CENSUS OF INDIA 1951

VOLUME VI

WEST BENGAL, . SIKKIM & CHANDERNAGORE

PART lA-REPORT

A. MITRA of the Indian Civil Service, Superintendent of Census Operations and )oint Development Commissioner, West Bengal

PuBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI PRDftii:D By THE GoVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, CALCUTTA, INDIA, l953,

Price : Rs. 18-4 or 19 sh. FEw PEOPLE ouTSIDE realise that census is an administrative operation of great dimensions and, in addition, it is a scientific process. ·Indian census, in particular, covers the largest population in the world and it is also one of the most economical administrative operations. Census as an institution goes back to the remote past, but• it is no longer a mere counting of heads ; it involves extraction of information which plays a vital· role in the determination of many of our administrative policies. The facts elicited during the course of this operation yield valuable ·scientific data of sociological importance. In many matters it provides a useful guide for the effectiveness or otherwise of our economic policies. The · theory of population is iii ifself an interesting part· of economics. The census helps us to test ·and adapt that theory to .facts. There is also another significant advantage which I should like to stress. Census affords an opportunity for Government to reach every home ·throughout the length and breadth of this country ; little hamlets in far off jungles or perched .on mountain tops alike feel with prosperous and easily accessible townships the beat and throb of a pulsating administration. It is also· one of the greatest achievements of honorary endeavour ; for instance, the process of enumeration would involve visits by over a million honorary ·enumerators to about 64 million homes inhabiting 350 million . citizens. · · • · The forthconiing census is the first census of ·a Free Republican India. It is also the first census of partitioned India. _The enumerators will, therefore, visit homes of India·s millions of citizens as representatives of a new institution and we shall have to adapt ourselves to a new basis of comparison and tabulation. The Constitution, for the first time, recognises the important role of· census. It has· been specifically provided that the data collected at successive censuses should form the basis for the delimitation of territorial constituencies. There is also another departure from past practice. Formerly there used to be elaborate caste tables which were required in India partly to satisfy the theory that it was a casteridden country and partly to meet the needs of administrative measures dependent on caste divisions. In the forthcoming census this will no longer be a prominent feature and we can devote our energies and attention to the collection and formulation of basic economic data relating to the means of livelihood of the people and other economic activities of the individual and the State. · ·. Hitherto, ·the census used to be looked upon as a decennial operation for which haphazard temporary arrangements used to be made. I have already suited that there is now a permanent Census Act on the Statute Book and Govermilent have already a permanent office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. It is our intention through this unified organisation to effect continuous improvement over. the whole field of population data including the census and vital statistics and to conduct experiments in sampling which would reduce not only the elaboration of· these operations but also the cost. I hope, in your deliberations, you will take note of the changes which have now taken place in the character of the census operations and you will go back to your States fully familiar with the trends of ideas here in order to implement them on the actual field. 1 wish your ~eliberations all success. ·

From the speech of SAJU>AR VALLABHBHAI PATEL, Deputy Prime Minister of India, inaugurating the first conference of Census Superintendents in February 19SO. • . THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF TatS REPORT

AT THE OUTSET it requires to be stated that Sections and Subsidiary Tables.-Each chapter the statements made and conclusions drawn will be ·divided into a number of sections, and in this Report are wholly the responsibility at the end of each chapter there will be a set of of the author alone in his personal capacity Subsidiary Tables which will form the statistical and do not necessarily represent the views basis of the narrative review and exposition · of (;{)vernment. contained in the Chapter. · . Comments on· first sections.-The first section The following are the 'Registrar Gener.al's of each chapter ·is headed "Preliminary instructions on the scope and purpose of the Remarks ". This section should contain expla- - Report. natory . comments .on all the statistical data I propose to define and limit the scope and reviewed j.n the ·chapter; to the extent necessary purpose of the 1951 Census Report to the for .proper understanding of their meaning, degree provision of the following, viz :- · of reliability and comparability with correspond­ (i) a narrative review of data relating to ing data of prior censuses. Further, ·comments the numbers, life and livelihood of of an introductory chil.racter relevant to the sub• the people~ (such data will be deemed ject matter of the whole chapter, and not con- to consist of (a) replies to "questions • veniently assi~ed to any subsequent section I, J, 4• 5, 9, IO, II and 14 at· the should be indicated in this section. 1951 Census; (b) cOrresponding data Comments on other sections (except the last).­ of past censuses; and (c) authorita­ The subject matter of each sectiop. is indicated tive non-census data, if any,. which by the section-heading as well as form-headjng may be readily available and relat­ of related Subsidiary Tables. · The figures in each able to such census data). of the relevant Subsidiary Tables should be (ii) narrative exposition of significant reviewed, both · horizontally and vertically. changes from census to census or be-. Significant similarities and dissimilarities • will tween different territorial units emerge from this review. brought to light by the foregoing All features which are apparently significant review-(For purposes of such ex­ should, be referred to in the narrative exposition. position, the natural divisions and . It is not necessary that detailed research should districts will be the territorial units be underatken in order to explain all of them. in the State reports; and the States But as much explaJJ,ation as possible should be and natural divisions will be the terri­ furnished ·of significant ·trends regarding growtli torial ;w_ts in the All-India Report) of population. Every effort should be made to and analyse such trends into two parts viz:, the part (iii) a narrative explanation of the significant accountable by movement of population anJ the changes referred to above, in so far as part accountable by natural increase (excess of such explanation can be readily fUI·­ births over deaths); and the fullest possible nished on the basis of local knowledge information (based on local knowledge of move­ and experience of the writers · of the ment of population into tracts pre'senti~g un­ Reports, or of District Officers and usually rapid growth. and out of tracts presenting heads of departments who may be unusually slow growth} should. be .obtained from consulted_ by them. District Officers and m~de use olin appi-op~ate [NoTE.-This ·limitation involves the conse­ sections. Whenever . any· feature of apparent quence that the " Reports" will exclude detailed significance is commented upon,. the correspond­ treatment of. the data relating to a number of ing chapter of the 1931 Census Report should be subjects, e.g., "Displaced Persons", ."Back­ consulted for prior comments, jf any, on the ward Classes ", " Language ", " Religion ", same feature. · "Literary an~ Education "• etc. Where the Comments on last Sections.-The last section Ministries concerned so desire, a separate series of each chapter is headed "·Concluding of publications called " 1951 Census Brochures " Remarks ". It is intended to contain a very will be prepared-

iv THE CENSUS PUBLICATIONS The Census Publications for West Bengal, Sikkim and Chandernagore will consist of the following volumes. All volumes will be of uniform size, demy quarto 8f X 111'•: Part !A-General Report by A. Mitra (the present volume). Part IB-Vital Statistics, West Bengal, 1941-50 by A. Mitra and P. G. Choudhury, containing a Preface, 60 tables, and several appendices. 75 pages. Published in December 1952. Part IC-General Report by A. Mitra, containing the Subsidiary Tables of 1951 and the sixth chapter of the Report and a note on a Fertility Inquiry conducted in 1950. Several Appendices. A report on the natural resources, trades and industries of the State with two bibliographies by Chanchal Kumar Chatterjee and Kamal Majumdar. About 450 pages. Ready in May 1953. Part II-Union and State Census Tables of West Bengal, Sikkim and Chandernagore by A. Mitra. 540 pages. Published in February 1953. • Parts III & IV-Report with Census Tables on Calcutta City and Calcutta Industrial area by A. Mitra. About 250 pages. Ready in May 1953. Part V-Administrative Report of the Census Operations of West Bengal, Sikkim, Chandernagore and Calcutta City: Enumeration: by A. Mitra. 96 pages. Published in November 1952. · The Castes and Tribes of West Bengal-dited by A. Mitra, containing 1951 tables of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal. A monograph on the Origin of Caste by Sailendranath Sengupta, a monograph on several .artisan castes and tribes by Sudhangsu Kumar Roy ; articles by Professor Kshitishprasad Chattopadhyay, and Sri Sailendranath Sengupta on the racial composition of. Bengalees, with anthropometric tables; an article on Dharmapuja by Sri Asutosh Bhattacharyya. Selections from old authorities like Sherring, Dalton, Risley, Gait and O'Malley. An introduction. 18 plates. About 400 pages. Published. in May 1953. An Account of Land Management in West Bengal, 1872-1952 by A. Mitra, containing · extracts, accounts and statistics over 80-year period and agricultural statistics compiled at the Census of 1951, with an introduction. About 250 pages. Ready in June 1953. · · Fairs and Festivals in West Bengal by A. Mitra, containing an account of fairs and festivals classified by villages, unions, thanas and districts. With a foreward and extracts from the laws on the regulation of fairs and festivals. About 45 pages. Published in April 1953. Districi Handbooks for each West Bengal District by A. Mitra. Each volume contains an Introductory essay, several important appendices, and about 82 tables, ·together with a list of ancient monuments in each district. Contains also a village directory where the J. L. No. of every vijlage, its name, area, total populafjon, number of houses, number of literates, and the population of the village classified into eight liv~lihood classes are tabulated. The Handbooks for Hooghly and Burdwan were published in May 1952 and March 1953 .respectively. The Handbooks for Maida Howrah, West Dinajpur and Murshidabad are in the Press. The whole series is expected to be completed by 1954. Each volume will contain about 300 pages. A catalogue of the better known ancient monuments of West Bengal by A. Mitra. Will contain brief descriptions of extant ancient monuments in each district of the State, dating up_ to 1800, with exact location and present state. With many plates. · About 600 pages. · ·

v CITIES, TOWNS,CANTONMENT & POLICE STATIONS

s I< K WEST BENGAL

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ScloL.£ t.":: 86 MIL.ES

CITY CloNTONMENT • MUNICIPAL .TOWN

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POLICE S,.ATION +

CALCUTTA 8r INDUSTRIAL AREA Se.o.L£ {foe MILEs

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FRONTISPIECE CONTENTS (The figures within brackets indicate the number of the paragraphs of the Chapter in which the subject has been treated) PREFACE pp. 1-12 INTRODUCTION General Description (2-3); Area (4-5); The River Systems (6-21); Geographical Divisions {22); Changes in the course of Big Rivers (23-24); Geology (25-40); Soils (41-57); Climate, Temperature and Rainfall (58); Sikkim (59-60); Himalayan West Bengal Division (61-65); West Bengal Plain Division (66-70); Forests (71-75); Vegetation (76); Timber (77-78); Forest Products (79) ; Wild life (80-84) ; Fishes (85-88) ; Castes and Tribes (89-105) ; Irrigation (106-110); Crops (111); Pasture (112); Distribution of Industry (113-116); World War II (117-123); Midnapur Cyclone, 1942 (124-128); The Famine of 1943 (129-146); The Damodar Flood of 1943 (147); The Grow More Food Campaign (148); Rationing and Controls (149-150) ; The Great Calcutta Killing, August 1946 (151-156) ; The Partition of Bengal, August 1947 (157-158); Minor Natural Events (159-160); Material Condition of the People, 1931-50 (161-282) ; Condition of Livelihood Class I (166-178); Condition of Livelihood Class II (179-186) ; Condititon of Livelihood Class III (187-206) ; Condition of Livelihood Class IV (207-230) ; Condition of Livelihood Class V (231-252) ; Condition of Livelihood Class VI (253-254) ; Condition of Livelihood Class VII {255-258) ; Condition of Liv~lihood Class VIII (259-282) pp. \3-130

