions, the production of ecdysone by the corpora cardiaca in the fifth instars muga larvae is supposed to decrease or stop. But, because of the tropically application of 20 hydroxyecdysone inside the blood remained high. It led to a change on the normal condition of ecdysone hormone inside the insect body result the high weight of cocoon, more fecundity; length of ovary is long etc. The same work done by Levine et al. (1986) topical application of a juvenile hormone analog in M. sexta to the peripheral cell bodies of these sensory neurons during a critical period of development caused them to retain their larval commitment rather than undergo pupal development with the rest of the animal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author is grateful to DST, New Delhi for financially supporting to carry out the works. We also thank to Director CMER &TI for providing facility to carry out the study. We also thankful to Head of the Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University.

LITERATURE CITED

Baruah, R., Unni, B. G., Choudhury, A. & Hazarika, M. 1998. Effect of hormones and hormone analogues on the economic parameters of the non-mulberry silkworm, P. ricini Biosduval (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Geobios, 25: 109-112.

Changamma, C., Rajasekhar, R. & Guvindappa, S. 2000.Influence of methoprene on Bombyx mori (L). Indian Journal of Sericulture, 39: 125-138.

Choudhury, A. & Unni, B. G. 1998.Impact of methoprene on some biochemical parameters in the silk gland and haemolymph of Antheraea assama Westwood during late larval development and spinning period. Bioscience Research Bulletin, 14 (1): 13-19.

Choudhury, S. N. 1970. Muga Silk Industry, Directorate of Sericulture, Govt of Assam, Dispur Guwahati, 23.

Das, K., Das, R., Barah, A. & Chakravorty, R. 2006.Diseases of muga silkworm in muga growing belt of Assam and Meghalaya. In: proceedings of 20th Congress of the 33 International Sericultural Commissions, Bangalore, 259-263 pp.

Dhaliwal, G. S. & Arora, R. 2006. Integrated pest management, 2nd edition, 277-302 pp.

Gongin, Y. C. & Gowa, H. E. 1999.Effect of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid in ovarian development of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamamai, Journal of Zhingjang Agricultural University, 25: 276-280.

Hirobe, T. 1968. Characterization of silkworm races.Proceedings of International Congress of Genetics.

Levine, R. B, Truman, J. W., Linn, D. & Bate, C. M. 1986. Endocrine regulation of the form and function of axonal arbors during insect metamorphosis. Journal of Neuroscience, 6: 293-299.

Miranda, J. E., De Bortoli, S. A. & Takahashi, R. 2002. Development and Silk Production by Silkworm Larvae after Tropical Application of Methoprene. Scientia Agricola, 59 (3): 585-588.

Mizoguchi, A. 2001. Effects of juvenile hormone on the secretion of prothoracicotropic hormone in the last- and penultimate-instar larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47: 767- 775.

Novak, V. J. A. 1975. Insect Hormones, Halsted, 208-306 pp.

Schmelz, E. A., Grebenok, R. J., Ohnmeiss, T. E. & Bowers, W. S. 2002. Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradtsia impatiens: a role for phytoecdysteroids. Arch. Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 51: 204-221.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______771

Shekharappa, B. M., Gururaj, C. S., Raghuraman, R. & Dandin, S. B. 1993. Shoot feeding for late age silkworms. Karnataka State Sericulture Development Institute, Banglore, India.

Trivedy, K., Kumar, S. N. & Dandin, S. B. 2006. Phytoecdysteroid and its use in Sericulture.Serciologia, 46: 57-78.

Figures 1.Comparisons of fecundity, retain eggs and length of ovary 2. Comparisons of cocoon wt, pupal wt and shell wt 3. Comparisons of larval duration and cocoon formation 4. Comparisons of silk ratio and thickness of silk of treated and untreated muga silkworm. All the columns represent (averages ± SE) of the mean.

Figures 1. 5th inster larvae treated with 20E (15 μg) 2. Grainage activity of treated moths 3. Silk treated with 20E (15 μg) 4. Mesurment of ovary length with JH-III treatment.

772 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF SCARABAEIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FAUNA OF THE MIDDLE AND EAST BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY

Yakup Şenyüz*, Kemal Dindar* and Ferhat Altunsoy**

* Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Kütahya, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Eskişehir, TURKEY.

[Şenyüz, Y., Dindar, K. & Altunsoy, F. 2013. Contributions to the knowledge of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) fauna of the Middle and East Black Sea Region of Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 772-781]

ABSTRACT: Additional notes on 40 species belonging to Scarabaeidae from Middle and East Black Sea Region are given. New distributions are given for the taxa.

KEY WORDS: Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae, Melolonthinae, Scarabaeinae, Dynastinae, new record.

The superfamily Scarabaeoidea comprises worldwide more than 35.000 species (Ratcliffe & Paulsen, 2008). Historically, the superfamily Scarabaeoidea was divided into two generalized groups based on the position of the abdominal spiracles; the Laparosticti and Pleurosticti. Laparostict scarabs, on the other hand, were characterized by having most of the abdominal spiracles located on the pleural membrane between the tergites and sternites and included taxa whose adults and larvae feed on dung, carrion, hides, and feathers (Ritcher, 1969; Arnett et al., 2002; Anlaş et al., 2011b). The family Scarabaeidae includes about 91% of all scarabaeoids and includes about 27,800 species worldwide. Within the Scarabaeidae, the Aphodiinae and Scarabaeinae include approximately 6,850 species worldwide (about 22% of scarabaeoids and 25% of Scarabaeidae) (Arnett et al., 2002). Nearly 700 species are reported from Turkey, 350 of them being Laparosticti (Carpaneto et al., 2000; Löbl & Smetana, 2006; Anlaş et al., 2011b). After the researches and the publications of Rudolf Petrovitz along all the fifty, sixty and seventy years, it could be reasonable to suppose that the knowledge of the Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea of Turkey is near to be sufficiently thorough. Notwithstanding, the only downright summary on the Turkish fauna can be considered the paper by Carpaneto (1977), that mainly referenced to unpublished data of the same Petrovitz, and, to some extent, the checklist with no localities by Carpaneto et al. (2000) (Ziani & Sama, 2013). The Scarabaeidae fauna of Middle and East Black Sea Region have been studied poorly. Some important studies on the Scarabaeidae of study area have been established by Lodos et al. (1999), Rozner & Rozner (2009). The main aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the Scarabaeidae Fauna of Middle and East Black Sea Region in Turkey.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The materials were collected from different localities of Middle and East Black Sea Region of Turkey. Forceps and sweeping nets were used to collect samples. The specimens were killed by using killing jar and pinned according to taxonomic

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______773 rules and regulations. The specimens are deposited in the first author’s private collection of Biology department at Dumlupinar University. Identification, classification and Distribution of Scarabaeidae suggested by Balthasar (1963, 1964), Dellacasa & Dellacasa (2006), Dellacasa & Kırgız (2002), Kabakov (2006), Löbl & Smetana (2006), Lodos et al. (1978), Lodos et al. (1999), Rozner & Rozner (2009), Şenyüz & Şahin (2009), Şenyüz (2004), Tuatay et al. (1972) have been followed in this study.

RESULTS

In this study totaly 40 species belonging to Scarabaeidae were identified. And new distributions are given for the taxa. The taxa are presented alphabetically. It is expected that the number of scarab species will increase significantly by the future investigations of Turkey Scarabaeidae fauna.

FAMILY SCARABAEIDAE Latreille, 1802

SUBFAMILY Aphodiinae Leach, 1815 TRIBE Aphodiini Leach, 1815 GENUS Aphodius Illiger, 1798 SUBGENUS Acanthobodilus G. Dellacasa, 1983 SPECIES Acanthobodilus immundus (Creutzer, 1799) Material examined: Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 10 exx. Records in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Çorlu, Gaziantep, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Konya, Kütahya, Nevşehir, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Samsun, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a). Remark: New to Ordu province.

SUBGENUS Acrossus Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Acrossus depressus (Kugelann, 1792) Material examined: Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 6 exx,; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Artvin, Çorum, İçel, Sakarya (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Ordu province and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Acrossus luridus (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Tulumpınar, 1407 m, 12.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin, Borçka, 587 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Ağrı, Ankara, Ankara, Antalya, Bartın, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Gümüşhane, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kütahya, Manisa, Osmaniye, Siirt, Sivas, Tarsus (Lodos et al., 1999; Şenyüz, 2004; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Artvin, Rize and Ordu provinces.

SUBGENUS Amidorus Mulsant & Rey, 1870 SPECIES Amidorus cribrarius (Brullé, 1836) Material examined: Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 1 ex; Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 4 exx.; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ex.; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 14 exx.; Trabzon, Şekersu, 2237 m, 11.VII.2010, 12 exx.; Rize, Ovit Geçidi, 2561 m, 12.VII.2010, 15 exx. Records in Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum, Giresun, İçel, Sivas, Tarsus (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009).

774 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Remark: New to Artvin, Giresun, Rize, Samsun and Trabzon provinces, and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Amidorus obscurus (Fabricius, 1792) Material examined: Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 5 exx.; Trabzon, Şekersu, 2237 m,11.VII.2010, 4 exx.; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1ex. Records in Turkey: Adana, Artvin, Bartın, Erzincan, Erzurum, İçel, Kastamonu, Osmaniye, Rize (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Samsun, Rize and Trabzon provinces and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Aphodius Illiger, 1798 SPECIES Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Ordu, Fatsa Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Ordu, Gölköy, 07.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂; Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Artvin, Borçka, 587 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çankırı, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne Erzurum, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Manisa, Mersin, Niğde, Osmaniye, Samsun, Zonguldak (Tuatay et al., 1970, 1972; Lodos et al., 1999; Dellacasa & Kırgız, 2002; Şenyüz, 2004; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Amasya, Ordu and Rize provinces.

SPECIES Aphodius foetidus (Herbst, 1783) Material examined: Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ex.; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 2 exx.; Ordu, Gölköy, 07.VII.2010, 2 exx. Records in Turkey: Antalya, Aydın, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çorlu, Edirne (Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Ordu province and thereby Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Colobopterus Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Colobopterus brignolii Carpenato, 1973 Material examined: Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 1 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Trabzon, Şekersu, 2237 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 12 ♀♀; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 7 ♀♀; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Artvin, Şafşat, Karaköy, 2032 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Rize, Ovit Geçidi, 2561 m, 12.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Artvin (Carpenato, 1973). Remark: New to Giresun, Rize, Samsun and Trabzon provinces and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Colobopterus erraticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 19 ♂♂, 16 ♀♀; Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Trabzon, Şekersu, 2237 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Ovit Geçidi, 2561 m, 12.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Artvin, Borçka, 587 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin, Kafkasör, 1263 m, 14.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Çorlu, Çorum, Edirne, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İstanbul, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Keşan, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Mersin, Muğla, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas, Tekirdağ,

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Tokat, Zonguldak ( Tuatay et al., 1970, 1972; Carpaneto, 1973; Lodos et al., 1978, 1999; Dellacasa & Kırgız, 2002; Şenyüz, 2004; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Artvin, Ordu and Trabzon provinces.

SUBGENUS Coprimorphus Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Coprimorphus scrutator (Herbst, 1789) Material examined: Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Edirne, Kırklareli, Kütahya (Dellacasa & Kırgız, 2002; Şenyüz, 2004; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a). Remark: New to Giresun and Rize provinces and thereby Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Euheptaulacus G. Dellacasa, 1983 SPECIES Euheptaulacus sus (Herbst, 1783) Material examined: Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010, 25 exx.; Trabzon, Zigana, 2018 m, 09.VII.2010, 3 exx.; Trabzon, Zigana Mountain, 2120 m, 09.VII.2010, 30 exx.; Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ex.; Rize, Ovit mountain Geçidi, 2561 m, 12.VII.2010, 7 exx. Records in Turkey: Ankara, Çankırı, Çorum, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Niğde (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner and Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Giresun, Rize and Trabzon provinces and thereby Eastern Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Eupleurus Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Eupleurus subterraneus subterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) SUBSPECIES Eupleurus subterraneus subterraneus Material examined: Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ex, Artvin, Kafkasör, 1263 m, 14.VII.2010, 3 exx. Records in Turkey: Afyon, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Bolu, Burdur, Çorum, Erzincan, Eskişehir, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Sakarya, Sivas, Uşak (Lodos et al., 1999; Şenyüz, 2004; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009a). Remark: New to Artvin, Ordu provinces and thereby Eastern Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Otophorus Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Otophorus haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 1 ex.; Ordu, Esentepe, 04.VII.2010, 3 exx.; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 4 exx.; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 9 exx; Artvin- Hopa, Koyuncular Mevkii, 460 m, 13.VII.2010, 3 exx.; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 7 exx. Records in Turkey: Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Çorlu, Edirne, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kütahya, Mersin, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Samsun, Sinop, Tekirdağ, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1978; 1999; Şenyüz, 2004; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Amasya, Artvin, Çorum, Ordu, Rize provinces and thereby Eastern Black Sea Region.

SUBGENUS Teuchestes Mulsant, 1842 SPECIES Teuchestes fossor (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784, 08.VII.2010, 12 ♂♂, 7 ♀; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Trabzon, Şekersu, 2237 m, 11.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂; Rize, Tulumpınar, 1407 m, 12.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Artvin-Hopa, Koyuncular Mevkii, 460 m, 13.VII.2010, 3 ♂, 1 ♀; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Artvin Karaköy, 2032 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Artvin Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Artvin, Balıkesir (Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Giresun, Rize and Trabzon provinces.

776 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

SUBFAMILY Melolonthinae Samouelle, 1819 TRIBE Melolonthini Samouelle, 1819 GENUS Anoxia Laporte, 1833 SUBGENUS Protanoxia S. I. Medvedev, 1951 SPECIES Protanoxia orientalis (Krynicky, 1832) Material examined: Ordu, Merkez, 06.VII:2010, 2 ♂♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Erzincan, İçel, Karaman, Kayseri, Konya (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Ordu province and thereby Black Sea Region.

GENUS Polyphylla Harris, 1841 SPECIES Polyphylla fullo (Linnaeus, 1758) SUBSPECIES Polyphylla fullo fullo (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Ordu, Merkez, 06.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Balıkesir, Bartın, Çankırı, İzmir, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kütahya, Muğla, Tekirdağ, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1999; Şenyüz & Şahin, 2009b). Remark: New to Ordu, Artvin provinces and thereby Middle and Eastern Black Sea Region.

SUBFAMILY Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802 TRIBE Coprini Leach, 1815 GENUS Copris Geoffroy, 1762 SPECIES Copris lunaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Bartın, Bolu, Çorum, Edirne, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Giresun, Gümüşhane, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Manisa, Nevşehir, Osmaniye, Samsun, Sivas, Yozgat, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009, Anlaş et al., 2011a; 2011b). Remark: New to fauna of Ordu province.

TRIBE Gymnopleurini Lacordairei, 1856 GENUS Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 SPECIES Gymnopleurus geoffroyi geoffroyi (Fuessly, 1775) SUBSPECIES Gymnopleurus geoffroyi geoffroyi Material examined: Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 4 exx.; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 1 ex.; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 8 exx.; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 8 exx. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bilecik, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çorum Çanakkale, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Hakkari, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kocaeli, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Osmaniye, Siirt, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Zonguldak (Tuatay et al., 1972; Pehlivan, 1988; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Samsun and Tokat provinces.

SPECIES Gymnopleurus mopsus (Pallas, 1781) Material examined: Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 6 exx. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bolu, Burdur, Çankırı, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Manisa, Muğla, Nevşehir, Osmaniye, Sinop (Pehlivan, 1988; Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Tokat province.

TRIBE Oniticellini H.J. Kolbe, 1905 GENUS Euoniticellus Janssens, 1953 SPECIES Euoniticellus fulvus (Goeze, 1977)

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Material examined: Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 6 ♂♂; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂,1 ♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 4 ♀♀; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Artvin, Kafkasör, 1263 m, 14.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Artvin, Yavuzköy mountain pasture, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀. Türkiye yayılışı : Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çankırı, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Isparta, İçel, Karabük, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Samsun, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Amasya, Artvin, Ordu and Rize provinces.

SPECIES Euoniticellus pallipes (Fabricius, 1798) Material examined: Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Antalya, Aydın, Burdur, Çankırı, Denizli, Gaziantep, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Konya, Muğla, Osmaniye, Siirt (Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Amasya province and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

TRIBE Onthophagini Burmeister, 1846 GENUS Caccobius C.G. Thomson, 1859 SPECIES Caccobius histeroides (Ménétriés, 1832) Material examined: Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekçi, 05.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂; Ordu, Esentepe, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Gölköy, 07.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya, Burdur, Bursa, Çankırı, Denizli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kırşehir, Konya, Manisa, Nevşehir, Uşak, Van (Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009, Anlaş et al., 2011a,b). Remark: New to Ordu province and thereby Middle Black Sea Region and Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Caccobius schreberi (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Ordu, Gölköy, 07.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Artvin, Kafkasör, 1263 m, 14.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 5 ♂♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Konya, Manisa, Niğde, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Siirt, Sivas, Uşak, Yozgat, Zonguldak (Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Amasya, Artvin and Ordu provinces.

GENUS Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 SUBGENUS Euonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 SPECIES Euonthophagus gibbosus (Scriba, 1790) Material examined: Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Ovit Geçidi, 2561 m, 12.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Ankara, Antalya, Burdur, Bursa, Çorum, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Rize, Siirt, Sivas (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Artvin and Tokat provinces.

SUBGENUS Furconthophagus Zunino, 1979 SPECIES Furconthophagus furcatus (Fabricius, 1781)

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Material examined: Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çankırı, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Rize, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas, Tarsus, Uşak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak (Tuatay et al., 1972; Lodos et al., 1978, 1999; Pehlivan, 1989; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011a,b). Remark: New to Artvin and Tokat provinces.

SUBGENUS Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 SPECIES Onthophagus illyricus (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Ordu, Esentepe, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Artvin, Borçka, 587 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Artvin-Hopa, Koyuncular Mevkii, 460 m, 13.VII.2010, 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Aydın, Bartın, Gaziantep, Hakkari, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Niğde, Osmaniye, Uşak, Zonguldak (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Artvin, Çorum, Ordu, Rize, Samsun, Tokat provinces and thereby Middle and Eastern Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Onthophagus taurus (Schreber, 1759) Material examined: Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 2 ♀♀; Ordu, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀; Ordu, Gölköy, 07.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 5 ♀♀; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Artvin, Borçka, 587 m, 13.VII.2010, 4 ♀♀; Artvin-Hopa, Koyuncular Mevkii, 460 m, 13.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂; Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1970 m, 13.VII.2010, 2 ♀♀; Artvin, Kafkasör, 1263 m, 14.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Artvin, Yavuz village, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 3 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bilecik, Bursa, Çorlu, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Edirne, Erzincan, Gaziantep, Giresun, Hatay, İçel, Isparta, İstanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Sivas, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Zonguldak (Tuatay et al., 1972; Lodos et al., 1978, 1999; Pehlivan, 1989; Rozner & Rozner, 2009, Anlaş et al., 2011a,b). Remark: New to Artvin, Ordu and Rize provinces.

SUBGENUS Palaeonthophagus Zunino, 1979 SPECIES Palaeonthophagus ceonobita (Herbst, 1783) Material examined: Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Rize, Tulumpınar Mevkii, 1407 m, 12.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂; Artvin-Hopa, Koyuncular Mevkii, 460 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Erzurum (Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Artvin, Ordu and Rize provinces and thereby Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus fissicornis (Steven, 1809) Material examined: Artvin, Yavuz village Yaylası, 1789 m, 15.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Burdur, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çorlu, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Edirne, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırşehir Konya, Kütahya, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sivas, Tarsus, Tekirdağ, Uşak (Pehlivan, 1989, Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Artvin province.

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SPECIES Palaeonthophagus fracticornis (Preyssler, 1790) Material examined: Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Rize, Kılıç village, 11.VII.2010, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Denizli, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Manisa, Muğla, Osmaniye (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Ordu, Rize provinces and thereby Middle Black Sea Region and Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus gibbulus (Pallas, 1781) Material examined: Artvin, Kılıçkaya, 2388 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Giresun (Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Artvin province.

SPECIES Paleonthophagus medius (Kugelann, 1792) Material examined: Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Manisa (Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Çorum province and thereby Middle Black Sea Region and Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus opacicollis Reitter, 1893 Material examined: Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 2 ♀♀; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Balıkesir, Bolu, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Manisa, Niğde (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Ordu, Tokat provinces and thereby Middle Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 5 ♂♂; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, Şenyüz Y. leg. and det. 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Ordu, Esentepe, 04.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Ordu, Fatsa, Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 1 ♂; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 8 ♂♂, 1 ♀♀; Giresun, Kümbet Yaylası, 1784 m, 08.VII.2010 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Bartın, Bolu, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çankırı, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Karaman, Kastamonu, Kırşehir, Konya, Manisa, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Uşak, Zonguldak (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Anlaş et al., 2011a). Remark: New to Amasya, Çorum, Giresun, Ordu, Samsun provinces and thereby Middle and Eastern Black Sea Region.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus sericatus Reitter, 1893 Material examined: Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Çorum, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Konya, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Siirt (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Çorum province.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus similis (Scriba, 1790) Material examined: Rize, Ovit mountain, 2292 m, 11.VII.2010, 1 ♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Denizli, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Tarsus (Pehlivan, 1989; Rozner & Rozner, 2009). Remark: New to Rize province, and thereby Eastern Black Sea Region and Black Sea Region.

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SPECIES Palaeonthophagus ruficapillus Brullé, 1832 Material examined: Amasya, Duracasu, 04.VII.2010, 3 ♀♀; Amasya, Ovasaaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 6 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Çorum, Mecitözü, 03.VII.2010, 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Ordu, Esentepe, 04.VII.2010, 4 ♀♀; Ordu, Kabataş, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Ordu, Nadirli, 05.VII.2010, 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Ordu, Fatsa Çömlekli, 05.VII.2010, 6 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Samsun, Akgöl, 16.VII.2010, 12 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Tokat, Ustahasan, 04.VII.2010, 2 ♀♀. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bartın, Bolu, Burdur, Çanakkale, Çankırı, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kilis, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Samsun, Sinop, Sivas, Tarsus, Tekirdağ, Yozgat, Zonguldak (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Çorum, Ordu, Samsun, Tokat provinces.

SPECIES Palaeonthophagus vacca (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Amasya, Ovasaray, 03.VII.2010, 1 ♀; Çorum, Çaybaşı, 16.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çorlu, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Gümüşhane, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Manisa, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sivas, Tekirdağ (Pehlivan, 1989; Lodos et al., 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011b). Remark: New to Amasya province.

TRIBE Sisyphini Mulsant, 1842 GENUS Sisyphus Latrielle, 1807 SPECIES Sisyphus schaefferi schaefferi (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Rize, Ayder Yaylası, 1670 m, 13.VII.2010, 1 ex. Records in Turkey: Adıyaman, Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Burdur, Çorum, Edirne, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kırklareli, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Muğla, Osmaniye, Samsun, Sivas, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Van (Tuatay et al., 1970; Lodos et al., 1978, 1999; Bellmann, 2007; Rozner & Rozner, 2009; Anlaş et al., 2011a,b). Remark: New to Rize province.

SUBFAMILY Dynastinae MacLeay, 1819 TRIBE Oryctini Mulsant, 1842 GENUS Oryctes Illiger, 1798 SPECIES Oryctes nasicornis kuntzeni (Minck 1914) Material examined: Ordu, Merkez, 06.VII.2010, 1 ♂. Records in Turkey: Çorum (Lodos et al., 1999). Remark: New to Ordu province.

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Ritcher, P. O. 1969. Spiracles of adult Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) and their phylogenetic significance. I. The abdominal spiracles. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62: 869-880.

Rozner, I. & Rozner, G. 2009. Additional Data to the Lamellicornia Fauna of Turkey (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia). Natura Somogyiensis,15: 69-100.

Senyüz, Y. & Sahin, Y. 2009a. Faunistic Studies on Aphodiinae Subfamily of Kütahya (Turkey) Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 41 (2): 1757-1766.

Senyüz, Y. & Sahin, Y. 2009b. Faunistic Studies on Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Geotrupidae of Kütahya Province, Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 4 (2): 536-541.

Şenyüz, Y. 2004. Kütahya ili yakın çevresi Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) faunasının tespiti, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 104 s.

Tuatay, N., Gül, S., Demirtola, A., Kalkandelen, A. & Çağatay, N. 1970. Nebat Koruma Müzesi Böcek Kataloğu (1961-1966), 38-40 s.

Tuatay, N., Kalkandelen, A. & Aysev, N. 1972. Nebat Koruma Müzesi katalogu, T. C. Tarım Bakanlığı Ziraii Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Yenigün Matbaası, Ankara, 119 s.

Ziani, S. & Sama, G. 2013. Chorological data on some Geotrupidae, Aphodiidae and Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) species collected during some field-trips in Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (1): 458-465.

782 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______ROOSTING BEHAVIOUR OF HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS, LINNAEUS 1758) IN SOME URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF JAMMU DIVISION, J & K.

Rajan Singh*, Deep Noval Kour*, Fareed Ahmad* and D. N. Sahi*

* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu, J & K (INDIA), 180006. E-mail: [email protected]

[Singh, R., Kour, D. N., Ahmad, F. & Sahi, D. N. 2013. Roosting behaviour of house sparrow (Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in some urban and rural areas of Jammu Division, J & K. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 782-789]

ABSTRACT: 447 roosting groups of house sparrow were studied from February 2009 to April 2012 at 6 rural areas and 2 urban areas of Jammu division. The pre-roosting behaviour and roosting sequences like assembly time, time of arrival of birds at roost, sundown, duration of chirping, sunset, first call and departure time in morning in House Sparrow were studied which were found directly linked with light intensity, time of sundown, sunrise , weather condition and type of locality (urban / rural). House Sparrow were found to roosts in pure (non-communal) and mixed groups (Communal). 58.84 % groups were mixed roosters with one species, 3.93% mixed roosting with more than one species and 41.16 % groups are pure rooster. Sparrow was found to be more communal rooster (82 %) in urban areas because of less choices of vegetation and more risk of predation while in rural areas it prefer pure roosting (61%) because of availability of spiny shrubs and low risk of predation. House sparrow used spiny shrubs and trees less than 7 ft. height as favourite roosting vegetation. The spiny vegetation gives protection from predators. In mixed roosts of rural areas, the ratio of House Sparrow to other mixed roosters was found more in number because of less competition from other species due to availability of lot of choices for roosting sites. But in mixed roosts of urban areas, the ratio was found to be less because of less availability of roosting vegetation and more competition from other mixed roosters.

KEY WORDS: House sparrow, roosting, mixed roosters, pure roosters, vegetation, spiny.

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a member of the family Passeridae. House sparrows are abundant near human habitations. The house sparrow has a historical commensal relationship with man and has followed his colonisation of the majority of the earth. It is the most widely distributed land birds in the world. The natural range of this subspecies runs from Saudi Arabia in the west to Myanmar (Burma) in the east, occupying the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas as well as Sri Lanka, a region throughout which it is a year-round resident. On the Arabian Peninsula, it occupies the western and southern coastal regions, including and Oman. It also occurs from extreme south-eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan south and eastward through most of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar south to Rangoon (Summers-Smith, 1988). This race of the house sparrow has also been successfully introduced, both intentionally and unintentionally, to numerous places (Summers-Smith, 1988). Different species of birds assemble together to form diurnal or nocturnal mixed feeding flocks, breeding colonies and communal roosts by Zahavi (1971), Gadgil (1972), Ward & Zahavi (1973) and Gadgii & Ali (1975).

MATERIAL AND METHODS To make a study on roosting behaviour, six rural sites namely Billawar, Doda, Chenani, Rajouri, Ramban and Ramnagar and two urban sites namely Jammu

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______783 and Udhampur were selected and 447 roosting groups of House sparrow are studied. The sites were the spaces where House Sparrow roosted. The parameters which we have considered during the study are Assembly time very near to roost, Arrival time on the roost, Sundown mean, chirping, last call after arrival, first call before departure and departure time. Observations were made from throughout the year from February 2009 to April 2012. Usually the observations were recorded during late evening (6 PM to 8:15PM daily) and following morning. (4:30 AM to 6:30 AM).Observation was made from the distance of about 20 to 30 meters. First, we identified the bird with the help of binocular (10×50).

RESULTS

The gamout of roosting sequences, viz. assembly time assembly time, time of arrival of birds at roost, sundown, duration of chirping, sunset, first call in morning and departure time in given in Fig, 1. As far as pre-roosting gathering is concerned, it was observed that the when the place roosting site is near (e.g.in rural areas Billawar, Doda, Chenani, Rajouri, Ramban and Ramnagar), the place of gathering is as near as 250 m. When the place of roosting is 1-2 km (e.g. in urban areas Jammu and Udhampur), the house sparrow inclined to roost, depart from assembly at an earlier time in groups of small numbers. Thus the original larger flock sheds off gradually towards the roosting groups in small sub-groups. Their time of arrival was found to be normally associated with the sunset and the day light. In cloudy weather they started roosting earlier than the normal days. The time period for assembly vary from 17 to 62 minutes (Av. 41 minutes) before sunset throughout the year. Mean arrival time at roosts varies from 1 to 9 minutes before sunset and 2 to 25 minutes after sunset. There is fighting and aggressive calls on roosting. Mean chirping time at roosting site after arrival varies from 32 to 50 minutes (Av. 40 min.). Last call after roosting varies from 51 to 75 after sunsets (Av. 62 mi). Mean first call in morning varies from 45 to 91 minutes (Av. 75 min) before sunrise. Mean departure time varies from 34 to 65 minutes (Av. 44 min) before sunrise. Usually gathering started with the appearance of a few pairs on the gathering place and with the passage of time increasing number of house sparrows joined the gathering flocks. Both paired and unpaired house sparrow participated in gathering. The number of house sparrow in gathering flocks varied from 10-60 in urban areas and 20 to 200 in rural areas. The distance between individuals in gathering was 5-40 centimetres. In gathering individuals spent most of their time in foraging, preening, and social interaction and resting. The house sparrows made constant vocalization during gathering. The vocalizations reached the peak at the end of gathering. The time of arrival of birds in pre-roosting was early during the cloudy days than on clear days. The time of gathering in urban areas (Jammu and Udhampur) is late than the rural house sparrow. During non breeding season male and female of house sparrows roosted together but during breeding season/ summer, only one partner (male/ female) leave the nesting site for communal roosting and other partner roosts in the nest till the nestling was 10-14 days old. March onwards, as the breeding season progresses, roosts increased in size twice to three folds in August and September. Communal roosting House sparrow roosted both pure and mixed roosting groups (Fig. 2). Of the 447 groups studied, 58.84 % groups were mixed roosters and 41.16 % groups are pure rooster (Fig. 3).Common myna is most common communal rooster of House Sparrow accounting for 37.74 % of the mixed groups. The other communal

784 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______mixed roosting associates of house sparrow are Bank Myna, Jungle Babbler, Common Babbler, White-cheeked bulbul and Red-vented Bulbul. Sparrows were found to be more communal rooster (82 %) in urban areas (Jammu and Udhampur). While in rural areas (Billawar, Doda, Chenani, Rajouri, Ramban and Ramnagar) it preferred more pure roosting (61 %) because of availability of spiny shrubs and low risk of predation. The percentage of mixed roosting with more than one bird species is 3.93. The ratio of sparrow to Common myna in rural areas is found to be 70:30 whlie in mixed grouping in urban areas ratio was very small (2:10). Selection of Roosting trees The common trees used by house sparrow at eight different locations are given in Fig. 4. The dominant plants, type of vegetation and height of vegetation is given in Fig. 5. Shrubs and trees with height less than 7 ft. is most preferred type of vegetation (58.61%) used as roosting Fig. 6. Of the total roosting groups (292) in rural areas, 63.69 % of groups roosted on spiny vegetation. Relative percentage of type of vegetation and height used by roosting groups of house sparrow is shown in Fig. 6.

DISCUSSIONS

The roosting sites were found to use for roosting purposes during night and for foraging, preening, social interaction and resting during day. Anderson (2006) observed that sparrows form large communal roosts, which are used not only for nocturnal roosting but also as sites of social singing during the day, particularly in late afternoon and evening. Mean arrival time at roosts varied from 1 to 9 minutes before sunset and 2 to 25 minutes after sunset. Anderson (2006) reported that sparrows begin arriving at communal roosts up to 2 h before sunset. Mean departure time varied from 34 to 65 minutes (Av. 44 min) before sunrise. North (1968) reported that in the morning, sparrows begin vocalizing about 30 min before sunrise, and they usually depart from the roost within 30 min after sunrise. This difference may be due to change regions, localities, feeding sites, weather condition etc. Summers-Smith (1963) also reported agitation calls frequently from communal roosts, however, suggesting that there are frequent aggressive encounters among birds at a roost. Sparrows were found to be more communal roosters in urban areas the lack of choices of vegetation and more risk of predation. Communal roosting gave them protection. While in rural areas (Billawar, Doda, Chenani, Rajouri, Ramban and Ramnagar) it preferred more pure roosting (61 %) because of availability of spiny shrubs and low risk of predation. Heterospecific communal roosts have been observed with Spanish sparrows in Spain, Alonso, 1986), with European starlings in Poland (Gorska, 1975), with jungle babblers (Turdoides striatus) and common mynas (Acridotheres tristis) in India (Rana, 1989a), and with European starlings and Eurasian tree sparrows in North America (North, 1968). Mahabal & Bastawade (1985) also reported that house sparrows were among several species roosting communally near communal roosts of the common pariah kite (Milvus migrans govada) in India. Mahabal & Bastawade (1991) reported house sparrow as mixed roosting companions of India Myna. The number of individuals in a group roosting observed range from 10 to 200. These were small groups as compared to 6000 sparrows roost observed by Leck (1973) at Lima Peru in August, 14000 sparrows winter roost (July) by Dawson (1967) in New Zealand, 19000 sparrows late summer roost by Summers-Smith

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______785 (1963) in London (UK), 100000 sparrows autumnal roost by Moreau (1931) in Egypt. The number of sparrows roosting at a site changes seasonally, with larger numbers present during the nonbreeding season, but with smaller roosts persisting throughout the breeding season. Same observation has made by Summers-Smith (1963). The number of sparrows increased up to three folds in August and September At a communal roost in Poland, for instance, Gorska (1990) observed the number of sparrows increased 3-4 folds between June and September by the addition of young of the year. In the present study it was found that house sparrow shows preference for spiny shrubs and trees less than 7 ft. height as favourite roosting vegetation. The spiny vegetation gives protection from predators. In urban areas house sparrow used trees height between 7 to 15 ft as dominant roosting vegetation because of non availability of spiny shrubs and small trees due to extensive urbanisation. Anderson (2006) reported that communal roosting sites are usually located in trees, shrubs, or vines with dense foliage, and they change locally if deciduous sites lose their leaves. North (1968) reported that several tree species were utilized as communal roosting sites in Oklahoma (USA), with tree height (at least 6 m) and the density of the foliage (but not species) apparently being the principal criteria for selection. In mixed roosts of rural areas, the house sparrow was found more in number because of less competition from other species due to availability of lot of choices for roosting sites. But in mixed roosts of urban areas, house sparrow number was found to be less because of less availability of roosting vegetation and more competition from other mixed roosters. Gupta & Goel (1994) reported Bank myna mixed roosting with the house sparrow in the ratio of 50:50.

LITERATURE CITED

Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. 1972. Handbook of birds of India and Pakistan, 2nd Ed., 5, 163-166.

Alonso, J. C. 1986. Ecological segregation between sympatric Spanish sparrows (Passer hispaniolensis Temm.) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus [L.]) during winter. Ekologia Polska, 34: 63-73.

Anderson, T. R. 2006. Biology of the Ubiquitous The alarming decline in sparrow population House sparrow: From Genes to Populations. Oxford indicates that air pollution levels in the metropolitan University Press.

Brown, F. J. 1946. A study on sterling roost. J. Animal Ecol., 15 (1): 75-81.

Dawson, D. G. 1967. Roosting sparrows (Passer domesticus) killed by rainstorm, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. Notornis, 14: 208-210.

Gadgil, M. 1972. The function of communal roosts. Relevance of mixed roosts. Ibis, 114: 531-533.

Gadgil, M. & Ali, S. 1975. Communal roosting habits of Indian birds. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 72 (3): 716-727.

Gorska, E. 1975. The investigations on the common roostings of the sparrow, Passer domesticus (L.) and starling, Sturnus vulgaris L. in Poznan in winters 1970/71 and 1971/72.]. Przeglad Zoologiczny, 19: 230-238 (In Polish, English summary).

Gorska, E. 1990. Seasonal patterns in diurnal activity for the house sparrow [Passer domesticus (L.)]. Pp. 43–57 in Granivorous Birds in the Agricultural Landscape (J. Pinowski and J. D. Summers-Smith, Eds.). PWN–Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw.

Gupta, R. C. & Goel, P. 1994. On the roosting behaviour of Bank Myna, Common myna and Pied Myna. Geobios, 21 (2): 93-100.

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Leck, C. F. 1973. A house sparrow roost in Lima, Peru. Auk, 90: 888.

Mahabal, A. & Bastawade, D. B. 1985. Population ecology and communal roosting behaviour of pariah kite Milvus migrans govinda in Pune (Maharashtra).Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 82: 337-346.

Mahabal, A. & Bastawade, D. B. 1991. Mixed roosting associates of Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis in Pune city, India. Pavo, 29 (1&2): 23-32.

Moreau, R. E. 1931. An Egyptian sparrow-roost. Ibis, 13: 204-208.

North, C. A. 1968. A study of house sparrow populations and their movements in the vicinity of Stillwater, Oklahoma. Ph. D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.

Rana, B. D. 1989a. Population ecology of Passer domesticus in the Indian arid zone. International Studies on Sparrows, 16: 1-7.

Summers-Smith, D. 1963. The House Sparrow. Collins, London.

