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Lazos De Sangre. Los Apoyos Sociales a La Sublevación Militar En portada Lazos de sangre 25/1/10 12:42 Página 1 ¿Cómo logró el franquismo hacerse con una Ángel Alcalde Fernández (Zaragoza, base social de masas para alzarse con el poder 1981) es licenciado en Historia por la y sostenerse en él durante cuatro décadas? La Universidad de Zaragoza desde 2005, pregunta, no exenta de polémicas, está siendo donde se especializó como de candente actualidad en los debates contemporaneísta. En 2008 fue becario historiográficos de los últimos años. En primer del Programa «Amarga Memoria» del lugar, se ha evidenciado cómo la sublevación ESTUDIOS Gobierno de Aragón, año en que obtuvo de 1936 contra la II República hizo una brutal su Diploma de Estudios Avanzados. inversión en violencia represiva que le permitió Lazos de Sangre Sus intereses como investigador se han destruir y someter a sus opositores, contando centrado en la implicación de la sociedad Á. Alcalde Fernández con un clima internacional propicio. No Los apoyos sociales civil en los procesos reaccionarios europeos obstante, el franquismo también dejó abiertas a la sublevación militar de los años 20 y 30, y especialmente en la vías de integración, por las que se adhirieron formación del apoyo social al franquismo en Zaragoza. COLECCIÓN a la dictadura amplios y diversos sectores en España a través del conflicto bélico de sociales. Lazos de Sangre aspira a explicar, La Junta Recaudatoria 1936-1939. Además, ha publicado varios a partir del caso zaragozano durante la guerra Civil (1936-1939) artículos y contribuciones a congresos de civil, cuáles fueron esas vías integradoras en la Historia contemporánea, y emprendido capital aragonesa de la retaguardia investigaciones de ámbito local y regional insurgente. Se demuestra cómo el exiguo aragonés. En la actualidad, su trabajo núcleo originario del apoyo social a la como historiador se enmarca en la sublevación procedió de la tupida red de historiografía social y cultural de los intereses políticos, sociales y económicos de la fenómenos bélicos del siglo XX. Desde burguesía propietaria y católica zaragozana, septiembre de 2009 es becario del aunada con el fascismo. Y se explica cómo la Gobierno de Aragón en la Residencia de experiencia bélica y la movilización forzada de Estudiantes de Madrid, donde lleva a cabo la retaguardia, organizada ésta por la Junta su tesis doctoral sobre los excombatientes Recaudatoria Civil, fueron los fenómenos franquistas, la experiencia de guerra del catalizadores de la integración, con distintos fascismo español y la Delegación Nacional grados de sinceridad e implicación, de una de Excombatientes (1936-1965). parte de las clases medias y populares zaragozanas en el nuevo Estado. En este proceso, los vínculos interclasistas de sociabilidad, patronazgo, parentesco, asociación, etc., permitieron construir una ESTUDIOS jerárquica base social de masas para la consolidación de la dictadura, a pesar de sus orígenes sangrientos. COLECCIÓN · Lazos de Sangre Ángel Alcalde Fernández DISEÑO DE CUBIERTA: A. Bretón. INSTITUCIÓN MOTIVO DE CUBIERTA: Folleto 5.º Cuerpo de FERNANDO Ejército. Estampas de la guerra, Junta Recaudatoria Civil de Zaragoza, 1937. EL CATÓLICO INSTITUCIÓN «FERNANDO EL CATÓLICO» h Ángel Alcalde Fernández (Zaragoza, 1981) es licenciado en Historia por la Universidad de Zaragoza desde 2005, donde se especializó como contemporaneísta. En 2008 fue becario del Programa «Amarga Memoria» del Gobierno de Aragón, año en que obtuvo su Diploma de Estudios Avanzados. Sus intereses como investigador se han centrado en la implicación de la sociedad civil en los procesos reaccionarios europeos de los años 20 y 30, y especialmente en la formación del apoyo social al franquismo en España a través del conflicto bélico de 1936-1939. Además, ha publicado varios artículos y contribuciones a congresos de Historia contemporánea, y emprendido investigaciones de ámbito local y regional aragonés. En la actualidad, su trabajo como historiador se enmarca en la historiografía social y cultural de los fenómenos bélicos del siglo XX. Desde septiembre de 2009 es becario del Gobierno de Aragón en la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid, donde lleva a cabo su tesis doctoral sobre los excombatientes franquistas, la experiencia de guerra del fascismo español y la Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes (1936-1965). DISEÑO DE CUBIERTA: A. Bretón. MOTIVO DE CUBIERTA: Folleto 5.