CHAPTER I GENERAL POPULATION SECTION 1-Preliminary Remarks-General comparison with other areas (1-16) . pp. 131-136 SECTION 2-General distribution and density-General distribution-size of districts in West Bengal and other states {17-18) ; Size of districts in West Bengal (19-25); Definition of the Census House (26-35) ; Persons per census house and houses per square mile (36-46) ; Census houses per square mile (47-48); Definition of the village (49-54); Definition of town and city (55-64); Density-changes in density-Area classified according to density­ Variations in density (65-74); Density and character of Police stations-Police stations with densities over 1,050 per sq. mile-Industrial Police Stations-Twentysix rural thanas with densities over 1,050 per sq. mile (75-87) ; Non-Industrial thanas containing high density (88) ; The plantation thanas (89) ; The Industrial Police stations-The Asansol-Raniganj Zone (90-91); Hooghly-Howrah and Barrackpur-Calcutta-Budge Budge Zone (92-99); Police stations containing small towns (100-111); Density of purely agricultural thanas (112-114) pp. 137-197 SECTION 3-Growth and movement of population-Early accounts of population (115-144) ; Burdwan (145-151); Birbhum (152-159); Bankura (160-167); Midnapur (168-177); Hooghly (178-183); Howrah (184-190); 24-Parganas (191-205); Calcutta. (206-240); Nadia (241-252); Murshidabad (253-260); Maida (261-264); West Dinajpur (265-269); Jalpaiguri (270-276); Darjeeling (277-285) ; Cooch Behar (286-289) ; Sikkim (290-293) ; Chander- nagore (294) . • pp. 198-293 SECTION 4-Migration (295-305) ; Migration within the State between Districts and Natural Divisions (306-318) ; Migration between the State and other parts of India (319-357) ; Migration between the State and other parts of the world outside India (includes Displaced Population, etc.) (358-367) pp. 294-328 SECTION 5-Births, Deaths and Survival Rates (368-380)) ; Famine Mortality, 1943-44 {381-385) pp. 329-332 SECTION 6-Livelihood Pattern (386-395) ; Census questions 9, 10, 11 and related instructions {396) ; The Indian Census Economic Classification (1. C. E. C.) Scheme {397) ;-The dualistic economy of the State-Rural and Urban economies-Distribution -of economic status (398-409); Census Economic questions (410-414); The Agricultural Classes (415-424); Rural Density and Agricultural Population (425-429); Livelihood patterns of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (430-436); Distribution of general population under eight CONTENTS main livelihood classes (437-439); Age groups and employment (HO); Earners and employment (441-442); Unemployment (443-448) pp. 333-362 &crlo!'f ;-concluding Remarks-Natural population of West Bengal, 1891-1951 (U!H61); Growth of population in West Bengal compared to growth in other muntries (462-467); Growth since 1920 (468-470); Probable reasons of growth since 1920 (471-481); Concluding Remarks (483-495) pp. 363-386 CHAPTER n RURAL POPULATION SECTIO!'f !-Preliminary Remarks (1-23) pp. 387-39!) SECTIO!'f 2-General distribution and distribution among villages classified by size of rural population (24-30) pp. 400-402 SECTIO!'f 3-Coocluding Remarks (31) p. 403 CHAPTER m URBAN POPULATION SECTIOK !-Preliminary Remarks (1) ; The illusion of a high urban ratio (2) ; Population of Calcutta Industrial Area (3-4) ; Classification of towns-Types of towns (5-6) ; Towns classified by population (7) ; Growth of towns-Decadence of towns-Reasons for decaY­ The historical reason-old centres of trade and industry (8-19) ; Natives of the State in towns-Employment in towns of Natives of the State-The female ratio in towns (20-27) ; The working class-Character of the industrial labour-Age and population classification of towns-Progress of towns since 1872 (28-35); Distribution of urban population among towns of different categories (36-37) pp. 405-431 SECTIOK 2-Concluding Remarks (38-42) pp. 432-434 CHAPTER IV AGRICULTURAL CLASSES SECTION !-Preliminary Remarks (1-35) pp. 435-454 SECTION 2-Agricultural Population Ratios-Self-supporting persons and dependants-· Secondaey means of livelihood of Agricultural Classes-Self-supporting sharecroppers and labouren-Two inquiries-Landless agricultural labourers-Sharecroppers-self-support­ ing population-Dependency-Regional characteristics-Dependency Characteristics in Livelihoods-Extent of mobility in occupations-comparison between 1951 and 1921- Comparison with 1911-Increasing dependence on land-comparison between 1951 and 1921 (36-61) • • • • • • • pp. 455-468 SECTION 3-Relative proportions of different Agricultural Classes ; Correlated to distribution of land in Agricultural holdings of different sizes (62-65) ; The incidence of revenue and rent under Permanent Settlement (66-70); The state of subinfeudation of rent-receiving interests and tenancies (71-72) ; Present nature of cultivation (73) ; Fragmentation of land (74-76) ; Size of holding-Raiyati and Under-raiyati interests-Barga cultivation-Agricultural labourers-Agricultural labour inquiry -(77-94) pp. 469-483 SECTION 4-Progress of cultivation correlated to growth of general population (95i-103) • • . • • • pp. 484-489 SECTION 5-Concluding Remarks-Irrigation and soil erosion-Production of more food-Jute­ Average cultivated area of land that can go round for the present agricultural population­ The Permanent Settlement-consolidation of holdings-changing the land-man ratio­ Industries in rural areas of West Bengal, 1951 (104-123) pp. 49o-50l CHAPTER V NON-AGRICULTURAL CLASSES. SICTION !-Preliminary Remarks (1-2) pp. 502-503 SECTION 2-The Economic Classification (3-8) pp. 504--506 S&CTIO'M 3-The Statistics (9-12): Livelihood Classes, Divisions or Subdivisions which show stagnation or deterioration in providing employment to the State's population (13-48) l.lvelihood Class V-Production other than cultivation (13-30) vi\i CONTENTS DivisiON o-Primary Industries not elsewhere specified (15) 0.1 Stock Raising (16) 0.2 Rearing of small animals and insects (17) 0.3 Plantation Industries (18) 0.6 Fishing (19) DIVISIO!i 1-Mining and Quarrying (20) DIVISION 2-Processing and Manufacture-Foodstuffs, Textiles, Leather and Products thereof (21) 2.0 Food Industries otherwise unclassified (21) 2.1 Processing of grains and pulses (21-22) 2.2 Vegetable oil and dairy products (23) 2.6 Cotton textiles (24) 2.8 Textile Industries otherwise unclassified (25) 2.9 Leather, leather products and footwear (26) , . DIVISION 4-Processing and Manufacture-Not elsewhere specified (27-28) 4.4 Non-metallic mineral products (29) 4.6 Wood and wood products other than furniture and fixtures (30) LivELIHOOD CLAss VI-commerce (31-35) DIVISION 6-commerce (31) 6.1 Retail trade in foodstuffs (including beverages and narcotics) (32) 6.2 Retail trade in fuel (including petrol) (33) 6.3 Retail trade in textiles and leather goods (34) 6.4 Wholesale trade in foodstuffs (35) LIVELIHOOD CLASS VII-Transport (36) LIVELIHOOD CLASS VIII-other services and miscellaneous sources (37-48) DIVISION 9-Services not elsewhere specified ( 42) 9.0 Services otherwise unclassified (43) 9.1 Domestic services (44) 9.2 Barbt!rs and beauty shops (45) 9.3 Laundries and Laundry services (46) 9.6 Legal and business services (47) 9.8 Religious, Charitabl~ and Welfare Services (48) LIVELIHOOD CLASSEs, Divisions and Subdivisions which show continuous improvement in provi~- ing employment to the State's population (49-62) LIVELIHOOD CLASS V-Production other than cultivation (50-53) DIVISION 3-Processing and Manufacture-Metals, Chemicals and Products thereof (50) DIVISION 4-Processing and Manufacture-Not elsewhere specified (51) 4.8 Paper and paper products (52) 4.9 Printing and Allied Industries (53) LivELIHOOD CLASS VI-commerce (54-55) DIVISION 6-commerce (54) 6.0 Retail trade otherwise unclassified (55) LIVELIHOOD CLASS VII-Transport (56-57) DIVISION 7-Transport, Storage and Communications (56) 7.3 Transport by Air (56-57) 7.4 Railway transport (56-57) LIVELIHOOD CLAss VIII-other services and miscellaneous sour<~es (58-62) DIVISION 5-Gonstruction and Utilities (59) 5.5 Works and Services-Electric Power and Gas supply (59) DIVISION 8-Health, Education and Public Administration (60) DIVISION 9-5ervices not elsewhere specified (61) 9.4 Hotels, restaurants and eating houses (61-62) 9.5 Recreation services (61-62) pp. 507-530 SECTION 4-concluding Remarks-Decreasing employment of women-Increasing employment of women-Proportion of employment-summing up (63-68) pp. 531-545 BIBLIOGRAPHY pp. 547-565 INDEX pp. 567-587 ix STATDIENTS

(Prepared btl Sru BIMAL KUMAB MITRA AND Sru SACBINDRANATH MUKBERJU) INTRODUCTION PAGE STATEMEl'fT 0.1 Areas of districts 1901-51 15 0.2 Vernacular names of principal soils in West Bengal M 0.3 Meteorological table between 1894 and 1920 Station Gangtok 35 O.f Meteorological table between 1910 and 1920 Station Gnatong 36 0.5 Average rainfall in Lachung, Sikkim • 37 0.8 Average rainfall in Himalayan West Bengal 38 0.7 Climatological table of Jalpaiguri 39 0.8 Climatological table of Darjeeling u 0.9 Average rainfall in West Bengal Plains 46 0.10 Climatological table for Calcutta 47 0.11 Climatological table for Asansol 50 0.12 Climatological table for Maida 64 9.13 Statement showing reserved, protected, unclassed state and khas forest, etc. 60 i.lt Religions in West Bengal, 1951 68 0.15 Statement of persons immigrating from East Bengal and Sylhet to West Bengal. etc., between 1946 and 1951 . 87 0.16 Income and expenditure of typical agricultural families, 1933 00 0.17 Sales and mortgages under the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1940-49 91 0.18 Sources of loan of farmers and owner cultivators, 1946-47 92 0.19 Objects of loan of farmers and owner cultivators, 1946-47 92 0.20 Survey of dispossession of aboriginals in Maida district, 1948 93 0.21 Sources of loan of sharecroppers, 1946-47 94 0.22 Objects of loan of sharecroppers, 1946-47 95 0.23 Sources of loan of agricultural labourers; 1946-47 95 0.24 Objects of loan of agricultural labourers, 1946-47 95 0.25 Average rate of daily agricultural wages in annas, 1908, 1911, 1916 and 1925 96 0.26 Index of wages and price of foodgrains, 1939-45 96 0.27 (a) Agricultural labour wages, 1947-50 97 0.27 (b) Percentage of days employed among agricultural labourers, 1946-47 97 0.27(c) Percentage of employed days by type of work for agricultural labour, 1946-47 . 98 0.28 Percentage of unemployed days by type of work for agricul­ tural labour, 1946-47 98 0.29 Seasonal variation in employment of agricultural labour, 1946-47 . • • . . . . . • • 98 0.30 Average daily agricultural wage rate, 1946-47 • 99 0.31 Average daily wage rate in rupees, 1946-47 99 0.32 Employment of • kishan' labour by employers, 1946-47 100 0.33 Terms of employment of 'kishan' labour, 1946-47 100 0.34 Average annual income by sources for families of different income levels, 1946-47 100 0.35 Per capita annual expenditure on items by income levels, 1946-47 101 0.36 Income and expenditure of agricultural labourer families, 1946-47 . • • 101 0.37 Percentage expenditures by items of agricultural and industrial labour, 1946-47 102 0.38 Sources of loan of proprietors, 1946-47 102 0.39 Objects of loan of proprietors, 1946-47 102 S'fATEMENTS PAGE STATEMENT 0.40 Percentage of families in debt and avera~e debt per family by district, 1946-47 103 0.41 Distribution of families according to the size of debt 104: 0.42 Indebtedness by size of land" owned, 1946-47 104: C.43 Percentage of t<>tal debt borne by income levels 105 0.44 Percentage of total income shared and total debt borne by occupational groups 105 0.45 Quantities of common rice per rupee in standard seers of 80 tolas in the first fortnight of January 106 0.46 Price of jute per maund and pucca bales 1930-50 107 0.47 Imports of raw jute into Calcutta and mill stations, 1934-48 108 ' 0.48 Exports of 'raw jute (all India), 1934-49 108 0.49 Exports of gunnie~ (all India), 1934-49 108 0.50 Stock and production of gunnies (in thousand tons), 1934-50 • 108 0.51 Average number of persons employed daily in and about the mines, 1!}31-49 110 0.52 Average daily earnings in coal mines, 1931-49 110 0.53 Daily and monthly wages of industrial blacksmiths, 1938-50 111 0.54 Daily and monthly wages of fitters, 1938-50 111 0.55 Daily and monthly wages of unskilled labour, 1938-50 112 0.56 Number of trade unions and their membership, 1936-49 113 0.57 Wages of manual workers in tea plantations (in rupees and annas), September 1951 114 0.58 Monthly salaries of clerical employees in tea plantations (in rupees), September 1951 114 0.59 Classification of trade unions, 1949 114 0.60 Sources of income of trade unions, 1949-50 114 0.61 Items of expenditure of trade unions, 1949-50 115 0.62 Number of disputes classified by industry 1941-50 115 0.63 Strikes classified by number of man-days and men involved, 1941-50 116 0.64 Causes and results of strikes, 1941-50 . 116 0.65 Number of strikes in jute spinnin~ and weaving mills in 1941- 50, with men involved and loss of working days, 1941-50 117 0.66 Number of strikes in coal mines and iron and steel and foundry industries, 1941-50, with men involved and loss of working days, 1941-50 · 117 0.67 Compensations to workmen, 1946, 1948, and 1949 118 0.68 Percentage distribution of families by monthly income, 1946 121 0.69 Percentage distribution of families by monthly expenditure, 1946 122 0.70 Surplus and deficit budgets by income groups, 1946 • 123 0.71 Expenditure by items of expenditure and income groups, 1946 123 0.72 Expenditure on items of food by income groups, 1946 124 0.73 Expenditure on items of food, 1946 124 0.74 Distribution of families by number of persons per room, 1946 124 0.75 Distribution of families by number of adult male equivalent per room, 1946 . 0.76 Middle class cost of living index number for Calcutta, August 1939-May 1952 125 0.77 Progress of the cooperative movement, 1946-49 128 0.78 Criminal justice-Number of criminal cases tried in West Bengal, 1941-50 129 0.79 Civil cases, 1941-50 130 CILUTEB I