Summers-Smith, J. D. 1988. The Sparrows. T. & A. D. Poyser, Calton, Staffordshire, UK.

Vasundriya, R., Gohel, R. & Chaudhary, P. 2011. Roosting behaviour of rosy pastor (Sternus roseous): a case study. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 5 (4).

Ward, P. & Zahavi, A. 1973. The importance of certain assemblages of birds as "informatics’ centers"for food finding. Ibis, 115: 517-534.

Zahavi, A. 1995. The evolution of communal roosts as information centres and the pitfall of group selection a rejoinder to richner and heeb. Behavioral ecology, 7 (1): 311-315.

Zahavi, A. 1971.The functions of pre-roost gathering and communal roosts. Ibis, 113: 106-109.

Figure 1. Table showing the chronological sequence of various aspects related to roosting: assembly time, time of arrival of birds at roost, sundown, duration of chirping, sunset, first call in morning and departure time in House Sparrow at eight different locations of Jammu division.

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Figure 2. Table showing name and no. of communal roosters of House sparrow for roosting at eight different locations of Jammu division. (n=447).

Figure 3. Pie diagram showing the relative percentage of communal roosters of House sparrow for roosting at eight different locations of Jammu division.

788 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

S/N Roosting sites Roosting trees 1. Ramban Berberis artista, Astragalus candolleanus, Berberis lyceum, Coraria 33.2500° N, nepalensis, Indigofera atropurpurea, leycesteria Formosa, Melia 75.2500° E azaedarach, Olea ferruginea, Rhamnus virgata, Robinia pseudocasia, Rubus elliptica, Salix alba, vibernum cotinifolium, Viburnum grandiflorum Ziziphus mauritiana, Pyrus pashia 2.Ramnagar Punica granatum, Artemisia nilagirica, Bambusa arundinacea, 32.4811 N Berberis artista, Berberis lyceum, Coraria nepalensis, Cotoneaster 75.1844 E bacillaris, Gymnosporia royleana, Lonicera quinquelocularis, Melia azaedarach, Populus cilata, Robinia pseudocasia, Rubus elliptica, Ziziphus mauritiana Viburnum grandiflorum, woodfordia fruticosa, Pyrus pashia 3.Billawar Aegle marmelos, , Asparagus adscendens, Bambusa arundinacea, 32.6200° N, Berberis artista, Coraria nepalensis, Dalbergia sisso,Dodonaea viscose, 75.6200° E Dodonaea viscose, Gymnosporia royleana, Hypericum oblongifolium, Lepidagathis cuspudata, Leptodermis lanceolata, Mallotus philippensis, Melia azaedarach, Murraya koenjii, Populus cilata, spirae woodfordia fruticosa a canescens, Syzygium cumini, Viburnum grandiflorum, Ziziphus mauritiana, Pyrus pashia, Carissa opaca 4.Udhampur Capparis sepiaria, Carissa opaca 32.9300° N, Berberis artista, Aegle marmelos, Dalbergia sisso, Eleaeagnus 75.1300° E umbellate, Ficus bengalensis, Mangifera indica, Melia azaedarach, Populus cilata, Salix alba, Syzygium cumini , Ziziphus mauritiana 5.Jammu Acacia catechu, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia gageana, Acacia modesta, 32.7300° N, Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos, Asparagus adscendens, Capparis 74.8700° E sepiaria, Colebrookia oppositifolia, Dalbergia sisso, Dodonaea viscose, Ficus religiosa, Ficus bengalensis, Greviella robusta, Lepidagathis cuspudata, Madhuca indica,Mangifera indica Melia azaedarach, Murraya koenjii, Populus cilata, Syzygium cumini, Tamariudus indica. Terminalia arjuna, Toona ciliate Pyrus pashia, 6.Chenani Punica granatum, Berberis artista, Aegle marmelos, Berberis lyceum, 33.0219 N Carissa opaca, Lonicera Rubus elliptica quinquelocularis, Olea 75.1700 E ferruginea, Populus cilata, Salix alba, spiraea canescens, Ziziphus mauritiana, Pyrus pashia, Morus alba 7. Rajouri Berberis artista, Berberis lyceum, Cocculus laurifolius Eleaeagnus 33.3800° N, umbellate, Leptodermis lanceolata, Otostegia limbata, woodfordia 74.3000° E fruticosa, Pyrus pashia 8.Doda Astragalus candolleanus, Berberis artista, Berberis lyceum, Cocculus 33.1300° N, laurifolius, Coraria nepalensis, Cotoneaster bacillaris Eleaeagnus 75.5700° E umbellate, Juniper communis, leycesteria Formosa, Lonicera quinquelocularis, Melia azaedarach, Olea ferruginea, Populus cilata, Robinia pseudocasia, Rubus elliptica, Salix alba, spiraea canescens, Viburnum grandiflorum, Ziziphus mauritiana, Pyrus pashia

Figure 4. Table showing roost tree selection by House sparrow at eight different locations of Jammu division.

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Figure 5. Table showing dominant roosting vegetation, type of vegetation and average height of vegetation used by roosting house sparrow groups (n=447) at eight different locations of Jammu division.

Figure 6. Pie diagram showing relative percentage of type of vegetation and height used by roosting groups of House sparrow for roosting at eight different locations of Jammu division.

790 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______LIFE CYCLE AND LABORATORY REARING OF LACCOTREPHES MACULATES (HEMIPTERA:NEPIDAE) FROM JAMMU (J & K, INDIA)

Ramnik Kour*, J. S. Tara, Sheetal Sharma and Shivani Kotwal

* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu (J & K), 180006, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Kour, R., Tara, J. S., Sharma, S. & Kotwal, S. 2013. Life cycle and laboratory rearing of Laccotrephes maculates (Hemiptera: Nepidae) from Jammu (J & K, India). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 790-795]

ABSTRACT: The life cycle of Laccotrephes maculates was studied by rearing from egg to adult in laboratory conditions at a temperature of 28.9± 1.08oC with description of immature stages. Individuals were reared on nymphs of Anisops sp. (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) and mosquito larvae. The incubation period averaged 12.6 days. Durations of five subsequent instars averaged 8.1, 10.0, 10.3, 11.3 and 9.1 days respectively. Total life cycle averaged 61.4 days.

KEY WORDS: Anisops, Laccotrephes maculates, laboratory rearing, Hemiptera, Nepidae.

Aquatic hemipterans play a significant role as the major predator of aquatic fauna (Blaustein, 1998). The members belonging to family nepidae feed on a variety of aquatic organisms such as aquatic insects and tadpoles (Menke, 1979). Laccotrephes maculates Fabr. commonly known as water scorpion belongs to family Nepidae of order Hemiptera is carnivorous and air breather. Though most of the time they live in water but sometimes emerge out of water on the ground or under stones in damp beds of recently dried streams. All legs are employed in swimming but they are not good swimmers. Fore legs are moved up and down and middle is used for kicking motion, each pair operates simultaneously as a unit. In crawling on objects under water, normal alterations of legs occur. Abdominal appendages thrust up to the surface as the insect crawls or move slowly. They feed on various types of small aquatic animals after capturing them with front raptorial legs. Water scorpions inflict painful bite when handled. Though they have well developed wings but they seldom fly. The information relating to life cycle of Laccotrephes maculates is lacking in Jammu and Kashmir State of India but a limited aspect of life cycle studies has been reported in India. Rao (1976) carried out bioecological studies of Laccotrephes robustus and Laccotrephes griseus in Madras, India. The life cycle of Laccotrephes japonensis in Japenese rice fields and a pond was studied by Ohba and Goodwyn (2010). This paper presents information on the life cycle and laboratory rearing of Laccotrephes maculates and includes description of the immature stages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was started with adults of Laccotrephes maculates which were collected during mid July from pond, taken to laboratory and placed in glass troughs containing mud, water and aquatic vegetation and mosquito larvae and nymphs of Anisops sp. (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) as food at a temperature of 28.9±1.08oC. The glass troughs or aquaria were cleaned weekly and examined daily for eggs. Extracted eggs were placed on moistened petri dishes. Eggs were checked daily. Upon hatching, first instars were removed to other glass troughs.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______791 As individuals moulted, they were transferred to new troughs. Each day, first and second instars were fed on mosquito larvae and subsequent instars on Anisops nymphs. For morphological studies nymphs and adults were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Eggs were preserved in 5% formalin with a few drops of glycerine. The description of immature stages is based on 5 individuals. Measurements were made with the help of an oculometer caliberated against stage micrometer, which includes total body length and breadth, egg and nymph. Standard graphic paper method wherever necessary was also applied. Descriptions of instars follow the protocol of McPherson & Packauskas (1987); i.e., the first instar is described in detail, but for subsequent instars only major differences from previous instars are described. Length is measured from the tip of clypeus to the tip of abdomen, and width across the mesonotum.

OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

Laboratory Rearing Oviposition Oviposition or egg laying started after 24 hours of copulation and approximately 15- 20 eggs are laid singly. Similarly McPherson & Packauskas (1987) in Nepa apiculata (Hemiptera: Nepidae) reported that few eggs were laid singly in mud away from the shoreline. On the contrary Rao (1976) reported 18 eggs in Laccotrephes robustus which are laid in groups of five and six. Oviposition period lasted 4-20 days. Egg was white at oviposition but later turns pale white and reddish at the time of hatching. The incubation period averaged12.6 days (Table 1). The first instar emerged through a circular opening in the cephalic end of the egg. It was reddish at this time but soon darkened to black. It fed on mosquito larvae within 1 day. The first, second, third, fourth and fifth instars averaged 8.1, 10.0, 10.3, 11.3 and 9.1 days respectively. The total life cycle averaged 61.4 days (Table 1).

Description of immature stages The description of each stage is based on average of five individuals.

Egg (Fig. 1) Length (excluding the length of filament): 2.06±0.04 (range, 2.0-2.1 mm); Width: 0.94±0.04 (range, 0.9-1 mm). Egg is oval and cylindrical and provided with 8 apical filaments; whereas in Laccotrephes griseus there are 6 apical filaments and in Laccotrephes robustus there are 10 filaments (Rao, 1976). Whereas Keffer et al. (1994) observed 12-17 apical filaments in the egg of Curicta scorpio (Hemiptera: Nepidae). Egg is whitish at oviposition but later turns pale white and reddish at the time of hatching. Similar observations regarding the morphology of egg of Nepa apiculata (Hemiptera: Nepidae) has also been observed by McPherson & Packauskas (1987). Incubation period averaged 12.6 days. Earlier similar incubation period of 12-13 days was observed by Wiley (1924) in closely relatrd genus Curicta drakei (Hemiptera: Nepidae). But Rao (1976) observed an incubation period of 9 days in Laccotrephes griseus in Madras. On the contrary Packauskas & McPherson (1986) observed an incubation period of 11.3 days in Ranatra fusca (Hemiptera: Nepidae) and McPherson & Packauskas (1987) reported an incubation period of 14.1 days in Nepa apiculata (Hemiptera: Nepidae). Whereas Keffer et al. (1994) in Curicta scorpio (Hemiptera: Nepidae) observed an incubation period of 11.4 days.

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Instars There are five instars in the life cycle of L. maculates. But McPherson & Packauskas (1987) reported four instars in the life history of Nepa apiculata (Hemiptera: Nepidae). Overall characters between instars remain same throughout the instars with minor differences such as lengths of body, abdomen, respiratory siphon and increasing wing pad length which are diagnostic features among instars.

First instar (Fig. 2) Duration: 8.1 days Length: 4.2± 0.19 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 0.3± 0.1. Respiratory siphon: 1.18±0.13. Body elongate oval, dorsoventrally flattened, pale yellowish at the time of hatching, turning brown to reddish brown later on. Head moderately declivent anterior to eyes, broader than long; eyes black. Antennae brownish, short, 3-segmented. Rostrum three segmented. Pronotum wider than long with two ridges lying posteriorly. Mesonotum and metanotum slightly convex. Wing pads seen slightly posterolaterally on both meso and metanota. Prothoracic legs raptorial, uniformly brown; coxa elongate, shorter than femur; trochanter shorter than coxa; tibia lighter proximally and distally, bordered by row of spines on either sides; femur with yellow stripe on anterior surface; tarsus one segmented with single claw, bordered each side by row of short spine. Middle and hind legs light brown with lighter areas; bearing paired claws. Abdomen flattened dorsoventrally, last segment terminating in siphon like tube that open along its ventral length. Second instar (Fig. 3) Duration: 10.0 days Length: 7.2± 0.83 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 0.42±0.08 Respiratory siphon: 1.84±0.20. Body more elongate, varying from brown and reddish brown to brownish yellow. Antennae two segmented varying from yellow to brown. Pronotum with median depression. Mesonotum with posterior margin slightly produced posteromedially. Wing pads more pronounced. Prothoracic legs yellowish brown to brown having protarsus with row of tiny, dark tubercles replacing hairs of first instar and more pronounced yellow markings on femur. Meso and metathoracic legs yellowish brown to brown. Third instar (Fig. 4) Duration: 10.3 days Length 9.4 ±0.65 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 0.68±0.13 Respiratory siphon: 2.34±0.20. Antennal segments two. Lateral light brown spots more pronounced on thoracic region. Wing pads more pronounced, particularly on mesonotum. Fourth instar (Fig. 5) Duration: 11.3 days Length: 19.0 ±0.79 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 2.16±0.27 Respiratory siphon: 5.78±0.19. Head posterior to eyes. Antennal segments two. Mesonotal wing pad completely overlapping metanotal wing pad laterally. Pronotum more wider than long. Fifth instar (Fig. 6) Duration: 9.1 days Length: 20.0 0±.44 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 2.82±0.21 Respiratory siphon: 6.78±0.21. Antennae two segmented Pronotum with lateral length subequal to posterior width. Mesonotal wing pads covering those of metanotum. Males slightly smaller than females.

Adult (Fig. 7) Total body length: 28.6±0.72 (mean±SD) Rostrum: 3.6±0.48 Thorax length: 12.4±0.48 Thorax width: 6.6±0.48 Abdomen length: 12.2±1.36 Abdomen width:

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______793 6.6±0.48 Respiratory siphon: 30.8±0.64. Head small, triangular, broadest in the middle, produced in front forming rostrum. Eyes oval, prominent antero laterally present in the middle of head. Antennae not visible dorsally, placed ventrally near the inner edge of each eye; 3 segmented, lamellate type. Pronotum slightly broader than long; scutellum triangular broader at base, pointed at apex. Hemielytra well developed; veins and membrane distinct. Forelegs raptorial; coxae long and trochanter short, femora flattened dorsoventrally; thick with a strong tooth. Tibia short, slender, dentate at the inner edge, tarsi one segmented, claw single. Middle and hind legs are moderately slender. Row of thin long hairs present on tibial and tarsal segments of middle and hind legs. Tarsi in both legs single segmented but with two sharp pointed claws. Abdominal appendages shorter than the body length. Apically respiratory siphons are present for breathing purpose formed by the cerci.

Duration of Life cycle of Laccotrephes maculates: The duration of individual instar is given in Table 1 and a perusal of the table revealed that the total life cycle of Laccotrephes maculates to be completed in 50- 70 days with an average of 61.4±8.11 days. The life cycle in laboratory conditions started in mid July and adults emerged in late September. First instar appeared in early August marked by overlapping of subsequent instars and active adults last observed in late September. Though earlier Rao (1976) recorded total life cycle of 45-53 days in case of Laccotrephes griseus (Hemiptera: Nepidae) and 39-46 days in Laccotrephes robustus (Hemiptera: Nepidae) in Madras. Whereas McPherson & Packauskas (1987) recorded total duration of 59.8 days in Nepa apiculata (Hemiptera: Nepidae) and Packauskas & McPherson (1986) observed total duration of 47.0 days in Ranatra fusca (Hemiptera: Nepidae). On the contrary Keffer et al. (1994) recorded total duration of 79.87 days in Curicta scorpio (Hemiptera: Nepidae) and Kumari & Nair (1984) observed the total duration of 58 days in Ranatra filiformis (Hemiptera: Nepidae) in Kerala.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are highly indebted to Prof. K. K. Sharma, Head Dept. of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu for his constant interest and encouragement.

LITERATURE CITED

Blaustein, L. 1998. Influence of the predatory backswimmer, Notonecta maculata, on invertebrate community structure. Ecological Entomology, 23: 246-252.

Keffer, S. L., Taylor, S. J. & McPherson, J. E. 1994. Laboratory rearing and descriptions of immature stages of Curicta scorpio (Heteroptera: Nepidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 87 (1): 17-26.

Kumari, K. R. N. & Nair, N. B. 1984. Studies on the life history of Ranatra filiformis Fab. (Hemiptera: Nepidae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 81 (3&4): 381-393.

McPherson, J. E. & Packauskas, R. J. 1987. Life history and laboratory rearing of Nepa apiculata (Heteroptera: Nepidae), with descriptions of immature stages. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 80 (5): 680- 685.

Menke, A. S. 1979. Family Nepidae- Water scorpions. In: Menke AS, editor. The semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 21: 70-75.

Ohba, S. & Goodwyn, P. J. P. 2010. Life cycle of the water scorpion, Laccotrephes japonensis, in Japanese rice fields and a pond. Journal of Insect Science, 10 (45): 1-10.

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Packauskas, R. J. & McPherson, J. E. 1986. Life history and laboratory rearing of Ranatra fusca (Hemiptera: Nepidae) with description of immature stages. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 79 (4): 566-571.

Rao, T. K. R. 1976. Biological studies on some aquatic Hemiptera- Nepidae. Entomon, 1 (2): 123-132.

Wiley, G. O. 1924. On the biology of Curicta drakei Hungerford (Heteroptera, Nepidae). Entomol. News, 35: 324-331.

Table 1. Duration (in days) of each immature stage of Laccotrephes maculates under laboratory conditions.

Stage Range Mean ± SD Egg 10-14 12.6± 1.67 1st instar 7-9 8.1±0.89 2nd instar 8-12 10±1.69 3rd instar 8-12 10.3±1.52 4th instar 10-12 11.3±0.83 5th instar 7-11 9.1±1.51

Table 2. Measurements (Mean±SD) of various organs of the different stages of Laccotrephes maculates Fab. (based on 5 individuals of each instar).

Table 2 (Cont.)

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Figures 1. Egg of Laccotrephes maculates, 2. First instar of L. maculates, 3. Second instar of Laccotrephes maculates, 4. Third instar of Laccotrephes maculates, 5. Fourth instar of Laccotrephes maculates, 6. Freshly emerged adult with final instar, 7. Adult male and female.

796 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______FIRST RECORD OF THE SPIDER GENUS EPISINUS (ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE: SPHINTHARINAE) FROM INDIA WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

Sumit Chakrabarti*

* Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Panthaghati, Shimla, INDIA, 171009. E-mail: [email protected]

[Chakrabarti, S. 2013. First record of the spider genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae: Sphintharinae) from India with description of a new species. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 796-802]

ABSTRACT: Spiders of the family Theridiidae is represented in India by 57 valid species. A Theridiid female of the genus Episinus was found from Shimla, Western Himalayan hills of India and E. pentagonalis is described as a new species. A comparison with other closely related species of Episinus is also deliberated in the present communication.

KEY WORDS: Episinus pentagonalis, Western Himalaya, India.

Indian Theridiidae is represented by 57 valid species which includes 49 species from Indian mainland, 5 species from Andaman Is., and 3 species from Nikobar Is. (Platnick, 2012). However as the geographic locations of the spiders collected by Stolickza during Yarkand Mission (Cambridge, 1885) are not clear, 12 species of Theridiid spiders are not considered to be as Indian species. Genus Episinus Walckenaer, 1809, is a very well studied taxa (Kulczynski, 1905; Becker, 1896; Bosenburg, 1903; Simon, 1895; Walckenaer, 1841; Walckenaer & Gervais, 1847), which contains 58 species worldwide, none from India. Most of the Episinus spiders are similar in having long pyramidal or triangular abdomen with abdominal humps or small beaks and a few bear no tooth on the chericeral fang- furrow (Levi & Levi, 1962; Levi, 1964; Okuma, 1994). It would be erroneous to mention that genus Episinus was not recorded from India. During Yarkand Mission, Stolickza collected a spider from Muree, now in Pakistan, which was mentioned as Episinus algiricus by Cambridge (1885). Though he analyzed the characters of the species with E. truncatus, but his text was not supported by any distinctive drawings, neither of habitus of the spider nor genetalia. Probably that is why in the geographic location of E. algiricus, India, Yarkand or Pakistan were not included in Platnick’s world spider catalogue. Genus Episinus is well represented from Asian countries like, China (Zhu, 1998), Japan and Taiwan (Bosenburg & Strand, 1906; Yoshida, 1983, 1991; Okuma, 1994), Singapore, Korea, Myanmar, (Simon, 1894) totaling 13 Asian species. The present spider was collected from Himachal Pradesh and its morphological characters, colouration and especially female genetalia were compared with all Asian as well as Mediterranean species. As this spider from Western Himalaya differs from all valid species, a new one, viz. E. pentagonalis, has been erected, which happens to be the first Indian record the genus Episinus too. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Spiders collected from the forest were preserved in 75% Ethyl Alcohol and kept in glass vial with plastic screw-cap (Borosil) of 20 ml. capacity. Photographs were taken with a Nikon D80 digital SLR camera having a 60mm AF Micro-

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______797 Nikkor 1:2.8 D Lens. For geo-referencing a GPS instrument (GPSmap 76CSx, Garmin) was used. Preserved spider was studied under a Stereozoom Microscope (RSM-9) having a CCTV Camera (Calton) connected with a desktop computer. All measurements in millimeter (mm) were done through an image analyzing software (USB Digital Scale 1.1.0, Scaler Corp.) Microscopic photographs were taken with a digital camera (Nikon D80, Japan) attached with the trinocular tube of the microscope. Female genetalia were cut, soft tissues removed and kept in Clove Oil overnight for clearing. As the internal genetalia was highly chitinized, compact and looping patterns of copulatory ducts were not clearly visible, the genital was further cleared in 5% aqueous solution of KOH. Thus the internal genetalia became dilated and inflated exhibiting all parts clearly. Temporary microscopic slide was prepared with the female genetalia submerged in glycerol on a cavity slide and studied under Nikon Eclipse 400 research microscope. Camera Lucida drawings were made with a Drawing Tube.

Abbreviation used: CP: Carapace, CL: Cephalic, ABD: Abdomen, AME: Anterior median eye, ALE: Anterior lateral eye, PLE: Posterior lateral eye, PME: Posterior median eye, OQ: Ocular quadrangle.

TAXONOMY

Episinus pentagonalis, sp. nov.

General morphology. Small web-building spider with light yellowish grey colour having darker spots and lines on long and pentagonal flat abdomen (Fig.10). Legs long, slender but stout, faint yellowish appeared as semi transparent. Two pairs of front legs projected forward with each lateral pair close together and hind pair of legs are similarly positioned when on rent on leaf- surface or on substratum. A pair of oblong mid-dorsal abdominal sigila and a pair of roundish black patch is prominent. Measurements. Body length: 3.313, CP length 1.078, CP width: 1.148, CL length: 0.539, CL width: 0.381, ABD length: 2.235, ABD width ant. end: 0.518, ABD. width across mid-lateral humps: 1.469, ABD. width at below humps: 0.743, AME-ALE distance: 0.137, PME-PLE distance: 0.149, distance between AME: 0.168, distance between PME: 0.187, clypeus length: 0.204, clypeus width: 0.383, chelecera length: 0.355, chelecera width 0.156, labium length: 0.140, labium width: 0.238, maxilla length: 0.328, maxilla width: 0.134, sternum length: 0.739, sternum width: 0.594. width of epigynal atrium: 0.191. Cephalothorax. Yellowish brown, almost circular, slightly broader than long, tapered apically. Cephalic region prominent, elevated and roundish, posteriorly slopes down and meet carapace. Immediately after the depression the thoracic part raises up and suddenly drops down at the posterior end. The central top of the raised thoracic part bears a deep ‘V’ shaped fovea. Several light brown irregular reticulate patches originate from periphery of cephalothorax (Fig. 1). Eyes clustered on elevated cephalic region, encircled by black ring, and black patches mark the ocular quad. ALE and PLE are close, PME are largest and close to PLE, OQ almost square, cephalic region darker than thoracic region (Fig. 5). Clypeus flat, wider than long, projected forward, appears as a semi-circular beak (Figs. 1 and 5). Chelicera cylindrical, glossy yellowish, smooth, few hairs crowd the apex. Grey coloured patches present at the inner side of the base of chelecera (Fig. 5). Cheleceral fang small, sharp, dark coloured, and curved without any

798 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______serration, anterior and posterior margin of fang furrow without any tooth (Fig. 3c). Labium wider than long, semicircular, with broad flat base. Maxilla quadrangular, longer than wide, apically provided with tuft of hairs. Sternum yellowish without any mid dorsal line, pear shaped, broader at proximal end, tapered at distal end, grey patches encircle the periphery (Fig. 2). Pedipalp normal, light brownish and remain folded on vertical plane, with one serrated palpal claw (Fig. 3b). Legs light brownish, appears almost transparent, joints of each leg segment is darker, distal half of 4th tibia dark brown, light brownish broken patches irregularly distributed on legs, covered with very fine hairs and few dark spines are present. Each tarsa having three dark brown minute claws, upper pair is slightly curved and serrated, the lower claw smooth without any serration, curved at the base and straight afterwards, without tuft of hairs (Fig. 3a). Abdomen. Darker than prosoma, numerous chalk white granules spread all over dorsally and ventrally. Longer than wide, pentagonal, truncated, broader at the posterior end. Abdomen covered with fine pubescence and decorated with black and grey spots and patches (Fig. 1). A longitudinal mid-dorsal thick semitransparent line over the abdomen indicates presence of heart beneath. Two lateral line originate from it and ends obliquely down just above the lateral hump. In continuation of the above mid line a black thin line runs down caudal part of abdomen and ends above anal tubercle. At the mid length of abdomen a pair of prominent elliptical sigila present laterally along the mid dorsal line. A mid dorsal depression at the anterior end gives rise a pair of small shoulder humps. Numerous long dark brown and hyaline thin hairs are present on the ventro- lateral side of the proximal end of abdomen. Distal end of abdomen provided with a pair of prominent lateral conical humps, slightly bent down. The ventro-lateral surface of the humps are striated. Each lateral humps are having 3-4 dark hairs, flat on the surface. A prominent ridge of dark wavy line and white patch along runs across the humps over the abdomen and immediately below that a pair of dark circular lateral spots marks the distal half of abdomen. Below the humps the abdomen narrows down ending as a conical cauda. Ventrally abdomen is lighter and chalk white granules of different sizes are numerous laterally, giving an appearance of ‘U’ shaped design between epigastric furrow and spinner (Fig. 2). Spinners normal, colulus absent, area covering spinner is darker, having a pair of lateral white spots and few white spots present at the bottom (Fig. 4).

Measurement of legs. Legs Coxa Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Metatursus Tarsus Total Length I 0.386 0.193 1.920 0.491 1.370 2.005 0.552 6.917 II 0.356 0.189 1.445 0.282 0.889 1.219 0.540 4.920 III 0.350 0.180 1.001 0.278 0.857 1.020 0.547 4.233 IV 0.391 0.201 1.947 0.500 1.399 2.114 0.552 7.104

Leg-Formula: 4:1:2:3

Female genetalia. Epigynum appears as a dirk semi-circular area wider than long, several long dark hairs present around epigynum (Fig. 6). The cleared epygynal plate shows spacious atrium and no septum is found (Fig. 7). Internal genetalia including the copulatory ducts highly chitinized (Fig. 8). Spermatheca pear-shaped, two in number, the epical ends corrugated. Thick, broad, long and dark copulatory tubes originate from the apical half of spemratheca, bends down

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______799 and turns up forming a loop. After reaching the top end of spermatheca laterally, the loop bend down posteriorly and ends near the vulva (Fig. 9).

Material Studied. 1 mature female Holotype, Coll. S. Chakrabarti, dt. 19/06/2007, from a mixed deciduous forest in Nahan, Sirmour, H.P. India, Altitude: 542 MSL, Latitude: 770 17’ 39.22” E, Longitude: 300 32’ 27.09” N. Paratype: 1 mature female, Coll. S. Chakrabarti, dt. 9/9/2011, from Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest near Conifer Campus, Panthaghati, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh; Altitude: 1891 MSL, Latitude: 770 10’ 21.14” E, Longitude: 300 04’ 00.82” N.

Etymology. The specific name of the present Episinus was assigned as pentagonalis referring to its two shoulder humps at apex of abdomen, two abdominal humps at the distal part and the conical abdominal extremity, which altogether gives a pentagonal appearance of the abdomen.

Diagnosis. The present spider, Episinus pentagonalis, erected as a new species, is very much similar to E. algiricus, E. maculipes and E. truncatus described by various authors, by external appearance but differs by distinct shoulder humps, lateral abdominal hump which is slightly bent down and prominent conical abdominal end. Cambridge’s description of E. algiricus resembles with the present spider by the absence of short & distinct yellow longitudinal line on carapace, colour of legs, distribution of chalk-white granules on the ventral side of the abdomen, more conical abdominal extremity, roundish dark epigyne etc. But detail structures of internal genetalia of the present spiders differ a lot with E. algiricus. Knoflach’s recent studies on the Mediterranean Episinus disclosed the distinctness among closely related species. Now it is evident that E. algiricus have the epigynum longer than wide and internal genetalia shows that the fertilization tubes are thicker, robust and having more loops. E. pentagonalis has got copulatory ducts which are highly sclerotised than others. The size and shape of spermatheca similar with E. maculipes to some extent but looping pattern of copulatory ducts are different. The epigynal cavity of E. pentagonalis is spacious but narrower than other species as evident from measurements.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Dr. Barbara Knoflatch of University of Innsbruck, Austria, for supplying her reprints on Mediterranean Theridiidae and for some valuable comments on the present species.

LITERATURE CITED

Becker, L. 1896. Les arachnides de Belgique. Annales du Musee Royal D’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 12: 1-378.

Bösenberg, W. 1903. Die Spinnen Deutschlands. I. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 35: 1-465.

Bösenberg, W. & Strand, E. 1906. Japanische Spinnen. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 30 (1 &2): 93-422.

Cambridge, O.P. 1885. Araneidea. In Scientific results of the second Yarkand mission. Calcutta, pp. 1- 115.

Knoflach, B. & Pfaller, K. 2004. Kugelspinnen-eine einfuhrung (Araneae, Theridiidae). In Thaler, K. (ed.), Diversität und Biologie von Webspinnen, Skorpionen und anderen Spinnentieren. Denisia, 12: 111- 160.

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Knoflach, B. & Thaler, K. 2000. Notes on Mediterranean Theridiidae (Araneae)-I. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 78 (2): 411-442.

Knoflach, B., Rollard, C. & Thaler, K. 2009. Notes on Mediterranean Theridiidae (Araneae)-II. ZooKeys, 16: 227-264.

Kulczynski, M. VL. 1905. Fragmenta arachnologica, III. VI. De Episinis. Annotatio altera. Bulletin international de l’Academie des sciences de Cracovie, 7: 430-440.

Levi, H. W. 1964. American spiders of the genus Episinus (Aranae: Theridiidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 131 (1): 1-25.

Levi, H. W. & Levi, L. R. 1962. The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127 (1): 1-71.

Okuma, C. 1994. Spiders of the genera Episinus and Moneta from Japan and Taiwan, with description of two new species of Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta arachnologica, 43 (1): 5-25.

Platnick, N. I. 2013. The world spider catalog, version 13.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog. DOI: 10.5531/db.iz.0001. (Accessed 16/04/2013).

Simon, E. 1894. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 1: 760 pp.

Simon, E. 1895. Etudes arachnologiques. 26e. XLI. Descriptions d'espèces et de genres nouveaux de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 64: 131-160.

Walckenaer, C. A. 1809. In. P.A. Latreille. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris, 4: 1-388.

Walckenaer, C. A. 1841. Histoire naturelle des Insects. Aptères. Paris, 2: 1-549.

Walckenaer, C. A. & Gervais, P. 1847. Histoire naturelle des Insects. Aptères. Atlas. Paris. 52 plates.

Yoshida, H. 1983. Spiders from Taiwan IV. The genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 31 (2): 73-77.

Yoshida, H. 1991. A new species of the genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae). from the Yaeama Islands, Japan. Acta Arachnologica, 40: 7-10.

Zhu, M. S. 1998. Fauna Sinica. Arachnida, Araneae, Theridiidae. Science Press, Beijing, China. 419 pp.

1 2 Figures 1. Dorsal habitus of adult female in spirit, 2. Ventral habitus adult female in spirit.

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3a 3b 3c

4 5

Figures 3a. Tarsal claws of the female, 3b. Palpal claw of the female, 3c. Cheleceral fang of the female, 4. Abdominal area covering spinners, 5. Frontal view of ocular area, clypeus, and chelecera.

6 7

Figures 6. External view of epigynum in situ, 7. Dissected and cleared epigynal plate.

802 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

8 9

Figures 8. Microphoto of internal genetalia of female, 9. Posterior view of internal genetalia of female.

Figure 10. Dorsal habitus of adult female in situ.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______803 THE CAUSES OF DECLINE OF HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS, LINNAEUS 1758) IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS OF JAMMU REGION, J & K.

Rajan Singh*, Deep Noval Kour*, Fareed Ahmed* and D. N. Sahi*

* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu, J & K (INDIA), 180006. E-mail: [email protected]

[Singh, R., Kour, D. N., Ahmed, F. & Sahi, D. N. 2013. The causes of decline of house sparrow (Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in urban and suburban areas of Jammu Region, J & K. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 803-811]

ABSTRACT: The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) belonging to the family Passeridae is the most widely distributed land bird in the world. In India, it is distributed all over upto 4000 m in the Himalayas. In the recent times, its population had declined drastically in Europe and other countries of world. ln India its number has also reported decreased in many cities of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal and coastal areas. In urban and suburban areas of Jammu, its population has been found to decrease drastically in the past 10 years. The study is carried from March 2009 to March 2013 to find out the cause of decline in these areas. The lack of nesting sites in the modern concrete houses and decrease in number of mud houses was found to be the main cause of decline. The lacking of spiny shrubs and trees less than 7 ft. height most preferred by House Sparrow as roosting sites, lack of animal diet in early stage of nestling diet and intense competition for nesting sites from birds like Common Myna, Red -rumped swallow etc. were other major causes of decline reported. Other probable causes reported are electromagnetic radiations from mobile towers, predation and lack of water sites.

KEY WORDS: House sparrow, Passeridae, drastically, decline, competition.

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a member of the family Passeridae. House sparrows are abundant near human habitations. The house sparrow has a historical commensal relationship with man and has followed his colonisation of the majority of the earth. It is the most widely distributed land birds in the world, Summers & Smith (1988). It is associated with human habitations e.g. agricultural land, villages and urban areas. It is primarily a seed eater but requires insects and their larvae in the breeding seasons, Lowther & Clink (1992). Despite this historical success, the species has been declining since the early 1980s at several parts of the globe, including many countries across Europe reported by Crick et al. (2002), Prowse (2002), Vincent et al. (2002), Kelcey & Rheinwald (2005), Murgui & Macias (2010), Kekkonen et al. (2011), in North America by Erskine (2006), Lowther (2006), in Australia by Olsen et al. (2003). Robinson et al. (2005) and De Laet & Summers-Smith (2007) reported that this phenomenon is especially well documented in Britain where the most drastic declines have been detected, particularly in urbanized areas. As a result, according to Baillie et al. (2010), the house sparrow is now listed as a species of conservation concern in Europe (SPEC category 3) and of special conservation concern (Red List) in Britain. Chamberlain et al. 2009, Robinson et al. (2005) and Erskine (2006) reported that the timing and rate of decline was found to differ between rural and urbanized populations, De Laet & Summers-Smith (2007) and Shaw et al. (2008) suggested that different mechanisms are driving population trends in different habitats with respect to urbanization.

804 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______According to Dandapat et al. (2010), in India, the number of house sparrows has decreased dramatically in several parts of the country especially across Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad and other cities. Ornithologist Survey conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research has reported that the sparrow population in Andhra Pradesh alone has dropped by 80% and in other states like Kerala, Gujarat and Rajasthan, it has dipped by 20%, while the decline in coastal areas was as sharp as 70% to 80%. According to the survey at different places of India on the occurrences of house sparrow, it was reported by Rajashekar & Venkatesha (2008), Daniels (2008), Khera et al. (2010), Bhattacharya et al. (2010), Ghosh et al. (2010) that their population has decreased considerably at present. Gulati (2005) reported that once widely distributed species in most parts of Europe and Asia slowly disappearing from urban areas. In urban and suburban regions of Jammu region, there has been observed a drastic decline of house sparrow. The house sparrow which was once was commonly seen, it has become difficult to locate this bird in the region. The present communication aims to establish the reasons for the dramatic decline in the population of house sparrows in some urban areas of Jammu division so that in the future, appropriate management strategies could be planned out to conserve this significant bird which is a useful scavenger.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area: The study was carried out in urban, suburban and rural areas of Jammu region. Geographically, Jammu lies between 320 27’ and 330 50” North latitudes and 740 19” and 750 20” East longitudes. Attitudinally, it extends from 250 meters to 410 meters above the mean sea level. The climatic conditions in and around the study area are dry sub-humid to arid. There are four well marked seasons in a year, winter, summer, Monsoon and autumn. January is generally the coldest month while May and June are the hottest ones. Jammu city is the main urban area in Jammu district. The flora of urban areas is dominated by natural as well as exotic species. Predominant native plant species in the study area are Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa (Peepal), Dalbergia sisoo, Mangifera indica, Acacia modesta, Acacia arabica, Zizyphus species, Gravillea robusta (Pallavi), Cannabis sativa (Bhang), Dedonia viscose, etc. Methodology: The study was conducted over a period of two years (March 2009 to March 2013). Regular field trips were made throughout this period at regular intervals of one or two days. The status of house sparrows was determined by comparing the population pattern in different localities. Line Transect and Point Count Method were applied for enumerating the population of house sparrows. The birds were observed with naked eye and through binoculars (Bushnell 7X 50 U.S.A. made) whenever found necessary to record the data from quite a long distance in order to avoid any interference to birds due to the presence of observer. Photographs were taken with the aid of Canon EOS camera fitted with 300 mm zoom lens, digital camera and video camera. Statistical Analysis: Pearson Co-relation co-efficient (R) was used to find positive and negative relationship between variables.