º Cuerpo de Ejército. Estampas de la guerra, Junta Recaudatoria Civil de Zaragoza, 1937. La versión original y completa de esta obra debe consultarse en: https://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ebooks/id/2959 Esta obra está sujeta a la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons que determina lo siguiente: • BY (Reconocimiento): Debe reconocer adecuadamente la autoría, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene el apoyo del licenciador o lo recibe por el uso que hace. • NC (No comercial): La explotación de la obra queda limitada a usos no comerciales. • ND (Sin obras derivadas): La autorización para explotar la obra no incluye la transformación para crear una obra derivada. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/deed.es. 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 3 Lazos de Sangre Los apoyos sociales a la sublevación militar en Zaragoza. La Junta Recaudatoria Civil (1936-1939) COLECCIÓN ESTUDIOS HISTORIA 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 5 Lazos de Sangre Los apoyos sociales a la sublevación militar en Zaragoza. La Junta Recaudatoria Civil (1936-1939) Ángel Alcalde Fernández INSTITUCIÓN «FERNANDO EL CATÓLICO» (C.S.I.C.) Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza Zaragoza, 2010 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 6 Publicación número 2.936 de la Institución «Fernando el Católico» Organismo autónomo de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza Plaza de España, 2 • 50071 Zaragoza (España) Tels. [34] 976 28 88 78/79 • Fax [34] 976 28 88 69 [email protected] http://ifc.dpz.es © Ángel Alcalde Fernández © De la presente edición, Institución «Fernando el Católico» ISBN: 978-84-9911-039-4 Depósito Legal: Z-104/2010 Producción gráfica: a + d arte digital, S. L., Zaragoza Impresión: INO Reproducciones. Zaragoza IMPRESO EN ESPAÑA-UNIÓN EUROPEA. 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 7 En memoria de Pilar y Francisca, Alejandro y José 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 9 ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN..................................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................................... 13 I. 1936 ............................................................................................................................. 27 1. Zaragoza hasta julio de 1936.............................................................................. 29 2. El golpe de Estado en Zaragoza y su apoyo civil ........................................... 39 3. Formación y composición de la Junta Recaudatoria Civil ............................... 54 4. Sostener la sublevación ....................................................................................... 71 5. Conclusiones y comparaciones. El apoyo social a la sublevación en 1936.... 89 II. 1937-1938.................................................................................................................... 97 1. La experiencia de guerra en la retaguardia zaragozana en 1937. Apoyo social, fascismo y propaganda ............................................................................ 99 2. Mecanismos de control social y de extensión de los apoyos sociales a la sublevación ....................................................................................................... 109 2.1. Refugiados .................................................................................................... 110 2.2. Bombardeos en Zaragoza ........................................................................... 122 2.3. Combatientes ................................................................................................ 125 2.4. Los límites de la extensión del apoyo social: resistencias, represalias, exclusiones y rupturas................................................................................. 137 III. 1938-POSGUERRA ......................................................................................................... 145 1. El ¿fin? de la guerra en Aragón y el nuevo rostro de la sociedad zaragozana . 147 2. El apoyo social al franquismo tras la victoria y el papel de FET-JONS en Zaragoza................................................................................................................ 153 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................................... 175 ANEXOS.............................................................................................................................. 187 FUENTES Y BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................... 215 ÍNDICE ALFABÉTICO.............................................................................................................. 231 [ 9 ] 00. Primeras 15/1/10 11:19 Página 11 PRESENTACIÓN El actual estudio fue presentado por primera vez en la Universidad de Zaragoza, en septiembre de 2008, como trabajo de investigación conducente a la obtención del Diploma de Estudios Avanzados en Historia Contemporánea, ante un tribunal
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