PACI: STATEME!IT Ll Density, area and population .of the principal states of India, 1951 • • . • . • . • • • • 131 L2 Mean decennial growth rate 1941-51, and females per 1,000 males in the principal states of India, 1951 • • . . 132 L3 Average number of persons per house-hold, and percentage of institutional inmates and houseless population to total population, 1951 133 1.4 Number per 1,000 of total population, and the number of females per 1,000 males in cities and towns, 1951 133 1.5 Percentage of population dependent on non-agricultural liveli­ hoods to total population, of urban population to total population, and percentage distribution of non-agricultural livelihoods among urban population, 1951 1~ 1.8 Percentage of literates to total population, 1951 135 1.7 Total population. Displaced population, and percentage of Displaced population to the Non-displaced population of the principal states, 1951 136 1.8 Most populous, least populous districts and average population of districts in each of the main states of India, 1951 137 1.9 The largest, smallest districts and average size of districts in each of the main states of India, 1951 137 ' 1.10 Population of districts in West Bengal, 1901-51 138 1.11 Size of districts and percentage of growth of population in each decade between 1901 and 1951 138 1.12 Distribution of families by number of persons per room . 146 1.13 Distribution of families by number of adult male equivalents per room 146 1.14 Average number of persons per inhabited census house, 1881-1951 . 149 1.15 Number of married women of age 15 and over per 100 census houses, 1891-1951 151 1.16 Number of married females of all ages per census bouse in a Sample Survey in December, 1950 151 L17 (a) Total, household, institutional and houseless population classi· fied by rural and urban males and females, 1951 152 I.l7 (b) Number of occupied houses, households and institutional houses, 1951 153 1.18 Family households and Institutional census houses expressed as percentages of total occupied houses, 1951 154 1.19 Household population as percentage to total population, 1951 154 1.20 Institutio!>al and houseless population as percenta~e of house­ hold population, 1951 155 1.21 Average number of inhabited census houses per square mile, 1881·1951 156 1.22 Number of inhabited villages, 1901-51 · 158 1.23 Villages and towns in the State, 1951 • 151) J.24 Changes in the list of towns, 1901-51 • 160 1.25 Number of towns of each class, 1901-51 161 1.26 Progress in the number of towns, 1901-51 . 162 1.27 Changes in Density (persons per square mile) 1872-1951 163 1.28 Density (persons per square mile) of districts, 1951 164 1.29 Decrease in density per square mile between 1911 and 1921 in certain districts of West Bengal JM 1.30 Areas of police stations classified according to density fpersons per square mile) in the State, 1872-1951 • 166 xli STA TEMEJ."''TS PAGE STATEMENT 1.31 Populations of police stations classified according to density (persons per square mile) showing percentage of eacb density class to total Area of State, 1872-1951 167 1.32 Variations in density (persons per square mile) of adminis­ trative divisions, 1872-1951 169 1.33 Density_ and character of police stations in West Bengal, 1951 176 1.34 Police stations with densities over. 1,050 per square mile, arranged by character, population, area and actual density, 1951 177 1.35 Area and population, actual and percentage, by density of police stations having densities over 750 persons per square mile, 1951 180 1.36 Police stations containing non-industrial towns with densities below 1,050 per square mile, 1951 191 1.37 Variations in population of West Benl'(al, Chandernagore and Sikkim expressed as percentages of population of a previous period, 1872-1951 20) I.38 Percentages of age groups to population, 1901-51 . 275 1.39 Percentage variation of Population, 1901-51,-Total, R)lral and Urban 209 1.40 Percentage variations in population of Burdwan bv police station, 1872-1951 279 1.41 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to. married women (15-40) in Burdwan, 1901-51 214 1.42 Immigration and emigration in Burdwan from and outside the State, 1891-1951 214 1.43 Migration between Burdwan and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 215 1.44 Percentage variations in population of Birbhum by police station, 1872-1951 279 J.45 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married women (15-40) in Birbhum, 1901-51 217 1.46 Immigration and Emigration in Birbhum from and outside the State, 1891-1951 218 I.47 Migration between Birbhum and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 218 1.48 Percentage variations in population of Bankura by police station, 1872-1951 · 279 1.49 Percentage of age groups and of married women (l!i-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married women (15-40) in Bankura, 1901-51 · 221 1.50 Immigration and Emigration in Bankura from and outside the State, 1891-1951 222 1.51 Migration between Bankura and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 222 I. 52 Percentage variations in population of Midnapur by police station, 1872-1951 ...... 280 I.53 Percentage of age groups and of married women 115-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married women (15-40) in Midnapur, 1901-51 . 225 I.54 Immigration and Emim-ation in Midnapur from and outside the State, 1891-1951 226 1.55 Migration between Midnapur and otl>er districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 • . . . • 226 xiii STATEMENTS PACK Percentage variations in population of Booghl;r by police station, 1872-1951 • • • 2:80 L57 Percentage of age &roups and of married women (15-40) to total oopulatioo and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) 1o Hooghl:f, 1901-51 Lsa Immigration and Emigration in Hooghly from and outside the State, 1891-1951 • • • • • • • • L59 Migration between Hooghly and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 • • • • • 230 uo Percentage variations in population of Howrah by police station, 1872-1951 • • • • • • • • 281 Ul Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) in Howrah. 1901-51 231 1.62 Immigration and Emigration in Howrah from and outside the State, 1891-1951 232 1.63 Migration between Bowrah and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 232 L64 Percentage variations in population of 24-Parganas by police station, 1872-1951 281 1.65 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) in 24-Parganas, 1901-51 235 1.68 Immigration and Emigration 1o 24-Parganas from and outside the State, 1891-1951 236 1.67 Migration between 24-Parganas and other districts of Bengal 1o 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 236 1.68 Houselist and Final Populations in the Wards of Calcutta, 1951 241 1.69 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and chilcln!n (0...5) to married women (15-40) in Calcutta, 1901-51 246 L'IO Immigration and Emigration in Calcutta from and outside the State, 1891-1951 ~7 L'll Migration between Calcutta and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 247 L'l2 Percentage variations in ·Population of Nadia by police station, 1872-1951 282 L73 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) in Nadia, 1901-51 • 263 1.74 Immigration and Emigration in Nadia from •and outside the State, 1891-1951 253 1.75 Migration between Nadia and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 1.76 Percentage variations in population of Murshidabad by police station, 1872-1951 282 1.77 Percentage of age groups and of maried women (15-40) to total population and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) in Murshidabad, 1901-51 L78 Immigration and Emigration in Murshidabad from and out.­ side the State, 1891-1951 L79 Migration between Murshidabad and other districts of Bengal, in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 • . • • • 257 1.80 Percentage variations in population of Malda by police station, 1872-1951 282 1.81 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0...5) to married women (15-40) in Maida, 1901-51 L82 Immigration and Emigration in Malda from and outside the State, 1891-1951 U3 Migration between Malda and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 • • xiv STATEMENTS • PAGE STATEMENT 1.84 ~rcentage variations in population of West Dinajpur by police station, 1872-1951 . 283 1.85 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (Q-5) to marrie.d women (15-40) in West Dinajpur, 1901-51 ·• 260 1.86 Immigration and Emigration in West Dinajpur from and out­ I side the State, 1891-1951 261 ·1.87 Migration between West Dinajpur and other districts of Ben­ gal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 . 261 1.88 Percentage variations in population of Jalpaiguri by police station, 1872-1951 •• · 283 1.89 Statistics of tea in Jalpaiguri, 18741-1951 263 1.90 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married ·women (15-40) in Jalpaiguri, i901-51 . • 264 1.91 Immigration and Emigration in Jalpaiguri from and outside the State, 1891-1951 • 264 1.92 Migration between Jalpaiguri and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 . 265 1.93 Statistics of tea in Darjeeling, 1861-1951 . 266 1.94 Percentage variations i.D. population of Darjeeling by police station, 1872-1951 283 1.95 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married women • (15-40) in Darjeeling, 1901-51 · 268 1.96 IJDmigration and Emigration in Darjeeling from and outside the State, 1891-1951 · 268- 1.97 Migration between Darjeeling and other districts of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 . - . · 269 1.98 Percentage variations in popUlation of Cooch Behar by police station, 1872-1951 283 1.99 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (0-5) to married women (15-40) in Cooch Behar, 1901-51 .· '· 270 1.100 Immigration imd Emigration in Cooch Bellar from and outside the State, 1891-1951 271 I.101 Migration between Cooch Behar and other· districts· of Bengal in 1891-1921 and West Bengal in 1951 . .• . • • 271 I.102 Percentage variations in popUlation of Sikkim, 1891-1951 283 I.103 Percentage of age groups and of married women (15-40) to total population and of children (Q-5) to married women (15-40) in Sikkim, · 1901-51 273 1.104 Immigration and Emigration in Sikkim from and outside the State, 1901-51 273 I.105 Percentage variations in population of Chandernagore, 1901-51 283 1.106 Immigration and Emigration in Chandernagore from and out- side the territory, 1~01-51 . . . . • • • 274 1.107 PopUlation of Administrative divisions of West Bengal with variation, 1872-1951 284 1.108 Interdistrict migration in West Ben~al, 1921 and 1951 . 297 1.109 Migration in 1951 between Burdwan Division and districts in Presidency Division (a) South of the Ganges (b) North of the Ganges 299 1.110 Details of imigration from Burdwan Division to Presidency Division, south of the Ganges, 1951 . • • • • 301 I.111 Balance o1! migration from Midnapu~ to districts on the Hooghly side, 1891 to 1921 3.11d 1951 301 I.112 Balance of migration from other districts of West Bengal to Burdwan, Hooghly, Howrah, 24-Parganas and Calcutta, 1951 302 1.113 Polygonal migration in Burdwan, Hoogtuy, Howrah, 24- Parganas and Calcutta, 1951 · 302 XV STA~fENTS - . SnrDB!ft Ulf Inward and outward bookings in selected stations around Calcutta. 194~50 • • • • • Ll15 Balance of migration from Murshidabad to Maida. 1891-1921 and 1951 • - • • • • • • • • • • L118 Migration between West Bengal and other states of India and immigration from Pakistan. 1951 • • • 1.117 Percentage of migratiun.between West Bengal and other states of India and immigration of Displaced persons. 1951 • L118 Percentage of all immigrants from outside West Bengal to Its total population· In each decade, 1881-1951 • • • • 307 Ll19 Females per 1.000 males in rural and urban areas of West Bengal, 1951 308 Ll20,~- Migrants between West Bengal and other states and popula­ ' - tion in other states speaking Bengali as their mother tongue, 1951 • • • • • • • • ... • 308 L121 Immigration in rural areas of West Bengal from other states of India classified by sex (thousands), 1951 • 310 L122 Immigration in urban areas of West Bengal from other states - of India classified by sex (thousands), 1951 • • • • 3ll 1.123 Immigration from. other states of India into West Bengal, classified by sex expressed as percentages of total, rural· . and urban population of the State, 1951 • • • • 311 1.124 Migration between zones of West Bengal and other states of India, 1951 • • • • • • 312 1.125 Distribution of imriligrants from other states of India in the eight main livelihood classes in four zones of West Bengal, 1951 313 1.126 Distribution of immigrants from other states of India in the l!ight main livelihood classes expressed as percentages of total population under each class in four zones of West Bengal, 1951 314 1.127 Livelihood pattern of general population and immigrants from other states of India, 1951 (thousands) 314 Ll28 Migration between West Bengal and other states of India, 1951 and 1921 (thousands) 315 1.129 Immigration into West Bengal from outside India, 1951 and 1921 321 Ll30 lmri\igrants from beyond India and their nationalities, 1951 322 1.131 Emigrants from West Bengal to other states of India cla:;sifted · by livelihood and sex, 1951 · 323 1.132 ·Agricultural and Non-agricultural emigrants from West Ben- . gal classified for five states "of India, 1951 . • • 324 1.133 . Livelihood pattern of general population, Immigrants from other states of India and Displaced population from Pakistan, 1951 324 Ll34 Livelihood pattern of Immigrants from other states of India per 10,000 immigrant population (T. R. U.) belonging to all livelihood classes, 1951 327 1.135. Livelihood pattern of Displaced population in 1951 • 328 1.136 Distribution of 1,000 persons as self-supporting persons, non­ earning dependants and earning dependants in the agricul­ tural and non-agricultural classes in the principal states of India, 1951 1.137 Percentage of self-supporting persons, non-earning depend­ ants and earning dependants in each of the eight main livelihood classes in the total, rural and urban population of West Bengal, 1951 344 1.138 Number per 10,000 self-supporting persons of all non­ agricultural classes in several states of India, 1951 346 1.139 Rural density per square mile and proportion of population supported by agriculture per 1,000 of general population, 1901-21 and 1951 • • • ~ STATEMENTS PAGE STATEMENT !.140 Population and percentages of scheduled castes and tribes in agricultural classes to population in agricultural classes, 1951 (thousand) 353 !.141 Distribution of the general population and schedule l!astes and scheduled tribes in all agricultural classes in West Bengal, 1951 !.142 Livelihood pattern of 10,000 persons in the general, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe populations among the eight main livelihood classes in West Bengal, 1951 355 !.143 Livelihood pattern of 10,000 persons among 'scheduled castes in the districts of West Bengal, 1951 355 !.144 Livelihood pattern of 10,000 persons among scheduled tribes in the districts of West Bengal, 1951 356 1.145 . Comparative statement showing the interests in . land of certain castes in police stations Suri, Khayrasol and Durbajpur of district Birbhum, 1932 356 !.146 Population in each livelihood class in each district expressed as a percentage of the total population of West Bengal, 1951 357 1.147 Distribution of population in livelihood classes in several states of India, .1951 (Expressed as percentage of total population) 357 1.148 Percentage of age groups to totctl population of West Bengal, 1901-51 • • • . • . -·. • . • • • 358 1.149 Proportion of earners in agricultural and non-agricultural live­ lihoods to total population and proportion of general, male • · and female population of employable age (15-55) to total, male and female population, 1901-51 (except 1941) 359 1.150 Registrations in the Employment Exchanges of West Bengal during 1945-52 ·representing position in December of each year . 360 1.151 Placements by the Employment Exchanges of West Bengal during 1945-52 representing position iii December of each year · • 361. 1.152 Matriculates and Graduates on, the live Register of Employ- ment Exchanges as on 26 May 1952 in West Bengal . • 362 !.153 Preliminary estimate of population in West Bengal in December 1940 and officially published final estimates on the conclusion of the Census of 1941 364: 1.154 Estimate of net or 'natural' population of West Bengal; 1891- 1951 • • • • - • • • • • • . • 365 1.155 Estimate of net or 'natural' population of West Bengal, 1891- 1951 (the population of 1941 having been corrected) : • 366. 1.156 Estimated net or 'natural' population. of West Bengal, 1931-51 366 1.157 Population of Great Britain at various dates, 1801-1941 368 !.158 Population of the World by continents, 1750 and 1900 • 368 1.159 Population in millions of Great Britain, India .and West Bengal at various dates, 1801-1941 • 370 1.160 Infantile mortality rates of infants under 12 months old· per 1,000 live births at various dates (undivided Bengal and West Bengal) . 372

CHAPTERD II.l Occupied villages in districts of West Bengal unaffected by ' the 1947 Partition, 1901-51 • • . • • • • 389 !1.2 Proportion of 10,000 persons residing in villages classified according to population, 1891 390 !1.3 Number of square miles of territory served by each linear mile of road, 1949 391 ll.4 Abstract of roads under maintenance of Works and Buildings Department (corrected up to 1949) · 391 !1.5 Road mileage· in India and West Bengal compared with advanced countries in the West 392 xvii SfATDIE..'ITS

StATDlJ:lfT ILlS Mileage of surfaced and unsurfaced roads in several states of India, 19-13 (excludina; municipal roads) • • . • 11.7 Length of road communications maintained by public authori., ties in West Bengal as on 31st December 1948 • , : II.8 Road expenditure from provisional revenues in d.i1ferent pro- vinces in India in 194!).46 (million rupees) • • . II.9 Number per 1,000 of rural population living in villages with population of four categories. 1901-51 , • • • • D.10 Percentages of mauzas of certain population classes to total number of mauzas,-1911-51 • , , .01 11.11 Percentage of population livinc in villages and towns of various population sizes with reference to the total popula- tion in each district., 1951 · IJ.12 Percentage of rural population in each district of West Be~al in the eight main livelihood classes, 1951 40:! CHAPTEB m III.1 Distribution of population between towns with populations over 20,000, in 1951 • III.2 Population in cities and towns in the Calcutta industrial area, 1951 407 III.3 List of towns under six classifications with number of females per 1,000 males in each of them, West Bengal, 1951 408 III.4 Classification of cities and towns according to their popula- tion in 1951 . • • • • • • • • • • 409 Ul.5. Progress of population in cities and towns classified accotd­ ing to character, in West Bengal, Chandernagore and Sikkim, 1872-1951 411 11I.6(a) Progress of residential towns which are less populous in 1951 than in 1872 . 412 III.6(b) Residential towns which declined in population until recently, 1872-1951 • 412 III.6(c) Three industrial towns whose population fluctuated between 1872 and 1951 413 III.7(a) Urban populations of districts expressed as percentaites of their geueral populations, 1901-51 419' III.7(b) Urban population in West Bengal in 1951 classified by persons born in the State and without Displaced population 419 III.B Number of females per 1,000 males in 25 residential towns of West Bengal, 1872-1951 420 III.9 Percentage of local born among towns people and females per 1,000 males in local born of urban population, 1951 421 III.10 Cities and towns classified according to their female ratios in 1951 422 III.ll Females per 1,000 males in residential, industrial and railway towns in West Bengal, 1881-1951 422 III.12 Age composition of males and females expressed as percent­ age of male and female population in (i) the Calcutta area (Calcutta, South Suburbs, Tollyganj, Garden Reach, Dum Dum group of municipalities, Bamagar, Howrah and Bally), (ii) other industrial towns, (iii) residential towns and (iv) railway towns, 1951 III.13 Age composition of males and females expressed as percent­ age of male and female population (excluding Displaced males and females) in six industrial cities in West Bengal, 1951 425 III.14 Showing to which population class a city or town belonged in any particular census; 1872-1951 425 III.lS Towns classified by population, 1872-1951 429 III.l6 Number per thousand of urban population residing in towns with population of four categories. 1901-51 • . • • 429 III.1'l Number per one thousand persons of same religion who live in towns, 1911-51 • 431 xviii STATEMENTS PAGI CHAPTER IV STATEMENT IV.l Percentage of all agricultural self-supporting person in I.lveli­ hood Classes I and III to total population, 1901-51 .• 455 IV.2 A rough estimate of the percentage of self-supporting persons among Bargadars (Livelihood Class II) in 1931 456 IV.3 Comparison between the Census figures ·and those of the Agricultural Labour Inquiry in respect of agricultural and non-agricultural rural population in West Bengal, 1951 457 IV.4 Agricultural classes in the Indian Census and Agricultural Labour Inquiry in West Bengal, 1951 • • • • (57 IV.5 Distribution of families living as bargadars and agricultural labourers in 1939-40 459 1V.6 Actual and estimated percentages of population in each agricultural livelihood class in We~t Bengal, 1951 460 IV.7 Percentage, of self-supporting persons, earning and non­ earning dependants among the agricultural classes in several states, · 1951 . 460 IV.B Number per 1,000 of each agricultural class who are self.; supporting persons, earning or non-earning dependants in West Bengal, 1951 462 IV.9 Non-agricultural secondary means of livelihood for four agricultural classes, 1951 465 IV.10 Number per 10,000 of self-supporting persons in agricultural classes who had non-agricultural secondary means of occu­ pation in 1921 465· lV.ll Number per 10,000 of self-supporting persons in agricultural classes who had non-agricultural secondary means of occu­ pation in 1911 • 466 IV.12 Secondary means of livelihood in agriculture for four non-agricultural classes, 1951 · · 467 IV.13 Secondary means of occupation in.agriculture for non-agricul- tural classes in 1921 • . . 468 IV.14 Value of produce and incidence of raiyati rent. in West Bengal, 1901 and 1939· · · 473 IV.15 Incidence of revenue in the different provinces, 1940 (73 IV.16 Number, demand and collection of permanently settled and temporarily settled estates and estates held directly by Government in West Bengal, 1950-51 . , · • 474 IV.17 · Number of permanently settled estates and estates· held· directly by Government, 1941-50 . IV.18 Percentage of raiyati interests and area to total interests and area in settlement reports of West Bengal, 1915-40 • 476 IV.19 Percentage number of families in debt classes A and B holding different classes of land in 1935 477 IV.20 Average size of raiyati and under-raiyati interests in acres and incidence of cash rent per acre in West BeDJ:al· from settlement reports (77 IV.21 Distribution of areas held by an agricultpral family, 1940 478 IV.22 Distribution of areas held by an agrlcultural family, 1951 479 IV.23 Number of raiyati and under-raiyati interests held by cultivat- ing families, 1940 480 IV.24" The manner in which raiyati land transferred during 1928-40 was cultivated in 1940 . 480 IV.25 The manner in which lands were cultivated in 1940 and 1951 481 IV.26 Percentage of land cultivated in barga in each class of hold­ ing by size in 1951 481 IV.27 Percentage of agricultural labourers in families classitled according to amount of land owned, 1946-47 482 IV.28 Yield per acre of aman paddy and rice, 1915-51 w. IV.29 Yield per acre aus paddy and rice, 1915-51 . (85 IV.30 Production and consumption of paddy in 1931 488 IV.31 Production and requirement of rice in West BeDJ:al, 1950-52 489 xix STATEMENTS