RESULTS

Urbanisation has complex direct and indirect effects on native flora and fauna The number of house sparrows in urban areas of Jammu region has declined dramatically. The reasons for decline of population are as under-

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______805 1. Lack of nesting sites in modern houses: To study effect of new modern buildings on nesting sites of house sparrow, census of houses and number of nests was done in Jekhane of Udhampur town for a period of five years from March 2009 to March 2013(Fig. 1). The number of mud houses decreased during the period was 44.44% and decrease in nest count is 64.33%. The increase in concrete houses during the study period was 60.55%. The value of Pearson Coefficient(R) found were R= 0.97 (co-relation between no. of mud houses and nest counts) and R= -0.98 (co-relation between no. of concrete houses and nest count). 2. Increasing competition for nesting sites: Five locations were selected to study the impact of completion for nesting sites with other birds of the region. The number of cases where house sparrow was forced to leave its nesting site by other birds was counted (Fig. 3). Common Myna is the biggest competitor (48%, n=489) of house sparrow for nesting sites in urban areas as shown in (Fig. 4). 3. Lack of Roosting sites: During the study period, survey was carried on 447 roosting groups of house sparrow in rural and some suburban regions of Jammu to find the vegetation type preference for roosting. House sparrow used shrubs and trees less than 7 ft. height as dominant vegetation for roosting (Figs. 5 & 6). The roosting trees used by house sparrow in rural regions of Jammu are Punica granatum, Berberis artista, Aegle marmelos, Berberis lyceum, Carissa opaca, Rubus elliptica , Populus cilata, Salix alba, Spiraea canescens, Ziziphus mauritiana, Pyrus pashia, Morus alba. The common vegetation used in urban regions are Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa , Dalbergia sisoo, Mangifera indica, Acacia modesta, Acacia arabica, Zizyphus species, Berberis artiata, Punica granatum, Populus ciliate etc. 4. Effect of mobile towers on density of house sparrow: To study the effect of mobile towers on house sparrow behaviour, six rural sites at Tehsil Chenani District Udhampur were selected where newly mobile towers were constructed. The no. of houses, nests and mobile tower were counted in March 2009 (Fig. 7). The number of houses, nests and mobile tower are again counted in the following breeding seasons and tabulated (Fig. 8). There is 17.61% decrease in number of of total nests. 5. Increase of predation: Due to lack of nesting sites, sparrow is forced to form nests in tree holes and outside human habitations where it fell easy prey to predator birds like owl, crow and reptiles like snakes. During this period, two cases were noticed where Rat snake eat the chicks of house sparrow. 6. Shortage of food: A study was carried on diet of nestling in rural and urban areas. The nestling of urban areas was found to eat less animal diet as compared to rural nestling and increase in mass was found to be far less. The number of nestling fleged successfully was less in urban areas than rural areas. 7. Lack of Water sites: The urban areas of Jammu face acute shortage of water during summer season when temperature touches 450 C. During this period, water is not easily available to house sparrow. The modern houses lack water containing wooden boxes, mud boxs and earthern pots.

806 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______DISCUSSIONS

The house sparrow has undergone a drastic decline in the last 25 years across the world. It is included in the red list that means high conservation concern. The present decline in house sparrow number appears to be widespread all over the world. Many reasons have been suggested including the widespread use of garden pesticides resulting in the absence of insects needed by newborn sparrows. Joshi (2009) reported changes in agricultural practices, in particular the shift to monoculture crop planting have been suggested as the main cause of decline. The major cause of decline is the lack of nesting sites. The modern houses are cemented and lack holes. The count of mud houses and nests of house sparrow was found positively co-related during the study period (R=0.97). A strong positive co-relation between mud houses and nests count is found since the value is near 1. The count of concrete houses and nests of house sparrow was found negatively co-related during the study period (R=-0.98). A strong negative co- relation between mud houses and nests count is found since the value is near 1. Due to lack of nesting sites, house sparrow is forced to make nest on trees and tree holes. During the study period, two nests of sparrow were found on trees Salix Alba. Dandapat et al. (2010) reported that decline is due to lack of holes for nesting in modern houses. Raghavendra Rao (2000), Denis Summer-Smith (2003), Cramp et al. (1985) reported that among all, one of the prime reasons is declining nesting sites in urban and suburban region. Due to lack of nesting sites, house sparrow is facing a tough challenge in urban areas from other birds like Indian Myna, Bank myna, Brahminy Myna, Red - rumped swallow Indian Blue Rock Pigeon etc. for the available nesting sites. House sparrow being small in size and less aggressive always has to sacrifice its nesting sites to other birds. Due to extensive urbanisation and development in urban and suburban regions of Jammu, the vegetation which was used by house sparrow for roosting have now been replaced by concrete buildings, walls, playgrounds, wire fences etc. These vegetation are important sites for sparrow as they use it for roosting, resting, preening their feathers and protection from predators. Thus sparrow is declining and shifting from urban regions. To study the impact of electromagnetic radiation (mobile towers), rural sites were selected where the availability of nesting sites, food, roosting sites, water is available in plenty. The competition for nesting sites, food and risk of predation is also less. So in such places, the population should increase. But the population found to decrease. The maximum decrease in nests found in Motorshed (30%) where maximum number of mobile towers i.e. 5 were operational. The reduction in mud houses at this station was only 9%. The lack of nesting sites and electromagnetic radiations were possible cause of maximum decline of House sparrow at this station. Joris Everaert & Dirk Bauwens (2007) showed that fewer house sparrow males were seen at locations with relatively high electric field strength values of GSM base stations and therefore support the notion that long- term exposure to higher levels of radiation negatively affects the abundance or behavior of house sparrows in the wild. The lack of the insect food is one of the main causes of decline of house sparrow on which the young ones of sparrow exclusively feed for first 15 days. The lack of insects is due to the lack of vegetation in urban areas. The food providing plants are replaced by human settlements. There is. The house sparrow has to travel long distance to get food. Kate Vincent (2005) reported the high rate of starvation of chick and low body masses at fledgings in suburban regions of

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______807 Britain as main causes of decline of house sparrow. He also reported that scarcity in the larvae which feed on leaves of plants reason as one of the main cause of population decline of Passer domesticus. Crick et al. (2002) reported that suburban sparrows were found to experience higher nest failure rates and Peach et al. (2008) explained that it mostly due to reduced nestling survival compared to their rural counterparts in Britain, thus decreased reproductive success has been suggested to account for the decline of urbanized populations. Several reasons have been proposed for the reproductive failure of urban sparrows. First, nestlings require an arthropod diet, and parents may be unable to find nestling food of sufficient quantity and/or quality due to the scarcity of native vegetation. According to Shaw et al. (2008) recent development of cities often results in losses of green space such as gardens being replaced by paved parking lots. Southwood (1961) reported even existing vegetation may harbor poor insect fauna if it consists mainly of exotic or evergreen plants. Supporting this view, Peach et al. (2008) carried a study in and around the city of Leicester, Britain found that the survival of sparrow nestlings correlated negatively with high amounts of vegetable material in their diet and positively with high abundance of aphids around the nest. Second, according to Summers-Smith (2007), arthropod density may be reduced in cities by environmental pollution, especially traffic emissions. Raupp et al. (2010), Zvereva & Kozlov (2010) reported although the effects of traffic related air pollutants on animals are not well understood, they may affect invertebrates. Eeva et al. (2003), Swaileh & Sansur (2006) reported they might also have direct adverse impact on vertebrates such as the nestlings and adult birds. Dandapat et al. (2010) reported introduction of unleaded petrol, use of chemically treated seeds, flow of electromagnetic waves from cellphone towers, reducing areas of free growing weeds or reducing numbers of badly maintained buildings, competition for food by other species etc. are possible reasons for this disappearance. Thus present study gives firm evidences to some of these causes. He also observed that other birds like pigeons, crows, mynas eat seed and are in direct competition with sparrow. Moreover, he is of the view that the availability of grains in pre- cleaned and packed packets has lead to the disappearance of larvae thereby depriving the sparrow of food. Thus a single reason is not responsible for cause of the decline of House sparrow in urban and suburban region of Jammu. A combination of several factors is responsible for the urban declines of house sparrows.

LITERATURE CITED

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Ghosh, S., Kim, K. H. & Bhattacharya, R. 2010. A survey on house sparrow population decline at Bandel, West Bengal, India. J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 31: 448–453.

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No. of concrete Total Nest Year No. of mud houses houses Houses count Mar-2009 90 180 270 157 Mar-2010 81 201 282 151 Mar-2011 72 235 307 120 Mar-2012 52 280 332 82 Mar-2013 50 289 339 56

TOTAL 345 1185 1530 566 R (no. of mud houses v/s nest counts) = 0.97 R (no. of concrete houses v/s nest count) = -0.98

Figure 1. Table showing the year wise data of mud houses, concrete houses and Jekhane area of Udhampur Town.

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Figure 2. The graph shows the relation between number of nests, mud houses and concrete houses during the study period.

Location Name of Birds competitor for nesting sites No. of No. of case House nests Sparrow was studied thrashed out

Jewel Indian Myna Acridothere tristis tristis 123 12 Bag-e- Bahu Bank myna Acridotheres ginginianus 80 4 Chenani Brahminy Myna Sturnus pagodarum 123 2 Udhampur Red -rumped swallow Hirundo daurica 76 5 ReharChungi Indian Blue Rock Pigeon Columbia livia 87 2 Total 489 25

Figure 3. Table showing the main competitors for nesting sites of House Sparrow at different locations.

Figure 4. Pie diagram showing % competitor for nesting sites of House Sparrow in different locations of Jammu division.

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Height of vegetation No. of House Sparrow groups roosted shrubs and trees< 7 ft. 262 trees between 7-15 ft 89 Trees >15 ft. 96 Total 447

Figure 5. Table showing type of vegetation used by House Sparrow roosting groups in some rural and urban regions of Jammu.

Figure 6. Pie diagram showing relative percentage of type of vegetation and height used by roosting groups of House sparrow for roosting locations of Jammu division.

Location No. of Houses within 500 m approx. No. of nests No. of Mud Cemented Total towers Sewna 49 3 52 68 0 Motorshed 40 5 45 72 1 Mandal 32 4 36 55 0 Mantalai 38 5 43 68 0 Sudhmahadev 53 12 65 72 0 Karlaw 16 9 25 34 0 Total 228 38 266 369 1

Figure 7. Table showing census of houses, nests/breeding pairs of House Sparrow and mobile towers of five sites at Tehsil Chenani in March 2009.

Location No. of Houses within 500 mapprox. No. of nests No. of Mud Cemented Total towers Sewna 47 12 59 62 1 Motorshed 36 9 45 51 5 Mandal 38 11 49 45 2 Mantalai 42 10 52 56 2 Sudhmahadev 50 30 80 59 2 Karlaw 25 13 38 31 2 Total 228 85 322 304 14

Figure 8. Table showing census of houses, nests/breeding pairs of House Sparrow and mobile towers of five sites at Tehsil Chenani in March 2013.

812 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______HYPOPYGIA OF THE HERCYNA SPECIES GROUP OF ENTEDON DALMAN (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

Mikdat Doğanlar* and Oğuzhan Doğanlar**

* Mustafa Kemal Üniversity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection,TR- 31034, Hatay, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Trakya University, Medical school, Department of Medical Biology, 22030, Edirne, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Doğanlar, M. & Doğanlar, O. 2013. Hypopygia of the hercyna species group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with descriptions of new species. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 812-824]

ABSTRACT: Seven species of the hercyna species group of genus Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) were collected in Turkey: E. ergias Walker, E. procioni Erdös, E. calcicola Graham, E. hercyna Walker, E. diotimus Walker, and the new species, E. akdagicus and E. nevsehiricus. Hypopygia of the species, except E. calcicola and E. nevsehiricus, were studied. Identification key to the Turkish species of the hercyna species group of Entedon were provided.

KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera (Eulophidae), hercyna species group of Entedon, Turkey.

The hercyna species group of Entedon was proposed by Graham (1971) for the association of Entedon hercyna Walker, 1839, Entedon ulicis (Perris, 1840), Entedon heyeri (Ratzeburg, 1848), E. gracilior Graham, 1971, E. calcicola Graham, 1971, and Entedon diotimus Walker, Entedon ?loti Erdös and ?Entedon molybdaenus Erdös in the diotimus species group, as a separate group. Graham (1971) revised the species of the group, and stated that the species sharing the characters as follow: frons without or with short impressed lines; oral fossa relatively small, 1.8-2.4 times malar space; anterior margin of clypeus truncate or slightly curved; fore tibia with two pale longitudinal stripes; forewing immaculate,speculum open below, marginal vein not, or not much thickened; head relatively less transverse in dorsal view, at most 2.35 times as broad as long. Schauff (1988) revised the Nearctic species of the group, including E. ashmeadi Schauff, E. bigeloviae Ashmead, E. columbianus Ashmead, E. genei Schauff, E. leucopus (Ashmead), E. pecki Schauff, E. procerus Schauff, E. robustus (Crawford), E. tachypterelli Gahan and E. teedoe Schauff. Askew (1992) discussed some characters of Entedon urticari Erdös, E. hercyna, E. molybdaenus, E. procioni Erdös, E. gracilior, and described Entedon meliloti Askew. Gumovsky(1997) revised the species of hercyna species group, and gave the diagnostic characters as follow: anterior margin of clypeus truncate, fore tibiae with two white strips or wholly darkened, occipital margin mostly sharp, forming more or less raising crest with pronounced, rounded off peaks, male metasoma sometimes with pale basal spot, stated that this group includes E. hercyna, E. apionis Erdös, E. procioni Erdös, E. gracilior Graham, E. reticulatus Erdös, E. calcicola Graham,1971, E. ulucis Perris, E. heyeri (Ratzeburg), E. abdera Walker,1839, E. ukranicus Gumovsky, E. ergias Walker, E. diotimus Waker, E. alveolatus Gumovsky; E. pini Yang, E. broussonetiae Yang, E. pumilae Yang, E. tumiditempli Yang, E. wilsonii Yang, Nearctic E. ashmeadi Schauff, E. bigeloviae Ashmead, E. columbianus Ashmead, E. genei Schauff, E. leucopus (Ashmead), E.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______813 pecki Schauff, E. procerus Schauff, E. robustus (Crawford), E. tachypterelli Gahan and E. teedoe Schauff. Gumovsky (1999) revised the Ukrainian species of hercyna group, discussed the diagnostic characters of the group, and recorded 7 species from Ukraine: E. procioni, E. gracilior, E. heyeri, E. abdera, E. ukrainicus, E. diotimus and E. ergias and established 5 new synonymies: Entedon molybdaenus Erdős, Entedon urticarii Erdős, Entedon meliloti Askew = Entedon procioni Erdős; E. loti Erdös = E. diotimus; E. nigritarsis Erdös = E. abdera. Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003) gave the diagnostic characters of the hercyna group by adding the species with fore tibiae darkened completely, the characters are: both sexes. Frontal sulcus absent (or weakly traced as short smooth stripes), clypeus truncate; occipital margin somewhat sharpened, gena evenly curved, propodeal spiracular elevation delimited only laterally (lateral sulcus incomplete), submedian areas not convex, median propodeal carina weakly raised, with more or less expressed furrows along; petiole reduced to narrow band; fore tibia with two pale stripes (most species), or (E. diotimus, E. abdera and some allied species) completely darkened; trochanters darkened; subcosta of submarginal vein bearing normally 2, but occasionally 3 (E. apionis Erdős) setae on its dorsal surface; speculum closed or open and may be a subject for sexual dimorphism. Males. Funicle 4- or 3-segmented, often last two flagellar segments fused, but with deep constriction, metasoma occasionally with pale subbasal spot, they recorded 6 species of the hercyna group, E. hercyna, E. procioni, E. gracilior, E. heyeri, E. abdera, E. diotimus and E. Ergias in species complex squamosus of perturbatus group from Bulgaria. In Turkey, Doğanlar (1985) recorded E. calcicola, E. hercyna, and E. molybdeanus from the hercyna species group and some other species of Entedon in Erzurum, the Eastern Anatolia. The morphology of hypopygia in the taxonomy of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) has been studied for separating the species of Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 by Graham (1969), for the species of Pachyneuron Walker, 1833 and Euneura Walker, 1844 by Doğanlar (1986) and for the species of Dibrachys Förster, 1856 by Doğanlar (1987). In the taxonomy of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Graham (1987, 1991) used the morphology of hypopygia in the classification of species of some genera in Tetrastichinae, Doğanlar (1991a,b) for some species of Ormyridae, and Tarla et al. (2010) for species of genus Oopristus Steffan, 1968 in Monodontomerinae (Torymidae). Doğanlar & Doğanlar (2012) used the morphology of hypopygia in the classification of species of the cioni species group, and crassiscapus species group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Turkey and some European species. In this work the morphology of hypopygia and some other morphological characters of the species in the hercyna species group of Entedon were treated as diagnostic characters for the systematic of the species from Turkey, and the new species were described. Aids of some morphological characters a new identification key was created for the species of the hercyna species group of Entedon in Turkey.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

This study is based upon examination and identification of the specimens collected from several parts of Turkey. The examined specimens were deposited in Insect Museum of Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mustafa

814 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey (MKUI). Specimens were collected by sweeping and putting the whole contents of the swept materials directly in 96 % ethanol. After sorting the material, individuals were mounted on cards for further morphological studies. The species were identified by following the keys of Graham (1971), Gumovsky (1999) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). The hypopygia were separated from metasoma by dissecting and slide mounted in Canada balsam, the other parts of the metasoma were replaced on its own card near its mesosoma. Wings and antennae of some paratypes were slide-mounted in Canada balsam. Photographs of diagnostic characters of the genera were taken by using of Leica DM 5500 B microscopes with a digital Leica DFC 295 camera attached to it.

Terminology and abbreviations Morphological terminology follows Graham (1969) and Doğanlar & Doğanlar (2012) in hypopygia as in Fig. 1, Gibson (1997) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). Abbreviations used in the key and descriptions are: OOL= shorter distance between ocello-ocular line POL= distance between posterior ocelli, F1-4 = funicular segments C1-C2 claval segments. The name of some parts of hypopygium given in Fig. 1.

RESULTS AND DISCISSION

Key to female of the species of the hercyna species group of Entedon 1- Fore tibia wholly darkened; speculum closed………………………………………………………………2 -- Fore tibia with two distinct longitudinal pale stripes; the other characters variable…….....3

2-Antenna (Fig. 5a) with F1 of female as long as pedicel; scape 5.6 times as long as broad; clava 2.6 times as long as broad, C1 2.14 times as long as C2. Hypopygium (Figs. 5d, e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; anterior lobe narrow, distally angular, posterior lobe almost circular, hypopygium 5.7 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area almost circular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 5e. Flagellum of male (Fig. 5f) with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava; Smaller species, 1.6-2.2 mm...... ……………………………………………………………...... E. diotimus Walker - Antenna (Fig. 6a) with F1 of female longer than pedicel, scape 4.22 times as long as broad; clava 1.67 times as long as broad; C1 1.2 times as long as C2. Hypopygium (Figs. 6d, e) with anterior median incision straight, antero-lateral angle circular; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe almost straight apically, hypopygium almost 4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior 2/5 of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V-shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 6e……………...... …………….E. nevsehiricus n. sp.

3- At most proximal 1/2 of hind and mid tibiae darkened (Figs. 2c, d)…...... 4 - Hind and mid tibiae broadly darkened, sometimes just their extreme tips pale (Figs. 3b, c)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

4-Hind (posterior) ocellus equidistant from both, inner eye margin and occipital margin; hypopygium (Figs. 2e, f) with anterior median incision broadly W-shaped, antero-lateral angle broadly circular; anterior lobe broad, distally circular, posterior lobe almost circular, apically narrowing; hypopygium almost 5.6 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area almost triangular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 2f. Female antenna with scape 5.5x, pedicel twice, F1 3x, F2 1.5x, F3 1.36x, clava 2.14x as long as broad, C1 twice C2. Flagellum of male antenna with 5 separate segments, scape 3x, pedicel 1.4x, F1 3.36x , F2 2x, F3 1.9, F4 1.84x, clava 3.3x

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as long as broad; male metasoma with broad pale subbasal spot, metasoma with petiole conical, about as long as broad ...... E. ergias Walker -- Distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin shorter than distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin...... 5

5- Metasoma (Fig. 7d) as long as head plus mesosoma, 1.6 times as long as broad; Female antenna (Fig. 7a) with scape 3.9x, pedicel 2.1x, F1 1.6x, F2 1.5x, F3 1.2x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.33x C2. Propodeum reticulate, especially near median carina...... …………………………………………………...... E. calcicola Graham - Metasoma (Fig. 8d) about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma, 2.67 times as long as broad. Female antenna (Fig. 8a) with scape 5.14x, pedicel 1.9x, F1 1.8x, F2 1.67x, F3 1.67x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.22x C2. Propodeum smooth……………………………… …………………………………………………………………..………………………...E. akdagicus n. sp.

6- Female metasoma elongate, 2.7-3.0 times as long as broad, Female antenna (Fig. 3a) with scape 5.7x, pedicel 2.14x, F1 2x, F2 1.9x, F3 1.55x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.44x C2. Hypopygium (Figs. 3d, e) with anterior median incision shallow, broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle almost straight; anterior lobe broad, distally narrow, posterior lobe almost circular, hypopygium almost 3.4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area distinctly longer than broad; posterior median incision as in Fig. 3e...... E. hercyna Walker -Female metasoma at most 2.5 times as long as broad; Female antenna (Fig. 4 a) with scape 5x, pedicel 1.87x, F1 2.25x, F2 1.87x, F3 1.4x, clava 1.9x as long as broad, C1 equal to C2. Hypopygium (Figs. 4d, e) with anterior median incision broadly V-shaped, antero- lateral angle straight; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe circular, hypopygium almost 3 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior half of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V-shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 4 e. antennal flagellum of male (Fig. 4f) with two apical segments fused (3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava), antenna with scape 1.94x, pedicel 1.67x, F1 2.4x, F2 1.7x, F3 1.36x, clava 2.5x as long as broad, C1 equal to C2.; larger species. 2.3-3.1 mm...... ………………E. procioni Erdös

Entedon ergias Walker, 1839 (Figs. 2a-f) Entedon ergias Walker, 1839: 99. Entedon ergias Walker, Graham, 1963: 195. Entedon ergias Walker, Graham, 1971: 354. Entedon ergias Walker, Beaver, 1966: 37. Entedon tenuitarsis Thomson, Giritz, 1959a: 211. Entedon tenuitarsis Thomson, Giritz, 1959b: 52. Entedon leucogramma Ratzeburg, 1844: 170. Entedon leucogrammus Ratzeburg (misspelling of leucogramma), Erdős, 1944: 42. Eulophus albipes Ratzeburg, 1844: 165. Entedon albipes Ratzeburg, 1848: 166. Entedon (Entedon) ergias Walker, Gumovsky, 1999: 31.

Diagnosis: At most proximal 1/2 of hind and mid tibiae darkened (Figs. 2c, d); Hind (posterior) ocellus equidistant from both, inner eye margin and occipital margin; hypopygium (Figs. 2e, f) with anterior median incision broadly W- shaped, antero-lateral angle broadly circular; anterior lobe broad, distally circular, posterior lobe almost circular, apically narrowing; hypopygium almost 5.6 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area almost triangular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 2f. Female antenna (Fig. 2a) with scape 5.5x, pedicel twice, F1 3x, F2 1.5x, F3 1.36x, clava 2.14x as long as broad, C1 twice C2. Flagellum of male antenna (Fig. 2b) with 5 separate segments, scape 3x, pedicel 1.4x, F1 3.36x , F2 2x, F3 1.9, F4 1.84x, clava 3.3x as long as broad; male metasoma with broad pale subbasal spot, metasoma

816 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______with petiole conical, about as long as broad. Male: Antennae with funicle four- segmented, scape 3.2 times as long as broad, pedicel almost quadrate, 2.75 times as long as F1; the latter 1.9 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 distally petiolate, twice as long as broad, F4 ellipsoidal, 2.14 times as long as broad; clava including spicula thrice as long as broad; basal 1/5 of mid tibiae and basal 1/2 of hind tibiae dark. Material examined: Turkey: Hatay, Belen., 1♀, 24. iv. 2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Erzurum, 1♀, 05.vii. 1984, reared from branch of Pyrus communis (M. Doğanlar); Aktaş, 1♀,25.vii. 1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Antalya, 2♀♀, 1♂,00.vi. 1984, reared from branch of Olea europea (A. Yayla); Germany, Bad Soden, Salmünster, 4♀♀, 27.vii.1983 (R. Schopf). 5♀♀, 5 ♂♂, 14. Vi-26.viii. 1983, reared from branch of Quercus sp. (M. Doğanlar); Reinhausen, 2♀♀, 1♂, 12.vi.1983, reared from branch of Quercus sp. (M. Doğanlar). Host: Mordellistena spp. (Col. Mordellidae) in stems of Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae) (Boucek &Askew 1968; Gumovsky 1998; Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev 2003). Distribution: Western and Central Europe, Far East Russia, Japan, Korea (Boucek & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky, 1998; Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003); Turkey (New record). Hosts. Xylophagous beetles, mainly from Scolytinae (Curculionidae) (Bouček & Askew, 1968; Beaver, 1966).

Entedon hercyna Walker 1839 (Figs. 3a-e) Entedon hercyna Walker, 1839: 104. Entedon elongates Thomson, 1878: 246. Entedon hercyna Walker, Graham, 1971: 345. Entedon aselli Erdős, 1954: 347 (nom. nov. for elongates Thomson nec Ratzeburg).

Diagnosis: Hind and mid tibiae broadly darkened, sometimes just their extreme tips pale (Figs. 3b, c); Female metasoma elongate, 2.7-3.0 times as long as broad, Female antenna (Fig. 3a) with scape 5.7x, pedicel 2.14x, F1 2x, F2 1.9x, F3 1.55x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.44x C2. first funicular segment of female at most 2.5 times as long as broad, hypopygium (Figs. 3d, e) with anterior median incision shallow, broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle almost straight; anterior lobe broad, distally narrow, posterior lobe almost circular, hypopygium almost 3.4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area distinctly longer than broad; posterior median incision as in Fig. 3e. Material examined: Turkey: Erzurum, 1♀, 25.vi. 1988, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); 2♀♀, 26.vi. 1979, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, 08. ix. 1989, swept from pasture (H. Özbek). Host: Unknown. Distribution. Europe (Graham, 1971; Bouček & Askew, 1968; Trjapitzin, 1978); Turkey, Erzurum, (Doğanlar, 1985).

Entedon procioni Erdös, 1944 (Figs. 4a-f) Entedon procioni Erdős, 1944: 33. Entedon molybdaenus Erdős, 1944: 59. Entedon urticarii Erdős, 1951: 216. Entedon meliloti Askew, 1992: 123.

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Entedon (Entedon) procioni Erdős, Gumovsky, 1999: 32.

Diagnosis: Hind and mid tibiae broadly darkened, sometimes just their extreme tips pale (Figs. 4b, c); Female metasoma at most 2.5 times as long as broad; Female antenna (Fig. 4a) with scape 5x, pedicel 1.87x, F1 2.25x, F2 1.87x, F3 1.4x, clava 1.9x as long as broad, C1 equal to C2. female metasoma 1.5-2.5 times as long as broad; hypopygium (Figs. 4d, e) with anterior median incision broadly V- shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe circular, hypopygium almost 3 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior half of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V-shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 4e. antennal flagellum of male (Fig. 4f) with two apical segments fused (3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava), antenna with scape 1.94x, pedicel 1.67x, F1 2.4x, F2 1.7x, F3 1.36x, clava 2.5x as long as broad, C1 equal to C2. Material examined: Turkey: Erzurum, 21♀♀, 1♂, 26. vi. 1979, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Horasan, 1♂, 20. v. 1989, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Erzincan, 1♂, 09.v. 1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar). Hosts. Apion-species (Apionidae) inhabiting stems of Urtica, Melilotus and some other plants (Gumovsky, 1999a). Distribution. Hungary (Erdős, 1944), France, Great Britain (Askew, 1992), Ukraine (Gumovsky, 1998). Turkey, Erzurum, (as Entedon molybdaenus Erdös (Doğanlar, 1985).

Entedon diotimus Walker, 1839 (Figs. 5 a-f) Entedon diotimus Walker, 1839: 101. Entedon loti Erdős, 1944: 41-42. Entedon transversalis Erdős, 1944: 55. Entedon (Entedon) diotimus Walker, Gumovsky, 1999: 29.

Diagnosis: Tibiae wholly darkened (Fig. 5b, c); speculum closed; Antennae (Fig. 5a) with F1 as long as pedicel; scape 5.6 times as long as broad; clava 2.6 times as long as broad, C1 2.14 times as long as C2. hypopygium (Figs. 5 d, e) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; anterior lobe narrow, distally angular, posterior lobe almost circular, hypopygium 5.7 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area almost circular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 5e. Flagellum of male (Fig. 5f) with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava. Material examined: Turkey: Erzurum, 3♀♀, 26. vi. 1979, swept from Onobrycis sativa field (M. Doğanlar); Tortum, 1♀, 2♂♂, 26.v. 1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Erzincan, Ekşisu, 1♀, 22.v. 1982, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); Niğde, Gümüş, 1♀, 16. vi. 2006, (M. Doğanlar); Çankırı, Ilgaz Mt., Kadın Çayırı, 2♂♂, 13.vi. 2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar); Ardahan, 2♀♀, 02.viii.1987, swept from Onobrycis sativa field (M. Doğanlar). Hosts. Reared from pods of Trifolium sp. and Lotus corniculatus L. (Graham, 1971). The Trifolium spp. and L. corniculatus are very common ruderal plants, so that the insects associated with these plants (e. g. E. diotimus) are very common in material collected in many areas. This species is likely a parasitoid of various Apion species, in particular with Apion loti (Kirby) in pods of Lotus corniculatus (Graham, 1971; Gumovsky, 1999). Distribution. Widespread in the Palaearctic (Bouček & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky, 1999).

818 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Entedon nevsehiricus n. sp. (Figs. 6a-e)

Diagnosis: Tibiae wholly darkened (Figs. 6b, c); speculum closed; antenna (Fig. 6a) with F1 longer than pedicel, scape 4.22 times as long as broad; clava 1.67 times as long as broad; C1 1.2 times as long as C2. Hypopygium (Figs. 6d, e) with anterior median incision straight, antero-lateral angle circular; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe almost straight apically, hypopygium almost 4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior 2/5 of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V-shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 6e. Description: Female. Body length 1.8 mm. Color of body metallic dark greenish- blue. Entire antennae dark. Legs (Figs. 6b, c) dark, except knees, and first tarsomer of fore legs and first two tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Head in dorsal view 2.32 times as broad as long; POL 2.6 OOL. Occipital margin moderately sharp. Eye with short sparse setae, eye height 3.4 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.33 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.66 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of mouth opening twice as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin truncate. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. antenna (Fig. 6a) with F1 longer than pedicel, scape 4.22 times as long as broad; clava 1.67 times as long as broad; C1 1.2 times as long as C2. Mesosoma 1.25 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero- lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 2.3 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum as long as broad and 1.2 times as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 3 long setae. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 5.4 times as long as broad, fore tibia 8.25 times as long as broad, and almost as long as its femur; mid femur 4.4 times as long as broad; mid tibia 7.0 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia 1.5 times as long as breadth of tibia, 0.8 as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.1 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 7.5 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about as long as breadth of its tibia, 0.75 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Hind tarsus 0.74 times as long as its tibia, mid tarsus 0.8 times as long as its tibia. Fore wing 1.95 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 6.6 times as long as broad, 0.82 times as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly shorter than stigmal; speculum closed below; apical margin with very short fringe, setae of which half as long as width of marginal vein at its narrowest part. Hind wing 2.8 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma as long as almost mesosoma, about 1.4 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite 0.33 times as long as basal broad, about one-sixth of length of the metasoma, last tergite about as long as broad. Hypopygium (Figs. 6d, e) with anterior median incision straight, antero- lateral angle circular; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe almost straight apically, hypopygium almost 4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior 2/5 of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V-shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 6e.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______819 Male: unknown. Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Nevşehir, 19. v. 2005, swept from pasture (M.& O. Doğanlar). (MKUI). Host: unknown. Discussion: Entedon nevsehiricus n. sp. is similar to E. diotimus in having fore tibiae wholly black, but it differs in having F1 of female longer than pedicel, scape 4.22 times as long as broad; clava 1.67 times as long as broad; C1 1.2 times as long as C2 (in E. diothimus F1 of female as long as pedicel; scape 5.6 times as long as broad; clava 2.6 times as long as broad, C1 2.14 times as long as C2); hypopygium (Figs. 2b, c) with anterior median incision straight, antero-lateral angle circular; anterior lobe narrow, distally circular, posterior lobe almost straight apically, hypopygium almost 4 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line reaching only posterior 2/5 of hypopygium, median sclerotized area almost V- shaped; posterior median incision as in Fig. 6e (in E. diotimus hypopygium (Figs. 2b, c) with anterior median incision broadly C-shaped, antero-lateral angle straight; anterior lobe narrow, distally angular, posterior lobe almost circular, hypopygium 5.7 times as broad as median length; median sclerotized line complete, median sclerotized area almost circular; posterior median incision as in Fig. 2c).

Entedon calcicola Graham, 1971 (Figs. 7a-d) Entedon calcicola Graham, 1971: 347. Entedon calcicola Graham; Askew, 1992: 126; Doğanlar, 1985: 97.

Diagnosis: Metasoma (Fig. 7d) as long as head plus mesosoma, 1.6 times as long as broad; antenna (Fig. 7a) with scape 3.9x, pedicel 2.1x, F1 1.6x, F2 1.5x, F3 1.2x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.33x C2. Propodeum reticulate, especially near median carina; Distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin shorter than distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin; Fore tibia with two distinct longitudinal pale stripes; at most proximal 1/2 of hind and mid tibiae darkened (Figs. 7b, c). Material examined: Turkey: Adıyaman, from Pazarcık to Gölbaşı highway, connection to Araban Road, 1♀, 02. v. 2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar). Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. England, Yugoslavia (Former) (Graham, 1971); Turkey (misidentification of E. biroi Erdös) (Doğanlar, 1985).

Entedon akdagicus n. sp. (Figs. 8a-d)

Diagnosis: Fore tibia with two distinct longitudinal pale stripes; at most proximal 1/2 of mid tibiae darkened (Fig. 8c); distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin shorter than distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin; Metasoma (Fig. 8d) about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma, 2.67 times as long as broad. Female antenna (Fig. 8a) with scape 5.14x, pedicel 1.9x, F1 1.8x, F2 1.67x, F3 1.67x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.22x C2. Propodeum smooth. Description: Female. Body (Fig. 8b) length1.9 mm. Color of body metallic dark blue, Entire antennae dark. Legs (Fig. 8c) dark, except knees, apical 1/3 of tibiae of mid and hind legs, and first three tarsomeres of tarsi which are pale; pretarsi

820 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______pale brown. Dorsal and ventral pale longitudinal stripes on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Head in dorsal view 2.25 times as broad as long; POL 2.5 OOL; occipital margin moderately sharp; distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin shorter than distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin;. Eye with short sparse setae, eye height 2.6 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.35 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 3.1 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of mouth opening 1.7 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin truncate. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Antenna (Fig. 8 a) with scape 5.14x, pedicel 1.9x, F1 1.8x, F2 1.67x, F3 1.67x, clava 2.1x as long as broad, C1 1.22x C2. Mesosoma 1.6 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero- lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 2.1 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum slightly longer than broad and 1.5 times longer than mesoscutum. Propodeal surface almost smooth, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with distinct projection below, propodeal callus with 2 long setae. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 4.3 times as long as broad, fore tibia 6 times as long as broad, and as long as its femur; mid femur 7 times as long as broad; mid tibia about 8 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia about 1.4 times as long as breadth of its tibia, 0.7 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus; mind tarsus 0.83 times as long as its tibia. Fore wing 2.1 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, wide, 8 times as long as broad, 0.8 times marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly sorter than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin with very short fringe, setae of which half as long as width of marginal vein at its narrowest part. Hind wing 4.8 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma (Fig. 8d) 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma, about 2.67 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite 0.66 times as long as basal broad, about one-fifth of length of the metasoma, last tergite about 1.5 times as long as broad. Male: unknown. Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Erzurum, Akdağ, 25. vi. 1980, swept from pasture (M.& O. Doğanlar). (MKUI). Host: unknown. Discussion: Entedon akdagicus n. sp. is similar to E. calcicola and E. ergias in having fore tibia with two distinct longitudinal pale stripes and at most proximal 1/2 of mid tibiae darkened, but it differs from E. ergias in having distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin shorter than distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin (in E. ergias distance between hind (posterior) ocellus and occipital margin as long as distance between the ocellus and inner eye margin); It differs from E. calcicola in having metasoma (Fig. 8d) about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma, 2.67 times as long as broad (in E. calcicola metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma, 1.6 times as long as broad); female antenna (Fig. 8a) with scape 5.14x, F1 1.8x, F2 1.67x, F3 1.67x (in E. calcicola female antenna with scape 3.9x, F1 1.6x, F2 1.5x, F3 1.2x).