PAGE Gains through Grow More .Food Campaign and net gaiRs or losses through exceptionally eood and adverse weather conditions during 1948-52 • IV~3 Production and procurement of food in West Bengal, 1947-52 IV.Jt Estimated average cultivated land, 1951 • Industries in rur~ area of West Bengal, 1951 CHAPTER V V.l ComparaUve Statement of the Economic Classification Schemes in successive Census in West Bengal, 1872-1951 536 V.2 Non-agricultural self-supporting J)elSODs, classified by sex, in each non-aericultural economic division and subdivision, . 1901-51 508 V.3 Number of self-supporting persons in each non-agricultural economic division and subdivision per 10,000 of total popula­ tion, 1901-51 51-l V.4 Number of self-supporting persons of both sexes per 10,000 of total population and number of self-supporting females in West Bengal, 1901-51 531 v.s Important non-agricultural livelihood subdivisions in which employment of women bas declined in West Bengal in 1951 from previous decades • 532 V.8 Important non-agriculturai livelihood subdivisions in which employment of women has increased in West Bengal in 1951 from previous decades 533 V.7 Proportion of self-supporting persons and earning dependents to total population and of the population of the age group (15-54) to total population in each main livelihood class in West Bengal, 1951 •• v.a Number of self-supporting persons per 10,000 of total, male and female population in the aggreg~te, agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods, 1901-51 535 ILLUSTRATIONS

(Prepared by SRI UPENDRACHANDRA DEY) 1 Map showing cities, towns, cantonment and police stations in West Bengal · frontispiece· 2 Pie chart showing area and population of West Bengal, 1951 • · f11-cing page 16 3 Geological map of West Bengal and Sikkim • 24 4 Middle class cost of living index for Calcutta . " 120 5 Density map of West Bengal (coloured plate) ~ ·," " 168 6 The Hoogh)y Basin " 184 . 'I The Hooghly Industrial Region " " 192 8 Population and Houses in Calcutta, 1901-1951 " " 240 9 Migration between West Bengal and other parts of India, 1951 • " " 304 " 10 Livelihood map of W.est Bengal (coloured plate) • ",, 344 11 Age pjramids for West Bengal. 1901-1951 ..• " 360 12 Pyramids of ages 0-20 "in West Bengal, 1901-1951 • " " 360 13 ' . Economically productive and unproductive age ·groups, 1901-1951 • " " 360 " ... 14 Industrial Calcutta and Howrah .. 408 15 Number of self-supporting persons per 10,000 of total population, Live- " lihood Class V • . . . • 520 16 Number of self-supporting persons per 10,000 of total population, " " · Livelihood Classes VI & VII · . ·• .. 520 17 Number of self-supporting persons per 10,000 of total population, " 520 Livelihood Class VIII " " MAP Map of a portion of Eastern India containing West Bengal, Sikkim and Chandernagore end of book

:xxi PREFACE The ninth census of West Bengal how the census was taken and tabulat­ was taken between the 9th February ed, it may be interesting to note how and 3rd March of 1951 with sun­ the Census Superintendent's area of rise of the 1st March as the operation has changed since 1872. The Reference Day. following statement provides the out­ Before proceeding to an account of line. Number of Ad- Area in No. of Year Provin"flll minis- square towns& Persons Males Females trative miles villages Divi!!ions

1872 West Bengal, East Bengal, 11 248,231 201,096 66,856,859 Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur, As.~m. . 1881 West Bengal, East Bengal, 13 187,222 264,765 69,536,861 34,625,591 3-1,911,270 Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur, Feudatory States of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. 1891 West Bengal, East Bengal, 13 187,336 244,472 74,643,366 37,236,485 37,406,881 Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur, Tributary States, Santa) Parganas. 1901 West Bengal, East Bengal, 14 189,837 222,855 78,493,410 39,278,186 39,215,224 Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur, Feudatory States of Bengal, Bihar and Oris~. Tippera, Sikkim, 1911 West Bengal, East Bengal, 8 84,092 123,369 46,305,642 23,803,593 22,502,049 C