LITERATURE CITED

Askew, R. R. 1992. Additions to the British list of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with description of three new species. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 128: 119-128.

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Beaver, R. A. 1966. The biology and immature stages of Entedon leucogramma (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasite of bark beetle. . Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London, 41: 37-41.

Boucek, Z. & Askew, R. R. 1968. Palearctic Eulophidae (excl. Tetrastichinae).Index of entomophagous insects, Paris, vol. 3. 260 pp.

Doğanlar, M. 1985. Notes on Chalcidoidea of Turkey, III.Encyrtidae, Tetrastichinae, Aphelinidae, Eulophidae and Elasmidae. Türkiye bitki koruma Dergisi, 9: 91-103.

Doğanlar, M. 1986. Morphological studies on the hypopygium and its importance to the taxonomy of the genera Pachymeuron and Euneura (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), with description of a new species of Pachyneuron from Turkey. C.Ü. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4: 23-32.

Doğanlar, M. 1987. Hypopygia of most Nearctic and Palaearctic species of Dibrachys Förster, key to most species of the genus and descriptions of three new species (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Spixiana, München 10: 191-206.

Doğanlar, M. 1991a. Systematic positions of a new species in Ormyrus from Turkey and a new genus in the family Ormyridae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 1-13.

Doğanlar, M. 1991b. Systematic studies on the species of Cyrtosoma Perris. from Turkey, and descriptions of some new species (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 71-87.

Doğanlar, M. & Doğanlar, O. 2012. Hypopygia of species in the cioni species group, and crassiscapus species group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Turkey and some European species. J. Nov. Appl. Sci., 1 (3): 74-81.

Erdös, J. 1944. Species hungaricae generis Entedon Dalm. Kalocsa. 64 pp.

Erdös, J. 1951. Eulophidae novae. Acta Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2 (1-3): 169-237.

Erdős, J. 1954. Eulophidae hungaricae undescriptae. Ann. Hist. Natur. Mus. Natn. Hung. (natural sciences), 5: 323-366.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Morphology and terminology. pp. 16–44. in Gibson, G. A. P., Huber, J. T. & Woolley, J. B. (Eds). Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Ottawa, Ontario, National Research Council Research Press.

Giritz, A. A. 1959a. Some parasites of Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. in orchards of Transcarpathia. Nauch. Zap. Uzhgorod. Gos. Univ., 40: 211-219 (in Russian).

Giritz, A. A. 1959b. Data for a studyof the parasites of Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. in Transcarpathia. Dokl. Soob. Uzhgorod. Gos. Univ. (s. biol.), 3: 51-52 (in Russian).

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1963. Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea).Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 15 (9): 167-275.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of north-western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement, 16 pp. 908 pp.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1971. Revision of British Entedon (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 313- 358.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1987. A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 55: 1-392.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1991. A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Revision of the remaining genera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 49: 1- 322.

Gumovsky, A. V. 1997. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 1. Infrageneric division of the genus Entedon with description of a new subgenus from Africa. Vestnik Zoologii, 31 (5-6): 24-36.

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Gumovsky, A. V. 1998. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 3. Review of kerteszi species group. Vestn. zool., 32 (5-6): 33-38.

Gumovsky, A. V. 1999. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 4. Revision of Ukrainian species of hercyna group. Vestn. zool., 33 (6): 27-37.

Gumovsky, A. V. & Boyadzhiev, P. 2003. Review of the Bulgarian Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 55 (3): 3-32.

Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1844. Die Forst-Insecten, order Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Wäldern Preussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schädlich oder nützlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten. III. Die Ader-, Zwei-, Halb-, Netz- und Geradflügler. Berlin, 314 pp.

Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1848. Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten in forstlicher und entomologisher Beziehung; ein Anhang zur Abbildung und Beschreibung der Forstinsecten. Berlin, 2, 238 pp.

Schauff, M. E. 1988,The species of Entedon in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 96 (1): 53.

Tarla, Ş., Doğanlar, M. & Gözüaçık, C. 2010. The species of Oopristus Steffan, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae: Toryminae: Monodontomerini) of Turkey, with descriptions of two new species. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34: 487-495.

Thomson, C. G. 1878. Hymenoptera Scandinaviae 5. Pteromalus (Svederus) continuation. 245 pp. Lund.

Trjapitzin, V. 1978. Eulophidae. . In: Medvedev, G. (ed.). Identification of insects of the European part of U.S.S.R. Hymenoptera 3 (2). Nauka, Leningrad, 381-430 (In Russian).

Walker, F. 1839. Monographia Chalciditum, 1: 105, London.

Figure 1. Hypopygium of Entedon hercyna Walker.

Figure 2. Entedon ergias Walker. a-b. antenna; a. female; b. male; c. mid leg; d. hind leg; e. hypopygium; f. median part of hypopygium.

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Figure 3. Entedon hercyna Walker. Female a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median part of hypopygium.

Figure 4. Entedon procioni Erdös. a-e. Female a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median part of hypopygium; f. male antenna.

Figure 5. Entedon diotimus Walker. a-e. Female a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median part of hypopygium; f. male antenna.

824 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 6. Entedon nevsehiricus n. sp.. a-e. Female a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d. hypopygium; e. median part of hypopygium.

Figure 7. Entedon calcicola Graham. a-d. Female a. antenna; b. mid leg; c. hind leg; d metasoma.

Figure 8. Entedon akdagicus n. sp. a-d. Female a. antenna; b. body, in lateral view; c. mid leg; d. metasoma.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______825 EFFECT OF WHEAT CULTIVARS AND SOWN DATES ON APHID INFESTATION IN EGYPT

Ashraf Helmi* and Rania Rashwan*

* Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGYPT.

[Helmi, A. & Rashwan, R. 2013. Effect of wheat cultivars and sown dates on aphid infestation in Egypt. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 825-830]

ABSTRACT: The current study was conducted to determine the influence of wheat cultivars and wheat sown dates on aphids populations. Three cultivars of wheat (Gemiza-9; Giza-168 and Sakha-93) were sown on five sown dates (1st October, 16th October, 31st October, 15th November and 1st December) throughout two successive seasons 2011 and 2011 at Qalyubiya Governorate, Egypt. Three aphids species; Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae were found infesting wheat plants. R. maidis was the most abundant species followed by R. padi and S. avenae. Plants that sown on early December were significantly infested by aphids. The Gemiza-9 appeared to be the most resistant cultivar, while Giza-168 appeared to be the most susceptible one for aphid infestations. It is concluded from the study that suitable wheat sown date is from early October until mid November and the Gemiza-9 cultivar is resistant to the attack of aphid’s population, this cultivar should be promoted in the areas of high aphid infestation. The selection of suitable wheat cultivar and wheat sown date can be important tool for IPM program in this area ecosystem.

KEY WORDS: Aphids, wheat cultivars, sown dates, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a nutritious, convenient, economical source, and a source of the basic dietary product – breads which is consumed by more than 70 % of the human population. This cereal is grown on 23 % of global cultivated area and is of the great importance in bread, diet, pharmaceutics and other industry, but also important product of international trade on worldwide market (Wiese, 1987; Anwar et al., 2009). In 2001, the leading wheat producing countries were India, China, Russian Federation, U.S.A., Australia, Canada, Turkey, and Pakistan (Anonymous, 2001). Wheat is mainly grown in Egypt, as it is one of world's leading crops, and can affect the economy. Wheat is susceptible to various kinds of pests that feed on the underground and aboveground parts of the plant including roots, stems, leaves and ears. Among the sap sucking arthropods, aphids are the most widely distributed group. Aphids cause direct damage by feeding deeply within the leaf whorl and inject a toxin in the plant which destroy the chloroplast membrane and indirect damage by transmission of several plant viruses (barley yellow dwarf Luteo virus) and by developing molds on their honey dews. BYDV-PAV is spread worldwide and its most significant transmitter is the aphid (Gill, 1980; Kieckhefer & Kantack, 1980, 1988; Gair et al., 1983; Pike & Schaffner, 1985; Johnston & Bishop, 1987; Voss et al., 1997; Rossing et al., 1994; Jensen & D’Arcy, 1995; Marzocchi & Nicoli; 1991; Aslam et al., 2005; Bukvayova et al., 2006). The aphid infestations significant affect wheat cultivars (Ahmad & Nasir, 2001; Khattak et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2011; Zeb et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011). Host plant resistance is an important part of IPM for aphids (Khattak et al., 2007, Khan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011) This work aims at determining the suitable wheat cultivar as well as the suitable sown dates to manage aphids infesting wheat at Qalyubiya ecosystem.

826 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental locality: In order to evaluate the response of three different wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum) to different wheat aphid species as well as to investigate the effect of sown date on the population density of aphids species. An experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University at Shalakan, Qalyubiya Governorate. Field trials were conducted throughout two successive seasons 2011and 2012 An area of about one Fadden was sown with three commercial wheat cultivars; Sakha 93, Giza 168 and Gemiza9. Each cultivar was grown in three plots (replicates). Each plot was 40 m² in space. These three cultivars were sown on five different sown dates; 1st October, 16th October, 31st October, 15th November and 1st December in the two successive seasons. No chemical treatments were done during the period of this experiment. Aphids Population Density counting: Regularly weekly interval excursions were made to this experimental region for two successive seasons, from 13th of January 2011 to 5th of May 2011 for the first season, and from 15th of January 2012 to 6th of May 2012 for the second season.. For recording the aphid’s population density ten wheat plants were randomly selected from each cultivar replicate (30 plants/ cultivar). Population density of different aphid species was determined by counting all individuals of each aphid species per plant on leaves, stem and in later stage also on spike using 10x lenses in the field. Identification of different aphids on wheat: Wheat aphid species which collected during this experimental period were brought to the laboratory for identification. Mounted microscopic slides of for different aphid species alate form were prepared. Available taxonomic keys were used to identify different collected aphid species according to Blackman (2000) and Helmi (2010). Statistical Analysis: The average number of aphids/plant for each cultivar was calculated. GLM procedure was used to test the significant effect of wheat cultivars and sown dates on aphid populations as well as analysis of variance between different aphids population density. These tests followed by using Duncan’s test at 0.05 probability level (Duncan, 1955) to compare the significant differences in the mean numbers using SAS Package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION

Seasonal abundance of different wheat Aphid species: Three different aphid species found infesting the three different wheat cultivars during the two successive seasons 2011 and 2012. These species were identified according to available identification keys; Corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). Analysis of variance among mean numbers of population density of the three aphids showed significant differences during the two successive seasons (F= 12.04 and 20.42). the data of relative abundance of different aphid species (average of all wheat cultivars and sown dates) throughout 2011 and 2012 seasons (Fig. 1) showed that R. maidis was the most abundant species (86.2 & 132.3 individuals / season) followed by R. padi (4.3 & 11.4 individuals / season) then S. avenae (2.1 & 2.3 individuals / season) throughout the two successive seasons, respectively. The

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______827 seasonal abundance of aphids in the second season (2012) was higher than this recorded in the first season (2011) with seasonal mean number of population densities; 30.9 and 48.7 individuals/plant for the first and second seasons, respectively. No aphids infestation was observed on wheat plants until first week of March then population density increased gradually until mid of April whereas the highest population density then decreased until end of April and early May throughout the two studied seasons. Corn leaf aphid, R. maidis was found to be the earliest species appearing on wheat plants during first week of March followed by R. padi that appeared during second week of March while S. avenae appeared during last week of March throughout the two successive seasons

Effect of Sown Dates on wheat aphids infestation: Statistical analysis of variance indicated significant effect of different sown dates on the aphid population densities throughout the two successive seasons 2011 and 2012 whereas F values were 4.8 and 2.8, respectively. Wheat that was sowed in the late sown date ( 1st December) was the most infested with the three aphid species (100.6 & 103.7 individuals / season for the two successive seasons, respectively.) followed by the other four sown dates those showed insignificant differences in the first season. While in the second season the fourth sown date (15th November) followed the late sown date in infestation showing significant differences with the other three sown dates (Fig. 2). From the above results it could concluded that the preferred wheat sown date under field conditions in this region of Egypt ranged from early October to mid November to avoid high aphids infestation. This results in agreement with those obtained by Acreman & Dixon (1985) and Aslam et al. (2005) reported that potential for aphid infestation can be reduced by sown wheat early in the season. Also Aheer et al. (1993) cited that aphid infestation increases on late plantings of wheat and reduces the yield as compared to normal planting.

Effect of wheat cultivars on wheat aphids infestation: Statistical analysis of variance among mean numbers of aphids population on different studied wheat cultivars showed highly significant differences throughout the two successive seasons (F= 12.02 & 20.42). Giza 168 cultivar had the highest mean numbers of aphids per plant (59.6 & 87.6) followed by Sakha 93 cultivar (20.6 & 39.3) while Gemiza 9 cultivar had the lowest mean numbers of aphids per plant (12.5 & 19.1) for the two successive seasons, respectively (Fig. 3). The current results reveal that there were significant differences in the number of aphids among the wheat cultivars. Numbers of aphids per plant were high in Geiza 168 cultivar and low in Gemiza 9 cultivar. Thus, Geiza 168 seems to be more susceptible while Gemiza 9 more resistant. Variations in the aphid populations among the different cultivars has been reported by several researchers like Zhang et al. (1989), Kindler et al. (1992), Aheer et al. (1993), Havlickova (1993), Zia et al. (1999), Bosque & Schotzko (2000), Ahmed & Nasir (2001), Aslam et al. (2005) and Aheer et al. (2007).

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Aheer, G. M., Haq, I., Ulfat, M., Ahmad, K. J. & Ali, A. 1993. Effects of sown dates on aphids and grain yield in wheat. J. Agric. Res., 31 (1): 75-79.

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Aheer, G. M., Munir, M. & Ali, A. 2007. Impact of weather factors on population of wheat aphids at Mandi Baha-ud-Din district. J. Agric. Res., 45 (1): 61-66.

Ahmed, F. & Nasir, S. 2001. Varietal resistance of wheat germplasm against wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae F.). Pak. Entomol., 23 (1): 5-7.

Anonymous, 2001. Agricu1tural statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Food, Agriculture and Livestock Division, Eco. Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan p. 4-5.

Anwar, J., Ali, M. A., Hussain, M., Sabir, W., Khan, A. M., Zulkiffal, M. & Abdullah, M. 2009. Assessment of yield criteria in bread wheat through correlation and path analysis. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 19 (4): 185-188.

Aslam, M., Razaq, M., Akhter, W., Faheem, M. & Ahmad, F. 2005. Effect of sown date of wheat on aphid (Schizaphis gramium Rondani) population. Pak. Entomol., 27 (1): 79-82.

Blackman, R. L. & Eastop, V. F. 2000. Aphids on the World’s Crops :An Identification and Information Guide. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, England. 466 pp.

Bosque-Perez, N. A. & Schotzko, D. J. 2000. Wheat genotype, early plant growth stage and infestation density effects on Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae) population increase and plant damage. J. Entomol. Sci., 35 (1): 22-38.

Bukvayova, N., Henselova, M., Vajcikova, V. & Kormanova, T. 2006. Occurrence of dwarf virus of winter wheat and barley in several regions of Slovakia during the growing seasons 2001–2004. Plant. Soil. Envir., 52 (9): 392-401.

Duncan, B. D. 1955. Multiple ranges and multiple F test. Biometric, 11: 1-42.

Gair, R., Jenkins, J. E. E. & Lester, E. 1987. Wheat pest. pp. 32-65. In Cereal Pest & diseases (fourth Edition) Farming Press Ltd. U.K. p.268.

Gill, C. C. 1980. Assessment of losses on spring wheat naturally infected with barley yellow dwarf virus. Plant Dis., 64: 197-203.

Havlickova, H. 1993. Level and nature of resistance to the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) In thirteen winter wheat cultivars. J. Agron. crop Sci., 17 (2): 133-137.

Helmi, A. 2011. Identification of apterous viviparous of cereal aphids in Egypt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 6 (1): 346-357.

Jensen, S. G. & D’Arcy, C. J. 1995. Effects of barley yellow dwarf on host plants, pp. 55-74. In C. J. DÕArcy and P. A. Burnett [eds.], Barley yellow dwarf 40 years of progress. APS, St. Paul, MN.

Khan, A. A., Khan, A. M., Tahir, H. M., Abdul Khaliq, M. A., Khan, S. Y. & Raza, I. 2011. Effect of wheat cultivars on aphids and their predator populations. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10 (80): 18399- 18402.

Johnston, R. L. & Bishop, G. W. 1987. Economic injury levels and economic thresholds for cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on spring-planted wheat. J. Econ. Entomol., 80: 478-482.

Khattak, M. K., Riazuddin & Anayatullah, M. 2007. Population Dynamics of Aphids (Aphididae: Homoptera) on Different Wheat Cultivars and Response of Cultivars to Aphids in Respect of Yield and Yield Related Parameters. Pakistan J. Zool., 39 (2): 109-115.

Kieckhefer, R. W. & Kantack, B. H. 1980. Yield losses in spring wheat in South Dakota caused by cereal aphids. J. Econ. Entomol., 73: 582-585.

Kieckhefer, R. W. & Kantack, B. H. 1988. Yield losses in winter grains caused by cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in South Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol., 81: 317-321.

Kindler, S. D., Greer, L. G. & Springer, T. L. 1992. Feeding behaviour of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on wheat and resistant and susceptible cylinder wheat grass. J. Eco. Entomol., 85 (5): 2012-2016.

Marzocchi, L. & Nicoli, G. 1991. The Principal pest of wheat. Principali Fitofagi de Frumento in Formatorl Fitopatologico, 41 (2): 29-33.

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Pike, K. S. & Schaffner, R. L. 1985. Development of autumn populations of cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their effects on winter wheat in Washington State. J. Econ. Entomol., 78: 676-680.

Rossing, W. A. H., Daamen, R. A. & Jansen, M. J. W. 1994. Uncertainty analysis applied to supervised control of aphids and brown rust in winter wheat. Part 2. Relative.

Voss, T. S., Kieckhefer, R. W., Fuller, B. W., Mcleod, M. J. & Beck, D. A. 1997. Yield losses in maturing spring wheat caused by cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. J. Econ. Entomol., 90: 1346-1350.

Wiese, M. V. 1987. Compedium of wheat disease. The American Phytopathological Society, USA. pp. 21- 91.

Zeb, Q., Badshah, H., Ali, H., Shah, R. A. & Rehman, M. 2011. Population of aphids on different varieties/lines of wheat and their effect on yield and thousands grain weight. Sarhad J. Agric., 27 (3): 443-450.

Zhang, W. Y., Xie, R., Wang, D., Qu, H. & Yin, Y. 1989. Preliminary study on some new cultivars with aphid resistance. Ins. Wheat. Res. China, 3: 30-31.

Zhoui, H., Chen, J., Cheng, D., Francis, F., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Huang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, X., Xiaoming, L. & Zeng, J. 2011. Evaluation on the resistance to aphids of wheat germplasm resources in China. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (63): 13930-13935.

Zia, M. A., Aheer, G. M., Mumtaz, M. K. & Ahmad, K. J. 1999. Field screening of sixteen advanced lines of wheat for resistance to aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pak. Entomol., 21 (1): 95-97.

132.3 2011 2012

140

120 86.2 100

80

60

40 11.4 2.3

20 4.3 2.1 Mean No of Aphids of No Mean 0

R. maidis R. padi S. avenae

Aphids' species

Figure 1. Seasonal mean numbers of three wheat aphid species on wheat plants at Shalakan, Qalyubiya Governorate throughout two successive seasons 2011 and 2012.

830 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

120 2011 2012 103.7 100.6

100

80

Aphids of 60 52.1 47.4

40 25.7 18.9 No Mean 14.4 16.1 20 9.2 9.6

0 1-Oct 16-Oct 31-Oct 15-Nov 1 Dec.

Sown Dates

Figure 2. Seasonal mean numbers of aphid population density in five different sown dates of wheat at Shalakan, Qalyubiya Governorate throughout two successive seasons 2011 and 2012.

87.6 2011 2012 90

80

70 59.6 60 50 39.3 40 30 20.6 19.1 12.5 20

10 Mean No of Aphids of No Mean 0 Giza 168 Sakha 93 Gemiza 9

Wheat Cultivars

Figure 3. Seasonal mean number of aphid population densities on three wheat cultivars at Shalakan, Qalyubiya Governorate throughout two successive seasons 2011 and 2012.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______831 HYPOPYGIA OF THE SPARETUS SPECIES GROUP OF ENTEDON DALMAN (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

Mikdat Doğanlar*, Oğuzhan Doğanlar** and Peter S. Boyadziev***

* Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection,TR- 31034, Hatay, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Trakya University, Medical school, Department of Medical Biology, 22030, Edirne, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] *** University of Plovdiv,"Paisii Hilendarski",24 Tsar Asen St.4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA. E- mail: [email protected]

[Doğanlar, M., Doğanlar, O. & Boyadziev, P. S. 2013. Hypopygia of the sparetus species group of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with descriptions of two new species. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 831-851]

ABSTRACT: Ten species of the sparetus species group of genus Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) were collected in Turkey: E. bakacakicus Doğanlar, 2013, E. sparetus Walker, 1839, E. cardui Askew,2001, E. longiventrosus Dalla Torre, 1898, E. thomsonianus Erdös, 1944, E. lixi Erdös, 1951, E. insignis Erdös, 1944, E. mecini Askew, 1992 and two new species, E. nizipicus n. sp., E. adiyamanicus n. sp.. Hypopygia of the species, except E. bakacakicus, and morphological characters of the species were studied. Identification keys to the Turkish species of the sparetus species group of genus Entedon were provided by aid of several characters.

KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera (Eulophidae), sparetus species group of Entedon, Turkey.

In the taxonomy of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) the morphology of hypopygia has been studied for separating the species of Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 by Graham (1969), for the species of Pachyneuron Walker, 1833 and Euneura Walker, 1844 by Doğanlar (1986) and for the species of Dibrachys Förster, 1856 by Doğanlar (1987). In the taxonomy of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Graham (1987, 1991) used the morphology of hypopygia in the classification of species of some genera in Tetrastichinae, Doğanlar (1991a,b) for some species of Ormyridae, and Tarla et al. (2010) for species of genus Oopristus Steffan, 1968 in Monodontomerinae (Torymidae). Erdös (1944, 1951) erected the subgenus Megalentedon by the species of the Entedon sparetus species group. Later, Graham (1963, 1971) treated as a group of species related to E. sparetus Walker and then the group was accepted by Askew (1992) and Gumovsky (1997). Graham (1971) gave 6 species, E. thomsonianus Erdös, 1944, E. sparetus Walker, 1839, E. lixi Erdös, 1951, E. insignis Erdös, 1944, E. longiventrosus Dalla Torre, 1898, and sp. indet. D (described later as E. mecini by Askew, 1992) in the sparetus species group, and keyed out them by some diagnostic characters. Gumovsky (1997) included E. sparetus, E. mecini, E. insignis, E. longiventrosus, E. thomsonianus, E. zerovae Gumosky, 1995 in this group. Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003) demonstrated wide morphological variety in the specimens of E. sparetus, and E. lixi, E. insignis, E. mecini, E. longiventrosus were synonymized with E. sparetus due to the many measurements employed for the testing of possible distinction between the ‘large’, ‘mid’ and ‘small’ varieties become unsuccessful. Askew et al. (2001), and then Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003) failed to provide any reliable characters for separation of females of E.

832 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______cardui Askew, 2001 from the females of E. sparetus. Gumovsky (2007) stated that the females of E. sparetus are easily confused with the females of E. cardui, which differs only by the shorter malar space (eye height 1.8–2.5 times as long as malar space in E. sparetus, but about 3.0 times in E. cardui). In Turkey Doğanlar (1985) recorded E. insignis, E.lixi, and E. thomsonianus from the sparetus species group and some other species of Entedon from the Eastern Anatolia, and Doğanlar (2013) described a new species, E. bakacakus, from Şanlıurfa. In this work the morphology of hypopygia of the species in the sparetus species group of Entedon was treated as diagnostic characters for the systematic of the species from Turkey, and aids some morphological characters a new identification key was created for the species of the sparetus species group of Entedon and some new synonyms were created.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

This study is based upon examination and identification of the specimens collected from several parts of Turkey. The examined specimens were deposited in Insect Museum of Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, MustafaKemalUniversity, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey (MKUI). Specimens were collected by sweeping and putting the whole contents of the swept materials directly in 96 % ethanol. After sorting the material, individuals were mounted on cards for further morphological studies. The species were identified by following the keys of Graham (1971), Gumovsky (1997) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). The hypopygia were separated from metasoma by dissecting and slide mounted in Canada balsam, the other parts of the metasoma were replaced on its own card near its mesosoma. Wings and antennae of some paratypeswere slide- mounted in Canada balsam. Photographs of diagnostic characters of the genera were taken by using of Leica DM 5500 B microscope with a digital Leica DFC 295 camera attached to it. Terminology and abbreviations Morphological terminology follows Graham (1969) in hypopygia as in Fig. 1, Gibson (1997) and Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev (2003). Abbreviations used in the key and descriptions are: OOL= shorter distance between ocello-ocular line POL= distance between posterior ocelli, MDO= distance between median and lateral ocelli, OCL= shorter distance between lateral ocelli and occipital carina. The name of some parts of hypopygium given in Fig. 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Key to female of the species of the sparetus species group of Entedon by using the characters of hypopygia

1- Hypopygium with anterior median incision almost absent, at most broadly v-shaped (Fig.2 a-c)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 - Hypopygium with anterior median incision deep in several shapes (Fig. 2a, 3a, b)……...... 4

2- Antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reached almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2a...... sparetus Walker - Antero-lateral angle angular, towards median incision slightly convexes; median sclerotized line reached slightly above middle of hypopygium (Fig. 2b,c)……………….…3

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3-Posterior lobe posteriorly circular, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2b....insignis Erdös -Posterior lobe narrowing towards median incision, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2c……………..………………………………………………………………………………….….mecini Askew

4- Hypopygium with anterior median incision C-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, posterior lobe gradually tapering backwards, median sclerotized line reached at most slightly above middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 3a...... thomsonianus Erdös - Hypopygium with anterior median incision V-shaped, or U-shaped; other characters variable……………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 5

5- Hypopygium with anterior median incision and antero-lateral angle together broadly V- shaped, antero-lateral angle narrowing apically, sides of hypopygium slightly convexes towards median incision; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, median sclerotized line reached almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision narrow as in Fig. 3b...... adiyamanicus n. sp. - Hypopygium with anterior median incision V-shaped, other characters variable...... 6

6-Hypopygium with anterior median incision narrow V-shaped, antero-lateral angle angular; median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium (Fig. 4a,b)……….7 -Hypopygium with anterior median incision broad V-shaped; antero-lateral angle circular; other characters variable (Fig. 4c,d)………...... 8

7-Antero-lateral angle towards median incision concaved; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4a)...... cardui Askew -Antero-lateral angle towards median incision circular; posterior lobe posteriorly narrowing towards posterior median incision; posterior median incision as in Fig. 4b………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...... nizipicus n. sp.

8-Posterior lobe posteriorly almost straight, median sclerotized line reached about apical margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4c……………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………….longiventrosus Dalla Torre - Posterior lobe posteriorly narrowing towards posterior median incision, median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4d……………………………………………………………………………………...... lixi Erdös

Key to female of the species of the sparetus species group of genus Entedon

1-Apical margin of forewing without fringe...... 2 - Apical margin of forewing with fringe; other characters variable...... 4

2- Head and mesosoma with unusual broad, coarse reticulations medially, meshes are about 4 times wider than meshes on side part, its diameter about 0.11 mm. side lobes finely reticulated; F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad, with 2 basiconic peg sensillae medially, additional to the apical basiconic peg sensillae (Fig. 5a-c); combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.7 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergum half-length of its basal breadth, last tergum 1/3 length of its basal breadth……bakacakicus Doğanlar -Head and mesosoma with fine reticulation, its diameter at most 0.025 mm. F1 with apically placed 3 basiconic peg sensillae; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.7 times breadth of head (Fig. 6); the other characters variable...... 3

3- F1 about 3 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 at least slightly longer than broad;clava about twice as long as broad, (Fig. 6a-c);metasoma with syntergum 2/3 length of its basal breadth, last tergite about as long as its basal breadth; Up to 6 mm…………………… ………………………………………………………………………..…………………...... thomsonianus Erdös

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--F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 quadrate; clava about 2.2 times as long as broad (Fig. 6d-f);metasoma with syntergum 0.5times as long as its basal breadth, last tergite 0.5 times as long as its basal breadth. Up to 3.4 mm...... nizipicus n. sp.

4-Syntergum of metasoma nearly as long as itsbasal breadth, last tergite 1.4 times as long as its basal breadth;eye height about 2.5 times. F1 with two rows basiconic peg sensillae in apical half;Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.78-0.8 times breadth of head. Up to 3.5 mm……………………..……………………………………………...... sparetus Walker - Metasoma with syntergum distinctly shorter than its basal breadth; last tergite at most as long as its basal breadth; the other characters variable...... 5

5- Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at most 0.66 times breadth of head……..………6 - Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at least 0.7 times breadth of head….………………7

6-Eye height about 2.3-2.5 times malar space; antenna having F1 with 4 basiconic peg sensillae in apical half as in fig. 8b,c; metasoma with syntergum about 0.66 times as long as its basal breadth or slightly more; last tergite...... longiventrosus Dalla Torre -Eye height about 2.7-3.0 times malar space; antenna having F1 with 5 basiconic peg sensillae in 3 rows as in Fig. 9b; metasoma with syntergum about 0.4 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite as long as basal breadth. Up to 3.0 mm…………….cardui Askew

7- Antennae with F1 having some basiconic peg sensillae medially, additional to apical ones as in fig. 10; eye height 1.8–2.5 times as long as malar space; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.72 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergum about 0.57- 0.64 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite 0.8-0.86 times as long as basal breadth………………………………………………………………………..…………..…………mecini Askew - Antennae with F1 having some basiconic peg sensillae apically……….……………………………..8

8-Antenna (Fig. 11) with F1 having one basiconic peg sensilla in 1/3 apical part, additional to the apical ones as in Fig. 11b, clava with C1 having two rows of longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 11c);combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.70-0.77 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergum about half as long as its basal breadth; last tergite about as long as its basal breadth………………………………………………………………..lixi Erdös -Antenna with F1 having mostly apically placed basiconic peg sensillae as in fig. 12 b, clava with C1 having mostly one row, of longitudinal sensillae or a few additional ones (Fig. 12c); the other characters variable……………………………………………………………………………9

9-Antennae (Fig. 12) with F1 at least three times as long as broad, with at least 5 basiconic peg sensillae apically; eye height about 2.5 times malar space; metasoma with syntergum about 0.7 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite as long as basal breadth.………………………………………………………………………………………….… insignis Erdös -- Antennae with F1 1.8 times as long as broad, with only two basiconic peg sensillae apically; eye height about 2.7times malar space; metasoma with syntergum as long as its basal breadth; last tergite 0.86 times as long as basal breadth. Length 2.2 mm…………… …..… …………………………………………………………….....….……...... adiyamanicus n. sp.

Key to male of the species of the sparetus species group of Entedon

1-Antennal funicle with three segments; club with 2 segments……………………..………….………2 -Antennal funicle with four segments; club with 1-segmented……………………………………….…5

2-Apical margin of forewing bare, without fringe…………………………………………………………….3 -Apical margin of forewing with a fringe……………………………………………….……………………....4

3-Scape 3 times, pedicel 2.7-2.8 times, F1 2.8, F2 2, F3 and F4 1.3, F5 1.75 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments at least in two rows (Fig.14 a-c). Male genitalia as in Fig. 15b………………..……………………………..………… ……thomsonianus Erdös

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-Scape 2.75 times, pedicel twice, F1, F2 1.67, F3 1.4, F4 1.1, F5 1.5 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments mostly in one row, sometimes with one additional sensilla(Fig. 14d-f). Male genitalia as in Fig. 15a……………….……nizipicus n.sp.

4-Scape 3 times, pedicel 1.7, F1 2.8-3.0, F2 1.6, F3 1.3, F4 as long as broad, F5 1.33 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments sparse as in (Fig. 16a-c)…….… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..cardui Askew -Scape 3.9 times, pedicel twice, F1 twice, F2 1.55, F3 1.44, F4 1.5times, F5 twice as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments dense as in (Fig. 16d-f)…………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..insignis Erdös

5-Head and mesosoma with unusual broad, coarse reticulations medially, meshes are about 3 times wider than meshes on side part, its diameter at least 0.11 mm. side lobes finely reticulated; F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad; flagellar segments with one row of longitudinal sensillae, except F5 with 3 rows longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 17a-c)…………… ………………………………………………………………………..…………………….bakacakicus Doğanlar -Head and mesosoma with fine reticulation, its diameter at most 0.01 mm. other characters variable………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………6

6-Scape 2.75 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.26 as long as broad; 0.6 times as long as F1; F1 about 1.5, F2 1.25 times as long as broad, F3 quadrate, F4 1.28 times as long as broad, clava about (including spicula) 2.33 times longer than broad; flagellar segments with sparse longitudinal sensillae, mostly in one row, F1 apically broader than base, almost truncate cone-shaped (Fig. 18a-c)...... …………………………………..……….lixi Erdös -Scape 3 times as long as broad; pedicel at least 1.5 times as long as broad; F1 twice or more than twice as long as broad; segments with dense longitudinal sensillae, mostly more than one row, F1 almost ellipsoidal (Fig. 19, 20)…...………………………………………………….8

8-Pedicel about 1.7 as long as broad; F1 about 2.44, F2 1.6, F3 1.5, F4 2.0, times as long as broad, clavaabout(including spicula) 3.3 times longer than broad; flagellar segments with dense longitudinal sensillae, mostly more than one row, clava with two rows longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 19a-c)………………………………………..…………..sparetus Walker -Pedicel at most 1.5 as long as broad; flagellar segments shorter than alternate species, clava at most twice longer than broad (Fig. 20)...... 9

9-Scape 5.0 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.3 as long as broad; F1 1.4, F2 0.75, F3 and F4 0.84 times as long as broad, clavaabout1.2 times longer than broad (Fig. 20a-c)… ..……...... ……………………………..longiventrosus Dalla Torre -Scape 3.75 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.5 as long as broad; F1 twice, F2 1.67, F3 1.1, F4 1.4, times as long as broad, clava one-segmented, about twice longer than broad (Fig. 20d-f)……………...... …………………………………………………………………..mecini Askew

Entedon thomsonianus Erdös (Fig. 6a-c; 14a-c; 15b)

Entedon (Megalentedon) thomsonianus Erdös, 1944: 27. Entedon thomsonianus Erdös; Graham, 1971: 342.

Diagnostic characters were given by Gumovsky (2007). Some additional characters as follows: Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision C- shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, posterior lobe gradually tapering backwards, median sclerotized line reached at most slightly above middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 3a. -Head and mesosoma with fine reticulation, its diameter at most 0.025 mm. flagellar segments with sparse longitudinal sensillae; F1 with apically placed 3 basiconic peg sensillae; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.7 times breadth of head (Fig. 6). F1 about 3 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 at least slightly longer than broad;clava about

836 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______twice as long as broad, (Fig. 6a-c); metasoma with syntergum 2/3 length of its basal breadth, last tergite about as long as its basal breadth; Up to 6 mm. Male: Antennal funicle with three segments; club with 2 segments; Scape 3 times, pedicel 2.7-2.8 times, F1 2.8, F2 2, F3 and F4 1.3, F5 1.75 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments at least in two rows (Fig. 10a-c). Male genitalia as in Fig. 11b.

Distribution. Widely in Europe (Boucek & Askew, 1968; Askew et al., 2001; Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003), Ukraine,Georgia, Turkmenistan (Gumovsky, 2007).

Host. Lixus cardui Olivier (Curculionidae) (Erdös, 1944, 1951; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky, 2007).

Material examined: Turkey: 5 ♀♀, Hatay, Belen, Kömürçukuru, 24.iv.2008, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Araban yol ayrımı, 02.v.2008, swept from lent field (M. Doğanlar); 2♀♀, 2♂♂, Antalya, 05.v.1988, swept from Compositae; 1♀, İzmir, Gümüldür, 21.v.1987 (H. Çam); 2♀♀, Sivas, Kangal, 39° 14’ 74’’ N 37° 10’ 45’’ E, 1541 m, 03.vii.2005, swept from Onopordon sp, (O. Doğanlar); 1♂, Şarkışla, Tavladeresi, 19.vi.2003, (O. Doğanlar); Erzurum, 1 ♀, 20.vi. 1973, (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, 08.ix.1978, (M. Doğanlar); 2♀♀, 18.vi.1982 (M. Doğanlar); 2♂♂, 17.vi.1986 (M. Doğanlar) (MKUI).

Entedon nizipicus n.sp. (Figs. 4b; 6d-f; 10d-f; 11a)

Diagnosis. Hypopygium (Fig. 4a,b) with anterior median incision almost missing, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe distally circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reaching almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4b. Metasoma 1.75 times as long as head plus mesosoma, about 4 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite of metasoma as long as broad, about one fifth of length of the metasoma, last tergite 1.4 times as long as broad; antennal scape of female 5 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.8 times as long as broad; F1 about 2.28, F2 1.7, F3 1.25 times as long as broad, clava two- segmented, about 2.3 times longer than broad, slightly 2.1 times longer than the preceding segment; eye height 2.75 times as long as malar space; breadth of mouth opening 2.06 times as long as malar space; fore wing 2.25 times as long as broad, apical margin without; hind tibia about 1.33 times as long as its tarsus, fore 1.16 and mid tibiae about 1.2 times as long as their tarsi. Description: Female. Body length 3.4 mm. Colour of body metallic dark blue, frons with weak greenish tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs dark, except knees, extreme distal ends of tibiae and first two tarsomere of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal pale longitudinal stripe on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Head in dorsal view 2.6 times as broad as long; POL: OOL: MDO: OCL= 16:7:7:2 in holotype. Occipital margin sharp. Eyes sparse setose, with short setae, eye height 3.15 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.36 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.4 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of mouth opening 2.3 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin truncate. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Pedicel plus flagellum 0.68 times broad of head.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______837 Antennal scape of female 5.3 times as long as broad; pedicel about 2.4 as long as broad; 0.75 times as long as F1; F1 about 2.28, F2 1.57, F3 1.2 times as long as broad, clava two-segmented, about 2.2 times longer than broad, slightly 1.8 times longer than the preceding segment. Mesosoma 1.5 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero-lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 1.43 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum slightly longer than broad and as long as mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; paraspiracular sulcus deep, complete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 10 long setae. Metapleuron with comparatively blunt protrusion. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 3.3 times as long as broad, fore tibia 5.7 times as long as broad, about 1.17 times as long as its femur; mid femur 3.9 times as long as broad; mid tibia 6.67 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia as long as breadth of tibia, 0.54 as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.3 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 5.6 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about 0.75 times as long as breadth of its tibia, and 0.75 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Hind tarsus 0.8times as long as its tibia, mid tarsus 0.82 times as long as its tibia. Ratio of tibiae and tarsi of holotype are as follows: fore tibia: tarsus 60:50; fore tarsomeres: 9:13:10:12 (+ pretarsus 7); mid tibia: tarsus 80: 66; mid tarsi: 20–28 (dorsal – ventral edge of basitarsus): 14–16: 10: 10 (+ pretarsus5); hind tibia: tarsus 90: 46; hind tarsi: 20–25: 13–17: 10: 12 (+ pretarsus 8). Fore wing 2.3 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 5.2 times as long as broad, as long as marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin without fringe. Hind wing 2.6 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma almost as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.75 times as long as broad; syntergum of metasoma 0.5 times as long as broad, about two-ninth of length of the metasoma, last tergite 0.5 times as long as broad. Hypopygium with anterior median incision narrow V- shaped, antero-lateral angle angular; median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium (Fig. 4a,b), antero-lateral angle towards median incision circular; posterior lobe posteriorly narrowing towards posterior median incision; posterior median incision as in Fig. 4b.

Male. Body length 1.8 mm. Similar to female except as follows: eye height 2.33 times as long as malar space. Antennae with pedicel plus flagellum as long as breadth of head. Antennal scape 3 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.7 as long as broad; 0.5 times as long as F1; F1 about 2.44, F2 1.6, F3 1.5, F4 2.0, times as long as broad, clava one-segmented, about (including terminal spine) 3.3 times longer than broad. Forewing twice as long as broad, with costal cell as long as marginal vein; Metasoma twice as long as breadth, slightly longer than mesosoma.

Type material. Holotype , ♀, Turkey: Şanlıurfa, From Nizip to Suruç 15 km., 04.v. 2006, swept from lent field (M. Doğanlar). Paratypes: 3♂♂, Şanlıurfa, From Nizip to Karkamış 5 km., 17.iv.2010, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar); 1♂, Sivas, Keçili village, 18.vi. 2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar). All of the types were deposited in MKUI.

838 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Discussion: Entedon nizipicus n. sp. is similar to E. thomsonianus in having forewing margin without fringe, and F1 with apically placed 3 basiconic peg sensillae; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.7 times breadth of head (Fig. 6); but it differs from E. thomsonianus in having F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 quadrate; clava about 2.2 times as long as broad (Fig. 6d-f); metasoma with syntergum 0.5 times as long as its basal breadth, last tergite 0.5 times as long as its basal breadth (in E. thomsonianus F1 about 3 times as long as broad, F2 and F3 at least slightly longer than broad; clava about twice as long as broad, (Fig. 6a-c);metasoma with syntergum 2/3 length of its basal breadth, last tergite about as long as its basal breadth), and also similar to E. cardui in having hypopygium with anterior median incision narrow V-shaped, antero- lateral angle angular; median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium (Fig. 4a,b), but it differs from E. cardui by antero-lateral angle towards median incision circular; posterior lobe posteriorly narrowing towards posterior median incision; posterior median incision as in Fig. 4b (in E. cardui antero-lateral angle towards median incision concaved; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4a); in male it is similar to E. thomsonianus, but it differs in having scape 2.75 times, pedicel twice, F1, F2 1.67, F3 1.4, F4 1.1, F5 1.5 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments mostly in one row, sometimes with one additional sensilla (Fig. 10d-f). Male genitalia as in Fig. 11a (in E. thomsonianus scape 3 times, pedicel 2.7-2.8 times, F1 2.8, F2 2, F3 and F4 1.3, F5 1.75 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments at least in two rows (Fig. 10a-c). Male genitalia as in Fig. 11b).

Entedon bakacakicus Doğanlar (Figs. 5a-c; 17a-c)

Entedon bakacakus Doğanlar, 2013: (in press)

Diagnostic characters were given by Doğanlar (2013).some additional characters as follows: Female: Head and mesosoma with unusual broad, coarse reticulations medially, meshes are about 4 times wider than meshes on side part, its diameter about 0.11 mm. side lobes finely reticulated; F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad, with 2 basiconic peg sensillae medially,additional to the apical basiconic peg sensillae (Fig. 5a-c); combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.7 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergumhalf length of its basal breadth, last tergum 1/3 length of its basal breadth; Male: F1 about 2.3 times as long as broad; flagellar segments with one row of longitudinal sensillae, except F5 with 3 rows longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 13a-c).

Distribution. Turkey: Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Bakacak village (Doğanlar, 2013).

Hosts. Unkown.

Material examined. 1 ♀, 1♂,Turkey, Şanlıurfa, Akçakale, Bakacak village (Doğanlar, 2013) (MKUI).

Entedon sparetus Walker (Figs. 2a; 7a-c; 15a-c)

Entedon sparetus Walker, 1846: 182.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______839 Diagnostic characters: Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision almost absent, at most very broadly v-shaped (Fig. 2a); antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly concaved; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, but narrowing towards median incision, median sclerotized line reached almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2a; Apical margin of forewing with fringe; Syntergum of metasoma nearly as long as itsbasal breadth, last tergite 1.4 times as long as its basal breadth;eye height about 2.5 times.F1 with two rows basiconic peg sensillae in apical half; Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.78-0.8 times breadth of head. Up to 3.5 mm; Antennal (Fig. 7a-c) funicle with four segments; club with 1-segmented; Male: - Scape 3 times as long as broad; pedicel at least 1.5 times as long as broad; F1 twice or more than twice as long as broad; segments with dense longitudinal sensillae, mostly more than one row, F1 almost ellipsoidal. Pedicel about 1.7 as long as broad; F1 about 2.44, F2 1.6, F3 1.5, F4 2.0, times as long as broad, clava about (including spicula) 3.3 times longer than broad; flagellar segments with dense longitudinal sensillae, mostly more than one row, clava with two rows longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 15a-c).

Distribution. Throughout in Europe (Boucek & Askew, 1968; Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003), Ukraine, Georgia, Morocco, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Far East (Gumovsky, 2007).

Hosts. Weevils (Gymnetron spp., Larinus spp., Lixus spp., etc.) in stems of species of Plantago, Cirsium, Carduus (Erdös, 1951; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Graham, 1971), Curculionidae in stems of Verbascum spp. (Gumovsky, 2007).

Material examined. Turkey: Tokat, 2♀♀,6 ♂♂, 09.iv.-31.v.1989 (H. Çam); 1 ♀, 6.viii.1986, (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Erzurum, Sansa deresi, 27.v.82, (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Kayseri, Erciyes Mnt. 07.vii.2005 (O. Doğanlar); 1♂, Bulgaria, Stara Zagora region, Sakar Mnt. 1 km NE of Madrets village, 26.iv.2007 (A. Stajanova& P. Boyadziev) (MKUI).

Entedon cardui Askew (Figs. 4a; 9a-c; 16a-c)

Entedon cardui Askew, 2001: 67.

Diagnostic characters were given by Gumovsky (2007). Some additional characters as follows Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision deep, narrow V-shaped, antero-lateral angle angular; median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium (Fig. 4a); antero-lateral angle towards median incision concaved; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4a; Apical margin of forewing with fringe; Metasoma with syntergum distinctly shorter than its basal breadth; last tergite at most as long as its basal breadth; Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at most 0.66 times breadth of head; Eye height about 2.7-3.0 times malar space; antenna having F1 with 5 basiconic peg sensillae in 3 rows as in fig. 9 b; metasoma with syntergum about 0.4 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite as long as basal breadth. Male: Antennal funicle with three segments; club with 2 segments; Scape 3 times, pedicel 1.7, F1 2.8-3.0, F2 1.6, F3 1.3, F4 , F5 1.33 times as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments sparse as in (Fig. 16a-c).

840 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Distribution. Spain (Askew et al., 2001), Bulgaria, Greece (Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003), Italy, France and Ukraine (Gumovsky, 2007).

Hosts. Unknown.

Material examined: Turkey: Kilis, 1 ♀, Oğuzeli, Keçikuyusu, 28.iv.2012, swept from Medicago sativa field (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Şanlıurfa, Ezgil, 26.iv.2008, swept from Circium sp. (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Birecik, 26.iv.2008, swept from Circium sp. (M. Doğanlar); 1♂, Sivas, Şarkışla, 19.vi.2003, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar).

Entedon adiyamanicus n. sp. (Figs. 3b; 13a-c)

Diagnosis. Hypopygium butterfly-shaped with anterior median incision narrowly U-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly convex; posterior lobe distally circular, median sclerotized line reaching almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision narrow as in Fig. 3b. Metasoma 1.1 times as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.3 times as long as broad; syntergum as long as broad, about one-tenth of length of the metasoma; antennal scape of female 6 times as long as broad; pedicel about twice as long as broad; F1 about 1.8, F2 1.4, times as long as broad, F3 quadrate, clava two-segmented, about 1.8 times as long as broad, slightly more than twice longer than F3 (Figs. 13a-c); eye height 2.7 times as long as malar space; breadth of mouth opening 2.1 times as long as malar space; fore wing 2.1 times as long as broad, apical margin with a fringe of very short setae, which half as long as width of marginal vein at its narrowest part; hind tibia about as long as its tarsus, fore and mid tibiae about 1.1 times as long as their tarsi.

Female. Body length 2.2 mm. Colour of body metallic dark blue, frons with weak bronze tint. Entire antennae dark. Legs dark, except knees, extreme distal ends of tibiae and first two tarsomeres of mid and hind legs, which are pale. Dorsal pale longitudinal stripe on fore tibia discernible along entire tibia. Head in dorsal view 2.53 times as broad as long; POL:OOL:MDO:OCL= 25: 9: 13: 2 in holotype. Occipital margin moderately sharp. Eye with short sparse setae, eye height 2.7 times as long as malar space. Head in front view 1.2 times as broad as long. Interocular distance 2.5 times as long as eye breadth. Malar sulcus indicated by a line. Breadth of mouth opening 2.1 times as long as malar space. Clypeus reticulate, its anterior margin truncate. Antennae inserted slightly above the level of ventral eye margin. Antennal scape of female 6 times as long as broad; pedicel about twice as long as broad; F1 about 1.8, F2 1.4, times as long as broad, F3 quadrate, clava two-segmented, with short terminal spine, about 1.8 times as long as broad, slightly more than twice longer than the preceding segment; eye height 2.7 times as long as malar space. Mesosoma 1.3 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar hardly traceable, postero-lateral corners of pronotum evenly rounded. Mesoscutum 1.75 times as broad as long, notauli traceable anteriorly as very fine sutures, posteriorly as shallow depressions; scutellum as long as broad and slightly longer than mesoscutum. Propodeal surface finely reticulate, median carina complete, lateral sulcus incomplete; supracoxal flange moderate; spiracular elevation with blunt projection below, propodeal callus with 4 long setae. Metapleuron with comparatively blunt protrusion. Hind coxa reticulate dorsally. Fore femur about 3.3 times as long as broad, fore tibia 6.3 times as long as broad, and as long as its femur; mid femur 3.6 times as long as broad; mid tibia

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______841 8.5 times as long as broad, spur of mid tibia 1.4 times as long as breadth of tibia, 1.7 as long as dorsal margin of mid basitarsus; hind femur about 3.5 times as long as broad, hind tibia about 7.7 times as long as broad, spur of hind tibia about 1.4 times as long as breadth of its tibia, 1.4 times as long as dorsal margin of hind basitarsus. Hind tarsus 0.88 times as long as its tibia, mid tarsus 0.8 times as long as its tibia. Ratio of tibiae and tarsi of holotype are as follows: fore tibia: tarsus 70: 60; fore tarsomeres: 10: 19: 10: 10 (+ pretarsus 10); mid tibia: tarsus 53: 57; mid tarsi: 11–15 (dorsal – ventral edge of basitarsus): 11–14: 7: 8 (+ pretarsus 7); hind tibia: tarsus 54: 48; hind tarsi: 14–17: 10–12: 8: 7 (+ pretarsus 5). Fore wing 2.1 times as long as broad; costal cell bare, comparatively wide, 5 times as long as broad, slightly longer than marginal vein; subcosta of submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae, postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal; speculum open below; apical margin with very short fringe, setae of which half as long as width of marginal vein at its narrowest part. Hind wing 3.8 times as long as broad. Petiole reduced, strongly transverse. Metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma, about 1.76 times as long as broad; penultimate tergite 0.4 times as long as basal broad, about one-eighth of length of the metasoma, last tergite about as long as broad. Hypopygium butterfly-shaped with anterior median incision narrowly U-shaped, antero-lateral angle circular, towards median incision slightly convex; posterior lobe distally circular, median sclerotized line reaching almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision narrow as in Fig. 3b.

Male: unknown.

Type material. Holotype, ♀, Turkey: Adıyaman, Side of Fırat river, near Atatürk Barage, 37° 27' 99'' N, 38° 15' 26' 'E, 402 m, 24.iv.2007, swept from pasture (M. Doğanlar) (MKUI).

Host: unknown.

Discussion: Entedon adiyamanicus n. sp. is a unique species in having Hypopygium with anterior median incision and antero-lateral angle together broadly V-shaped, antero-lateral angle narrowing apically, sides of hypopygium slightly convexes towards median incision; posterior lobe posteriorly circular, median sclerotized line reached almost anterior margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision narrow as in Fig. 3b. In antennal characters E adiyamanicus is similar to E. insignis in having Antenna with F1 having mostly apically placed basiconic peg sensillae as in Fig. 12b, clava with C1 having mostly one row, of longitudinal sensillae or a few additional ones (Fig. 12c), but it differs in having antennae with F1 1.8 times as long as broad, with only two basiconic peg sensillae apically; eye height about 2.7times malar space; metasoma with syntergum as long as its basal breadth; last tergite 0.86 times as long as basal breadth (in E. insignis Antennae (Fig. 12) with F1 at least three times as long as broad, with at least 5 basiconic peg sensillae apically; eye height about 2.5 times malar space; metasoma with syntergum about 0.7 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite as long as basal breadth).

842 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Entedon longiventrosus Dalla Torre (Figs. 4c, 8a-c; 20a-c)

Entedon longiventris Thomson, 1878: 245, fem. (nec Ratzeburg, 1848). Holotype female (entire metasoma is missing!) of Entedon longiventris Thomson (LUZM). Entedon longiventrosus Dalla Torre, 1898: 40 (nom. n. for longiventris Thomson nec Ratzeburg); synonymized with E. sparetus.by Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003.

Diagnostic characters: Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision broad V-shaped; antero-lateral angle circular; Posterior lobe posteriorly almost straight, median sclerotized line reached about apical margin of hypopygium, posterior median incision very deep as in Fig. 4c; Apical margin of forewing with fringe; Metasoma with syntergum distinctly shorter than its basal breadth; last tergite at most as long as its basal breadth; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at most 0.66 times breadth of head; Eye height about 2.3-2.5 times malar space; antenna having F1 with 4 basiconic peg sensillae in apical half as in fig. 8b,c; metasoma with syntergum about 0.66 times as long as its basal breadth or slightly more; last tergite almost as long as basal breadth. Male: Pedicel at most 1.5 as long as broad; flagellar segments shorter than alternate species, clava at most twice longer than broad; Scape 5.0 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.3 as long as broad; F1 1.4, F2 0.75, F3 and F4 0.84 times as long as broad, clavaabout1.2 times longer than broad (Figs. 20a-c).

Studied material: Şanlıurfa, 1 ♀, Bozova, Kangörmez village, 04.v.2006, swept from Vicia field plus Sinpis sp.; (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Akçakale, Bakacak, 26.iv.2008, swept from Circium sp. (M. Doğanlar); 1♂, Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, 19.v.2010, (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Tokat, Niksar, Çamiçi, 26.viii.1993 (M. Doğanlar) (MKUI).

Entedon insignis Erdős (Figs. 2b, 12a-c, 16d-f).

Entedon (Megalentedon) insignis Erdös, 1944: 29; synonymized with E. sparetus by Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003. syn. n. Lectotype female, TMA No. 5503, Hungary, Vác, Bajáritelep, 30.V, ex Lixus filiformis F. (Bíró); paralectotypes: 11 females (TMA 5507-13, 5516-7, 5519, 5522), 8 males (TMA 5504-6, 5514-5, 5518, 5520-1) (TMA).

Diagnostic characters as follows: Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision almost absent, at most very broadly v-shaped (Fig. 2b); antero-lateral angle angular, towards median incision slightly concaved; median sclerotized line reached slightly above middle of hypopygium (Fig. 2b); posterior lobe posteriorly circular, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2b; apical margin of forewing with fringe; Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at least 0.7 times breadth of head; Antennae with F1 at least three times as long as broad, with at least 5 basiconic peg sensillae apically, having mostly apically placed basiconic peg sensillae as in fig. 12b, clava with C1 having mostly one row of longitudinal sensillae or a few additional ones (Fig. 12c); eye height about 2.5 times malar space; metasoma with syntergum about 0.7 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite as long as basal breadth. Male: Antennal funicle with three segments; club with 2 segments; scape 3.9 times, pedicel twice as long as broad, F1 twice, F2 1.55, F3 1.44, F4 1.5 times, F5 twice as long as broad; longitudinal sensillae on flagellar segments dense as in (Fig. 16d-f).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______843 Studied material: 1 ♀, Sivas, Centrum, Keçili village, 39° 30’ 49’’ N 36° 51’ 09’’ E, 1388 m, swept from pasture (O. Doğanlar); 1♂, Gökçekent, Sökün village, 40° 16’ 53’’ N 38° 11’ 34’’ E, 910 m, swept from pasture, (O. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Şanlıurfa, Bozova, Kangörmez village, 24.iv.2007, swept from Vicia sp. and Sinapis sp. plantation (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, İzmir, Urla, 11.iv.1973, (H. Çam) (MKUI).

Additional material: 2♀♀, Rodopi Mnt. V. Belastica, 300 m, 14.x.1993 (P. Boyadziev); 1 ♀, Rodopi Mnt. L. Mazcigonica, 24.vi.1995 (P. Boyadziev); 1 ♀, Plovdivska, 14.vi.1968 (A. Germanov); 1♂, Grecia Tripolis, 10.v.1987 (P. Angelov).

Entedon lixi Erdős (Figs. 4d, 11a-c, 18a-c)

Entedon lixi Erdös, 1951: 220. Synonymized with E. sparetus by Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003. syn.n. Lectotype female, TMA No. 5523, Hungary: Kalocsa, 22.V.1947, ex Lixus elongatus in caule Carduus acanthoides L., (Erdős). 68 paralectotypes: 40 females (TMA No. 5524-59, 8793), 28 males (TMA No. 5560-82, 8794-8, 8793).

Diagnostic characters as follows: Female: Hypopygium with anterior median incision broad V-shaped; antero-lateral angle circular; other characters variable (Fig. 4d); Posterior lobe posteriorly narrowing towards posterior median incision, median sclerotized line reached about middle of hypopygium, posterior median incision as in Fig. 4d; Apical margin of forewing with fringe; Metasoma with syntergum distinctly shorter than itsbasal breadth; last tergite at most as long as its basal breadth; Antenna (Fig. 11) with F1 having one basiconic peg sensilla in 1/3 apical part, additional to the apical ones as in fig. 11 b, clava with C1 having two rows of longitudinal sensillae (Fig. 11c); combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.70-0.77 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergum about half as long as its basal breadth; last tergite about as long as its basal breadth. Male: Antennal funicle with four segments; club with 1-segmented (Fig. 18), scape 2.75 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.26 as long as broad; 0.6 times as long as F1; F1 apically broader than base, almost truncate cone-shaped, about 1.5, F2 1.25 times as long as broad, F3 quadrate, F4 1.28 times as long as broad, clava about (including spicula) 2.33 times longer than broad; flagellar segments with sparse longitudinal sensillae, mostly in one row (Fig. 18a-c).

Studied materials: 1 ♀, Erzurum, 08.ix.1978 (H. Özbek); 1 ♀, 26.vi.1979 (M. Doğanlar); 1♂, Kahramanmaraş, Yukarımülk village, 02.v.2008, swept from Circium sp. (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, Şanlıurfa, Birecik, Arat mnt. Swept from lentil field (M. Doğanlar); 1♂, Bozova, Kangörmez village, swept from Vicia sp. and Sinapis sp. plantation (M. Doğanlar); 1♀, Erzincan, 09.v.1982 (M. Doğanlar) (MKUI).

Entedon mecini Askew (Figs. 2c, 12a-c, 16d-f)

Entedon mecini Askew, 1992: 122; synonymized with E. sparetus. by Gumovsky & Boyadzhiev, 2003. syn.n. Germany: 5 females, 3 males, Hallig Gröde, Nordsee, Schleswig-Holstein,20.6.1975, Mecinus gall on Plantago maritima (Tischler); 2 females, 1 male, ibid., “8/83”, “4/85” (BMNH).

Diagnostic characters as follows: Female: Hypopygium (Fig. 2c) with anterior median incision almost absent, at most very broadly V-shaped; antero-lateral

844 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______angle angular, towards median incision slightly concaved; median sclerotized line reached slightly above middle of hypopygium; posterior lobe narrowing towards median incision, posterior median incision as in Fig. 2c. Apical margin of forewing with fringe; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum at least 0.7 times breadth of head; antennae with F1 having some basiconic peg sensillae medially, additional to apical ones as in fig. 12; eye height 1.8–2.5 times as long as malar space; combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 0.72 times breadth of head; metasoma with syntergum about 0.57-0.64 times as long as its basal breadth; last tergite 0.8-0.86 times as long as basal breadth. Male: Antennal funicle with four segments, club with 1-segmented (Fig. 20), scape 3.75 times as long as broad; pedicel about 1.5 as long as broad; F1 twice, F2 1.67, F3 1.1, F4 1.4, times as long as broad, clava one-segmented, about twice longer than broad (Fig. 20d-f).

Studied material: Tokat, 1 ♀, 6.viii.1986 (M. Doğanlar); 1 ♀, 19.iv.1989, (H. Çam); 1 ♀, 28.v.1989 (H. Çam); 7 ♂♂, 09. iv.–11.v.1989, swept from pasture (H. Çam) (MKUI).

LITERATURE CITED

Askew, R. R. 1991. Review of species of Entedon Dalman having a complete frontal fork with redefinition of the species group of cioni Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 219-229.

Askew, R. R. 1992. Additions to the British list of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with description of three new species. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 128:119-128.

Askew, R. R., Blasco-Zumeta, J. & Pujade-Villare, J. 2001. Chalcidoidea y Mymarommatoidea (Hymenoptera) de unsabinar de Juniperus thurifera L. en Los Monegros, Zaragoza. Monografias S. E. A., 4: 1-76.

Boucek, Z. & Askew, R. R. 1968. Palearctic Eulophidae (excl. Tetrastichinae). Index of entomophagous insects, Paris, vol. 3. 260 pp.

Dalla Torre, K. 1898. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. V. Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. 598 pp. Leipzig.

Dalman, J. W. 1820. Försöktill Uppstaellningaf Insect familjen Pteromalini, I synnerhetmedafseen de padei Sverige funnearter. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41: 123-174, 177-182.

Doğanlar, M. 1985. Notes on Chalcidoidea of Turkey, III.Encyrtidae, Tetrastichinae, Aphelinidae, Eulophidae and Elasmidae. Türkiye bitki koruma Dergisi, 9: 91-103.

Doğanlar, M. 1986. Morphological studies on the hypopygium and its importance to the taxonomy of the genera PachymeuronandEuneura (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), with description of a new species of Pachyneuron from Turkey. C.Ü. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4: 23-32.

Doğanlar, M. 1987. Hypopygia of most Nearctic and Palaearctic species of Dibrachys Foerster, key to most species of the genus and descriptions of three new species (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Spixiana, München, 10: 191-206.

Doğanlar, M. 1991a. Systematic positions of a new species in Ormyrus from Turkey and a new genus in the family Ormyridae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 1-13.

Doğanlar, M. 1991b. Systematic studies on the species of Cyrtosoma Perris. from Turkey, and descriptions of some new species (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 15: 71-87.

Doğanlar, M. 2013. A peculiar new species of Entedon Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey (in press).

Erdös, J. 1944. Species hungaricae generis EntedonDalm. Kalocsa. 64 pp.

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Erdös, J. 1951. Eulophidae novae. Acta Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2 (1-3): 169-237.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Morphology and terminology. pp. 16–44 in Gibson, G. A. P., Huber, J. T. & Woolley, J. B. (Eds). Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Ottawa, Ontario, National Research Council Research Press.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1963. Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 15 (9): 167-275.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of north-western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 16 pp. 908 pp.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1971. Revision of British Entedon (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 313- 358.

Gumovsky, A. V. 1997. Review of the genus Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). 1. Infrageneric division of the genus Entedon with description of a new subgenus from Africa. Vestnik Zoologii, 31 (5-6): 24-36.

Gumovsky, A. V. 2007. A taxonomic revision, biology and morphology of immature stages of the Entedon sparetus species group (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), egg-larval endoparasitoids of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, (2007) 97: 139-166.

Gumovsky, A. & Boyadzhiev, P. 2003. Review of the Bulgarian Entedon Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 55 (3): 3-32.

Rasplus, J.-Y. 1990. Nouvelles especes afrotropicales du genre Entedon Dalman et notes sur leur biologie. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 94: 223-245.

Schauff, M. E. 1988. The species of Entedon in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 96: 30-62.

Tarla, Ş., Doğanlar, M. & Gözüaçık, C. 2010. The species of Oopristus Steffan, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae: Toryminae: Monodontomerini) of Turkey, with descriptions of two new species. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34: 487-495.

Thomson, C. G. 1878. Hymenoptera Scandinaviae 5. Pteromalus (Svederus) continuation. 245 pp. Lund.

Walker, F. 1846. Characters of some undescribed species of Chalcidites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17: 108-115.

Figure 1. Hypopygium of Entedon cardui Askew.

846 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 2. Hypopygia of Entedon sparetus Walker, Entedon insignis Erdös and Entedon mecini Askew.

Figure 3. Hypopygia of Entedon thomsonianus Erdös (a) and E. adiyamanus n. sp. (b).

Figure 4. Hypopygia of species of the sparetus species group of genus Entedon.

c ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______847

Figure 5. Female antenna of Entedon bakacakicus Doğanlar. Arrows state basiconic peg sensillae.

Figure 6. Female antenna of E. thomsonianus Erdös and Entedon nizipicus n. sp.

Figure 7. Female antenna of Entedon sparetus Walker.

Figure 8. Female antenna of Entedon longiventrosus Dalla Torre.

848 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 9. Female antenna of Entedon cardui Askew.

Figure 10. Female antenna of Entedon mecini Askew.

Figure 11. Female antenna of Entedon lixi Erdös. Arrows state basiconic peg sensillae.

Figure 12. Female antenna of Entedon insignis Erdös. White arrows state basiconic peg sensillae.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______849

Figure 13. Female antenna of Entedon adiyamanicus n.sp. Arrows state basiconic peg sensillae.

Figure 14. Male antennae of Entedon thomsonianus Erdös (a-c) and Entedon nizipicus n.sp. (d-f).

Figure 15. Genitalia. a. Entedon nizipicus n. sp.; b. Entedon thomsonianus Erdös.

850 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Figure 16. Male antennae of Entedon cardui Askew and E. insignis Erdös.

Figure 17. Male antenna of Entedon bakacakicus Doğanlar.

Figure 18. Male antenna of Entedon lixi Erdös.

Figure 19. Male antennae of Entedon sparetus Walker.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______851

Figure 20. Male antennae of Entedon mecini Askew and E. longiventrosus Dalla Torre.

852 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN MUGA SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA ASSAMENSIS HELFER (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

Dulal Goswami*, N. Ibotombi Singh*, Mustak Ahamed* and K. Giridhar*

* Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat-785700, Assam, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Goswami, D., Singh, N. I., Ahamed, M. & Giridhar, K. 2013. Embryonic development in Muga Silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 852-857]

ABSTRACT: Chronological variations during embryonic development of normal eggs of Antheraea assamensis Helfer were recorded from 24 h to till hatching. During 10-16 h of the embryonic development, the ventral plate is formed and by 24 h trough shaped embryonic premodium floats in yolk and the protocephalon and protocorn are separated by transverse furrows. After 96 h the embryo became C-shaped. Although, mouth parts are yet not developed completely but they were at the advance stage of development. The thoracic region is clearly divisible into three thoracic segments. After 120 h, organogenesis in embryo takes place. The antennae bear segments and head region was detachable into three segments. The head capsule formation completed in after 144 h and mouth parts got matured. Three segmented antennae with antennal setae, the mandibles and labrum are well developed. After 168 h old, mandible become selerotised and pigmented at distal ends. Larval eyes appear as six brown spot on either side of head. The spiracles are clearly visible on the sides of the body. Fully developed muga silkworm larva comes out from the egg cell after 8th day of oviposition rupturing the anterior part of egg shell by the mandibles.

KEY WORDS: Antheraea, assamensis, embryonic development, different stages, organogenesis.

Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer is the lustrous golden yellow silk producing lepidopteran insect endemic to North-East India, which serves as an exclusive ecological niche for this species. The muga silkworm is semi- domesticated, polyphagous and multivoltine in nature having five to six generations in a year. ‘Som’, Persea bombycina Kost and ‘Soalu’, Litsaea polyantha Juss are the two primary food plants of muga silkworm. Egg is considered as the key factor of sericulture industry. Only quality eggs can ensure a good harvest and healthy crop. The oviposition and hatching of eggs of muga silkworm are severely affected during the adverse summer months of the year i.e. July to September owing to the prevalence of high temperature coupled with very high humidity. The non-synchronized moth emergence results in wastage of valuable biological material and absence of technology for silkworm egg preservation etc. are among the main constrains of muga silk industry. Postponement of hatching sometimes becomes inevitable for solving problems associated with synchronized brushing, as per suitability of season and availability of good foliage (Pandey et al., 1992). In traditional practice, muga silkworm eggs are preserved at room condition/BOD incubator at 26 ± 2 ˚C for incubation just after the completion of the daily grainages in a piece meal system during all the seasons of rearing. The eggs are collected after 72 hours of laying. This practice creates problems like, synchronizing hatching with leaf sprouting, non uniform hatching due to mixing of eggs of different ages leading to unequal development of worms during rearing, timely distribution of eggs in bulk with

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______853 uniform hatching for commercial rearing, etc. which resulted in low productivity. Therefore, in commercial grainages, it becomes necessary to develop appropriate technologies of short and long term preservation of eggs in muga culture to postpone hatching for synchronizing hatching with leaf sprouting, to skip unfavourable seasons and timely supply of eggs in bulk with uniform hatching. This will protect the wastage of valuable biological material. Before proceeding to long term cold preservation of embryo, it is essential to know in details about the different embryonic developmental stages and confirm the suitable embryonic stage for preservation at low temperature. Technologies for preservation of multivoltine muga silkworm eggs have not been established thereby facing a big hurdle in the management of seed sector of the industry. The non-diapause eggs of mulberry silkworm, B. mori can be preserved at low temperature for more than 70 days without affecting the hatching (Rajanna et al., 2009). In mulberry silkworm, the longest embryonic stage i.e. stage 15 has been identified as the suitable stage of effective preservation for longer duration (Vemananda Reddy et al., 2003). In muga silkworm, the different embryonic developmental stages have not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we present the different embryonic developmental stages of muga silkworm eggs which will help to find out the suitable stage for longer duration of preservation of eggs.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Muga silkworm eggs were collected from the Muga Silkworm Breeding Section, Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India. To isolate the different embryonic developmental stages of muga silkworm in different ages, the standard technique developed by Vemananda Reddy et al. (2003) for mulberry silkworm was followed with slight modification as the eggs of muga silkworm has thick chorionic layer covered with thick gummy substances. The zero age eggs of muga silkworm, A. assamensis were collected and incubated at 26 ± 2 ˚C and relative humidity of 75-85 % for different durations from 24 h to till hatching and the stages of embryonic development at the different ages were studied at an interval of 12 h. The egg samples of different age groups were boiled in 3 – 4 % KOH solution for 2-3 minutes and then washed in 60 ˚C water. Care is taken so that KOH does not dissolve the embryo. The embryo was then kept in distilled water maintained at room temperature in a transparent glass petridish and kept under the dissecting stereo zoom microscope. The water was squirted by using a Pasteur pipette over the eggs to release embryos. The egg shell was removed from the micropylar end using a sharp surgery blade. With the help of a pointed needle and soft brush, the embryo was freed from the yolk material. The embryos were arranged for taking photograph of that particular age to use as reference for future. After isolation of different stages, embryos were preserved in 70 % alcohol in the small glass vial for preparation of permanent slide.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Like in most other insects, life of muga silkworm begins as an independent egg. Each egg is manufactured within the female's genital system and is eventually released from her body through an ovipositor, a component of her external genitalia (Fig. 1). The cell's cytoplasm is usually distributed in a thin band just inside the vitelline membrane and in diffuse strands that run throughout the

854 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______yolk. The egg cell's haploid nucleus lies within the yolk, usually close to one end of the egg. The egg's anterior/posterior polarity is determined by the relative positions of the nucleus and the oosome. The egg is covered by a protective "shell" called the chorion made of protein secreted before oviposition by accessory glands in the female's reproductive system. The chorion is perforated by microscopic pores called aeropyles that allow respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with relatively little loss of water. The micropyle, a special opening near the anterior end of the chorion, serves as a gateway for entry of sperm during fertilization. Embryogenesis is a developmental process that usually begins once the egg has been fertilized. After two hours of oviposition, male and female pronuclei unite at a definite position near the anterior pole to form zygote (Takami, 1969). The zygote yields about 5000 daughter nuclei through 12-13 cycles of mitosis without cytokinesis. The cleavage nuclei migrate through the yolk toward the perimeter of the egg. They settle in the band of periplasm where they engineer the construction of membranes to form individual cells and a one-cell-thick layer, the blastoderm is formed. Blastoderm cells on one side of the egg begin to enlarge and multiply. This region, known as the germ band is where the embryo's body will develop. The rest of the cells in the blastoderm become part of a membrane that forms the yolk sac. Cells from the serosa grow around the germ band, enclosing the embryo in an amniotic membrane. At the cellular blastoderm stage, when secondary membrane is formed between blastoderm cells and the yolk system, some cleavage nuclei migrating towards egg periphery are prevented from entering into the periplasm and they remain attached to the secondary yolk membrane. These become vitellophages. Cleavage nuclei remaining in yolk becomes the centers of yolk granules to supply nutrition to the developing embryo. Yolk membrane folds during late germ band stage after which the yolk system divided into masses each enclosing one or several nuclei and yolk organelles. This process is known as yolk segmentation (Miya, 1984). The embryonic developmental stages in Bombyx mori were serially numbered from 1-30 (Takami & Kitazawa, 1960). The embryonic developmental stages in eri silkworm, Samia ricini has been studied and identified the suitable stage for cold preservation (Sarkar et al., 2012). The fertilization is considered as stage-1, Cleavage is stage -2 and Blastoderm is stage -3. The earliest embryonic stage that can be isolated and removed is from stage 4 i.e. germ band onwards. The chronological variations during embryonic development of normal eggs were recorded from 24 h to till hatching (Fig. 2A-N). Thirteen different embryonic stages were detected and among these stages the longest stage viz. Hei - B stage was observed at 68 h to 72 h old embryo. Stage-4: This stage is called germ band, which develops to an embryo. A group of cells attaches to the inside at a specific region of the germ band. The cytoplasm of these cells appears dense than that of germ band cells. These are primordial germ cells. The germ band is concave on the inner side and the shape is of an oval plate. In muga silkworm, it forms within 24 h of oviposition (Fig. 2A). Throughout 22-28 h, the germ band becomes slender and elongated and by 28-34 h, a long narrow depression called the primitive groove or streak or median plate is formed along the mid portion of the germ band on upper side. By 24-36 h, the development of embryo was well differentiated into head and trunk region (Fig. 2B). Stage-5, 6 & 7: The embryo gradually contracts to the shape of Dharuma (Japanese doll). Gradually the head and tail region can be identified. After 48 h,

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______855 segmentation of the body is clearly visible. The head end is called the protocephalon and the tail end is called caudal lobe. This stage is continued from 36 h to 60 h in muga silkworm egg (Fig. 2B-2D). Stage-15: In 68 h to 72 h of age, the embryo reaches this stage wherein the metamerism of mesoderm is completed and mesoderm is arranged segmentally (Fig. 2E). In 72 h, embryo showed three well differentiated distinct regions of the body i.e. head, thorax and abdomen. The segmentations with enough length and the amniotic fold covering the embryo were clear and serosa was completely covered with the yolk. The embryo was slender with a well-defined head and caudal region. The head has a clear cut depression in the middle. Mesoderm segments are clearly visible. Stage-16-20: In 84-96 h, rudiments of appendages appear in thoracic region and cephalic region formed by the beginning of stomodaeum. Stage-21: The process of blastokinesis begins in 108-120 h after oviposition. Embryo starts to move around. Blastokinesis first start in the abdominal region and extend toward heads. Posterior abdominal segments are first turned vertically so that the abdominal region as a whole forms a straight line. The abdominal region then turns towards anterior side and reaches the level of prothorax. The anterior and posterior ectodermal invaginations extends to form the fore gut and hind gut respectively. Stage-22: The head capsule formation completed in after 132 h and mouthparts got matured (Fig. 2J). Three segmented antennae with antennal setae, the mandibles and labrum are well developed. Yolk mass inside the eggs serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo and also help in holding the embryo on its surface as a necessary foundation. Stage-23: After 144 h lateral walls complete and tips of labrum and labium become segmented (Fig. 2K). Thoracic legs become segmented with claws at distal end. Rudiments of the setae develop on the body surface. Stage-24: At about 156 h, entire body of embryo is covered by strong setae and embryonic moult occurs in this stage. The caudal horns also occur in this stage. Stage-25-29: After about 168 h, mandible become selerotised and pigmented at distal ends (Fig. 2M). Larval eyes (i.e. ocelli) appear as six brown spot on either side of head. The spiracles are clearly visible on the sides of the body. Head capsule and mouth appendages are sclerotised and well pigmented. The amnion and serosa disappear by fragmentation. Embryo ingests the embryonic membranes and sensitive for adverse environmental condition. Entire body of embryo becomes scierotised. Stage-30 (Newly born muga larvae): Fully developed muga silkworm larva comes out from the egg cell on the 8th day of oviposition rupturing the anterior part of egg shell by the mandibles and swallowing the portion of the chorion in the early morning of exposure of light (Fig. 2N). Newly born larvae are generally blackish or brownish in colour. Generally healthy larvae are blackish brown in colour with distinct yellow lines at the intersegment region. Head portion is shining black with elongated spot and larval body is yellowish with blackish tubercle. Present finding indicates that, the embryonic development starts within a few hours of egg laying and it requires proper incubation for healthy development of embryos. Any change in temperature can hamper the development, hatching and rearing performance. Embryonic development and hatching were hampered at the stressed temperature and humidity condition because high temperature and low humidity were unfavorable condition for embryonic development (Dinesh et al., 2012). Due to global warming, this type of condition prevails during seed crop

856 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______grainages of summer seasons of A. assamensis. Higher temperature and low humidity during embryonic development leads to death of embryo during early age. Temperature stress caused poor egg laying, delay and poor hatching, depression of eggs and death of fully formed larvae inside egg. The result of the present study will help to find out the particular embryonic stage suitable for long term egg preservation which will help to skip the unfavourable season and can synchronize rearing with availability of leave.