3 ~EHSt71i census must have been a heavy addi­ March, for the revisionary round. tional burden, and cannot well have Along with the recording of the count been regarded otherwise than as an un­ on slips, the National Register of mitigated nuisance!" Citizens was required to be filled up by The arrangements for the census every enumerator in respect of his area. followed generally the lines laid down This National Register was devised as a in 1941 but made important departures. register or schedule for the village ; Three important innovations had been and instead of the family schedule used introduced in 1941. Instead of a syn­ up to 1931 the enumerator was to tran­ chronous census on one night, the scribe a schedule for the village, enter­ taking of the census was spread over a ing the households in the order in which full week, followed by a revisionary they were numbered, and under each period of three days, with the night of household all its inmates. For each the seventh day as the reference night inmate almost all the items of informa­ .against which all entries were to be tion recorded on the census slip were checked for the final record. Secondly, to be copied, and a careful tally made the family schedule for recording census for births, deaths, arrivals and final information was abandoned in favour tallies before the Register was of the individual slip, which, apart from handed over to Authority on the 4th of dispensing with slip copying in the March. The enumerator was thus tabulation stage, brought about almost expected to perform two separate and a revolution in procedure. The enu­ distinct functions : the function of slip merator was now fairly and squarely copying which, up to 1931, had been saddled with the responsibility of pro­ done by paid employees in central tabu­ ducing a correct record himself, the lation offices after the count had been literate head of a household being no taken ; and the making of the village schedules, which were slightly more longer expected to fill in the schedule for his own family. Attention settled complicated than the family schedules finally on the individual and not the and more onerous because the enume­ family, and the mere act of making out rator was expected to do all of it him­ a slip for every person probably ensur­ self without the head of the household ed a greater measure of accuracy, the doing part of the writing for him. enumerator no longer needing to re­ '!'he operations were initiated in main content with the household as a December 1949, before the Superinten­ unit. Finally, the enumerator was re­ dent joined in January 1950, by quired to fill in enumeration slips with circulars of a general nature from the the use of contractions, numerals and Census Commissioner. The Indian symbols which were expected to lessen Census Act of 1948 (~II of 1948) •his burden and facilitate tabulation. In created for the first time a permanent 1951 all these innovations were retained Census Department at the Centre and and improved upon. The individual provided the legal basis. Preliminary slip and the use of contractions, arrangements were initiated as early numerals and symbols came to stay, as the 28th March, 1950, with a summary while the period of enumeration was of census opl!rations and orders under increased to twentythree days: twenty which a " census mauza register " was days from the 9th February to midnight prepared to account for the whole area of the 28th being devoted to the count ; in each district and a preliminary esti­ the sunrise of the 1st of March being mate was made of the number of houses regarded as the reference date against .in each mauza with names of the indi- which all entries and omissions were to viduals likely to constitute a satisfac­ be finally checked ; to be followed by tory census agency. The first step was three days, from the 1st to the 3rd thus to obtain an accurate and up-to-date record of all inhabited and populous ntauza had. to be parcelled uninhabited areas, i.e., to prepare a out to more than one enumerator, register in which every village was each portion was called a sub-block, entered with suitable remarks. This the idea ·being that all returns were was to ensure first, that no village or to be submitted for the mauza as a hamlet was overlooked or entered more whole by combining the sub-blocks. than once ; secondly, that no house in a The mauza was thus held together village or hamlet escaped enumeration; and the enumerator's area enlarged to and thirdly, which came later, that an average of 146 census houses. every person living in a house was The blocks or mauzas were grouped accounted for. together by circles, or fractions of This is not altogether an easy task as unions, : each of which was under a it involves collation and correction of supervisor, the average circle in the one inch, and, in not a few cases, of State containing about 4·2 inhaoited 16"=1 mile maps of the entire State to mauzas and 635·6 houses.. The circles account for all notified changes of juris­ again were grouped together by charges, diction, uninhabited mauzas, and water which, as a ~e, correspond to self­ areas. The mauza register having been governing unions, and were under compiled for all rural and urban areas, superintendents. The enumerator was and all differences over area and juris­ ordinarily the village primary school diction having been reconciled, each teacher, the supervisor a member of the district was parcelled out into census Union Board, and the superintendent, divisions. Up to 1941 the primary the President or Vice-President of the census unit was the enumerator's block, Union Board. The Charge Superin­ or a group of about 40 houses for which tendents, who were responsible for the an enumerator was responsible. But operations throughout each charge, the main plank in the tabulation pro­ were themselves subordinate to the gramme of 1951 was the preparation of Circle Officers, who were gazetted a primary census abstract for every officers of the Government in charge of village or mauza, or an account of the several police stations each, and the population of every ultimate geographi­ latter to the Subdivisional Officers and cal unit in terms of its number of to the District Census Officers, who houses, households, literates, males and were appointed for each district. females, divided into General, Sample The actual enumeration was co:riduct­ and Displaced Persons, each category ed by an improvised agency of superin­ in its turn classified into eight main tendents, supervisors, and enumerators, census livelihood classes. The pre­ all unpaid, except for the rate of Rs. 2 paration of a Village Directory, or a full per one hundred persons counted given occupational account of the popuiation to enumerators in outlying districts of every mauza, was a unique . and . and of Rs. 3-2-0 per one hundred quite the most important feature of this persons counted in Calcutta ( enumera­ census and it was necessary to provide tors from the ranks of the Calcutta for its compilation from the very begin­ Police declining to accept it out of ning. It was therefore imperative to sentiments of national service, and the keep the mauza as the ultimate unit Municipal authorities of Howrah pay­ which was thus identified with the ing the difference of Rs. 3-2-0, the enumerator's block. An enumerator's Calcutta rate, and Rs. 2 allowed by the area was enlarged, in the expectation Government). Enumeration was there­ that he would be paid an honorarium fore in the main honorary and in West for his labours, and except in large and Bengal, Chandemagore and Sikkim as populous mauzas, it became contermin­ many as 37,004 enumerators, 8,463 ous with the mauza. When a large and circle supervisors and 2,458 charge 3 2A superintendents were employed with a The first work of the supervisors and liberal reserve for each category. In enumerators was to number every many localitieS, especially in Birbhum, house or part of a house, that was Bankura, Maida, West· Dinajpur, inhabited or likely to be inhabited by Jalpaiguri and Sikkim it was no easy a family, using tar or some other suit­ matter to obtain a sufficient supply of able material for marking it, and to literate and intelligent enumerators, and write up for each mauza complete lists a long training was necessary before of houses with descriptions of their they could understand the duties requir­ structure and use and the number of ed of them. Even where suitable men persons in each. Each mauza had to were available, their natural ~:eluctance have one serial throughout its bour.­ to serve without p·ay had to be over• dary as a safeguard against being come, and the lesson brought home to mixed up with the next. A house was them that the census was conducted by, defined as the residence of a commensal through, and for the people, and that, family but the application of this perhaps for the first time in their lives, definition gave rise to numerous knotty they would be actively discharging a questions, especially in Calcutta and public duty. It was fortunate that the surrounding areas and in those settle­ Press and the general popular mood ments where Displaced Persons from were helpful and sympathetic, and the Pakistan had foregathered. How, for name National Register of Citizens instance, was an enumerator to mark a caught the fancy of the general public. house which contained nine living The appreciation that a sober, unbiassed rooms, two kitchens, one bathhou~e, census was at the root of all public and eight families, two of whom plans and aspirations generated a possessed two living rooms each, three friendly disposition in its favour, absent had one living room each, and four in 1941 and 1931, and facilitated the shared the remaining two living rooms'? operations. Again, how were the numbers to be The vast majority of the population affixed ? The Toto huts in the Bhutan of the State does not live in towns, and border of Jalpaiguri, for instance, are in rural areas the type of village mere bamboo shacks on raised plat­ generally found_ in other parts of India forms, and no number could be painted hardly exists. Still less does the aspect on them. So, the number had to be of the countryside resemble that met painted on slabs of wood, which were with· in Europe. Instead of orderly either stuck on the walls or hung from rows of fairly substantial houses ranged the eaves. The Totos did not leave along some well laid thoroughfare, one them there, but carefully wrapped finds straggling homesteads over the them up in rags and leaves and put whole countryside, each consisting of them away in bamboo baskets whieh mud or matwalled huts ranged round a form their strong boxes. courtyard and buried under a thick Between October and December, growth of shady trees. At first glance after they had completed the number­ it would seem fairly impossible to ac­ ing of houses, and furnished a close count for every homestead, much less to preliminary estimate of the State's complete a census of all the inhabitants. population, enumerators were methodi­ The task is, however, not as impossible cally trained and persuaded to take a as it appears, and the solution of the sample training census to test for them­ difficulty lies in the employment of selves and for the satisfaction of the local men, to whom the task of dealing supervisory agency the knowledge and with circumscribed areas, familiar to skill they had acquired in recording them from their childhood, is a problem slips. The record thus prepared WI'S unlike that to a stranger. systematically discussed and checked in ' training classes, while, in the meantime, the efficiency of the telegraph system, they were provided with pads of the inaccessibility and snowbound enumeration slips and forms of the tracks of certain parts of Darjeeling National Register of Citizens. The and Sikkim, this promptness will pro- final census commenced on the morning vide no little wonder. . of the 9th February 1951, the enumera­ The final results were obtained by tors beginning their count with the sorting, compilation and tabulation, of lowest serial in their lists. The first which there were, as the terms imply, round of enumeration was completed three stages. on the evening of the 28th February; Quite some 'time before the census the night of the 28th and the morning count, arrangements were completed of the 1st March were devoted to the for the reception of the census records­ counting of the homeless population at four regional offices in the State. To on the streets and open spaces. The the central office at Calcutta were first three days of March were employ­ allotted the districts of Hooghly, ed in a revisionary round when each Howrah, 24-Parganas, Calcutta and enumerator went round his area, check­ Nadia; to the central office at Midnaour ed the entries in his preliminary record, the districts of Burdwan, .Bankura and made careful tallies of all entries, Midnapur; to the central office at and added details of those who Berhampur the districts of Birbhum, had subsequently arrived or been born. Murshidabad, Malda, West Dinajpur, Preliminary totals were begun on the J alpaiguri and Cooch Behar; and to the 4th March in each district, and were central office at Darjeeling the district telephoned from Calcutta as early as of Darjeeling and the State of Sikkim. 8-45 P.M. on the 5th March. Birbhum Work started in Calcutta in the middle and Cooch Behar telegraphed their of March 1951 ; in Midnapur and totals on the 8th and figures for the Berhampur towards the end of that State, except West Dinajpur, where an month, after the core of the staff of as5embly bye-election drew off all · those offices had fully trained and ac­ officers till the 30th March and cramped quired an amount of skill in the their style, were ready on the 16th of Calcutta Office; and in May in Darjeel­ March. Figures for the State were pub­ ing. In the last week of the month of lished on the 31st March and the differ­ July 1951, the records of West Dinajpur, ence between these totals (24,786,683) Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar were trans­ and the figures on final counting ferred from Berhampur to be sorted and (24,810,308) amounted for the whole compiled in Calcutta. The Midnapur State to 23,625 or 1 per thousand of . and Berhampur offices were wound up population. In some districts, however, in the first week of September and the the approach to the final figures was third week of October of 1951 respec­ very close. In Calcutta, for instance, tively, on the conclusion of sorting and figures for which were communicated compilation, while the Darjeeling office within 2 days of the final census by was wound up on the 29th of August Sri Khagendranath Mitra, the discre­ 1951. Thereafter, the records of all the pancy was only ·4 per thousand; three outlying offices were brought over Darjeeling, for which figures were to Calcutta, together with their best, telegraphed within 7 days by Sri S. C. residual staff to complete the final stage' Roy, was out by ·2 per thousand; and of the operations: tabulation of the Bankura, for which figures were tele­ results and the publication of the final graphed by Sri Harisadhan Mukherjee tables. within 7 d;lys, was out by only ·1 per Sorting is the process of arranging thousand. To one conversant with the the slips of individuals under the heads condition of village roads in the S.tate, required for the various final tables, 5 counting the slips thus arranged, and the National Register, were then for­ entering the number on forms pro­ warded to the Deputy Superintendent vided for the purpose, which are called of the Central Office in Calcutta, where sorter's tickets. It was performed the compilations were finally checked manually with the help of pigeonholes, and the final tables prepared. This final similar to those for sorting mail in post stage of tabulation was the lengthiest offices, no punching or sorting machine and most harrassing stage, where every having been employed. Each sorter little doubt or discrepancy had to be dealt with some 30,000 slips. As soon verified again with compilation regis­ as information for the Village Directory ters, sorter's tickets, and in several was extracted from the slips of each cases, by a fresh sorting of the slips of village and town, the records were the population in doubt. Each final grouped by larger units of roughly table was sent to the office of the 180,000 slips each by combining in some Registrar General in New Delhi for a cases two or more police stations. But final check before publication. nowhere did this grouping transgress It is a matter of regret that, apart the bounds of an administrative district, from a number of· information on the whereas the main population tables for Census slip which were never extracted police stations had already been built or tabulated for reasons of economy, up from the Village Directories. While certain other information, which were sorting was in progress, inquiry was extracted, compiled or even finalised in made of district officers into doubtful the Central Tabulation Offices are not entries, and various nice points of going to be published, again for reasons classification were settled by discussion of public economy and policy. Neither with colleagues in other States and the the Report nor the Tables render an Registrar General. adequate account of the labours per­ When sorting had advanced a little formed by the Census Department, an the central offices undertook compila­ approximate idea of which it will, how­ tion of the results entered in sorter's ever, be possible to form when all the tickets. Compilation is the intermediate twenty and odd reports, including stage between the final table form and special reports and District Handbooks, the raw material of the sorter's tickets, which are expected to replace the in which matter is rearranged, recon­ District Gazetteers, are published in the ciled and put into shape for police course of 1953. Nevertheless, the stations, towns and districts for trans­ necessity for stringent economy has cription on to the final table forms. The made it impossible to make use of some process started almost simultaneously part of the information recorded in the with sorting, but as compilers were also slips. expected to supervise the work of It is difficult to make with confidence sorters, there was an inevitable time an estimate of the accuracy of the lag, which was perhaps all for the best, results. At every stage error can be because it gave them time so necessary introduced by inadvertence or ignor­ to allow complicated operations to ance and a band of about 1,400 in­ settle well into their minds. experienced persons, temporarily em­ · Compilation was carried out in the ployed between three and five months central offices,-here again without the on a consolidated average p~y of about help of machines, except for a compto­ Rs. 85 I- per month, certainly do not meter at each office to help verify the create ideal conditions for patient final totals,-as far as . to obtain the statistical work or guarantee absolute district totals, and the compilation re­ accuracy. All census reports so far gisters with the sorter's tickets, toge­ published carry, in varying degrees, ther with all other records, slips, and traces of hurried work and improbable 6 data, and it is not pretended that the reported that the difference between present report has been rid of obvious the results of the verification and the and bad blemishes. They are spots census count was a small under­ which an Indian census cannot change. enumeration, 0·9 per cent in Bombay The superintendents, supervisors and and a little over 1 per cent in Mysore. enumerators numbering 47,925 in all It shoUld be borne in mind that West were a voluntary agency, and, if as long Bengal paid small honoraria to ago as 1872 the first census superintend­ enumerators which might have put ent had occasion to regret that ' it is also them in a better humour than their true that some officers have pointed out -opposite numbers in other States. In the unpopularity of the work, and the· 1941 the Superintendent observed that dissatisfaction of those whose gratuit­ a census was as good or as bad as the ous services were employed', it requi.res moral attitude of the people towards it, no great imagination to appreciate the and both in 1921 and 1931 the Superin­ extent of reluctance met with in 1950. tendents reported that they had had to Happily, a number of circumstances experience difficulties born· of commu­ were in favour of gratuitous service: a nal rivalry and civil disobedience move­ genuine desire to discharge a public ments. Conditions in 1951, however, duty honourably and well in the were more favourable to the taking of a inviting air of independence; a realisa­ correct· census than ever before in the tion which, it should be gratefully history of this country, and experience acknowledged, all sections of the Press of past censuses, the advantages of a did their best to publicise and encour­ diminished area rendering c:loser per­ age, that a good and correct census, not sonal supervision possible, the correct secured since 1921 owing to communal measure of enlightened enthusiasm free rivalry, is essential in "1951 to provide from communal bias and rivalry, a the country the basic human data so favourable Press, must all have contri­ necessary for all planning and develop­ buted a great deal to the thoroughness ment; the end of communal rivalry and and accuracy of the count. The paucity, a general willingness to wish the census in fact, absence of complaints against a complete success; and, finally, the having been left out of the count, in popularity of the idea of a National spite of repeated notices in the Press Register of Citizens, although ideas inviting them, is a testimony to the were vague about its possible ' uses thoroughness with ·which the task may consistent with the secrecy of a per­ be believed to have been completed, sonal census document. It was the and if in 1921 and 1931 the Superintend­ abundance of this good will, which ents, in spite of unfavourable circum­ replaced communal rivalry of recent stances, had thought it fit to claim an censuses and apathy of earlier ones,· accuracy of as much as within one per which made it possible to take a census thousand (although the basis of this in 1951 on a voluntary and gratuitous assertion is nowhere discussed in the basis, and ensure a high degree of reports) for their counts, it may not be accuracy. After the conclusion of the unreasonable to claim a greater, if not census in March 1951, many State like, accuracy for this count also. A Governments, at the request of the provisional count taken during the Registrar General, arranged for a house-numbering stage in November­ sample check through their officers of December 1950 put the estimate !or the the quality of the census, West Bengal State at 25,512,714. The final count being one of the very few or perhaps turned out. to be 24,810,308, revealing a alone in declining to do it. Those deficit of 2·8 per cent from the house­ States which took a sample v_erifi­ list population. The deficits were most cation of the results of the census marked in the following districts for which plausible explanations can be Nadia in February-March 1951, still readily offered, \\ithout laying cneseU others ha\ing been dispersed during open to the charge of sophistry: which January and February 1951 from its is, that of these districts Birbhurn, large Transit Camps to all parts of the Bankura, Midnapur and Murshidabad State and even outside the State. Be­ import large numbers of harvesters, sides, the houselist population was com­ men, women and children, from Bihar puted with much less care than the final and Orissa States in the harvesting count, there was a tendency on the season of November-December, who part of the enumerator to make a return to their homes in February· liberal estimate at the former stage so March; while in the industrial districts that he might not be found wanting of Howrah and 24-Parganas February in sending his requisition for enwnera­ and March are the slack months for tion slips which was based on that Jute Mills when the latter declare a count, and there was a greater ten­ holiday to enable Bihar and up-country dency on the part of the householder, labour to return to their home in time where modified rationing prevailed, for the Tabi harvest. About November­ during the houselist count to declare December 1950 Nadia had the largest the same strength for his household concentration of Displaced Persons as he held ration cards for. This last from East Bengal, many of whom, tendency was combated and eliminated owing to an easing of tension as a by three months of incessant publicity result of the .Delhi Pact of 1950, the that the census record was a confiden­ necessity of gathering in the harvest in tial document which could not be made their villages in East Bengal, and also use of by the Rationing Department. out of a desire to be counted in Pakis­ To return from the digression, the tan because a rumour was afoot that following were the districts where the anyone who was left out of the discrepancies between the houselist census count in Pakistan would be population and the final estimate were dispossessed of his property, ha~ left the widest as the statement will show :

Variation District Houaelist Estimate Final Estimate Increase+ Decrease-

Burdwan. 2,228,467 2,191,667 - 36,800 Birbhum • 1,102,735 1,066,889 - 35,846 Bankura • 1,370,732 1,319,259 - 51,473 Midnapur 3,452,154 3,359,022 - 93,132 Howrah • 1,688,641 1,6ll,373 • - 77,268 24-Pargall&l 4,848,497 4,609,309 -239,188 Nadia • 1,232,718 1,144,924 - 87,794 Murshidabad • 1,770,674 1,715,759 - 54,915 Total 17,694,618 17,018,202 -676,416 It is significant that all the above from 1,551,798 to 1,554,320 perhaps on districts record a decrease in the final account of the influx of Displaced count. Calcutta recorded a slight in­ Persons ; Maida and West Dinajpur a crease from 2,540,357 of the houselist negligible decrease from 955,520 and population to 2,548,677, explained 738,227 to 937,580 and 720,573 respec­ partly by the fact that the houselist tively perhaps due to the return of population did not include that which harvesters to Pakistan and Bihar ; sleep on Calcutta pavements, open Jalpaiguri an increase from 898,731 to spaces, and markets counted on the 914,538 perhaps owing to influx of reference night of the 28th February more Displaced Persons ; Darjeeling a 19Sl. Hooghly records a small increase decrease from 459,024 to 445,260 per- • haps due to people moving to the what is left in the administrative re­ plains and Nepal in the winter months ports of his predecessors, such a census of February and March ; . and Coach is not expected to satisfy all the tests Behar records a small decrease from of a scientific inquiry. In making this 674,439 to 671,158 perhaps due to too admission he is claiming no more nor generous an estimate of the population less than what his predecessors claimed of Chhitmahals or the district's enclaves for their performances, mindful of the in Pakistan during the houselist stage. happy possibility that each successive It may be mentioned i.n passing that census is by an accumulation of experi­ enumeration of the Chhitmahals was ence and improvement in administra­ the least satisfactory performance of tive machinery better and more correct this census, not only because of the than J;he preceding one ; even as the inaccessibility of these enclaves and census of 1961 may be expected to be the difficulties put by the Pakistan better than this one. But while this is border police in the way of our so, it is well to remember the many enumerators, but also because many shortcomings of the census organisa­ residents of these enclaves considered tion and its chronic impecuniosity, it a safer course to be counted in the which prevents a great many improve­ Pakistan census which was being ments from being given effect to. For simultaneously held at this time. If instance, it is sad to reflect that a we leave out of account the differences superintendent still has to be a geogra­ in the districts of Burdwan, Birbhum, pher, cartographer, administrator, co­ Bankura, Midnapur, Howrah, 24- ordinator of co-ordinators, a theore­ Parganas and Hooghly, the difference tician and a master interpreter all between the houselist population so rolled in one, or, for that matter, that adjusted and the final count· narrows we still have to be content with down to only 25,990 (702,406-676,416) manual . tabulation with the help of· or a deficit of only one per thousand pigeonholes, squatting cross-legged on of the final population. This is a good the floor seven hours a day, the physical enough tally obtained frorri two in­ exhaustion of which must ultimately dependent counts taken three months affect the quality of the day's work. apart in which the estimated ·natural And this is a reason why complicated increase during the period can j~st fit correlations or polynomials have been in. This looks like a casual treatment discarded. In spite of the great im­ of such a weighty subject as population provements introduced from time to statistics, but, indeed, it is no part of time since the first census was the author's intention to make light of undertaken in 1872, the following re­ figures which about 50,000 persons have marks of the first Census Superin­ sacrificed their leisure and business tendent in 1872 largely hold good gratuitously and ungrudgingly to even to this day : collect conscientiously and patiently, " A census, to be strictly accurate, willingly submitting themselves to should be · ari enumeration of ·every months of irksome discipline. But the person in the country at a particular point which the writer wishes to make moment of time. If the enumeration out is that the census being a phoenix, is not simultaneous, or, in other words, rising out of its ashes every ten years, if the returns do not have reference to and a person who is primarily an some particular period, an element of administrator and not a statistician error is introduced in the possible being called upon to conduct a census omission or double entry of persons who with the help of a department which have moved from one part of the he starts from scratch with no preterite country to another. The longer the tradition to help and guide him except period over which the enumeration