LITERATURE CITED

Dinesh Kumar, Pandey, J. P., Ragini, Sinha, A. K. & Prasad, B. C. 2012. Temperature Discerns Fate of Antheraea mylitta Drury Eggs During Embryonic Development. Journal of Entomology, 9 (4): 220-230.

Miya, K. 1984. Early embryogenesis of Bombyx mori L. In: Insect Ultrastructure. Vol. 2, R.C. King and H. Akai (ed.), Plenum publishing Corporation., pp. 49-74.

Pandey, R. K., Luikham, R., Das, P. K. & Noamani, M. K. R. 1992. Effect of cold storage on the hatchability of oak tasar silkworm. Indian Silk, 31 (2): 45-46.

Rajanna, K. L., Jayarama Raju, P., Prabhakar, C. J. & Kamble, C. K. 2009. Studies on long term preservation of non-diapause eggs of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Indian J. Seric., 48 (2): 156-61.

Sarkar, B. N., Sarmah, M. C., Dutta, P. & Dutta, K. 2012. Embryo isolation and egg preservation technology of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (2): 792-797.

Takami, T. 1969. A general Text book of the silkworm eggs. Zenkoku Sanshu Kyokai, Tokyo, Japan.

Takami, T. & Kitazawa, T. 1960. External observation of embryonic development in the silkworm. Sanshi Shikenjo Hokoku, Sericultural Expt.Stn.Tech.Bull, No. 75: 1-31.

Vemananda Reddy, G., Vijayalakshmi R. & Kamble, C. K. 2003. Fundamentals of Silkworm Egg Bombyx mori L. 1st Ed., SSTL, Central silk Board, Bangalore, India, pp. 1-94.

A B

Figure 1. A. Mother moth laying eggs, B. Eggs (enlarged).

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Figure 2. Different developmental stages of embryos of muga silkworm (24 h to till hatching).

858 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______TAXONOMIC AID TO MAJOR CRAMBID VEGETABLE PESTS FROM NORTH INDIA (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE)

Rajesh Kumar*, Vishal Mittal**, Neeraj Kumar*** and V. V. Ramamurthy****

* Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of textiles, Govt. of India, Lahdoigarh (Assam), INDIA. ** Central Sericultural research and training institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of textiles, Govt. of India, Pampore (Jammu & Kashmir), INDIA. *** Meerut College, C.C.S. University, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), INDIA. **** National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, INDIA.

[Kumar, R., Mittal, V., Kumar, N. & Ramamurthy, V. V. 2013. Taxonomic aid to major crambid vegetable pests from North India (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 858-875]

ABSTRACT: The six insect pest Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller, Hellula undalis (Fabricius), Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius), Syllepte derogata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) reported as major pests on vegetable from North India. These pests have been reviewed taxonomically and compiled with diagnostic features. In the manuscript superfamily Pyraloidea, family Crambidae, and subfamilies Spilomelinae, Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae, characters and their major vegetable pests species treated taxonomically and illustrated with diagnostic features. Besides these, world wide distribution, host range and North Indian distribution discussed.

KEY WORDS: Crocidolomia binotalis, Hellula undalis, Leucinodes orbonalis, Maruca testulalis, Spoladea recurvalis, Syllepte derogata.

India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China with an estimated production of about 50 million tonnes from an area of 4.5 million hectares at an average yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare (Sidhu, 1998). Vegetables are valuable sources of nutrients and they are also being recognised for their antioxidant properties (Salawu et al., 2006; Chipurura et al., 2010) and also recognized for the production of vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, rice bran oil and olive oil), which are utilized in cooking and pharma industry (Pogori et al., 2008). Vegetables are more prone to insect pests and diseases mainly due to their tenderness and softness as compared to other crops. Perusal of literature reveals that no consolidated account is available on the Lepidopterous insects associated with vegetables in India, though the major contribution by Lefroy (1909), Fletcher (1914, 1921), Pradhan (1969), Nair (1970), Butani & Jotwani (1984), Gupta (1990), David (2001), Sharma et al. (2008), Kumar et al. (2007a,b), Kumar et al. (2008). In this paper an attempt has been made to provide the current status, illustrated diagnostic tools such as field diagnostics and taxonomically diagnostic tools with updated classification. Besides this, the superfamily, family and subfamily level characters have been reviewed and presented in illustrated from, which are helpful for taxonomists and in Insect Pest Management.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The adults were collected in the field with aspirator, manually and aerial sweep net, and at night with the help of portable light traps of different light

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______859 sources (ultra violet, black light and mercury vapour light) (Atay, 2006; Abdullah & Shamsulaman, 2008) during year 2005 to 2008. The collected insects were killed by using tetrachloro ethane. These were stretched, pinned, labeled, identified, preserved in the wooden collection boxes and deposited in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The insect pest was identified as Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller, Hellula undalis (Fabricius), Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius), Syllepte derogata (Fabricius). The collected / reference specimens preserved in the National Pusa Collection were also examined. The collected specimens were examined taxonomically and studied for diagnostic characters including genitalia. The standard technique given by Robinson (1976) and Zimmerman (1978) has been followed for wing venation and genitalia, respectively. To write the taxonomic descriptions on various morphological characters (Hampson, 1892; Kitching, 2003), wing venation (Common, 1970; Zimmerman, 1978) and external genitalia (Klots, 1970; Kitching, 2003) has been followed. For naming of various veins, Comstock- Needham system has been adopted. For external genitalia, the terminology used for various parts as suggested by Klots (1970), Robinson (1976), Winter (2000), Kitching & Cadiou (2000) and Kitching (2003) has been followed. All illustrations were made by using a drawing tube attached to a Nikon SMZ10 stereoscopic zoom microscope and finalized in plate (prepared in 300 pixels/inch) through Adobe Photoshop Element 2.0 software. In the field and laboratory observation, specimens were photographed prior to studies, using a Sony Mavica MVC FD 97, Sony DSC R1 10.3 mega pixel Cyber-shot and Canon DSC 5.0 mega pixel Powershot S50 cameras.

Taxonomic Study

(A). Super family: Pyraloidea Pyraloidea, the third largest superfamily of the Lepidoptera following Noctuoidea and Geometroidea, are comprised two families Pyralidae and Crambidae. The group includes 16,000 species worldwide, with greatest richness in the tropics. Pyraloidea moths are ditrysian moths characterized by the following morphological features, paired tympanal chambers on second sternite, each with a tympanum and a conjunctiva and a basally scaled proboscis (Figs. 1-2). (a). Family: Crambidae The Crambidae is the larger family with just under approximately 10,000 described species worldwide. The moths of this family are small to medium size and wingspan usually 10-35 mm. The proboscis basally scaled (Plate I, Fig. B). Tympanal organs present at the base of abdomen ventrally and ‘opened’ anteriomedially. Praecinctorium is present, structure in the ears, which joins two tympanic membranes in the Crambidae, and is absent in Pyralidae (Fig. 3). (i). Subfamily: Spilomelinae This subfamily is represented by highest species among pyraloides. The moths are characterized by the absence of chaetosemata, a bilobed praecinctorium, projecting fornix tympani, pointed spinula, absence of a gnathos, and the female genitalia have no rhomboidal signum on the bursa copulatrix (Figs. 4-6).

1. Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Figs. 14-28) Diagnosis Alar expanse: Male/Female 22- 26 mm.

860 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______Male and Female: head and thorax variegated with black and brown. Forewing with the base fulvous, ferruginous, and black, followed by an incomplete sinuous black line; large fulvous orbicular and reniform patches with some black on their edges and almost extending to costa; a black-edged ferruginous triangular patch from lower angle of cell to inner margin with a sinuous line beyond it; a pale fulvous sinuous postmedial band not reaching costa; a sinuous black subarmginal line obsolescent towards outer angle and with a ferruginous and fuscous band beyond it, from below costa; some black specks on margin. Hindwing opalescent, with black speck at upper angle of cell and spot at lower angle; an postmedial black line nearly straight from costa, then recurved and sinuous; some pale fulvous submarginal patches and some black specks on margin. Palpi banded with fuscous; thorax marked with ferruginous or fuscous. Forewing more or less suffused in parts with ferruginous and fuscous; male with the costal tuft ochreous and black; a double antemedial line highly dentate in and below cell; prominent dark-edged white spots at the angles of cell; a highly curved minutely dentate postmedial line, with a series of black specks on it and distinct line beyond it; an indistinct minutely waved submarginal line; cilia leaden coloured at tips; the fringe of hair below median nervure ochreous. Hindwing semihyaline ochreous white; the apical area often more or less suffused with fuscous. Wing venation: Forewing: vein Sc straight; R1 and R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2, M3 free, from lower angle of cell; M3 and Cu1a close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1b; Cu1 much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1 the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A+2A fused; Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2 – M3 stalked, from lower angle, Cu1a and Cu1b present and free arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: uncus unique, long, distal end bent and more or less triangular, bearing six group of setae on dorsal surface, the ventral ending naked; gnathos conspicuous, very well developed, moderately long, curved and pointed at distal end, with six short but prominent dents on dorsal surface; tuba analis shorter than uncus; scaphium developed; subscaphium thin and well sclerotized; tegumen broad; vinculum produced anteriroly into a rounded saccus. Valva broad, almost uniformly broad symmetrically curved distally; costa with poorly defined inner lining; sacculus developed; harpe present. Transtilla with each half long; juxta narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly, with a round shaped sclerotization at basal portion. Aedeagus moderately long, much broader in the posterior half; vesica armed with three well defined and with one cornutus. ♀ genitalia: Corpus bursae more rounded, partially sclerotized; signum absent; ductus bursae long, with posterior portion quite broadened, without any sclerotization; anterior apophyses short, each with a sharp and fine angular prominence near base based pointed; posterior apophyses longer than anterior apophyses; ovipositor lobes fringed.

Material examined: Delhi: Trans Yamuna 8.x.2006, 8.x.2007, IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007; Haryana: Ballabhgarh 12.iv.2007, Palwal 14.iv.2007, Ferozepur 16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007, Sohna 13.iv.2007, Pataudi 9.iv.2007; Himachal Pradesh: Sarol 12.x.2006, Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007, Tira 14.viii.2007, Sujanpur 15.viii.2007; Jammu & Kashmir: Achabal 10.x.2006, Shangus 11.x.2006, Kulgam 12.x.2006, Dachnipora 13.x.2006, Sopore 14.x.2006, SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006; Punjab: Phool 10.ix.2006, Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Khanna 20.x.2006, Raikot 21.x.2006, Balur 21.x.2006, Madhoke 26.x.2006,

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Rajpura 28.x.2006, Nabha 29.x.2006; Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007, Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Jakholi 15.vi.2006, Rudraprayag 28.vi.2006, Ranichauri 30.x.2006, Pantnagar 1-7.x.2006, Haldwani 3.x.2006, Kashipur 4.x.2006; Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006.

Distribution: Through out Southern India (Fletcher, 1914); S. Africa, throughout India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Java, Duke of York Island (Hampson, 1896); widely distributed not only in the Indian sub-continent but also in South Africa, Congo and Malaysia (Butani & Jotwani, 1984).

Host Range: Brinjal, potato and other solanaceous crops (Butani & Jotwani, 1984 and during present study).

2. Maruca testulalis (Geyer) (Figs. 29-43) Diagnosis Alar Expanse: Male/Female: 20 to 30 mm Male and Female: Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown; palpi white below forewing fuscous brown; the costal area tinged with fulvous; indistinct subasal and antemedial lines across the cell and white spots below the cell; a lunulate black edged white spot in end of cell; a maculae black edged semihyaline band beyond the cell from below the costa to vein Cu1b. hindwing semi hyaline white; the basal costal area fuscous and a spot at upper angle of cell; two upper angle of cell; two indistinct sinuous postmedial lines; a marginal fulvous brown and fuscous band from costa to vein Sc, its inner ledge very irregular. Wing venation: Forewing: vein Sc straight; R1 and R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2, M3 free, from lower angle of cell; M3 and Cu1a close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1a; Cu1a much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1a the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A+2A fused; Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2 – M3 stalked, from lower angle, Cu1a and Cu1b present and free arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: Uncus very long, narrow and strongly curved, dilated at tip, tip conspicuously fringed with flat scales dorsally and with setae ventrally, along with half ventro-distal portion setose; gnathos absent; tuba analis shorter than uncus; scaphium absent; subscaphium well developed and straplike; tegumen dome shaped, longer than broad and well sclerotized; vinculum moderately long and produced anteriorly into a blunt saccus. Valva long and almost egg shaped distally; costa broadly inflated, with seclerotized area produced into a beak-like thickening at its middle; sacculus prominent; harpe short and strongly sclerotized. Transtilla very reduced and membranous; juxta long and more or less triangular at distal end, weakly but uniformly sclerotized. Aedeagus comparatively short, with a thick sclerotized strap in one wall; vesica armed with loosely arranged denticles. ♀ genitalia: corpus bursae more or less dropper shaped, membranous; signum missing; ductus bursae moderately long and straight, membranous, with a sclerotized collar at ostial end; anterior apophyses long and stout, each with an angular thickening near base; posterior apophyses short and thin; ovipositor lobes densely fringed with array of long and short setae.

Material examined: Delhi: IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007; Haryana: Palwal 14.iv.2007, Ferozepur 16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007, Sohna 13.iv.2007, Pataudi 9.iv.2007;

862 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______

Himachal Pradesh: Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007, Tira 14.viii.2007, Sujanpur 15.viii.2007; Jammu & Kashmir: Achabal 10.x.2006, Shangus 11.x.2006, Kulgam 12.x.2006, Dachnipora 13.x.2006, Sopore 14.x.2006, SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006; Punjab: Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Khanna 20.x.2006, Raikot 21.x.2006, Balur 21.x.2006, Madhoke 26.x.2006, Rajpura 28.x.2006, Nabha 29.x.2006; Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007, Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Jakholi 15.vi.2006, Rudraprayag 28.vi.2006, Ranichauri 30.x.2006, Pantnagar 1-7.x.2006, Haldwani 3.x.2006, Kashipur 4.x.2006; Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006.

Distribution: Neotropical and Ethiopian regions, Japan, throughout the Oriental and Australian regions (Hampson, 1896); throughout Southern India (Fletcher, 1914); widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Butani & Jotwani, 1984).

Host Range: Indian beans, cowpea, castor, groundnut, rice, tobacco, green gram and red gram (Fletcher, 1914; Butani & Jotwani, 1984 and during present study).

3. Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) (Figs. 44-58) Diagnosis Alar Expanse: Male/Female: 15 to 20 mm. Male and Female: Head and thorax of Adults are small sized black colour ochreous suffused with rufous and abdomen is suffused with ruscous; labial palpi upcurved, three segmented, antennae thin long filiform, tibial spurs 0-2-4 (foreleg-midleg-hindleg) and foreleg with epiphysis. Wing venation: Forewing: vein Sc straight; R1 and R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2, M3 free, from lower angle of cell; M3 and Cu1 close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1; Cu1 much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1 the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A+2A fused, 3A present; Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2 – M3 stalked, from lower angle, Cu1 and Cu2 present and free arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: Uncus extremely reduced, broad at based and rounded at distal end, apex crowned with short and thick setae; tuba nails not examined; tegumen broader than long, heavily scleroized; vinculum produced into a rounded rudimentary saccus. Valva leaf like; costa narrowly inflated, produced into a small finger like process from its middle towards inner side, with very long setae on costal margin; sacculus poorly differentiated at base only; cucullus subrounded. Transtilla inconspicuous; juxta U-shaped. Aedeagus long, moderately narrow and slender, with a sclerotized strap in one wall and the other one membranous; vesica with a long sclerotized plate, representing the cornutus. ♀ genitalia: Corpus bursae long, narrow and rounded anteriorly slightly broadend posteriorly, with areas of sclerotization, signum heavily sclerotized; ductus brusae very reduced; anterior apophyses long and stout; posterior apophyses short and thin; ovipositor lobes narrow, densely setose with long setae.

Material examined: Delhi: Trans Yamuna 8.x.2006, 8.xii.2007, IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007; Haryana: Ballabhgarh 12.iv.2007, Palwal 14.iv.2007; Punjab: Ferozepur 16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007; Himachal Pradesh: Sarol 12.x.2006, Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007; Jammu & Kashmir: SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006; Punjab: Phool 10.ix.2006, Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Fazilika 11.x.2006; Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007,

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Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Gurukul Kangri University Campus Haridwar 26.vi.2006; Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006, Dhampur 17.iv.2006, Chandpur 18.iv.2006, Anupshahar 1.iv.2006.

Distribution: Throughout India.

Host range: Amaranthus, spinach; beet root, koorkan (Fletcher, 1914; Nair, 1970; Butani & Jotwani, 1984; Gupta, 1990; David, 2001; Capinera, 2001 and during present study)

4. Sylepta derogata Lefroy (Figs. 59-73) Diagnosis Alar Expanse: Male/Female 28 to 40 mm. Male and Female: Yellowish white; the head and thorax spotted with black and brown; abdomen with segmental brown rings; a pair of black spots or dorsal band on 2nd segment and one or two black spots towards extremity. Forewing with two subbasal series of black-brown spots often developed into lines; an oblique antemedial line; an annulus in cell and smaller one below it; a large reniform discocellular mark; a postmeidal sinuous line highly bent outwards between veins M2 and Cu1, and usually with a line across its sinus; the veins of outer area streaked with brown; a minutely dentate sumarginal line slightly angled on vein Cu1; a marginal line. Hindwing with discocellular annulus touching an oblique minutely dentate antemedial line; a sinuous postmedial line, highly excurved and dentate between veins M2 and Cu1, its sinus crossed by a dentate line; a minutely dentate subarmginal line bent outwards to anal angle. Wing venation: Forewing: vein Sc straight; R1 and R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2, M3 free, from lower angle of cell; M3 and Cu1 close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1a; Cu1 much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1b the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A+2A+3A fused; Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2 – M3 stalked, from lower angle, Cu1a and Cu1b present and free arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: Uncus very long, narrow and strongly curved, dilated at tip, tip conspicuously fringed with flat scales dorsally and with setae ventrally, along with half ventro-distal portion setose; gnathos absent; tuba analis shorter than uncus; scaphium absent; subscaphium well developed and straplike; tegumen dome shaped, longer than broad and well sclerotized; vinculum moderately long and produced anteriorly into a blunt saccus. Valva long and almost egg shaped distally; costa broadly inflated, with seclerotized area produced into a beak-like thickening at its middle; sacculus prominent; harpe short and strongly sclerotized. Transtilla very reduced and membranous; juxta long and more or less triangular at distal end, weakly but uniformly sclerotized. Aedeagus comparatively short, with a thick sclerotized strap in one wall; vesica armed with loosely arranged denticles. ♀genitalia: corpus bursae more or less dropper shaped, membranous; signum present; ductus bursae moderately long and straight, membranous, with a sclerotized collar at ostial end; anterior apophyses long and stout, each with an angular thickening near base; posterior apophyses short and thin; ovipositor lobes densely fringed with array of long and short setae.

Material examined: Delhi: Trans Yamuna 8.x.2006, 8.xii.2007, IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007. Haryana: Ballabhgarh 12.iv.2007, Palwal 14.iv.2007, Ferozepur

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16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007, Sohna 13.iv.2007, Pataudi 9.iv.2007, Hansi 10.iv.2007. Himachal Pradesh: Sarol 12.x.2006, Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007, Tira 14.viii.2007. Jammu & Kashmir: Achabal 10.x.2006, Shangus 11.x.2006, Kulgam 12.x.2006, Dachnipora 13.x.2006, Sopore 14.x.2006, Gurez 15.x.2006, Bandipore 16.x.2006, Jammu University Campus 02.x.2006, Keller 05.x.2006, Tral 06.x.2006, SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006. Punjab: Phool 10.ix.2006, Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Fazilika 11.x.2006, Bhallonwal Shonkri 14.x.2006, Mukerian 15.x.2006, Phagwara 17.x.2006, PAU 18,19.x.2006, Khanna 20.x.2006, Raikot 21.x.2006, Balur 21.x.2006, Madhoke 26.x.2006, Rajpura 28.x.2006, Nabha 29.x.2006. Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007, Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Gurukul Kangri University Campus Haridwar 26.vi.2006. Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006, Dhampur 17.iv.2006, Chandpur 18.iv.2006, Anupshahar 1.iv.2006.

Distribution: The tropical and warmer temperate zones (Hampson, 1896); throughout the plains of Southern India (Fletcher, 1914); India (Butani & Jotwani, 1984).

Host Range: Okra, cotton and other malvaceous plants (Fletcher, 1914; Butani & Jotwani, 1984).

(ii). Subfamily: Evergestinae Evergestinae is a fairly small subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. It contains roughly 140 species on all continents and continental islands. Evergestine moths resemble Pyraustinae; however, the male genitalia have a long uncus and long, slender gnathos. The larvae feed mostly on plants of family Brassicaceae (Figs. 10-13)

5. Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Figs. 74-88) Diagnosis Alar expanse: Male/Female 24- 28 mm. Male and Female: Palpi banded with fuscous; thorax marked with ferruginous or fuscous. Forewing more or less suffused in parts with ferruginous and fuscous; male with the costal tuft ochreous and black; a double antemedial line highly dentate in and below cell; prominent dark-edged white spots at the angles of cell; a highly curved minutely dentate postmedial line, with a series of black specks on it and distinct line beyond it; an indistinct minutely waved submarginal line; cilia leaden coloured at tips; the fringe of hair below median nervure ochreous. Hindwing semihyaline ochreous white; the apical area often more or less suffused with fuscous. Wing venation: Forewing: vein R1 curved towards Sc and closely approximated to the latter but sometimes touching or shortly anastomosing with it; R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2-M3 close to each other, from lower angle of cell; Cu1a close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1a, three veins, i.e. M2, M3 and Cu1a equidistantly placed; Cu1a much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1a the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A and 2A present. Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2 – M3 stalked, from lower angle, Cu1a and Cu1b present and free arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: uncus unique, long, distal end bent and more or less triangular, bearing six group of setae on dorsal surface, the ventral ending naked; gnathos conspicuous, very well developed, moderately long, curved and pointed at distal end, with six short but prominent dents on dorsal surface; tuba analis shorter

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______865 than uncus; scaphium not developed; subscaphium thin and well sclerotized; tegumen broad; vinculum produced anteriroly into a rounded saccus. Valva long, almost uniformly broad unsymmetrically rounded distally; costa with poorly defined inner lining; sacculus poorly demarcated; harpe absent. Transtilla with each half long and ribbon like, weakly sclerotized; juxta narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly, with a v-shaped sclerotization at basal portion. Aedeagus moderately long, much broader in the posterior half; vesica armed with three well defined and heavily sclerotized cornuti. ♀ genitalia: Corpus bursae more or less rounded, partially sclerotized; signum absent; ductus bursae long, with posterior portion quite broadened, without any sclerotization any-where; anterior apophyses long, each with a sharp and fine angular prominence near base based pointed; posterior apophyses short and thing; ovipositor lobes fringed with different.

Material examined: Delhi: Trans Yamuna 8.x.2006, 8.x.2007, IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007, Haryana: Ballabhgarh 12.iv.2007, Palwal 14.iv.2007, Ferozepur 16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007, Sohna 13.iv.2007, Pataudi 9.iv.2007. Himachal Pradesh: Sarol 12.x.2006, Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007, Tira 14.viii.2007, Sujanpur 15.viii.2007, KVK Kangra 16.viii.2007, Dera 17.viii.2007, HPKV, Palampur 18.viii.2007, Nagar 19.viii.2007, Manali 20.viii.2007, Keylong 20.viii.2007, Dalang 22.viii.2007, Kufri 7.viii.2007, Brachhawar 27.viii.2007, Kandhaghat 29.viii.2007, Kassauli 01.ix.2007. Jammu & Kashmir: Achabal 10.x.2006, Shangus 11.x.2006, Kulgam 12.x.2006, Dachnipora 13.x.2006, Sopore 14.x.2006, Gurez 15.x.2006, Keller 05.x.2006, Tral 06.x.2006, SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006 Punjab: Phool 10.ix.2006, Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Khanna 20.x.2006, Raikot 21.x.2006, Balur 21.x.2006, Madhoke 26.x.2006, Rajpura 28.x.2006, Nabha 29.x.2006. Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007, Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Jakholi 15.vi.2006, Rudraprayag 28.vi.2006, Ranichauri 30.x.2006, Pantnagar 1-7.x.2006, Haldwani 3.x.2006, Kashipur 4.x.2006. Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006, Dadri 4.iv.2006, Badalpur 5.iv.2006, Sikandrabad 4.iv.2006, Kasna 6.iv.2006, Muradnagar 7.iv.2006, Modinagar 8.iv.2006, Garh, Sahibabad 9.iv.2006, Modipuram 3.iv.2006, Vehalana 11.iv.2006, Shamli 12.iv.2006, Saharanpur 12.iv.2006.

Distribution: South Africa, Formosa, throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Java, Australia and Norfolk Island (Hampson, 1896); widely distributed in Indian sub-continent as also in South-east Asia, Australia and Africa (Butani & Jotwani, 1984).

Host Range: All brassica crops and specially cabbage (Butani & Jotwani, 1984 and during present study).

(iii). Subfamily: Glaphyriinae Adults are mostly small and broad-winged; labial palpus short; cheatosemata absent. In the male genitalia the uncus is usually well developed and slender, but sometimes modified or reduced; gnathos absent (Figs. 7-9).

6. Hellula undalis Fabricius (Figs. 89-103) Diagnosis Alar expanse: Male/ Female 18 to 22 mm. Male and Female: Grey and brown suffused with fuscous. Forewing with pale dentate subasal line; a dark antemedial line on a pale band excurved between subcostal and median nervures; a pale-edged dark discocellar lunule; a pale postmedial line excurved from vein R5 to Cu2; a pale apical spot and series of pale and dark marginal specks. Hindwing pale, with slight fuscous suffusion on apical area.

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Wing venation: Forewing: Sc straight and attached with discal cell, vein R1 straight and arising from upper middle discal cell; R2 free; R3+4 stalked; R5, M1 free, from below the upper angle of cell; M2-M3 close to each other, from lower angle of cell; Cu1 close to the lower angle, nearer to M3 than to Cu1a, three veins, i.e. M2, M3 and Cu1a equidistantly placed; Cu1a much before the cell angle, about thrice as far from Cu1b the latter from M3, and nearly in line with origin of R1 above, 1A and 2A present. Hindwing: Sc dilated at base anastomosing with Rs after its origin from upper angle for some distance; both ending at costal margin before the apex, with the free part of Rs a little over the length of common stalk; M1 from a little below the angle; M2–M3 stalked from lower angle of discal cell, Cu1a and Cu1b present and arising from middle lower angle of discal cell. ♂ genitalia: uncus unique, long, distal end bent and more or less triangular, bearing six group of setae on dorsal surface, the ventral ending naked; gnathos conspicuous, very well developed, moderately long, curved and pointed at distal end, with six short but prominent dents on dorsal surface; tuba analis shorter than uncus; scaphium not developed; subscaphium thin and well sclerotized; tegumen broad; vinculum produced anteriroly into a rounded saccus. Valva long, almost uniformly broad symmetrically rounded distally; costa with poorly defined inner lining; sacculus poorly demarcated; harpe absent. Transtilla with each half long and ribbon like, weakly sclerotized; juxta narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly, with a v-shaped sclerotization at basal portion. Aedeagus moderately long, much broader in the posterior half; vesica armed with sclerotized cornuti. ♀ genitalia: Corpus bursae more or less rounded, partially sclerotized; signum absent; ductus bursae long, with posterior portion quite broadened, without any sclerotization any-where; anterior apophyses long, each with a sharp and fine angular prominence near base based pointed; posterior apophyses same size as anterior apophyses; ovipositor lobes fringed.

Material examined: Delhi: Trans Yamuna 8.x.2006, 8.x.2007, IARI, New Delhi 17.xii.2006, 27.iv.2007; Haryana: Ballabhgarh 12.iv.2007, Palwal 14.iv.2007, Ferozepur 16.iv.2007, Jhirka 17.v.2007; Himachal Pradesh: Sarol 12.x.2006, Saho 12.x.2006, Bhanota 13.x.2006, Krishi Vigyan Kendra 13.viii.2007; Jammu & Kashmir: SKUAST Shalimar 7, 8.x.2006, Ganderbal 9.x.2006; Punjab: Phool 10.ix.2006, Rampura 10.x.2006, Abohar 11.x.2006, Fazilika 11.x.2006; Uttarakhand: FRI Dehradun 20.vi.2007, Rishikesh 27.vi.2006, Gurukul Kangri University Campus Haridwar 26.vi.2006; Uttar Pradesh: AMU Aligarh 27.iv.2006, Loni 13.iv.2006, Barot 12.iv.2006, Jawli 13.iv.2006, Ramnagar 15.iv.2006, Bhojipura 16.iv.2006, Dhampur 17.iv.2006, Chandpur 18.iv.2006, Anupshahar 1.iv.2006.

Distribution: ASIA- Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Cocos-Keeling Islands, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; AFRICA- Ghana, Kenya, , Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rhodesia, , Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia; AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS - Australia, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Mariana Islands, New Caledonia, Niue Island, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Western Samoa Solomon Islands, Tonga (CAB Map, 1979).

Host Range: Cabbage, cole crops and some root crops as well (Butani & Jotwani, 1984 and during present study).

DISCUSSION

Survey-cum-collection works on crambid lepidopterous insects associated with vegetables in North India were undertaken. On the basis of collected /

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______867 reference specimens Crambid insects associated with vegetables in India examined in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, seven states / union territories of North India had been covered. In the present study integrating taxonomic aspects incorporation of the superfamily, family and subfamilies illustrated keys is the unique feature of study. The surveys led to the collection of six species on the following crops namely, brinjal, potato, Indian beans, cowpea, castor, groundnut, rice, tobacco, green gram, red gram, amaranthus, spinach, beet root, koorkan, okra, cabbage and cole crops. The present study provided all the existing information on crambid insects associated with vegetables in North India, their host range, distribution and taxonomically identification tools, so that it will be helpful in identification. Management programs to the control of vegetable pests and for the higher productivity of vegetables. The superfamily, family and subfamilies identification characters were reviewed earlier (Holloway et al., 1987), which was published in black and white as line diagrams. Now, all the characters of higher level taxa reviewed and illustrated in color, which will help in identification. Beside these characters, the major pests falls under these superfamilies were reviewed for the proper identification upto lower (species) level taxa. These illustrated diagnostic aid major crambid vegetable pests will help in proper identification to farmers and researchers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for funding the project entitled “Network Project on Insect Biosystematics”.

LITERATURE CITED

Butani, D. K. & Jotwani, M. G. 1984. Insects in Vegetables, 356. Periodic Expert Book Agency, Vivek Vihar, 110032, Delhi, India.

CABI, 1979. Crocidolomia binotalis. Distribution maps of plant pests. Distribution map No. 236. CAB International, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE, UK.

Capinera, J. L. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, California, USA, 729 pp.

Common, 1970. Lepidoptera, the Insects of Australia, Chapter No. 3b. CSIRO, Division of Entomology, Melbourne.

David, B. V. 2001. Elements of Economic Entomology. Popular Book Depot. Chennai, India pp: 562.

Fletcher, T. B. 1914. Some South Indian Insects. Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, pp. 565.

Fletcher, T. B. 1921. Life history of Indian Insects, Microlepidoptera. Mem. Dep. Agric., India, 6: 1-217.

Gupta, S. L. 1990. Key for the identity of some major lepidopterous pests of vegetables in India. Bull. Entomol., 31 (1): 69-84.

Hampson, G. F. 1892. The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma, Moths. Vol.I. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, pp: 527.

Hampson, G. F. 1896. Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma, Moths, Vol. 4, Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, UK., pp. 594.

Holloway, J. D., Bradley, J. D. & Carter, D. J. 1987. CIE Guides to Insects of Importance to Man 1. Lepidoptera. CAB International Institute of Entomology, London, UK., pp. 262.

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Kitching, I. J. 2003. Phylogeny of the death’s head hawkmoths, Acherontia> (Laspeyres) and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini). Systematic Entomol., 28: 71-88.

Kitching, I. J. & Cadiou, J. M. 2000. Hawkmoths of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Revisionary Checklist. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Klots, A. B. 1970. Taxonomists Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. Munksgasard, Copenhagen Lepidoptera. Tuxen, 115-139.

Kumar, R., Sharma, G. & Ramamurthy, V. V. 2008. Biosystematics of Psara basalis walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) on spinach. Ind. J. Entomol., 70 (4): 408-410.

Lefroy, H. M. 1909. Indian Insect Life-Lepidoptera-Butterflies and Moths. Vol. II, Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India. pp.397-786.

Kumar, R., Sharma, G., Ramamurthy, V. V. & Kumar, N. 2007a. Major lepidopterous insect pests of vegetables in North India. Ind. J. Entomol., 69 (2): 189-195.

Kumar, R., Sharma, G., Ramamurthy, V. V. & Kumar, N. 2007b. Biosystematic studies of Junonia orithya Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from North India. Ind. J. Entomol., 69 (3): 224- 229.

Nair, M. R. G. K. 1970. Insects and Mites of Crops in India. New Jack Printing Works Private Limited, Bombay, pp: 404.

Pradhan, S. 1969. Insect Pests of Crops. National Book Trust, New Delhi, India, pp: 198.

Robinson, G. S. 1976. The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to microlepidotpera. Entomol. Gazette, 27 (2): 127-132.

Sharma, G., Kumar, R., Pathania, P. C. & Ramamurthy, V. V. 2008. Biodiversity of lepidopterous insects associated with vegetables in India: A study. Ind. J. Entomol., 70 (4): 369-384.

Sidhu, A. S. 1998. Current status of vegetables research in India. World Conference on Horticultural Research, 17-20 June, Rome, Italy.

Winter, W. D. 2000. Basic Techniques for Observing and Studying Moths and Butterflies. Lepidopterists Society, New Have, CT.

Zimmerman, E. C. 1978. Microlepidoptera Insects of Hawaii. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1903 pp.

Atay, E. 2006. The ıdentity of Parapoynx affinialis (Guenee, 1854) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Nymphulinae) in Turkey. J. Entomol., 3: 76-81.

Abdullah, F. & Shamsulaman, K. 2008. Insect pests of Mangifera indica plantation in Chuping, Perlis, Malaysia. J. Entomol., 5: 239-251.

Chipurura, B., Muchuweti, M. & Manditseraa, F. 2010. Effects of thermal treatment on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of some vegetables. Asian J. Clin. Nutr., 2: 93-100.

Pogori, N., Ahmad, C., Yan, X. & Dong, W. 2008. Production and biochemical characterization of an extracellular lipase from Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021. Biotechnology, 7: 710-717.

Salawu, S. O., Akindahunsi, A. A. & Comuzzo, P. 2006. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of some Nigerian vegetables. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1: 429-437.