3 CENSUS extends, the greater of eourse is the than two dozen volumes, of an average chance of error. Human beings are of 300 closely printed pages of uniform born and die every moment and there­ size each, with no ' background' of pre­ fore from a scientific point of view an vious experience, of office, or even train­ enumeration which extends over two ed assistants, officers or scholars to help or three weeks, or even two or three him. His hour-glass was only three days, is so far imperfect. For practical years, the first of which was spent purposes, however, such an enumera­ largely in training. holding together, tion is probably quite as useful as any and putting into work, a band of about other. In any examination therefore 50,000 honorary workers; the second, into the results of the late census, it spent on working five offices manned must be understood that no claim is by about 1,500 very poorly paid extra­ made to scientific accuracy for the temporary assistants who had to be work as a whole. U it fairly repre­ trained from scratch before being put in sents the total number of persons in · charge of work; and the latter eight any particular part of the country at months of the third under the burden the time that part of the. country was of part-time, and sometimes full time, censused, the object aimed at may be work in the Development Department considered to have been achieved. of the State Government. Throughout Where the returns do err, the popula­ this tenure there was much administra­ tion no doubt is understated" (Report tive work to discharge, touring and local on the Census of Bengal, 1872, pp. 62- investigation to do, the boredom, waste 68). of time, and inconvenience in travelling It is only fair that the writer him­ close on fifty thousand miles in three self should take the opportunity of pre­ years being enlivened only by the hobby senting the worst featur~s of his case, of making up a catalogue and a fat before others happen to pick holes in album of photographs of ancient monu­ the fabric. From the experience of ments in the State. Every employee in other States, and from what has been the several offices was a novice and had explained above it seems possible that to be trained patiently first to be able the population is slightly :understated. to undertake his task. The luxury of The outermost limit of this underesti­ the assistance or services of scholars was mate is stated with great accuracy but severely denied. Here must be mention­ is likely to be one per thousand of the ed a circumstance in explanation, if not final count, and from all internal in extenuation, of the meagre fare pro­ evidence it is unlikely that the deficit, vided in many places; for example, in if any, indeed, should have exceeded the sections dealing with the natural re­ it. The innermost limit cannot be sources of the State in the Introductory stated. either beyond the general re­ chapter of the present volume. The mark that the population may be State having been badly cut up by the slightly understated. Partition of 1947, I felt, soon after This Report is being presented assuming charge, that I could not make with no little feeling of hesitancy. In much of the classic subject of a census the very nature of his assignment it is report: the rate of change of population difficult for a Census Superintendent to and the rate of the rate of change. As impart that roundedness or finality to alternative fare I thought to give an his effort which can defy scrutiny. As account of various aspects of the State the arrangement of the Census Reports and accordingly addressed as early as and publications set out in an earlier September and October 1950 personal page will show, the present incumbent letters to the Directors of the Meteoro­ has had on his hands the building up, logical Survey of India, the Zoological f(iiting, printing and publishing of more Survey of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanicai Survey of india, of Commerce anci editors of journals the Anthropological Survey of India for having so kindly supplied informa­ and to several renowned scholars tion always at short notice, to Com­ inviting them to contribute short panies like the Calcutta Electric Supply surveys covering West Bengal on Corporation and the Tramways Com­ the subjects of which they were pany. I feel that I have omitted to authorities. The requests were graci­ mention a large number of names, both ously accepted with promises of individual and otherwise, to whom I help. But I regret to have to :r:ecord that am indebted for assistance and infor­ although I did not fail in my duty to mation. The amount of ungrudging send periodic reminders which were help that has been received is over­ acknowledged with assurances of whelming. Among officers who worked prompt compliance I did not have the with me, I wish to thank Sri good fortune of eliciting any survey Gaur Chandra Mallik, sometime my from any of these institutions and Assistant Superintendent, and my scholars, except from the Meteorological Personal Assistant, Sri Binay Bhushan Survey of India through the Registrar Sengupta, who largely relieved me of General. Under the circumstances, a routine work towards the concluding layman had to make shift as best as he stages. I am under a special obliga­ could. tion to Sri Khagendranath Mitra, first I cannot acknowledge too fully the Special Officer of Calcutta and later services of the great body of private Deputy Superintendent in charge o.f individuals and Government officials compilation in the Calcutta Office and who conducted the census and brought all tabulation work, to Sri Pravash it to a satisfactory conclusion. I wish Kumar Bose in charge of the Tabula­ to pay grateful tributes to all voluntary tion ·Office in Midnapur, Sri Sushi! and honorary workers who worked un­ Chandra Neyogi, Assistant Superinten­ grudgingly for a number of months to dent of Census Operations in the the detriment of their own convenience Calcutta Office, and Sri Sukman Singh and profit. I wish to express my obli­ Gajameer in charge of the ·Tabulation gations to the Governor for his mess­ Office in Darjeeling. To them and ages and radio broadcasts, to the Chief to all District Census Officers the Minister, Dr. B. C. Roy, and other census owes a great deal of the Ministers who made references to the efficiency and smoothness with which necessity of a correct census during it went, and it is a matter of no small their tours, issued messages and gave satisfaction that four of them were radio talks, to Sri S. N. Ray, Chief promoted to the West Bengal Civil Secretary, whom I bothered in and out Service on the conclusion of the of time, to Sri M. M. Basu, Joint census : Srijuts Bhabatosh Chakravorti Secretary, Home (Constitution and of Nadia, Samartosh Banerji of Election) Department, without whose Hooghly, Pravash Kumar Bose of constant advice I do not see how the Calcutta, and Kandarpamohan Roy of operations could have gone on so Chandernagore. I must also express smoothly, to the Divisional Conunis... my obligations to all District and sioners who obliged me by keeping S:ubdivisional Officers who answered every request, to the Refugee Rehabi­ my queries patiently for over two litation, Food, Labour and Develop­ years, and, when I was on tour, looked ment Commissioners, to all Secretaries after me in every way. These ac­ and Directors of Departments, to their knowledgements fail to include a large Deputy and Assistant Secretaries, and number of private individuals, institu­ ·offices. I wish to thank various non­ tions and officials as well as members official organisations like the Chambers of the Census Department to whom I 11 3A am indebted in many ways for infor­ Kumar Chakravarti, Librarian of mation and advice, particularly to the West Bengal Secretariat Library, Srijuts Prabirchandra Sengupta, whose interest, promptness, and Bhudebchandra Banerjee, Bimal Kumar resourcefulness enabled me to con­ Mitra, Sachindranath Mukherjee and sult a large number of books, which Himangshu Sekhar Sen; the text of the could hardly otherwise have been Report acknowledges only those whom located, and who was good enough to I have quoted, but I would be failing prepare a bibliography of books actually in my duty if I did not mention my used in the preparation of the Report, debt to my colleagues in other States, the Special publications, and District to Sri Sailendranath Sengupta of the Handbooks. West Bengal· Judicial Service the To the Manager of the Government opportunity of constant discussion with of India Press in Calcutta, Sri B. K. Roy, whom has been one of the privileges I must offer my sincerest thanks for the of my assignment and whose versatility consideration, courtesy, and utmost and probity have rescued this Report despatch with which he has treated all from many obvious shortcomings. I census script. During the Enumeration wish to express my obligations also to period his promptness had made it Sri R. A. Gopalaswami, Registrar unnecessary to go to other presses for General for India, to Sri S. K: Dey, supplementary work and his advice Development Commissioner, West was always available as to the best, most Bengal, to Sri Bimal Chandra Sinha of attractive, and cheapest way of printing Paikpara, Calcutta and to Professor a book bristling with long and apparent­ Sudhangshu Kumar Mukherji for ly intractable tables. But for him the having kindly gone through the draft publication of the Report would indeed and suggested amendments. In the have been a very distressing pro­ end my thanks are due to Sri Ananta position.

12 INTRODUCTION The most important event that has Presidency Division consists of the occurred since the last census of 1941 is districts of 24-Parganas (inch.iding the the partition in August 1947 of what Sundarbans), Calcutta, Nadia, Murshi­ history has so long known as Banga or dabad, all of which lie south of the river ,Bangia or Bengal into two portions, Ganges or Padma and east of the roughly in the proportion of three to Bhagirathi or Hooghly except the five, and the apportionment of the two western , half of Murshidabad ; the parts to two entirely separate sovereign districts of Maida and West Dinajpur, States, India and Pakistan. A country north of the Ganges; and, farther north, which since the beginning of recorded the districts of Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri history was regarded as one geographi­ and Darjeeling. To the district of 24- cal unit with a peculiar ethnic and Parganas has been added an area of cultural homogeneity,-a man from 319·8 sq. miles comprising the police Bengal was a man from Bengal and n0t stations of Bangaori and· Gaighata. _ from any particular region or district in formedy of J essore. From the old it, in contrast with a man from Lucknow district of Nadia have gone to East or a man from J aunpur or a man from Bengal the police stations of Gangani, Allahabad, who seldom called himself a Meherpur, Damurhuda, Alamdanga, man from the Uttar Pradesh-was Jibannagar, Chuadanga, Kumarkhali, severed in two in the course of a day. Mirpur, Daulatpur, Bhairamara, Kushtia The circumstances that led to the sever­ and "Khoksa. This has reduced the ance and the wounds that are yet un­ area of the district. from 2,879 sq. miles healed and still bleed from time to time before the Partition to 1,527.. sq. miles. fall in the historic period covered by the Although Murshidabad has not lost to late census, and this report will neces­ East Bengal any entire police station, sarily return again and again to the yet several maw;as of a nUmber of movement of population preceding anci bordering police stations are either in following the Partition. The Partition dispute or in de facto possession of East has changed the face of the State on the Bengal. Five police stations of the old map and it is necessary to precede an Maida district have gone to East account of the State's population with - Bengal: they are Sibganj, Nawabganj, brief notes on the shape of the new Gomastapur, Nachol and Bholahat, State, its geographical and geological which have reduced the area of the dis­ features, its climate, the ethnic texture trict from 2,004 sq. miles before Parti­ of its population, its distribution of agri­ tion to 1,408 sq. miles of the present day. culture- and industry, and the material The old district of Jalpaiguri has been condition of the people. deprived of five thanas which have gone in favour of East Bengal : Tetulia, General Description Pachagar, Boda, Debiganj and Path­ gram : the area of the district having ?· The State of West Bengal now been reduced from 3,050 sq. miles to comprises two administrative Commis­ 2,378 sq. miles. In January 1950 the sioners' Divisions and fifteen adminis­ State of Cooch Behar merged into the trative districts. The Burdwan Diviswn State of West Bengal and became one _ consists of the districts of Burdwan, of its administrative districts but several Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapur, Hooghly of its enclaves, numbering fiftysix, are and Howrah, all of which lie west of so locked inside East Bengal territory the Bhagirathi or Hooghly river. The that it was not possible to take a proper 13 y-- ·- - GENERAL DESCRIPrlON: AREA OF DISTRICI'S census of them. The principal of these call of this Report to enter, but suffice tracts are- it to say that if anywhere the late Census was at all unsatisfactory it was (1) The Baishchala tracts, com­ prised within three Taluks named in these Chhitmahals or enclaves in­ volving a population of several thou­ Mag\.\llDari, Gosaihat, and Gadong, in Pargana Maraghat of the Jalpai­ sands. A census of the town of Chan­ dernagore and the enclave of Ghiretty guri District, lying at a distance or Gaurhati, formerly French posses­ varying from six to eight miles sions on the river Hooghly within the. from the northern frontier near district of Hooghly, was taken for the Moranga and Ksheti ; first time by the Government of India (2) Teldhar, formerly known as and is included in this Report because Gerd _Teldhar, forming twelve Chandernagore was transferred to Taluks, and the Kotbhajni chhits, India in 1949-50. comprising six taluks, within 3. To the north of the State lies the Chakla Boda, in the district of State of Sikkim with an area of 2,745 sq. J alpaiguri, lying west and south­ miles, the census of which has been west of Pargana Mekliganj, at a taken along with that of Bengal ever distance varying from five to twelve smce 1891. miles from the western frontier near Haldibari ; Area (3) The Patgram chhits, belong­ 4. The area of the State has not ing to Pargana Mekliganj, situated been conclusively ascertained. A in Pargana Patgram in the Jalpai­ detailed discussion on the subject will guri district ; be found in the title pages of Union Table A I of the Tables Volume and ( 4) Banshkata · chhits, within it is unnecessary to reproduce all of it Pargana Patgram lying very close here. It is doubtful that areas given to the south-west borders of since 1872 will bear close examination Pargana Mathabhanga ; even when they are carefully reduced to the present boundaries of the State. (5) The chhits in Pargana Purva­ bhag in the district of Rangpur, For the census of 1951 the Registrar General laid down that the area figures very close to the south-east borders were to be supplied by the Surveyor of Dinhata, the chief of which are . General of India. The decision, a great Bashpechai, Dakurhat and Dasiar­ step taken in the direction of uniformity chhara; and reconciliation of differences, has (6) The chhits in Pargana Bhitar­ brought out clearly the anomalies that band in the same district, lying have so far existed and for which no near the eastern borders of Dinhata, detailed explanation is yet forthcoming. and comprising the taluks Maidam, The point will best be illustrated by a Gaochulka, and Baghbunder ; and statement of areas of West Bengal (7) Chhit Bara Lau.kuthi, a Cooch districts given for 1951 by the Surveyor Behar Taluk, lying within the Guma General of India and the Director of Duars in the district of Goalpara in Land Records and Surveys, West Assam, within two miles from the Bengal, and in successive census reports Baxigunj Bunder near the eastern from 1901 to 1941. It so happens that districts with great rivers, wide frontier. stretches of water and arms of the sea Their administration is still a matter have mostly gone to East Bengal and of contention between India and Pakis­ cases of wide differences are therefore tan, into the substance of which it is no lost to this comparison. BIBLIOGRAPHY THE following classified list represents the books consulted in writing this Part of the Report. It thus falls short of the requirements of a bibliography but may help the . beginner. I \\ish to express my obligations to Sri Anantakumar Chakravarti, Librarian of the West Bengal Secretariat Library and his assistants for having arranged the list alphabetically.