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Figures 1-13. 1. Tympanum, 2. Haustellum, 3. Family Crambidae characters, 4. male genitalia (Spilomelinae), 5. Aedeagus (Spilomelinae), 6. Female genitalia (Spilomelinae), 7. Male genitalia (Glaphyriinae), 8. Aedeagus (Glaphyriinae), 9. Female genitalia (Glaphyriinae), 10. Male genitalia (Evergestinae), 11. Aedeagus (Evergestinae), 12. Female genitalia (Evergestinae), 13. Signum on corpus bursae of female genitalia (Evergestinae).

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Figures 14-28. Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee 14. adult (habitus) 15. antenna 16. head (lateral view) 17. fore leg 18. middle leg 19. hind leg 20. fore wing 21. hind wing 22, 26. male genitalia-ventral view 23, 27. aedeagus 24. male genitalia-lateral view 25, 28. female genitalia.

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Figures 29-43. Maruca testulalis (Geyer) 29. adult (habitus) 30. antenna 31. head (lateral view) 32. fore leg 33. middle leg 34. hind leg 35. fore wing 36. hind wing 37, 41. male genitalia-ventral view 38, 42. aedeagus 39. male genitalia-lateral view 40, 43. female genitalia.

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Figures 44-58. Spoladea recurvelis (Fabricius) 44. adult (habitus) 45. antenna 46. head (lateral view) 47. fore leg 48. middle leg 49. hind leg 50. fore wing 51. hind wing 52, 56. male genitalia-ventral view 53, 57. aedeagus 54. male genitalia-lateral view 55, 58. female genitalia.

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Figures 59-73. Sylepta derogata (Fabricius) 59. adult (habitus) 60. antenna 61. head (lateral view) 62. fore leg 64. middle leg 65. hind leg 66. fore wing 51. hind wing 52, 56. male genitalia-ventral view 53, 57. aedeagus 54. male genitalia-lateral view 55, 58. female genitalia.

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Figure 74-88. Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller 74. adult (habitus) 75. antenna 76. head (lateral view) 77. fore leg 78. middle leg 79. hind leg 80. fore wing 81. hind wing 82, 86. male genitalia-ventral view 83, 87. aedeagus 84. male genitalia-lateral view 85, 88. female genitalia.

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Figures 89-103. Hellula undalis (Fabricius) 89. adult (habitus) 90. antenna 91. head (lateral view) 92. fore leg 93. middle leg 94. hind leg 95. fore wing 96. hind wing 97, 101. male genitalia-ventral view 98, 102. aedeagus 99. male genitalia-lateral view 100, 103. female genitalia.

876 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS MACDUNNOUGHIA KOSTROWICKI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM INDIA

Rajesh Kumar* and Vinay Kumar**

* Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles (Govt. of India), Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh 785700, Assam, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected] ** Department of Entomology, D.S. College, Aligaqrh, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

[Kumar, R. & Kumar, V. 2013. A new species of genus Macdunnoughia Kostrowicki (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 876-882]

ABSTRACT: Macdunnoughia kashmirensis sp. nov. from Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir (India) is described and recognized as a member of the Macdunnoughia species group. Superficially, the species closely resembles Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850). A discussion of the discrimination of the two species M. tetragona (Walker, 1858), M. confusa (Stephens, 1850) along with new species are presented.

KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Macdunnoughia, new species, India.

Noctuid moths (Noctuidae) with about 25000 known species (Fibiger, 1990) represent one of the most species-rich families of Lepidoptera. The genus Macdunnoughia was erected by Kostrowicki in 1961 and belongs to the family Noctuidae and subfamily Plusiinae. Ronkey et al. (2008) published the “Taxonomic Atlas” for Plusiinae, in which genus Macdunnoughia described with five species (M. confusa, M. hybrida, M. crassisgna, M. purissima and M. tetragona). In the manuscript, three species of Macdunnoughia have been described from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir (India). One species is described as new and two species viz. M. confusa and M. tetragona redescribed on the basis of male genitalia. The type specimens are deposited in NPC (Insect & Mites), Division of Entomology, IARI, New Delhi (India).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

All the specimens collected from Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) by Ultra Violet light trap and brought to National Pusa Collection (NPC), Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India). The collected specimens were processed for preservation in NPC after relaxing, pinning and setting. For genitalic studies, abdomens were placed in 10% aqueous KOH and heated for 20 min at 90°C using a Dry Block Heizgerät-28000, then placed for 5 min in glacial acetic acid to remove the debris. The genitalia were subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. For photographs, the genitalia were placed on a slide in glycerol and covered with a cover slip. Photographs of antennae, lateral view of the mouthparts, scales and genitalia were captured using LEICA Application Suit ver. 2.8.2 software and a LEICA DFC-290 camera attached to a LEICA MZ16A stereozoom microscope. For external genitalia, the terminology follows Klots (1970) and Winter (2000). The specimens have been deposited in the National Pusa Collection (NPC), Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______877 DESCRIPTION

Genus Macdunnoughia Kostrowicki, 1961 Macdunnoughia Kostrwicki, 1961, Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 6:402. Type species : Plusia confusa Stephens, 1850 Synonym Paraplusia Mukerji & Krishinamurthy 1955 : 295 Scleroplusia Ichinose, 1962 : 249

Key to three species of Macdunnoughia on the basis of male genitalia

1. Valvae broad, sacculus extension long ……………………………………….…………...…………2 - Valvae broad, sacculus extension short spine like………... Macdunnoughia tetragona

2. Sacculus extension broad and pointed at apex; distinct projections at apex of vlavae…………………………………………………………………………………………….M. confusa - Sacculus extension broad and blunt at apex; no distinct projections at apex of valvae.……………………………………………………………………….M. kashmirensis sp. nov.

1. Macdunnoughia tetragona (Walker, 1858) (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 10, 13, 14, 19, 20 and 21)

Plusia tetragona Walker, (1858), List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 12: 932 Plusia semivitta Moore, 1867, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 63, pl. 6, f. 13 Puriplusia zayuensis Chou & Lu, 1982, Insects of Xizang, 2: 98

Alar expanse: ♂ 3.0cm ± 0.05 (n=3) Male: Vertex, frons and thorax dark grey, thorax with a very large spreading tuft. Labial palpi upturned, second segment long, third segment small, reaching upto vertex of the head. Antennae simple in filiform, ciliated, reaching about 3/4th length of forewing. Abdomen dark brown, with three large dorsal tufts on basal segments. Forewing elongated, grayish, hooked at outer angle, metallic markings being more brassy, those near outer margin less diffused, the costal portion of the sub basal line silvery, the antemedial line angled below median nervure, the two portions of the Y-mark narrow and silvery. Hindwing dark fuscous-grey in colour; legs long, beset with long hairs, deep brown in colour. Epiphysis present on prothoracic leg tibia, mesothoracic leg with a pair of tibial spur and metathoracic leg with two pairs tibial spurs. Wing venation: Forewing with Sc arising from base of wing, ending near 3/4th of costa, R1 arising near 3/4th of discal cell, accessory cell present, R2 arising from accessory cell, R3 and R4 long stalked, R3 to costa, R4 to termen, R5 connate with R3 and R4, M1 arising near upper angle of discal cell, M1, M2 and M3 free, M2 near to M3 basally than M1, CuA1, CuA2 free, CuA1 arising from lower angle of discal cell, CuA2 arising at 2/3rd of cell, discal cell elongated, closed. Anal vein 1A long and 2A small, separate; hindwing with R1 running into Sc from base of wing, joined by a bar with discal cell, Rs and M1, M2, M3 free, CuA2 arising near 2/3rd of discal cell, CuP not present, 1A+2A fused straight, 3A present, discal cell closed. Material examined: India: West Bengal, Darjeeling, ♂ 19.v.1928 leg. Bose; Meghalaya, Shillong, Khasi Hills, ♂ viii.1919 leg. T.B. Fletcher; Uttarakhand, Ranichauri, ♂ 07.x.2007, leg. Rajesh Kumar.

2. Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850) (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 11, 15, 16, 22, 23 and 24)

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Plusia confusa Stephens, 1850, List. Spec. Brit. Anim. Colln Br. Mus. 5 (Lepidoptera): 291 Plusia gutta Guenée, 1852, In Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 6 (Noct. 2) : 346 Plusia bigutta Staudinger, 1892, In Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 6: 545 confusa ab. aestiva (Krulikowski, 1908) Phytometra confusa ab. deangulata Strand, 1917; Arch. Naturgesch. 82 A (2): 49 Plusia gutta ab. grisea Dannehl, 1933, Ent. Z. 47: 20 Macdunnoughia confusa f. brunnescens Lempke, 1966, Ent. Ber. Amst. 26: 270 Macdunnoughia monosigna Chou & Lu, 1979, Entomotaxonomia 1: 18

Alar expanse: ♂ 3.2cm ± 0.1 (n=13) Male: Vertex, frons and thorax dark grey, thorax with a very large spreading tuft. Labial palpi upturned, second segment long, third segment small, reaching upto vertex of the head. Antennae simple in filiform, ciliated, reaching about 3/4th length of forewing. Abdomen dark brown, with three large dorsal tufts on basal segments. Forewing elongated, grayish, hooked at outer angle, metallic markings being more brassy, those near outer margin less diffused, the costal portion of the sub basal line silvery, the antemedial line angled below median nervure, the two portions of the Y-mark narrow and silvery. Hindwing dark fuscous-grey in colour; legs long, beset with long hairs, deep brown in colour. Epiphysis present on prothoracic leg tibia, mesothoracic leg with a pair of tibial spur and metathoracic leg with two pairs tibial spurs. Wing venation: Forewing with Sc arising from base of wing, ending near 3/4th of costa, R1 arising near 3/4th of discal cell, accessory cell present, R2 arising from accessory cell, R3 and R4 long stalked, R3 to costa, R4 to termen, R5 connate with R3 and R4, M1 arising near upper angle of discal cell, M1, M2 and M3 free, M2 near to M3 basally than M1, CuA1, CuA2 free, CuA1 arising from lower angle of discal cell, CuA2 arising at 2/3rd of cell, discal cell elongated, closed. Anal vein 1A long and 2A small, separate; hindwing with R1 running into Sc from base of wing, joined by a bar with discal cell, Rs and M1, M2, M3 free, CuA2 arising near 2/3rd of discal cell, CuP not present, 1A+2A fused straight, 3A present, discal cell closed. Material examined: India: Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, ix.1923, 3 ♂♂, leg. Fletcher; Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 03-05.ix.2007, 10 ♂♂ leg. Rajesh Kumar.

3. Macdunnoughia kashmirensis sp. nov. Rajesh Kumar (Figs. 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18, 25, 26 and 27)

Alar expanse: ♂ 3.35 ± 0.07 cm (n=2) Male: Vertex, frons and thorax dark grey, thorax with a very large spreading tuft. Labial palpi upturned, second segment long, third segment small, reaching upto vertex of the head. Antennae simple in filiform, ciliated, reaching about 3/4th length of forewing. Abdomen dark brown, with three large dorsal tufts on basal segments. Forewing elongated, grayish, hooked at outer angle, metallic markings being more brassy, those near outer margin less diffused, the costal portion of the sub basal line silvery, the antemedial line angled below median nervure, the two portions of the Y-mark narrow and silvery. Hindwing dark fuscous-grey in colour; legs long, beset with long hairs, deep brown in colour. Epiphysis present on prothoracic leg tibia, mesothoracic leg with a pair of tibial spur and metathoracic leg with two pairs tibial spurs. Wing venation: Forewing with Sc arising from base of wing, ending near 3/4th of costa, R1 arising near 3/4th of discal cell, accessory cell present, R2 arising from accessory cell, R3 and R4 long stalked, R3 to costa, R4 to termen, R5 connate with R3 and R4, M1 arising near upper angle of discal cell, M1, M2 and M3 free, M2 near

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______879 to M3 basally than M1, CuA1, CuA2 free, CuA1 arising from lower angle of discal cell, CuA2 arising at 2/3rd of cell, discal cell elongated, closed. Anal vein only 1A present; hindwing with R1 running into Sc from base of wing, joined by a bar with discal cell, Rs and M1, M2, M3 free, CuA2 arising near 2/3rd of discal cell, CuP not present, 1A+2A fused straight, 3A not present, discal cell closed. Diagnosis: The M. kashmirensis differs externally from its close relatives, M. confusa by the lack of attachment with ovate silvery arm at the lower end of Y mark stigma which is always attached in the M. confusa. The male genitalia of M. confusa can be separated from M. kashmirensis by numerous projections present on apical portion of the valvae. Material examined: Holotype: India: Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 05.ix.2007, ♂ leg. Rajesh Kumar. Paratype: Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 05.ix.2007, ♂ leg. Rajesh Kumar. Etymology: The new species is named after the specific locality of “Kashmir” Jammu and Kashmir (India) from where two specimens were collected. Discussion: This species were collected from western Himalayan region (Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir) only. Rapid and divergent evolution of genitalia is common in several insect taxa. The characteristics of the male genitalia play the most important role in their taxonomic classification (Lafontaine, 1987; Fibiger, 1990; Fibiger, 1997). In this paper, we specifically described a new species on the basis of male genitalia. We observed the old specimens and recent collected specimens from the same location and explored the male genital structures of M. confusa and M. kashmirensis. So we found that the recently collected specimens are different in wing spotting and male genital features. On the basis of wing spotting and male genital difference, described it as new species. The difference found morphologically in M. confusa (attached speck with Y- mark on forewing) and M. kashmirensis (separate speck with Y-mark on forewing). Another difference found in male genitalia valvae, in which the valvae of M. confusa have numerous distinct projections while the valvae of M. kashmirensis have smooth rounded and only one indistinct projection. The sacculus extension found pointed at apex in the M. confusa and blunt in M. kashmirensis. The other characters of male genitalia i.e. saccus, harpae and aedeagus were also compared, but could not find any major differences in these characters, except in valvae and sacculus extension. On the basis of these characters, we described this as new species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thanks to Dr. L. Ronkey, Curator (Noctuidae), NHM, Budapest and Dr. I. Kitching, NHM, London for their help in identification and also thanks to ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) for funding the project “Network Project on Insect Biosystematics”.

LITERAURE CITED

Fibiger, M. 1990. Noctuidae Europaeae - Entomological Press, Sorř, 208 pp.

Fibiger, M. 1997. Noctuidae Europaeae - Entomological Press, Sorř, 418 pp.

Klots, A. B. 1970. Lepidoptera. In: Tuxen SL (ed) Taxonomist’ glossary of genitalia in insects, 2nd edn. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 115-130.

Lafontaine, J. D. 1987. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae. In: The Moths of America North of Mexico. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., 27 (2): 1-237.

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Winter, W. D. 2000. Basic techniques for observing and studying moths and butterflies. Lepidopterists’ Society, New Haven, CT. 433 pp.

Figures 1-12. Macdunnoughia tetragona (Walker): 1. Habitus photograph, 2. Lateral view of mouth parts, 3. Enlarged view of fore wing spot, 10. Legs (Fore, Middle and Hind); M. confusa (Stephens): Figs. 4. Habitus photograph, 5. Lateral view of mouth parts, 6. Enlarged view of fore wing spot, 11. Legs (Fore, Middle and Hind); M. kashmirensis sp. nov. Rajesh Kumar: Figs. 7. Habitus photograph, 8. Lateral view of mouth parts, 9. Enlarged view of fore wing spot, 12. Legs (Fore, Middle and Hind).

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Figures 13-18. Macdunnoughia tetragona (Walker): 13. Fore wing venation, 14. Hind wing venation; M. confusa (Stephens, 1850): 15. Fore wing venation, 16. Hind wing venation; M. kashmirensis sp. nov. Rajesh Kumar: 17. Fore wing venation, 18. Hind wing venation.

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Figures 19-27. Macdunnoughia tetragona (Walker): 19. ventral view of male genitalia, 20. enlarged view of valva, 21. Aedeagus; M. confusa (Stephens, 1850): 22. Ventral view of male genitalia, 23. Enlarged view of valva, 24. Aedeagus; M. kashmirensis sp. nov. Rajesh Kumar: 25. Ventral view of male genitalia, 26. Enlarged view of valva, 27. Aedeagus.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______883 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LONGHORNED BEETLES KNOWLEDGE OF TURKEY BY THE SUBFAMILIES PRIONINAE, LEPTURINAE AND LAMIINAE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Naciye Cihan*, Hüseyin Özdikmen* and Fatih Aytar**

* Gazi Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara, TÜRKİYE. E- mails: [email protected]; [email protected] ** Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute, Dept. of Entomology, Tarsus-Mersin, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Cihan, N., Özdikmen, H. & Aytar, F. 2013. Contributions of the longhorned beetles knowledge of Turkey by the subfamilies Prioninae, Lepturinae, Dorcadioninae and Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 883-894]

ABSTRACT: The present work presents new contributions to the knowledge of the subfamilies Prioninae, Lepturinae, Dorcadioninae and Lamiinae that are 4 of 5 richest subfamilies in terms of diversity among cerambycids, of Turkey. The specimens for this study were collected over various years (2001-2012) from different localities in Adana, Balıkesir, Bolu, Düzce, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Muğla, Niğde and Osmaniye provinces in Turkey. As a result of the work, a total of 58 species (25 of them into subspecies level) belonging to 37 genera of 20 tribes of 4 subfamilies were determined from Turkey. One species of them is recorded from Turkey for the second time. Two species of them are the first record for Southern Turkey. Also, four species for Central Anatolian Region, six species for Mediterranean Region and three species for Eastern Mediterranean Region are recorded for the first time. Moreover, a total of fourty-five species are the first record for various provinces (8 for Adana, 4 for Balıkesir, 14 for İçel, 3 for Kahramanmaraş, 10 for Niğde, 6 for Osmaniye) in Turkey. Furthermore, about 15% of the examined taxa in the present work comprise of endemic taxa for Turkey.

KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, new data, new records,Turkey.

According to Özdikmen (2012), Cerambycidae is divided into several subfamilies as Parandrinae, Prioninae, Lepturinae, Necydalinae, Aseminae, Saphaninae, Spondylidinae, Apatophyseinae, Cerambycinae, Stenopterinae, Dorcadioninae and Lamiinae. Parandrinae are not represented in Turkey. Also, a total of 6 subfamilies as Necydalinae, Aseminae, Saphaninae, Spondylidinae, Apatophyseinae and Stenopterinae are represented with only some taxa in Turkey. So, only 5 subfamilies as Prioninae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae, Dorcadioninae and Lamiinae have the richest diversity for Turkey. In accordance with the status, the aim of present work is contributed to the knowledge of the subfamilies Prioninae, Lepturinae, Dorcadioninae and Lamiinae of Turkey on the base of Özdikmen (2007, 2008a,b, 2010, 2011, 2013).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The specimens for this study were collected by the third author over various years (2001-2012) from different localities in Eastern Mediterranean Region (Adana, İçel, Kahramanmaraş and Osmaniye provinces), Central Anatolian Region (Niğde and Karaman provinces), Western Black Sea Region (Bolu and Düzce provinces), Marmara Region (Balıkesir province), Aegean Region (Muğla province) in Turkey and deposited in Entomology Department of Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute (İçel province, Turkey). All of the

884 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______specimens were determined by the authors. In this paper classification and nomenclature of the longhorn beetles suggested by Özdikmen (2012) are followed. Within the subfamilies all genera are listed in the same order as in Özdikmen (2012). Within the genera the species are listed alphabetically. Each name of a species or subspecies is accompained by the author’s name and description date.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUPERFAMILY CERAMBYCOIDEA Latreille, 1802

FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802: 211

SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE Latreille, 1802: 212

TRIBE ERGATINI Fairmaire, 1864: 117 GENUS CALLERGATES Lameere, 1904: 47 SPECIES C. gaillardoti (Chevrolat, 1854: 481) Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, Yenigözleğen, 10.VIII.2010, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Içel: Anamur, Sarıyayla, 21.VI.2005, Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; Mut, Alahan, 18.VI.2008, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Silifke, 19.VI.2008, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Ayvalı, 22.VI.2008, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Karakayak, 28.VII.2008, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, İledin top, 28.VII.2008, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Kuyuluk store, 10.VII.2010, Pinus nigra, 2 specimens; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 30.VI.2011, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen.

TRIBE MACROTOMINI Thomson, 1861: 312 GENUS PRINOBIUS Mulsant, 1842: 207 SPECIES P. myardi Mulsant, 1842: 207 SUBSPECIES P. m. atropos Chevrolat, 1854: 482 Material examined: İçel: Mut, 24.IV.2006, from wood of Prunus armeniaca, 2 specimens; Sadiye, 28.VII.2008, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 10.VI.2010, in the garden, 1 specimen.

TRIBE REMPHANINI Lacordaire, 1868: 103 GENUS RHAESUS Motschulsky, 1875: 153 [RN] SPECIES R. serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838: 187) Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, Yedigözleğen, 10.VIII.2010, 1 specimen; İçel: Silifke, 19.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Mut, Alahan, 19.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Ayvalı, 22.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, İledin top, 28.VII.2008, 1 specimen; Karakoyak, 28.VII.2008, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Karahıdırlı, 30.VI.2011, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Yenice highway, 10.VII.2011, light trap, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Karabucak, 16.VIII.2011, light trap, 2 specimens.

TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Thomson, 1861: 308 GENUS AEGOSOMA Audinet-Serville, 1832: 162 SPECIES A. scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763: 54) Material examined: İçel: Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 26.VIII.2005, in the garden, 1 specimen; Niğde: Alihoca, 07.VIII.2011, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel and Niğde provinces.

TRIBE PRIONINI Latreille, 1802: 212 GENUS MESOPRIONUS Jakovlev, 1887: 323 SPECIES M. besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855: 318) Material examined: İçel: Anamur, Abanos, 23.VI.2005, with net, 1 specimen; Silifke, 19.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Ayvalı, 22.VI.2009, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 28.VII.2011, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Niğde: Çiftehan, 09.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Niğde province.

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SPECIES M. lefebvrei (Marseul, 1856: 47) Material examined: Adana: Feke, 29.VII.2010, with net, 1 specimen; İçel: Tarsus, Karabucak, 17.IV.2003, light trap, 1 specimen; Gülnar, Büyükeceli, 28.VI.2003, with net, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Ayvalı, 22.VI.2009, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana and İçel provinces.

GENUS PRIONUS Geoffroy, 1762: 198 SPECIES P. coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758: 389) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, with net, 2 specimens; Tufanbeyli, 29.VII.2010, with net, 2 specimens; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, 1 specimen; İçel: Çamlıyayla, Büklüboyun, 23.VII.2002, on wild rose with net, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Karabucak, 16.IV.2003, light trap, 1 specimen; Gülnar, Büyükeceli, 28.VI.2003, with net, 1 specimen; Aydıncık, 03.VI.2004, 1 specimen; Bozyazı, Kozağacı, 23.VI.2005 and 27.VI.2006, with net, 2 specimens; Anamur, Armutkırı, Abanos, 27.VI.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, İledin top, 11.VII.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Mut, Alahan, 19.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 28.VII.2011, pheromone trap, 2 specimens; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, pheromone trap, 25.VIII.2011, 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Çardak, 29.VI.2009, Quercus cerris, 1 specimen; Niğde: Çiftehan, 09.VI.2008, Salix sp., 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, 11.VII.2006, pheromone trap, 3 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana, İçel and Niğde provinces.

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802: 218

TRIBE RHAMNUSIINI Sama [in Sama and Sudre], 2009: 383 GENUS RHAMNUSIUM Latreille, 1829: 130 SPECIES R. bicolor (Schrank, 1781: 132) SUBSPECIES R. b. bicolor (Schrank, 1781: 132) Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Güzeloluk, 28.VII.2011, on Quercus infectoria, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Mediterranean Region of Turkey and thereby the second record for Turkey.

SPECIES R. testaceipenne Pic, 1897: 299 Material examined: İçel: Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, on Quercus cerris, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

TRIBE RHAGIINI Kirby, 1837: 178 GENUS RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775: 182 SUBGENUS MEGARHAGIUM Reitter, 1913: 6 SPECIES R. syriacum Pic, 1892: cxi Material examined: İçel: Gülnar, Daşdüştü, 24.V.2006 and 20.VI.2006, on Quercus sp., 2 specimens; Niğde: Alihoca, 06.VI.2008, from wood of Quercus ithaburensis, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel and Niğde provinces and thereby Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

SUBGENUS RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775: 182 SPECIES R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758: 393) SUBSPECIES R. i. fortipes Reitter, 1898: 357 Material examined: Adana: Hadimiye, 25.IV.2001, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Armutluoğlu, 25.IV.2001, on Abies cilicica, 2 specimens; Pozantı, Gülek, Yılan valley, 31.III.2005, on Abies cilicica, 5 specimens; Feke, Süphandere, 25.IV.2009, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; İçel: Bozyazı, Kozağacı, 27.III.2005, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Mut, Kravga village, 18.V.2005 and 20.V.2005, on Abies cilicica, 2 specimens; Anamur, Abanos, 21.VI.2006, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Çocakdere, 27.VI.2006, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Silifke, Kırobası, 10.VII.2006, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Andırın, Akifiye, 27.VII.2010, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Andırın, Başkonuş, 27.VII.2010, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Niğde: Tekneçukuru, 25.IV.2001, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Alihoca, 25.IV.2001, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Ulukışla, Darboğaz,

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25.IV.2001, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Alihoca, V-VII.2007, pheromone traps, 39 specimens; Osmaniye: Karatepe, 10.X.2005, from pupa, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen; Karatepe, 20.VI.2006, on Abies cilicica, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Niğde and Osmaniye provinces and Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

GENUS DINOPTERA Mulsant, 1863: 494 SUBGENUS DINOPTERA Mulsant, 1863: 494 SPECIES D. collaris (Linnaeus, 1758: 398) Material examined: İçel: Çamlıyayla, Cehennemdere, 27-28.V.2006, on Umbellifera, 7 specimens; Tarsus, Gülek, 28.V.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, Değirmendere, 29.IV.2009, on Umbellifera, 4 specimens.

GENUS CORTODERA Mulsant, 1863: 572 SPECIES C. omophloides Holzschuh, 1975: 77 Material examined: İçel: Gülnar, Kayrak, 18.V.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 14.VI.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, on flower, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Osmaniye province.

TRIBE LEPTURINI Latreille, 1802: 218 GENUS VADONIA Mulsant, 1863: 559 SPECIES V. soror Holzschuh, 1981: 95 SUBSPECIES V. s. tauricola Holzschuh, 1993: 14 Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Karahıdırlı, 16.VI.2008, on flower, 1 male specimen.

GENUS PSEUDOVADONIA Lobanov, Danilevsky & Murzin, 1981: 787 SPECIES P. livida (Fabricius, 1777: 233) SUBSPECIES P. l. livida (Fabricius, 1777: 233) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, on flower, 2 specimens; Feke, Süphandere, 14.VII.2009, 1 specimen; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, on flower, 1 specimen; Karaisalı- Yedigözleğen, 10.VIII.2010, on flower, 1 specimen; İçel: Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, 2 specimens; Çamlıyayla, Cehennemdere, 28.V.2006, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, Pamukluk, 11.VI.2006, on flower, 2 specimens; Central, Toroslar, Ayvagediği,14-16.VI.2006, on flower, 3 specimens; Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 16.VI.2006, on flower, 1 specimen; Tarsus- Yalamık, 09.VII.2007, on flower, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 30.VI.2009, on flower, 1 specimen; Silifke, Değirmendere, 29.IV.2009, with net, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalan, 27.V.2011, on flower, 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Göksun- Çardak, 29.VI.2009, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Niğde: Alihoca, 15.V.2010, with net, 1 specimen.; Alihoca, 06.VI.2010, with net, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe- Taurus, 15.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen.; Karatepe- Taurus, 16.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana and Kahramanmaraş provinces.

GENUS ANOPLODERA Mulsant, 1839: 285 SUBGENUS ANOPLODERA Mulsant, 1839: 285 SPECIES A. rufipes (Schaller, 1783: 296) SUBSPECIES A. r. rufipes (Schaller, 1783: 296) Material examined: Balıkesir: Kazdağı, 08.VI.2011, on Cistus creticus, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Balıkesir province.

GENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280 SUBGENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280 SPECIES S. cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14) SUBSPECIES S. c. cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14) Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2011, from wood of Quercus infectoria, 1 specimen; Balıkesir: Kazdağı, 11 and 15.VI.2011, on Cistus creticus, 2 specimens; İçel: Anamur, Kızılcakaya, 02.VI.2004, with net, 1 specimen; Anamur, Sarıyayla, 26.VI.2005, with net, 1 specimen; Gülnar, Aydıncık road, 14.VII.2010, from wood of Quercus cerris, 1

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SPECIES S. excisipes (Daniel & Daniel, 1891: 6) Material examined: Adana: Feke, Süphandere, 14.VII.2009, on flower, 2 specimens; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, on flower, 2 specimens; İçel: Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, on flower, 2 specimens; Çamlıyayla, Pamukluk, 11.VI.2006, on flower, 2 specimens; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 14.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 10.VI.2010, 2 specimens; Niğde: Ali hoca, 06.VI.2010, with net, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 16.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 3 specimens; Karatepe, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen.

SPECIES S. sambucicola (Holzschuh, 1982: 65) Material examined: İçel: Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 14.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Central, Ayvagediği, Taurus, 16.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, Pamukluk, 11.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Central, Ayvagediği, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Central, Ayvagediği, Taurus, 15.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 10.VI.2010, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Çardak, 29.VI.2009, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 2 specimens; Karatepe, Taurus, 15.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Karatepe, Taurus, 16.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Osmaniye province.

GENUS ANASTRANGALIA Casey, 1924: 280 SPECIES A. dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47) SUBSPECIES A. d. dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47) Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, with net, 1 specimen; İçel: Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 27.V.2011, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 10.VI.2010, Carduus sp., 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana, Balıkesir and İçel provinces.

SPECIES A. montana (Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 179) SUBSPECIES A. m. montana (Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 179) Material examined: Adana: Feke, Buğlayan, 25.VI.2009, on flower, 2 specimens; Feke, Süphandere, 14.VII.2009, on flower, 1specimen; İçel: Çamlıyayla, Cehennemdere, 28.V.2006, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya village (Çamlıyayla part), 16.VI.2009, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 30.VI.2011, on plant, 4 specimens.

SPECIES A. sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1760: 196) Material examined: Adana: Feke, Buğlayan, 25.VI.2009, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana province and Mediterranean Region and thereby also the first record for south half of Turkey.

GENUS PEDOSTRANGALIA Sokolov, 1897: 461 SUBGENUS NEOSPHENALIA Löbl, 2010: 110 SPECIES P. adaliae Reitter, 1885: 390 Material examined: İçel: Gözne, Taurus, 30.IV.2004, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

SPECIES P. emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863: 531) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, on flower, 1 specimen; İçel: Mut, Dandi, 07.VI.2003, with net, 1 specimen; Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 14.VI.2006, with net, 2 specimens; Central, Toroslar, Ayvagediği, 14.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Silifke, Değirmendere, 29.VI.2009, with net, 2 specimens; Niğde: Alihoca, 15.IV.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Alihoca, 06.VI.2010, with net, 1 specimen.

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GENUS CARLANDREA Sama & Rapuzzi, 1999: 467 SPECIES C. syriaca (Pic, 1891: 1) Material examined: Niğde: Alihoca, 07.VIII.2011, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Niğde province and Central Anatolian Region.

GENUS JUDOLIA Mulsant, 1863: 496 SPECIES J. erratica (Dalman, 1817: 490) SUBSPECIES J. e. erratica (Dalman, 1817: 490) Material examined: Bolu: Şerifyük forest, 22.VI.2011, on flower, 1 specimen; Düzce: Şelale, 21.VI.2011, on flower, 1 specimen.

GENUS LEPTURA Linnaeus, 1758: 397 SUBGENUS LEPTURA Linnaeus, 1758: 397 SPECIES L. quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758: 398 SUBSPECIES L. q. quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758: 398 Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Sorgun road, 28.VII.2011, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Mediterranean Region of Turkey and thereby also for south Turkey.

GENUS RUTPELA Nakani & Ohbayashi, 1957: 242 SPECIES R. maculata (Poda, 1761: 37) SUBSPECIES R. m. maculata (Poda, 1761: 37) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimens; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, on Rubus sp., 2 specimens; Balıkesir: Kazdağı, 13.VI.2011, on Cistus creticus, 1 specimen; İçel: Çamlıyayla, Cehennemdere, 27.V.2006, with net, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, Pamukluk, 11.VI.2006, on Rubus sp., 2 specimens; Erdemli, Karahıdırlı, 27.V.2011, on Rubus sp., 2 specimens; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, on Rubus sp., 4 specimens.

GENUS STENURELLA Villiers, 1974: 217 SUBGENUS PRISCOSTENURELLA Özdikmen, 2013: 516 SPECIES S. bifasciata (Müller, 1776: 93) SUBSPECIES S. b. nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895: 88) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, on flower, 1 specimen; Feke, Buğlayan, 25.VI.2009, 1 specimen; Feke, Süphandere, 14.VII.2009, on flower, 1 specimen; Karaisalı, Yedigözleyen, 10.VIII.2010, on flower, 1 specimen; İçel: Erdemli, Sorgun road, 30.IV.2003, with net, 1 specimen; Mut, Dandi, 07.VI.2003 with net, 1 specimen; Gözne, 14.VI.2005, 1 specimen; Anamur, Abanoz road, 23.VI.2005, on flower, 1 specimen; Anamur, Sarıyayla, 26.VI.2005, on Cistus cretiscus, 2 specimens; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 14.VI.2006, on flower, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya village, 16.VI.2009, on Cistus cretistus, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, pheromone traps, 14.VII.2011, 1 specimen, 28.VII.2011, 7 specimens, 11.VIII.2011, 4 specimens; Erdemli, Güzeloluk, 28.VII.2011, on Cistus cretistus, 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Çardak, 29.VI.2009, on Sambucus sp., 2 specimens; Andırın, Akifiye, 27.VII.2010, with net, 1 specimen; Niğde: Alihoca, 15.V.2004, with net, 1 specimen; Alihoca, 06.VI.2010, on flower, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 15.VI.2006, on Sambucus sp., 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Niğde province.

SPECIES S. septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792: 346) SUBSPECIES S. s. latenigra (Pic, 1915: 5) Material examined: Balıkesir: Kazdağı, 09-16.VI.2011, on Cistus creticus, 6 specimens; Bolu: Şerifyük forest, 23.VI.2011, on flower, 1 specimen; Düzce: Şelale, 21.VI.2011,on flower, 5 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for Balıkesir province.

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SUBFAMILY DORCADIONINAE Swainson, 1840: 290

TRIBE DORCADIONINI Swainson, 1840: 290 GENUS DORCADION Dalman, 1817: 397 SUBGENUS CRIBRIDORCADION Pic, 1901: 12 SPECIES D. saulcyi Thomson, 1865: 549 SUBSPECIES D. s. saulcyi Thomson, 1865: 549 Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Sorgun road, 30.IV.2003, with net, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Sorgun road, V.2003, with net, 1 specimen.

SPECIES D. scabricolle (Dalman, 1817: 174) SUBSPECIES D. s. caramanicum K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1903: 332 Material examined: İçel: Tarsus, Melemez, 28.III.2006, on herbaceous plant, 1 specimen.

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825: 401

TRIBE BATOCERINI Thomson, 1864: 71 GENUS BATOCERA Dejean, 1835: 341 SPECIES B. rufomaculata (DeGeer, 1775: 107) Material examined: Osmaniye: Karatepe, 27.VII.2011, from wood of Ficus carica, 1 specimen.

TRIBE MONOCHAMINI Gistel, 1848: [9] GENUS MONOCHAMUS Dejean, 1821: 106 SUBGENUS MONOCHAMUS Dejean, 1821: 106 SPECIES M. galloprovincialis (Olivier, 1795: No. 67: 125) SUBSPECIES M. g. tauricola Pic, 1912: 18 Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2009, with net, 1 specimen; Pozantı, 03.VIII.2010, from wood of Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Balıkesir: Kazdağı, 12.VI.2011, 1 specimen; İçel: Mezitli, Kuyuluk, 06.IV.2003, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Silifke, 28.VI.2003, forest store, with net, 2 specimens; Bozyazı, Kozağacı, 23.VI.2005 , on Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Anamur, Abanoz, 23.VI.2005, 1 specimen; Aydıncık, 23.VI.2005, on Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Mut, Central, 24.IV.2006, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Gözne, 11.VI.2006, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, İledin top, 11.VII.2006, on Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Ayvagediği, 12.VII.2006, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Mut, Alahan, 19.VI.2008, Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; Tarsus, Ayvalı, 22.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimen; Mezitli, Fındıkpınarı, 21.IV.2010, , from wood of Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, pheromone traps, 30.VI.2011, 6 specimens, 14.VII.2011, 8 specimens, 28.VII.2011, 13 specimens, 11.VIII.2011, 1 specimen, 22.VIII.2011, 1 specimen, 25.VIII.2011, 6 specimens, 28.VIII.2011, 2 specimens, 22.IX.2011, 4 specimens, 06.X.2011, 2 specimens, 20.X.2011, 1 specimen, 04.XI.2011, 2 specimens, 08.XI.2011, 15 specimens; Kahramanmaraş: Göksu, Çardak, 29.VI.2009 and 30.VI.2009, from wood of Pinus nigra, 2 specimens; Niğde: Alihoca, 07.VIII.2011, from wood of Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 11.VII.2006 and 27.VII.2011, from wood of Pinus halepensis, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Balıkesir, Kahramanmaraş, Niğde and Osmaniye provinces.

TRIBE LAMIINI Latreille, 1825: 401 GENUS MORIMUS Brullé, 1832: 258 SPECIES M. orientalis Reitter, 1894: 43 Material examined: İçel: Central, 2002, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Probably the old records of M. funereus should be belonging to this species. Since, according to Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010), M. funereus does not occur in Turkey.

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TRIBE PTEROPLIINI Thomson, 1860: 73 GENUS NIPHONA Mulsant, 1839: 169 SUBGENUS NIPHONA Mulsant, 1839: 169 SPECIES N. picticornis Mulsant, 1839: 169 Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, from wood of Spartium junceum, 1 specimen; İçel: Erdemli, beach, 01.VII.2006, from wood of Pistacia lentiscus, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Melemez, 22.III.2007, Rosmarinus officinalis, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Melemez, 25.VI.2007, on wood of Rosmarinus officinalis, 1 specimen; Silifke, Forest store, 19.VI.2008, from wood of Ficus carica, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Dörtler, 26.V.2009, from wood of Spartium junceum, 1 specimen; Musalı, 10.IV.2010, from wood of Pistacia terebinthus, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Adana province.

TRIBE POGONOCHERINI Mulsant, 1839: 151 GENUS POGONOCHERUS Dejean, 1821: 107 SUBGENUS POGONOCHERUS Dejean, 1821: 107 SPECIES P. perroudi Mulsant, 1839: 158 SUBSPECIES P. p. perroudi Mulsant, 1839: 158 Material examined: İçel: Central, Akdeniz, Kızılbağ, Taurus, 10.X.2005, on Pinus nigra, 4 specimens; Anamur, 10.X.2005, from wood of Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; Anamur, 12.X.2005, from wood of Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; Central, Akdeniz, Kızılbağ, Taurus, 22.X.2005, on Pinus brutia, 3 specimens; Mezitli, Davultepe, 20.XII.2005, on Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; Mut, Alahan, XI.2009, 2 specimens; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 29.XI.2011, on Pinus halepensis, 2 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for Osmaniye province.

TRIBE ACANTHOCININI Blanchard, 1845: 154 GENUS ACANTHOCINUS Dejean, 1821: 106 SPECIES A. aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758: 392) Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Hacıalanı, 27.V.2001, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Gölek, 31.III.2005, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, pheromone traps, 30.VI.2011, 6 specimens, 14.VII.2011, 8 specimens, 28.VII.2011, 12 specimens, 11.VIII.2011, 1 specimen, 22.VIII.2011, 1 specimen, 25.VIII.2011, 6 specimens, 28.VIII.2011, 2 specimens, 22.IX.2011, 4 specimens, 06.X.2011, 2 specimens, 20.X.2011, 1 specimen, 04.XI.2011, 2 specimens, 08.XI.2011, 15 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

SPECIES A. griseus (Fabricius, 1792: 261) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Karaisalı, 10.VIII.2010, Pinus brutia, 2 specimens; İçel: Gülnar, Büyükeceli, 28.V.2003, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 30.IV.2003, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Bozyazı, Kozağacı, 23.VI.2005, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Anamur, Sarıyayla, 26.VI.2005, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Central, Akdeniz, Kızılbağ, 18.V.2005, on Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Aslanköy, 10.VI.2006, on Pinus nigra 3 specimens; Çamlıyayla, Pamukluk, 11.VI.2006, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Çamlıyayla, İledin top, 11.VI.2006, Pinus nigra, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Melemez, 22.III.2007, pheromone trap), 1 specimen; Silifke, 19.VI.2008, forest store (pheromone trap), 1 specimen; Mut, Alahan, 2009, pheromone trap, 3 specimens; Silifke, Değirmendere, 29.IV.2009, on Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya village, 10.VI.2009, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Yenişehir, Değirmençay, 04.IV.2009, pheromone trap, 1 specimen; Mezitli, Cemilli, 25.III.2010, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Mezitli, Pelitkonağı, 25.III.2010, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Mezitli, Kuyuluk, 25.III.2010, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Tarsus, Çokak, 02.V.2010, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Erdemli, Hacıalanı, pheromone traps, 30.VI.2011, 51 specimens, 14.VII.2011, 63 specimens, 20.VII.2011, 4 specimens, 28.VII.2011, 45 specimens, VIII.2011, 20 specimens, 11.VIII.2011, 28 specimens, 25.VIII.2011, 89 specimens, 28.VIII.2011, 8 specimens, 08.IX.2011, 55 specimens, 22.IX.2011, 20 specimens, 06.X.2011, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Karatepe, Taurus, 14.VI.2006, Pinus brutia, 1 specimen; Karatepe, Taurus, 18.III.2012, Pinus halepensis, 1 specimen.

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Remarks: The species is the first record for Osmaniye province.

GENUS LEIOPUS Audinet-Serville, 1835: 86 SPECIES L. nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758: 391) SUBSPECIES L. n. nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758: 391) Material examined: İçel: Çamlıyayla, Sebil, 13.IV.2010, Prunus avium, 3 specimens; Niğde: Alihoca, 06.VI.2009, Prunus avium, 17 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel and Niğde provinces and thereby Eastern Mediterranean Region and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

TRIBE TETROPINI Portevin, 1927: 39 GENUS TETROPS Stephens, 1829: 16 SPECIES T. praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758: 399) SUBSPECIES T. p. anatolicus Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008: 267 Material examined: İçel: Çamlıyayla, Pınarlıbük, Erguvan, 30.X.2007-10.III.2008, Cerris siliquastrum, 15 specimens.

TRIBE SAPERDINI Mulsant, 1839: 181 GENUS SAPERDA Fabricius, 1775: 184 SUBGENUS COMPSIDIA Mulsant, 1839: 182 SPECIES S. quercus Charpentier, 1825: 224 SUBSPECIES S. q. ocellata Abeille de Perrin, 1895: CCXXIX Material examined: İçel: Gülnar, Kaynak, 18.V.2006, Quercus cerris, 1 specimen.

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Mulsant, 1839: 191 GENUS OXYLIA Mulsant, 1862: 398 SPECIES O. argentata (Ménétriés, 1832: 227) SUBSPECIES O. a. languida (Ménétriés, 1839: 42) Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Güney village, 15.IV.2008, from root of Caduus sp., 1 specimen.

GENUS MALLOSIA Mulsant, 1862: 399 SUBGENUS ANATOLOMALLOSIA Özdikmen & Aytar, 2012: 656 SPECIES M. nonnigra Özdikmen & Aytar, 2012: 656 Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Sorgun road, 30.IV.2003, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species was described by Özdikmen & Aytar (2012) on the base of the specimen.

GENUS COPTOSIA Fairmaire, 1864: 177 SUBGENUS COPTOSIA Fairmaire, 1864: 177 SPECIES C. bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884: 573) Material examined: Niğde: Ali hoca, 06.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for Niğde province and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

GENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351 SUBGENUS PILEMIA Fairmaire, 1864: 175 SPECIES P. hirsutula (Frölich, 1793: 141) SUBSPECIES P. h. hirsutula (Frölich, 1793: 141) Material examined: İçel: Tarsus- Karabucak, 17.IV.2008, light trap, 1 specimen; Gülnar, Gezende, 13.VII.2011, 1 specimen.

SUBGENUS HELLADIA Fairmaire, 1864: 176 SPECIES P. humeralis (Waltl, 1838: 471) SUBSPECIES P. h. caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010: 331 Material examined: İçel: Tarsus, Karabucak, 06.IV.2011, on Carduus sp., 3 specimens. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province.

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SUBGENUS MUSARIA Thomson, 1864: 121 SPECIES P. puncticollis Faldermann, 1837: 291 SUBSPECIES P. p. puncticollis Faldermann, 1837: 291 Material examined: İçel: Değirmençay, 04.IV.2008, with net, 1 specimen. Remarks: The species is the first record for İçel province and Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

SUBGENUS NEOMUSARIA Plavilstshikov, 1928: 123 SPECIES P. merkli Ganglbauer, 1884: 560 Material examined: Niğde: Alihoca, 20.VI.2007, 24.VI.2008, 06.VI.2010, 13.VI.2010, on Salvia aucheri var. aucheri, 8 specimens.

SUBGENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351 SPECIES P. croceipes Reiche & Saulcy, 1858: 17 [RN] Material examined: İçel: Central, Toroslar, Yeniköy, 21.V.2009, with net, 3 specimens.

SPECIES P. geniculata Mulsant, 1862: 420 Material examined: İçel: Tarsus, Karabucak, 16.IV.2009, on Carduus sp., 2 specimens; Tarsus, Hal, 22.IV.2009, 1 specimens; Celebili, 21.V.2009, with net, 1 specimen; Yenişehir, 25.III.2010, on Carduus sp., 3 specimens; Tarsus, Karabucak, 06.IV.2011, on Carduus sp., 11 specimens; Erdemli, Sorgun road, 28.VII.2011, with net, 1 specimen.

SUBGENUS OPSILIA Mulsant, 1862: 387 SPECIES P. coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763: 49) Material examined: Adana: Feke, Kayadibi village, 16.IV.2009, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen; Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, with net, 1 specimen; Pozantı, Şekerpınarı, 25.V.2009, with net, 1 specimen; İçel: Gözne, 04.V.2009, 1 specimen; Mut, Alahan, 17.V.2009, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen; Gülnar, Köseçobanlı 22.V.2009, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen; Tarsus, Karabucak, 06.IV.2011, 1 specimen; Silifke, Kırobası, 16.V.2011, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen; Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Çardak, 12.IV.2010, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen; Karaman: Sertavul pass, 11.V.2009, on Echium sp., 1 specimen; Niğde: Alihoca, 24.V.2011, from root of Echium sp., 1 specimen.

TRIBE AGAPANTHIINI Mulsant, 1839: 172 GENUS CALAMOBIUS Guérin-Méneville, 1847: XVIII SPECIES C. filum (Rossi, 1790: 152) Material examined: Adana: Pozantı, 09.VI.2008, on Poaceae with net, 1 specimen; İçel: Silifke, Değirmendere, 25 and 29.IV.2009, from root of Sorgium halepense, 3 specimens; Erdemli, Karahıdırlı, 27.V.2011, on Poaceae with net, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya, 16.VI.2009, on Poaceae, 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya, 16-17.VI.2009, from root of Avena sterilis, 1 specimen; Gülnar, 12 and 13.VII.2011, 9 specimens; Muğla: Fethiye, 25.V.2010, on Poaceae, 1 specimen; Osmaniye: Nurdağı, 16.IX.2011, 1 specimen.

GENUS AGAPANTHIA Audinet-Serville, 1835: 35 SUBGENUS SYNTHAPSIA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004: 121 SPECIES A. kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817: 186) Material examined: Içel: Gülnar, Köseçobanlı, 07.V.2012, Carduus sp., 1 specimen.

SUBGENUS EPOPTES Gistel, 1857: 93 SPECIES A. kindermanni Pic, 1905: 13 Material examined: Içel: Erdemli, Güney village, 14.IV.2008, root of Carduus sp., 1 specimen.

SPECIES A. lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884: 541 Material examined: Içel: Çamlıyayla, Dikenlioluk, 27.VI.2006, root of Carduus sp., 1 specimen.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______893

SUBGENUS AGAPANTHIA Audinet-Serville, 1835: 35 SPECIES A. suturalis (Fabricius, 1787: 149) Material examined: İçel: Erdemli, Güzeloluk, 31.V.2002, with net, 1 specimen; Silifke, Central, 26.IV.2006, from root of Urtica sp., 1 specimen; Central, Toroslar, Kızılkaya, 17.VI.2009, Avena sterilis, 1 specimen.

SUBGENUS SMARAGDULA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004: 128 SPECIES A. pesarinii Sama & Rapuzzi, 2010: 177 Material examined: Adana: Karaisalı, 10.VIII. 2010, with net, 1 specimen; Içel: Erdemli, Sorgun road, 10.VI.2006, with net, 1 specimen.

Consequently, a total of 8 species among the examined 58 species are endemic to Turkey as Cortodera omophloides, Vadonia soror, Carlandrea syriaca, Dorcadion saulcyi, Mallosia nonnigra, Coptosia bithynensis, Agapanthia kindermanni and Agapanthia lateralis. Namely, about 15% of the examined taxa in the present work comprise of endemic taxa. A total of 45 species are the first records for different provinces as follows: A total of 8 species are the first records for Adana province [two species of the subfamily Prioninae as Mesoprionus lefebvrei and Prionus coriarius, five species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhagium inquisitor, Pseudovadonia livida, Stictoleptura cordigera, Anastrangalia dubia and A. sanguinolenta, one species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Niphona picticornis]. A total of 4 species are the first records for Balıkesir province [three species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Anoplodera rufipes, Anastrangalia dubia and Stenurella septempunctata, one species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Monochamus galloprovincialis]. A total of 14 species are the first records for İçel province [three species of the subfamily Prioninae as Aegosoma scabricorne, Mesoprionus lefebvrei and Prionus coriarius, six species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhamnusium bicolor, R. testaceipenne, Rhagium syriacum, Anastrangalia dubia, Pedostrangalia adaliae and Leptura quadrifasciata, five species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Morimus orientalis, Acanthocinus aedilis, Leiopus nebulosus, Phytoecia humeralis and P. puncticollis]. A total of 3 species are the first records for Kahramanmaraş province [two species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhagium inquisitor and Pseudovadonia livida, one species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Monochamus galloprovincialis]. A total of 10 species are the first records for Niğde province [three species of the subfamily Prioninae as Aegosoma scabricorne, Mesoprionus besikanus and Prionus coriarius, four species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhagium syriacum, R. inquisitor, Cortodera syriaca and Stenurella bifasciata, three species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Monochamus galloprovincialis, Leiopus nebulosus and Coptosia bithynensis]. A total of 6 species are the first records for Osmaniye province [three species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhagium inquisitor, Cortodera omophloides and Stictoleptura sambucicola, three species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Monochamus galloprovincialis, Pogonocherus perroudi and Acanthocinus griseus]. Also, a total of 3 species are the first records for Eastern Mediterranean Region [one species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Pedostrangalia adaliae, two species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Acanthocinus aedilis and Leiopus nebulosus]. A total of 6 species are the first records for Mediterranean Region [four species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhamnusium bicolor, R.

894 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______testaceipenne, Anastrangalia sanguinolenta and Leptura quadrifasciata, two species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Morimus orientalis and Phytoecia puncticollis]. A total of 4 species are the first records for Central Anatolian Region [two species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Rhagium syriacum and Cortodera syriaca, two species of the subfamily Lamiinae as Leiopus nebulosus and Coptosia bithynensis]. A total of 2 species are the first records for South Turkey [two species of the subfamily Lepturinae as Anastrangalia sanguinolenta and Leptura quadrifasciata]. Finally, 1 species is the second record for Turkey [subfamily Lepturinae as Rhamnusium bicolor].

Note: This work is based on the Master Thesis of the first author.

LITERATURE CITED

Özdikmen, H. 2007. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part I – Black Sea Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 2: 179-422.

Özdikmen, H. 2008a. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part II – Marmara Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3: 7-152.

Özdikmen, H. 2008b. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part III – Aegean Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3: 355-436.

Özdikmen, H. 2010. The Turkish Dorcadiini with zoogeographical remarks (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5: 380-498.

Özdikmen, H. 2011. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part IV – Mediterranean Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 6: 6-145.

Özdikmen, H. 2012. Naked lists of Turkish Cerambycoidea and Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7: 51-108.

Özdikmen, H. 2013. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part V – South- Eastern Anatolian Region. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8: 1-57.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______895 FIELD EFFICACY OF BIOPESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE COMBINATIONS AGAINST WHITEFLY INFESTING GERBERA

Shivani Jaggi Guleria*

* Department of Chemistry, Maya Institute of Technology & Management, Selaqui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Guleria, S. J. 2013. Field efficacy of biopesticides and pesticide combinations against whitefly infesting Gerbera. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 895-899]

ABSTRACT: Whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) are one of the most intricate pests to control in gerbera grown under polyhouse conditions. Whiteflies have shown an ability to develop resistance to many pesticides so an attempt was made to test various pesticide biopesticides combinations. To test the efficacy of some pesticide, biopesticides, their combinations and cow urine extract against whitefly in gerbera an experiment was designed at Badamawala polyhouse, Vikasnagar Dehradun during 2011. An experiment was conducted in polyhouse conditions to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of synthetic pesticides (Imidacloprid-T1 and T2, Acetamiprid-T3 and T4), biopesticides (NeemAzal-T5), their combinations (T6-T1+T5, T7-T3+T5) and extract containing cow urine and garlic paste (T8). Whitefly population was assessed by randomly selecting 5 flowers along with stem and leaves for each replicate just before the spray (pre count) and 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day after spray (post count). Monitoring the population during the test period revealed that all the treatments were found superior over the control as per mean whitefly population count. In addition the spray of cow urine extract also showed results parallel with the treatment T5. Besides the extract of cow urine fermented with garlic extract showed good efficacy against white fly suggesting a prospect for organic production of gerberas in India.

KEY WORDS: Gerbera, white fly, efficacy, biopesticides.

Polyhouse cultivation of flowers in India is of latest origin and is being gradually practiced for production of quality produce for export. Gerbera L. is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. In polyhouses gerbera is highly susceptible to various pests and diseases. Among them whiteflies, spider mites, cut worm and leaf miners takes the major share in reducing the flower yield. White flies are the major pests of greenhouse crops. They attack more than 500 species of food, fiber and ornamental plants such as gerbera and cause crop losses which amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars as informed by (Gerling & Mayer, 1996). When there infestation becomes excessive, the most noticeable symptom is a yellow tinge on the daisy's leaves. They attach themselves as pupa to the underside of a gerbera daisies leaves. When they mature, they inhibit the daisy's bloom growth by draining it of its sap and other vital nutrients. They reproduce quickly, like to hide on parts of the plant which makes it hard to reach when spraying and have certain stages which are not susceptible to chemicals. A wide range of pesticides are used in the cultivation of gerbera (Cresswell et al., 1994; George et al., 1994). But pesticides cause toxicity to humans and warm- blooded animals and may also kill the beneficial insects. Therefore, there is a need to use biopesticides and various pesticide biopesticides combinations which are effective, biodegradable and do not leave any harmful effect on the environment. Few studies have been cited in the literature where biopesticides were used for the control of white flies. The effective use of biopesticide for the control of white flies was shown by a group of researchers. (George et al., 2007; Menke & Gerhard, 2010). Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid are the commonly used pesticides in the control of whitefly in gerbera but they have shown reduced flower production and

896 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______residual problems when used at recommended and double the recommended dose. Currently most of the works about pesticides in gerbera is focused on the study of fate of these pesticides in gerbera. The studies related to the pesticide fate were shown by various groups of researchers. (Oliver & Meyhofer, 2008; Hatzilazarou et al., 2004; Romero et al., 2011; Benson & Parker, 2011). But the information regarding bioefficacy of various pesticides and biopesticides combinations are limited. Various pesticide and biopesticide combinations for the control of pests were tried by different research groups (Khanapara & Kapadia, 2011; Meena & Khan, 2006, Olaitan & Abiodun, 2011). Due to incomplete literature found on the study of pesticides biopesticides combination in gerbera plantation a study was initiated to study the field efficacy of various pesticide and biopesticides combinations against whitefly in gerbera grown in poly house conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Working solutions For the field studies, Acetamiprid (Prime 20 SP) and Imidacloprid (Confidor 200 SC) and the biopesticide Neem Azal (T/S 1%) were procured from the local market. Cow urine garlic extracts preparation 25 g of garlic paste is added to 5 litres of cow urine and 5 litres of water. The mixture is mixed well and kept for fermentation for 5 days. The mixture is filtered and mixed with 10 litres of water containing 2 tablespoons of liquid detergent. Trials A field trial was conducted to study the bioefficacy of the biopesticides alone and in combination with pesticides in polyhouse conditions at Paachamiwala farm, Vikasnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India during 2011 with eight different treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were laid in complete randomized block design with three replicates. For these experiments flower beds of yellow flowers were selected. The spacing between the rows should be 30-40 cm and 25- 30 cm within the row accommodating 8-10 plants/m2.The experiment was carried out with 8 different treatments (T1-Imidacloprid, recommended dose T2-double the recommended dose,T3-Acetamiprid, recommended dose T4-double the recommended dose, T5-NeemAzal, T6=T1+T5 and T7=T3+T5) and T8=Cow urine and garlic paste. The treatments were imposed using Knapsack sprayer. The selected plants were heavily infested with whiteflies. Spray was done during day time with temperature averaging 30-35°C. Whitefly population was assessed by randomly selecting 5 flowers along with stem and leaves for each replicate. Unsprayed plots were included as control. The white fly on the leaf were recorded with the help of 10 X hand lens. The growth parameters like total number of good flowers, diameter of opened flower and quality of flowers like unopened, discolored and malformed flowers were observed. The mean populations of whitefly were worked out and the data were arc sine transformed and tabulated to deduce the results.

RESULTS

The efficacy ratings presented here are based on the results of field studies. The bioefficacy of biopesticides alone and in combination with insecticides against whitefly was tested under polyhouse conditions. The experimental data tabulated in Table 1 showed significant reduction in white fly population in all the

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______897 treatments over the control. All the treatments were found significantly superior showing high mortality of whitefly with respect to the control. Among the treatments T7 and T6 showed superior efficacy on bringing down whitefly population followed by treatment T2, T1, T4, T3, T5 and T6. A single spray with treatment T6 killed all the nymphs in 10 days without apparent damage to the plants. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in percentage reduction at each observation days. After 1st day, the treatment T4 showed highest percentage reduction (81.34% reduction) followed by T2, T6 and T7.Data recorded after 5 days have shown T6 (84.34% reduction) to be superior followed by T2 and T4. After 7th and 10th day treatments T7 and T6 produced better results (90.86 and 88.71% reduction respectively). The compiled results thus show that the biopesticide and pesticide combinations have shown better results in percentage reduction of whitefly as compared to the pesticide taken alone. The efficacy study with treatment T8 is at par with the treatment T5 which suggest that treatment T8 can be developed as an effective biopesticide after selecting a suitable ratio and preparing an emulsified solution. Growth parameters were also recorded to see the overall effects of the combination products of pesticides and biopesticides. Results of various growth parameters like flower yield, diameter, stalk length and vase life are tabulated in Table 2. The data presented in Table 2 revealed that Treatment T7 and T6 showed comparative better results as far as flower yield, diameter, stalk length and vase life is concerned. The results tabulated in table 2 have shown that there were 245flowers/sq mt in case of treatment T6 and 244 flowers/sq mt for treatment T7 as compared to 95 flowers/ sq mt in case of control. When the diameters and stalk length of the flowers were compared the pesticide biopesticide combinations have shown a healthy flower (diameter 11cm both for treatment T6 and T7 and stalk length 46 and 48 cm for T6 and T7) respectively as compared to the control which was infested with whitefly. Even the vase life of the flower in plot treated with T6 and T7 was 9.5 and 10.5 days respectively.

DISCUSSION

The promising effect of pesticide biopesticide combinations against whitefly which have increased the yield in the present investigation agreed with the finding of one of the research group (Khanapara & Kapadia, 2011). According to their findings the combinations of pesticide biopesticide were effective against Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea. Meena & Khan (2006) has also shown positive results when pesticide biopesticide combinations were taken against Spilaretia oblique on Soyabean. Similar study using pesticide biopesticide combinations were done by Boricha et al. (2010) where various combinations were effectively used against whitefly infesting cotton. Results shown by treatment T8 were also at par with treatment T5 which indicates that mixture of cow urine and garlic paste at various ratios can prove to be an effective biopesticide. Whitefly population can be controlled and managed effectively and economically by applying well emulsified solution of cow urine and garlic paste. The quantitative data indicates that the biopesticides if used in combinations with synthetic pesticide showed best result in controlling the whitefly population without apparent damage to plants. These treatments also maximized the marketable flower yield.

898 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______CONCLUSION

On the basis of results obtained from field trials among the pesticide/biopesticides applied, Treatment T6 and T7 significantly reduced the whitefly population. Treatments T8 were also found to be effective compared to untreated control. Half dose of chemicals along with half dose of botanicals reduces the pesticide load on the crop and also cost of the treatment which in turn safeguards the natural enemies. The combinations if used will lower the cost of production incurred by farmers, allow increase of whitefly natural enemy and reduce resistance developed by pest to the synthetic pesticides. Hence, the mixture of the new molecules with botanicals and mycopathogens can be included in the IPM strategy in gerbera cultivation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author is greatful to Mr. Saurabh Guleria for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out the trials in polyhouse conditions.

LITERATURE CITED

Benson, D. M. & Parker, K. C. 2011. Efficacy of Fungicides and Biopesticides for Management of Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot of Gerber Daisy. Journal of Applied Plant Health Management. Online. Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2011-0512-01-RS.

Boricha, H. V., Raghvan, K. L., Joshi, M. D., Makadia, R. R. & Varmora, J. M. 2010. International Journal of Plant Protection, 3 (1): 8-10.

Cresswell, G. C., MacDonald, J. A. & Allender, W. J. 1994. Control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum on gerberas by systemic application of acephate. Pest Management Science, 42 (1): 13-16.

George, K., Dimitrios, S., George, P., Philipos, P. & Triantafyllos, A. 2007. Fate of cyromazine applied in nutrient solution to a gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) crop grown in a closed hydroponic system. Crop Protection, 26 (5): 721-728.

Gerling, D. & Mayer, R. T. 1996. Bemisia: Taxonomy, biology, damage, control and management. Intercept LTD. Andover, Hants, UK.

Hatzilazarou, S. P., Charizopoulos, E. T., Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E. & Economou, A. S. 2004. Dissipation of three organochlorine and four pyrethroid pesticides sprayed in a greenhouse environment during hydroponic cultivation of gerbera. Pest Management Science, 60 (12): 1197-1204.

Khanapara, A. R. & Kapadia, M. N. 2011. Efficacy of Bio-pesticides alone and in Combination with Insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera on Pigeonpea. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2 (2): 340-343.

Meena, A. & Khan, M. A. 2006. Bio-efficacy of combined effect of bio-pesticides and insecticides against Spilarctia obliqua on soybean. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 14 (1): 45-48.

Menke, S. & Gerhard, D. 2010. Detection of a related difference in efficacy of azadirachtin treatments for the control of whiteflies on Gerbera jamesonii by testing for interactions in generalised linear models. Pest Management Science, 66 (4): 358-364.

Olaitan, A. F. & Abiodun, A. T. 2011. Comparative Toxicity of Botanical and Synthetic Insecticides Against major Field Insect Pests of Cowpea (Vigna unquiculata (L) Walp). Journal of Natural Products Plant Resources, 1 (3): 86-95.

Oliver, B. & Meyhofer, R. 2008. Whitefly control in cut gerbera: is it possible to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia formosa. Biocontrol, 53: 751-762.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______899

Romero-Gonzalez, R., Garrido Frenich, A., Martinez Vidal, J. L., Prestes, O. D. & Grio, S. L. 2011. Simultaneous determination of pesticides, biopesticides and mycotoxins in organic products applying a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction procedure and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (11): 1477-85.

Table 1. Effect of pesticides and biopesticides and their combinations on the population of white flies in Gerbera at Paachamiwala farm Vikasnagar, Dehradun Uttarakhand.

% Reduction in Whitefly population Treatments Dosage 1st DAS 5th DAS 7 th DAS 10th DAS T1 0.5 ml/l 70.52(57.11) 75.54(60.35) 82.06(64.94) 84.7(66.97) T2 1 ml/l 76.54(61.029) 82.06(64.94) 84.32(66.67) 85.97(68.97) T3 0.4 g/l 74.16(59.44) 79.71(63.22) 79.32(62.95) 80.63(63.47) T4 0.8 g/l 81.34(64.40) 81.56(64.56) 84.08(66.48) 84.86(67.10) T5 3ml/l 68.37(55.57) 71.23(57.56) 74.84( 59.59) 76.81( 61.21) T6 1:3 v/v 75.65(60.4) 84.34(66.68) 85.16(67.34) 88.71(70.36) T7 1:3 v/v 74.26(59.51) 75.18(60.11) 85.56(67.66) 90.86(72.40) T8 64.32(53.32) 73.32( 58.90) 74.36(59.57) 75.96(60.63) Control 8.32(16.76) 8.36(16.80) 8.4(16.84) 8.42(16.86) DAS-Days after spray Figure in paranthesis are arc sin√p values

Table 2. Growth Parameters of flowers with different treatments.

Growth T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Untreated parameters of Control Flowers Flowers/sq.mt 240 242 232 236 156 245 244 152 95 Diameter cm 8.5 8.0 9 7.5 9 11 11.6 9 7 Stalk length cm 32 36 40 38 36 46 44 30 29 Vase life days 8.5 9.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 9.5 10.5 7.5 6.5

900 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______SCIENTIFIC NOTES

NEW PESTS OF KESSERU, HETEROPANAX FRAGRANS (ROXB.) SEEM A PERENNIAL HOST PLANT OF ERI SILKWORM, SAMIA RICINI (DONOVAN)

M. C. Sarmah*, S. A. Ahmed* and B. N. Sarkar*

* Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat 785700, Assam, INDIA. E-mail: mridulcsbsarmah @yahoo.co.in

[Sarmah, M. C., Ahmed, S. A. & Sarkar, B. N. 2013. New pests of Kesseru, Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem a perennial host plant of Eri Silkworm, Samia ricini (Donovan). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 900-901]

The eri silkworm, Samia ricini (Donovan) is multivoltine and polyphagous in nature feeding on a number of host plants namely Castor, Ricinus communis, Kesseru, Heteropanax fragrans, Tapioca, Manihot utilissima, Payam, Evodia flaxinifolia, Barpat, Ailanthus grandis, Borkesseu, Ailanthus excels and several others. Kesseru (Heteropanax fragrans, Seem) belongs to Ginseng family Araliaceae. It ranks second among all the food plant of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) next to castor. It is perennial in nature and is widely distributed in the North Eastern States of India, both in wild and cultivated condition. Kesseru plants grow up to 1000 m MSL. Kesseru leaves are coarse and fibrous. The Kesseru fed eri cocoons are compact and take more time for degumming during spinning. Actually, Kesseru is used as an alternative food plant of eri silkworm during shortage of castor leaves. Kesseru is used as the best alternative food plant for eri silkworm rearing (Phukan, 2006). It is widely distributed in the North Eastern States of India, both in wild and cultivated condition. Kesseru is extensively utilized under developmental scheme of Govt. of India, like augmentation of eri food plant programme at farmers level in the North Eastern region of India. Kesseru is less susceptible to disease and pest. Occasionally, pest like termite and a nocturnal beetle caused damage to kesseru (Sarmah, 2004). There are different genotype of Kesseru exist in nature. So far, 10 accessions of kesseru viz., HF 001, HF 002, HF 001, HF 003, HF 004, HF 005, HF 006, HF 007, HF 008, HF 009 and HF 010 has been identified and maintained in the Germplasm Bank of Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute at Chenijan, Assam(Fig. 1). During regular monitoring of diseases and pests of Kesseru in different seasons a new Pyralid Lepidopteran pest leafroller (Fig. 3) has been identified infesting kesseru foliage causing 100% defoliation (Fig. 2) out of 2% plantation of HF002 accession. Another, new pest of Brown Bug, Agonoscellis nubile Fab. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) infesting on Kesseru, Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem recorded during summer season (Fig. 4).

LITERATURE CITED

Phukan, J. C. D., Sarmah, M. C., Kakati, P. K. & Chakravorty, R. 2006. Kesseru, Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem – An Important Perennial Food Plant of Eri Silkworm, Lead papers and abstracts, National Workshop on “Eri food plants” held on 11-12th October, 2006 by CMER & TI, Lahdoigarh. Pp. 50-61.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______901

Sarmah, M. C. 2004. Eri host plant cultivation and silkworm rearing technique. Compiled & Edited by Sarmah, M. C. Published by the Director CMER & TI, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam.

1 2

Figures 1-2. 1) Kesseru plantation, 2) A defoliated kesseru infested by Leafroller.

3 4

Figures 3-4. 3) Pest on the leaves, 4) Brown Bug, Agonoscellis nubile Fab.

902 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______SCIENTIFIC NOTES

NEW RECORD OF A NATURAL ENEMY ON MULBERRY WHITE FLY, DIALEUROPORA DECEMPUNCTA (QUAINTANCE & BAKER) IN ASSAM

Yumnam Debaraj*, S. N. Gogoi*, T. K. Biswas* and B. B. Bindroo**

* Regional Sericultural Research Station, Jorhat-785005, INDIA. E-mail: yumnamdebaraj@ yahoo.com ** Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore-742101, INDIA.

[Deberaj, Y., Gogoi, S. N., Biswas, T. K. & Bindroo, B. B. 2013. New record of a natural enemy on mulberry white fly, Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance & Baker) in Assam. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 8 (2): 902-904]

In Eastern and North Eastern regions of India, the banded winged whitefly, Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance & Baker) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest of mulberry and responsible for loss of about 24% mulberry leaf yield production during post-monsoon season (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2000, 2001; Rajkhowa & Chakravorty, 2004). The Economic Threshold Level of whitefly is found to be 20 nos./plant. Due to heavy infestation leaf quality deteriorates resulting chlorosis, leaf curl, depletion of leaf moisture, dryness of leaves in the initial stages and causing sooty mould on the later stages of the infestation (by nymphal stages). These entire symptoms make the leaves unfit for silkworm rearing. Eggs are deposited on the lower surface of leaves. Nymphs suck the juice and secrete honeydew which acts as a medium for the growth of sooty mould fungus, ultimately forms a black coating on the upper surface of mulberry leaves. This affects the photosynthesis of mulberry leaves and results in low nutritive value, renders them unfit for silkworm rearing. From the previous studies, it is established that due to whitefly infestation, crop loss in mulberry silkworm rearing was upto 5 kg cocoons/ 100 dfl (disease free layings). For the management of this pest, different chemical insecticides (0.1% dimethoate/ 0.1% dichlorvos/ 0.02% monocrotophos) are recommended. However, due to indiscriminate use of the chemical insecticides the pests develop resistance and pose serious threat to the environment and mulberry ecosystem particularly the natural enemies of the whitefly (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2005). Maximum incidence of the pest was found during autumn season, during which the most favourable silkworm crop is being conducted due to congenial climatic conditions in this region. Farmers used to rear high yielding silkworm races / breeds during this crop. Unless these breeds are supplied with good quality mulberry leaves, the silkworm crop may not be succeeded. A total of 10 native predators and two Hymenopteran parasitoids were recorded on whitefly as natural enemies. The incidence of whitefly and its natural enemies was studied in West Bengal (Bandyopadhyay & Santhakumar, 2001-02). The biology and feeding efficacy of two native predators of whitefly viz, Micraspis discolor and Brumoides suturalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have been worked out (Santhakumar & Bandyopadhyay, 2001-02). However, no studies have been conducted about the coccinellid predators as bio-control agent against whitefly in Assam and North East India. Hence, an attempt was made in the present study to

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2013______903 survey and identify the efficient predators for the management of white fly on mulberry. In view of the serious threat posed by the pest in mulberry ecosystem, a regular survey was conducted in Jorhat district of Assam, India in 2009-2011 in the mulberry fields for collection of natural enemies of whitefly. The grubs and adult predators were collected from the mealy bug and whitefly colonies infesting mulberry along with the infested shoots. These grubs and adults were reared in the laboratory providing sufficient food for adult emergence and further observation. The newly emerged adult was identified as Scymnus posticalis Sicard (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). This is the first report of the predator as new record feeding on mulberry whitefly, Dialeuropora decempuncta in Assam (Fig. 1-4). The adult predator beetles are small and dark brown in colour. Males are 1.88 × 1.16 mm and females are 2.56 × 1.24 mm in sizes. Eggs are light yellow in colour. There are four instars in the grub stages with thick white waxy covering. The size of a matured grub was 3.49 × 1.60 mm. The grub stage was followed by prepupal and pupal stages. The larval period was completed in 13.71 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 28.0 days. The biological studies of the predator can be taken up in the laboratory for management of whitefly in mulberry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to Dr. J. Poorani, Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, ICAR, Bangalore, India for identification of the predator.

LITERATURE CITED

Bandyopadhyay, U. K., Sahu, P. K., Raina, S. K., Santhakumar, M. V., Chakraborty, N. & Saratchandra, B. 2000. Studies on the seasonal incidence of the whitefly, (Dialeuropora decempuncta (Q. & B.) causing leaf curl on mulberry in relation to abiotic factors. Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 1 (1) : 65-71.

Bandyopadhyay, U. K., SanthaKumar, M. V., Das, K. K. & Saratchandra, B. 2001. Yield loss in mulberry due to sucking pest whitefly, Dialeuropora decempuncta (Q. & B.) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae). Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 2 (1): 75-78.

Bandyopadhyay, U. K. & SanthaKumar, M. V. 2001-02. Studies on incidence of whitefly and its natural enemies. Annual Report, Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Berhampore, West Bengal, India, Pp. 44-45.

Bandyopadhyay, U. K., SanthaKumar, M. V. & Saratchandra, B. 2005. Role of insecticides and botanicals in regulating whitefly (Dialeuropora decempuncta) incidence and their influence on some economic traits of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Ann. Plant Prot. Sci., 13 (1): 48-53.

Rajkhowa, G. & Chakravorty, R. 2004. Studies on the intensity and seasonal population variation of whitefly, Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance & Baker) on mulberry, Morus spp. in relation to abiotic factors. Indian J. Seric., 43 (2): 204-206.

SanthaKumar, M. V. & Bandyopadhyay, U. K. 2001-02. Biological control of whitefly. Annual Report, Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Berhampore, West Bengal, India, Pp. 46.

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3 4 Figures 1-4. Life stages of Scymnus posticalis. 1) Matured larva, 2) Pupa, 3) Enlarged view of pupa, 4) Adult.

5 6 Figures 5-6. 5) Mulberry leaf infested by whitefly nymphs, 6) Heavily infested tender leaves by adult whitefly.