AD.Mll\'ISTRATION AGRICULTURE Al'\"D LD"D 'I'ENURE

B&YLEY, lL V. Memorandum on Midnapore, Ascou. F. D. Early revenue history of Calcutta, Ben.Etal Secretariat. 1902. Bengal and the fifth report, I812. London, Clarendon Press. 1917. · BENG.U.. Annual report on the administra­ --. Revenue History .of the Sundarbans tion of the territories under the Lieut. (1870-1920): 192L Governor of Bengal ~ the year 1871- BADEN-POWELL, B. II: The Indian Village 72. Calcutta. Bengal Secretariat. 1872. Community (examined with reference "to --. Report on · the administration of the Physical, ethnographic and historical . Bengal: 1880-81, 1910-11; 1920-21, Cal­ conditions of the Provinces; chiefly on cutta. Bengal Secretariat. the basis of the }tevenue SetUement --. Administration· Enquiry Committee. Reports and District Manuals). London. Report 1944-5 (Rowlands Committee), - 1896. Cal, B. G. Press. 1945. -, B. H. Land Systems of British India, 3v. Oxford, Clareodon Press. 1892. --. . District Administration Committee. BARERJJ:E, D. N. Early land revenue system Report 1913-14 (Levinge Committee). in Bengal and Bihar: v. 1. 1765-72. Cal., Bengal Secretariat Press. 1915. London, Longmans. Green. 1936. BENGAL Directory and General Regis­ BANERn, N. N. Report on the agriculture of ter for the year 1830. Calcutta. Samuel the District of Cuttack. 1893. · Smith Co.• Bengal Hurkaru Press. N.D. BASU, B. C. Notes on Indian Agriculture. 1893. BucKLA.'iD, C. E. Bengal under the Lieuten-. BENG&L. Department of Agriculture. Report ant Governors from 1854 to 1898. 2V. on an inquiry into the condition of Agri­ CaL. S. K. Lahiri & Co. 1900-1. cultural Workers in 'Village Brindaban­ CALCUTTA CoRPORA.noN, Report of the Cal­ pur. 1949. cutta Municipal Administration· for . the --. Department of Agriculture. Seasoo years · 1942-43 to 1948-49. Calcutta. Cor­ and Crop_ Reports of Bellgal, 1901-2 to poration Press. 1944-45. Alipore, Bengal Government CALCUTTA GAZETTE; .Jan-Mar., 1916, .Jan-Mar. Press. 1935. --.. Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries. Agricultural Statistics by , CALCVTTA lMPROVEMEJ\"T TRusr. Annual Re­ plot to plot enumeration in Bengal, 1944- port on the Operations of the Calcutta 45, 3pts. Alipore, Bengal Government Improvement Trust for the years from Press. 1946. 1937-38 to 1949-50 (in separate volumes}~ --. Same ; pt. 3: union tables by Otaru Cooca BEHAR STATE. Annual report on the Chandra Sen. General Administration of the Cooch --. Land .Revenue Commission. (Floud Bepar State for the year 1944-45. Cooch , Commission.) Report of the Land Re­ ~har, Cooch Behar State Press. 1948. venue Commission Bengal. Alipore, Bengal Govt. Press. 1940. INDIA.. Laws, Statutes etc. Collection of V .2 Indian Land -system ancient, medi­ statutes relating to India. Delhi, reval and modern. 1940. Manager of Publications. 1935. --. Survey and Settlement. Final report LEWIN, T. lL A fly on the wheel or how I on the Survey and Settlement Operations helped to govern India. London, Con­ Alipore, Ben,gal Govt. Press. .stable. 1912. (1) District of Birbhum, 1924-1932 by Mru.s, A. .J. l'.L Report on Sylhet, 1853. Bijoy Bihari Mukherji WEST BENG.U.. Works and Buildings Depart­ (2) District of 24-Parganas, 1924-1933 by ment Adminisration Report for the Anil Chandra Lahiri . period from 15th August 1947 to 31st (3} District of Howrah, 1934-1939 by March 1949. Ramesh Chandra Sen. · 547 70& BIBLIOGRAPHY

(f) District of Dinajpur, 1934-1940, by b"DIA. Royal Commission• on Agriculture. F.O.Bell. Abridged Report of the Royal Commis­ (5) District of Murshidabad. 1924-1932. sion on Agriculture in India. 1928 by Bijoy Bihari Mukherji. (Linlithgow Committee). (6) District of llrlidnapore. 1911-1917, by Kilo, N. M. Post war anicultural develop­ A.. K. Jameson. ment in Bengal (Speech delivered at (7) District of Bankura. 1917-1924. by the meet~ of the Royal Asiatic Soc. F. W. Robertson. Nov. 1945). (8) District of Darjeellng Terai. 1919- 1925, by J. c. Mitra. KING, F. H. Farmers of fort;r centuries or (9) District of Nadia, 1918-1926, by permanent agriculture in China, Korea J . .M. Pringle and A.. .M. H. Kemm. and Japan. London, Jonathan cape. (10) District of Hooghly, 193D-1937, b7 1926. S. N. na,.. KRISIDIAGAR AND KAsHIMliAZAR, Committee of (11) District of Burdwan, 1927-1934, b7 Circuit. Procee~s of the Committee K. A.. L. Hill and P. K. Banerjee of Circuit. .1772. 2V. MAXWELL-LEFROY, H. Indian insect pests. (12) District of Maida, 1928-1935, b7 Calcutta, India Govt. ptg. 1906. M:. 0. Carter. MoLLisON, J. Textbook of Indian Agriculture, (13) District of Jalpaiguri, 1906-1915, b7 3V. Bomba7, 'Advocate of India " J. A. Milligan.' Press. 1901. CAMPBELL, G. Modem India. London. 1852. MoRELAND, W. H. Notes on the Agricultural CBArrEJUu, U. N., ed. DevelopinR village Conditions and Problems of the United India : Studies in village problems. New Provinces. Allahabad, Supdt. Govt. Delhi : Imperial Council of Agricultural Press. 1913. Research. 1946. --. Agrarian System of Moslem India, a CBAtTDBl1RI, H. N., Comp. Cooch Behar State historical essay with appendices. Cam­ and its Land Revenue Settlement. 1903. bridge, W. Heffer & Sons, 1929. DARLING, M. L. The Punjab peasant in pro­ MuKHERJEE, B. N. ·~A Study of the Effect of sperit,. and debt. London i Oxford Uni· Irrigation on the Pressure of Population versit,. Press. 1925. in the United Provinces, "--calcutta DAS, A. C. The Indian R7ot, Land Tax, Per­ Geographlcal Review, voL 5 (March, manent Settlement and the Famine, 1943), pp. 18-21. Howrah.. 1881. MUKERJEE, Ramkrishna; " Economic Struc­ Fl:rrB REPoRT (1812) The E. W. R. Firminger ture of Rural Bengal : a Survey of Six 2V. Villages,"-in American Sociological Re­ . view, vol. 13. (Decemr., 1948), pp. 66D- GANGULY, B. N. Trends of QJniculture and 72. population in the Ganges Valle7. London, Methuen. 1938. PARGITER, F. E. Revenue History of the Sundarbans : 1765-1870. Calcutta,.Bengal GANGULY, N. Indian peasant and his Envi­ Secretariat Press. 1885. ronment. 1935. RAMsBOTHAM, R. B. Studies in the land GHOSAL, U. N. Agrarian System in Ancient Revenue History of Bengal: (1769-87), IndilL Cal., Univ. of Cal. ' 1930. London, Humphrey Milford (0. U. P.) GLOVER, (SIR) HARoLD. Son erosion (Oxford 1926. . pamphlets on Indian aftiairs No. 23). ROYAL COMMISSION ON AGRICt1LTt1RE, Abridg­ GUPIA, N. Land 575tem of Bengal., Cal• ed Report. London. 1928. cutta, Universit,. of Calcutta. 1940. SEN, P. R., ED. Florence Nightingale's Indian · Letters : a glimpse into the agitation for H.u.Y, 1 G. T. Kbana; a band-book of re­ sources of India: London, W. J. Johnson. tenancy reform. Bengal, 1878-82. Cal· 1870. cutta, M. K. Sen. 1937. SUNDER, D. Survey and SetUement of the HUME, A. 0. Agricultural Reform in India. Western Duars in the District of Jalpai­ London, W. H. Allen & Co. 1879. guri, 1889-95. Calcutta. Bengal Secre­ HUQUE., M. A. Man behind the plough. tariat Press. 1895. Calcutta, Book Company. 1939. U. N. 0. Department of Economic Mairs, Jtmu. Land Revenue Policy of the Indian Land Reform : defects in agrarian struc­ Govt. 1902. Cal. Supt. India Govt. ture as obstacles to economic develop. ptg., 1920. ment. N. Y., U. N. 1951. --. Indigo Commission. · Report of the WEsT BENGAL. Prospectus for Bidculture io Indigo Commission. 1860. West BengaL 1949. M8 BIBLIOGRAPHY WEST BENGAL. Department of Agriculture, DUTT, N. K. Origin and Growth of Caste in Forest and Fisheries. List of "Blocks of India, Calcutta, Book Co. 1931. Culturable Waste land in West Bengal. V.l B. C. 2000-300. Calcutta. W. B. G. Press. 1950. · ENDLE, (REV.) SIDNEY. Kacharis. London, V.2 Blocks of over 5 but below 100 acres. Macmillan, 1911. --. Judicial and Legislative Department. GHURYE, G. S. Caste and Race in India. The Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 (Act VIII London, Paul, Trench, Trubner. 1932. of 1885) as modified up to the 24th November, 1949. Alipore, W. B. G. GuRDON, (MAJOR) P. R. T. Khasis with an Press. 1949. introduction by Sir Charles Lyall. Lon­ don, David Nutt. 1907. ZEMINDARY SETTLEMENT OF BENGAL (THE) 2V. Calcutta, Brown & Company 1879. Sup­ HoDsoN, T. C. India Census Ethnography, posed to have been written by R. H. 1901-1931. Delhi, Manager of Publica­ Hollinberry. Unsurpassed as a source tions. 1937. book and for documentation. --. Meitheis . . . with an introduction by (Sir) C. J .. Lyall. London, David Nutt. 1908. CASTES AND TRffiES --. Naga Tribes of Manipur. London. Macmillan & Co. 1911. ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Advance Pro­ ceedings and notices of the Asiatic HuTTON, J. H. Caste in India, its Nature, Society of Bengal. V.3, No. 1 of Function, and Origins, 2nd. edn. Bombay, . February 1936. 0. U. P. 1951. --. Journal of the J\siatic Society of lBBETSON, DENZIL. Punjab Castes.. Lahore; Benga"l. V.3, Dt. 3, Calcutta, Asiatic Sup~rintendent, Govt. Ptg. Punjab. 1916. Society. 1905. INDIA. Bibliography of Indian Anthropology, --. Proceedings of Asiatic society. 1867. 1951. Cal. National Lib. 1951. BENGAL. Some historical and ethnical aspects of the Burdwan ·district. Calcutta, (A tentative Bibliography of Basic Pub­ Bengal Secretariat Press. 1891. lications on all aspects of Indian Cul­ -- · Census. Census of Bengal, 1881. ture, section-! Indian anthropology (Abstract showing the Castes in the with an author index in a separate different districts of Bengal.) volume). BETHAM, R. M., Camp. Marathas and LYALL, (SIR) CHARLES. ed. Mikirs, from Dekhani Musalmans. Calcutta, Supdt. . the pa:r;>ers of the late Edward Stock. Govt. Ptg. 1908. (Caste Handbook for London, David Nutt. 1908. Indian army). NAG VARMA, C. K. Criticisms on Mr. Risley's. BINGLEY, (CAPT.) A. H. Comp. Dogras. articles on Brahmans, Kayasthas and Simla, Govt. Central Ptg. 1899. (Caste Vaidyas, as published in his "Tribes and Handbook for Indian army). Castes of Bengal". Cal. Samya Press. --. Jats, Gujars and Ahirs. Calcutta, 1893. . Supdt.- Govt. Ptg. 1904. (Caste Hand· NEHRU, S. S. Caste .and Credit in. the book for Indian army). Rural Area. London, Longmans.. 1932 --. Rajputs. Simla, Govt. Central Ptg. NOBLE, MARGARET E. (The Sister Nivedita). 1898. (Caste Handbook for Indian The Web of Indian Life; 2nd ed Bombay, army). Longmans. 1918. -:. Sikhs. Simla, Govt. Central Ptg. OLDHAM, W. B. Some Historical. and Ethni­ 1899. 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565 INDEX [Prepared by-5RI BHUDEB CHANDRA BANERJI] References are to puges D means District, P. S.-Police Station, C-city, T-Town. Abwabs, theory of, 436 ; imposed by Nawabs, Arambag Subdivision and Police . Station, 444 ; Permanent Settlement and abwab, 286-7; population, . 286-7; percentage 444-5 ; declared illegal, 445 variation, 283 ; variation in density, 171 Accuracy, 6-10, 140-3 ; factors against, 6 ; Arambag (T), 195; population, 410; density, circumstances favourable for, 7, 142-3; 191 ; had indigo factories, 417 · sample verification, 7 ; absence of com­ Area of West Bengal, 14~15; districts, 15, 138 plaints, 7 ; tally with houselist estimate, Sikkim, 14 ; 104 P. S. with densities over, 7-9 ; no scientific accuracy claimed, 9-10 ; 1,050, 177-8. limit of underestimation, 7, 10; of Calcutta census, 237-46 ; of 1941 census Asansol Subdivision contains Raniganj coal tested, 363-7 field, 20 ; large reserves of iron ore, 21 ; Age Composition in cities and towns, 424 ; in good quality fire-clay, 21; Chittaranjan six cities, 425 ; age groups and their and other centres of industry, 178, 185-6 ; percentage, 358 population, 284-5; large colonies o{koras, 65 ; percentage variation, 279 ; variation Agricultural Classes, 348-51, 435; indebted4 in density, 169; phenomenal increase, 213 ness, 103-05 ; figures of census and Labour Inquiry, 457-9; of Land Revenue Com­ Asansol, industrial P. S., 178 ; area, popula­ mission, 459 ; percentages of scheduled tion and density, percentage variation, castes and tribes in, 353-4 ; self-support­ 279 ; variation in density, 169 ; a great ing persons, earning and non-earning proportion of the industrial population dependants, 46C -61 ; reasons for wide live in the villages, 176 ; maximum differences among States, 461; regional growth, 213 characteristics, 462-4 ; distribution in . Asansol (T), important railway junction, secondary employment, 449-50, 464-66 · 186 ; population, 410 ; female ratio, 422 ; Agricultural labourers, 482, 97 ; attached agri4 climatological table, 50-53 cultural labourers, 482-3 ~ percentage of Ausgram P. S., population, 284-5 ; variation, self-supporting agricultural labourers to 279 ; variation in density, 169 ; density total population, 456 ; employment and much below rural average, 175 unemployment, 97 ; type of work and reasons .for unemployment, 9 ; seasonal Baduria P. S., non-industrial P. S., 177 ; area, variation in employment, 98 ; secondary population and density, 177 ; percentage means of livelihood, 465 variation in, 281 ; variation in density, 172 Agricultural products, 373, 69, 73, 74 ; lost variety, 383-4 ; Yield declining, 382-3, 485, Baduria, non-industrial town, 177 ; popula­ 490 ; in a worse plight than 150 years tion, 410; Bagd1, 65-7 ago, 381; deppendent on rainfall, 382; Bagnan P. S., entirely rural P. S., 177 ; area, reasons for agricultural unprofitableness, population and density, 177 ; percentage 382-83, 471-2, 476 variation in, 281 ; variation in density, 172 ; Bagri, 32 Alipur Duar (T), increment fantastic before 1921 and very impressive after that, Baidyabati (T), industrial town, 409 ; popu­ 262 ; population, 410 ; sprung into sudden lation, 407 importance, 263; railway outpost, 195 Balagarh P. S., population, 286-7 ; percentage Alipur Duars Subdivision and Police Station, variation, 280 ; variation in density, 171 population, 292-3 ; percentage variation, 283 ; variation in density, 175 · Bally industrial P. S., 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; percentage variation, Alluvium, extent, 18, 29 ff ; depth, 23, 29 281 ; variation in density, 172 ; a great Amdanga Police Station, population, 288-9 ; proportion of the industrial population percentage variation in, 281 ; variation live in the surrounding villages, 176 in density, 172 Bally (T), industrial town, 178, 309 ; popula4 Amta, entirely rural Police Station, area, tion, 407 population and density, 177 ; percentage Balurghat Subdivision and Police Station. variation in, 281 ; variation in density, population, 292-3 ; percentage variation, 172 283 ; variation in density, 175 567 INDEX Balurghat (T), 195 : population, 410 Barasat Subdivision, population, 288-8 ; Bamangola P. S., population, 290-91; per­ percentage variation, 281 ; variation in centage variation in, 282 : variation in density, 172 density, 174 Barasat (T), non-industrial town, 177 ; popu­ Bangaon Subdivision and Police Station, lation, 410; formerly • the Sandhurst of population, 288-9; percentage variaticm. Bengal', 417 281 : variation in density, 172 Barbers and beauty shops, 526 Bangaon (T), 195; population, 410; female Barga system, 448-9, 472, 481-2 ; area under ratio in, 422. barga system, 93 ; percentage of popula­ tion in L. C. II, 461; percentage of Bankura (D), 218-23 ; area, 15 ; shape and dependency, 462 ; percentage of self· river system, 17; geology, 21 ; soil, 30: supporting persons among bargadars, number of mauzas, villages and towns, 456 ; who are bargadars, 93-4 ; evils of 158-9, 389; village roads, 391 ; population, barga system, 94 ; distribution of 138; growth of, 138-9; variation, 201; families living as bargadars, 459; num­ variation in density, 170 ; progress of ber per 1,000 of L. C. II as self-support­ population, 218-23; percentage variation, ing, earning or non-earning dependents, 279 ; population with variation since 1872, 462 284-5 ; percentage of age groups, 275 ; Barind, 25, 32-33, 316 ; opening out by percentage of age groups and married Santals, 257 women, 221; distribution of rural popu­ lation by L. C., 402 ; more than 80 per Barjora, P. S., population, 284-5 ; percentage cent. depend on agriculture, 352 ; agri· variation, 279 ; variation in density, 170 cultural self-supporting persons, 455-6 ; density much below rural average, 165 migration, 222-3 ; sends out more than Barrackpur Cantonment, industrial town, 178 ; receives, 222 ; number in towns, 405 ; population, 407 castes and tribes, 65 ; percentage of Barrackpur Subdivision, population, 288-9 ; families in debt, 103 ; religion, 68-69 ; percentage variation, 281 ; variation in crops, 73 ; pressure on land, 222 ; results density, 172 of deforestation, 219 ; natural calamities, Barrackpur P. S., industrial police station, 220-21 ; industries in rural areas, 499-501 178; area, population and density, 178; Bankura P. S., population, 284-5 ; percentage percentage variation, 281 ; variation in variation, 279 ; variation in density, 170 density, 172 Bankura (T), a great agricultural centre, 194 ; Barrackpur (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; a health resort, 219 ; population, 410·; population, 407 density, 191 Baruipur P. S., non-industrial police station, Bankura (Sadar) Subdivision, 284-5 : popula­ 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; tion, 284-5 ; percentage variation, 279 ; percentage variation, 281 ; variation in variation in density, 170 density, 172 Baruipur (T), non-industrial town, 177 ; popu­ Bansihari P. S., population, 292-3; percentage lation, 410 variation in, 283 ; immigration, 260 ; variation in density, 175; below rural Basirhat Subdivision, population, 288-9 ; percentage variation, 281 ; variation in average, 168 density, 172 Bansberia (T), 409 ; population, 407 Basirhat (T), non-industrial town, 177 ; population, 410 Barabani, industrial P. S., 169, 176, 178 ; Batanagar (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; population, 284-5 ; percentage variation population, 407 in, 279 ; variation in density, 169 Bauria P. S., industrial, 178 ; area, popula­ Barakar (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; tion and density, 178; percentage varia­ population, 410 tion in, 281 ; variation in density, 172 Bauria (T), industrial town, 178, 409 : popu· Baranagar P. s., industrial police station, lation, 410 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; Behala P. S., industrial police station, 178 : percentage variation, 281 ; variation in area, population and density, 178 ; density, 172 percentage variation in, 281 ; variation Baranagar (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; in density, 172 population, 407 Beldanga P. S., 162, 256 ; entirely rural 177 : area, population and density, 177 ; Barasat P. S., non-industrial police station, percentage variation, 282 ; variation in 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; density, 174 percentage variation, 281 ; variation in density, 172 Bengal, origin of the name, 73 568 INDEX Bengali as mother tongue in other States. 68-69 ; percentage of age groups, 2?5 ; 309 percentage of age groups and of marned women, 217 ; migration, 218 ; effects of Bengali, his plight, 432-4 epidemics, 215 ; crops, 73 ; price of rives. Berhampur Town, non-industrial P. S., 177 ; 106 ; maximum supportable density, 216 ; area, population and density, 177 ; percentage of families in debt, 103 ; perc-entage variation in, 282 ; variation in industries in rural areas,. 499-501; radio­ density, 174 active sulphurous spr-ings, hot and cold, Berhampur (T), non-indust.I:ial town, 177 ; 20; little Jack Homer, 218 population, 410 Birnagar (T), population, 411 ; formerly a Bhadreswar, P. S., industrial police station, prosperous large towns, 418; female 178; area, population and density, 178; ratio, 422 percentage variation in, 280 ; variation Birth place, method of recording, 296 in density, 171 Birth rate. 329, 371 ; fall due to famine, 18-2 ; Bhadreswar (T), industrial town, 178, 409; poverty and lack of standard keep the population, 407 birth rate high, 381 Bhagwangola P. S., population, 290-91 ; per­ Bishnupur, entirely rural police station, 177; centage variation, 282 ; variation in area, population and density, 177 ; per­ density, 174; density above rural average, rentage variation, 281; variation in 168 density, 172 Bhagwanpur P. S., population, 286-7 ; per. Bolpur P. S., population, 284-5 ; percentage centage variation, 280 ; variation in variation, 279; variation in density, 170; density, 171 density just below rural average, 168 Bhangar P. S., population, 288-9; percentage Bolpur (T), seat of the rural University of variation, 281; variation in density, 172; Santiniketan, 194 ; population, 410 ; density much above rural average, 168 density, 191 Bharatpur P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ Budge-Budge, industrial police station, 178 ; age variation in, 282 ; variation in area, popUlation and density, 178; per­ density, 174 ; density above rural centage variation in, 281 ; variation in average, 165 density, 172 Bhatar P. S., population, 284-5; percentage Budge-Budge (T), industrial town, 178, 409 i variation in, 279 ; variation in density, population, 407 169 ; density below rural average, 165 Burdwan (D), 211-15 ; area, 15 ; shape and Bhatpara (C), industrial city, 178, 409; pop~ river system, 17 ; geology, 20 ; mauzu, lation, 407 villages and towns, 159, 158, 389 i Bijpur, industrial police station, 178; area, roads, 391 ; population, 138 ; growth of population and density, 178 ; percentage population, 138-9 ; variation in popula­ variation in, 281 ; variation in density, tion, 201; percentage variation in popu­ 1i2; contains the towns of Kanchrapara lation, 279 ; variation in density, 169 ; and Halisahar, 178 population before and after 1921, 211-14; Binpur P. S., prospective small industrial steady increase since. 1921, 213 ; natural area, 191; population, 286-7; percentage calamities caused decreased, 211-13; \"ariation in, 280 ; variation in density, population with variation since 1872, 171 ; density much below rural average, 284-5 ; percentage of age groups, 275 ; 168 age groups and married women, 214 ; distribution of rural population in L. C., Birbhum (D), 215-18 ; area, 15 ; mauza.s. 402; number in towns, 405; self-sup­ villages and towns, 158-9, 389; village porting persons in agricultural classes, roads, 391; shape and river system, 45:Hi ; more than 63 per cent. depend 16-17 ; geology, 19-20 ; soil, 29-30 ; popu­ on agriculture, 352 ; castes and tribes. 65 ; lation, 138 ; growth of population, 138-9 ; largest substratum Bagdis and Bauris, gro"lll.-th before and after 1921, 215-18 ; 65 ; religion, 68-9 ; crops, 73 ; price of variation in population, 201 ; percentage rice, 106 ; families in debt, 103 ; migra. variation in population, 279 ; variation tion, 214-5; industries in rural areas,. in density, 170 ; population with varia­ 499-501 tion since 1872, 284-5 ; more than 80 per cent. in agriculture, 352 ; distribution of Burdwan P. S., population, 284-5 ; percentage rural population by L. C., 402 ; number variation, 279 ; variation in density, 169 ; of inhabited villages, 158 ; number of density much above rural average, 168 towns, 159 ; number in towns, 405; agri­ Burdwan (T), famous for cutlery and con­ cultural self-supporting persons by L. C., fectionery, 193 ; non-industrial towa, 45:Hi ; castes and tribes. 65; religion, 193-4; population, 410 ; density, 191 569 3 O:XSL'S 73 INDEX Burdwan Division, districts, 13; towns, 159, census bouse, 149; married women per 408 ; villages classified according to census house, 151 population, 390 ; roads, 391 ; area of police Central Pay Commission, 89 ; recommenda• stations by density, 166 ; population with tions, 112, 120 variation since 1872, 284-5 ; variation in density, 169; variation in population, Cbakdah (T), 195; non-industrial town, 191; 201; percentage variation in population, population, 410 ; increase due to large 279 ; distribution of population in villages Displaced population, 195-7; female and towns, 402 ; population in towns, ratio, 421 ; formerly a trade centre, 418 405 ; number of displaced persons, 399 ; Cbakdab P. S., population, 290-91; variation self-supporting persons lin agriculturaJ in density, 174; percentage variation, classes, 45!Hi ; industries in rural areas, 282 ; contains Kancbrapara Develop- 499-501 ; death from child birth, 372 ment Area Rural Colony, 192 · Burdwan Fever, cause and nature, 212 ; Cbampdani (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; effects of, 220, 223, 224-5, 227, 248, 254-9 population, 407 Burnpur (T), industrial town, 178 ; populaJ Chandernagore, 274; description, 14; popula· tion, 410 tion, 68, 153, 407 ; population with varia­ Burwan P. S., population, 290-91; percentage tion, 292-3; variations in density, 175; variation in, 282 ; variation in density percentage variation in population, 201 ; 174; density much above rural average, percentage of household population, 154 ; 168 percentage of non-household population, number of occupied houses, 153 ; reasons Bustees, living conditions, 146-8; number .in for phenomenal growth, 274; religion, Calcutta, 148 155 ; non-household population, 153 ; Caloutta. 236-48; area, 15; Census units, 68 living rooms, 148 ; number of person to Chanditala P. S., entirely rural police station, a living room, 145; floor space per person, 177 ; area, population jlnd density, 177 ; 146; living conditions in Bustees, 146; percentage variation, 280 ; variation in population with variation, 288-91 ; density, 171 percentage of growth, 211 ; growth of population, 138-9 : density, 137 ; peculia­ Chandrakona (T), 194-5, 409 ; population, rities of the population, 246-7 : displaced 411 ; a flourishing industrial centre in persons, 247; migration, 247-8; percent­ the 17th centut1y, 417, 195; female age of age groups, 246 ; age groups and ratio, 421 married women, 246; size of family, 145; Chandrakona P. S., 194 ; population, 286-7 ; distribution of families, 146 ; non-family percentage variation in, 280 ; variation In population, 155-6 ; religion, 68-9 ; ac· density, 171 ; spectacular decline, 194 curacy of Calcutta count, 237-46 ; in• Change in the course of big rivers, 18-19 fantile mortality, 372-3; agricultural self­ supporting persons, 455-6 ; climatological Chapra P. S., population, 290-91 ; percentage variation in, 282 ; variation in density, table, 47-50 174 ; density below rural average, 165 Canning (T), non-industrial town, 192, 409 ; Chhatna P. S., population, 284-5 ; percentage population, 410 variation in, 279 ; variation in density, Canning P. S., non-industrial police station, 170 ; density below rural average, 165 192 ; population, 288-9 ; percentage varia· Cbhitmahals, 9, 13-14; enumeration of, 9, 14 tion, 281 ; variation in density, 172 ; cash crops, 105; index of financial condition Chinsurah P. S., 169; industrial police station, of agricultural classes, 106 ; prices, 106-7 ; 178, area, population and density, 178 ; fetched high price, 109 percentage variation, 280 ; variation in density, 171 Cast and tribes, 65-8 Cbittaranjan, locomotive town, 178, 169, 409; Census, 1-5; synchronous and non-synchro­ population, 410; density, 178 nous, 194 ; innovations in 1941, 2 ; Cities and towns, 159-62 ; definition, 159-60 ; departures in 1951, 2 ; period, 1, 2, 5, classified according to female ratio, 422 : 142, 294; divisions, 3 ; agency, 3; house population class, 425; age composition of numbering, 144-5 ; house, 4 ; records, 5-6 ; males and females, 424 ; progress in National Register of Citizens, 2; mauza number, 425-8 ; percentage of population register, 2 ; sample training census, 4 ; in different classes of, 429-30 ; religious publications, 6 ; accurary of, 6-10, 140-43 ; communities in towns, 431 ; decay of, drawbacks, 9, 142 ; panic in 1872, 267 417-8: explanations of the speed of Census bouse, 143-5; per square mile, 156; · growth of towns, 433-4 ; role of small number in CaJcutta, 148; persons per residential towns, 192-3 570 Civil cases instituted, 19ll-50, 130 Cooch Behar P. S.. 195 ; popclation, 292-3 : Climatic factors and human energy, 386 percentage variation, 283 ; variation in density, 175 Coal. index of industry, 109; mines, 19, .20-3, 25-6, 27 ; immigrants to coalfields, 65 ; Coach Behar (T), population, 410 persons employed in and around mines, Co-cperative movement, progress of, 12.8 110; average daily earnings of coal Cotton textiles, 521 miners. 110; disputes of workers, 116; strikes in mines, 116 Criminal cases tried during the decade, 129 Commerce, 522-4, 529; boom. 119; perce&tage Crops. '73-4 ; paddy, 29-33 ; jute. 31, 3%, 34, employed vary low, 522; reasons for low '73-4 ; sug~ 2:9, 314, 39 ; paddy. percentage, 523-4; retail trade otherwise 73-1; sugarcane, 2:9, 31-%, 39; tobacco. uncJ.assijjed improved considerably, 529 ; 32, 23-1 ; mulbessy, 32- 73 ; maize. 30, 33 ; employees in commercial establishments, bajra, 30 ; wheat, barley, 2:9-30 ; gram. 119 ka.lai, peas, linseed. 30 Community Development Project, 213, 216 Cultivation, yield per acre, 485. 490 ; seed requirements per acre, 486 ; storage Joss. Comparison with principal states of India 486 ; mi.lling outtur:ned, 486 ; producel's density, area and population, 131-2; mean of paddy and surplus consumption paddy, decennial growth, 132 ; persons per 488 ; production and consumption of household and percentage of non-house­ paddy, 488 ; production and requirement hold population, 133; total and females of rice in West BengaJ. 489 ; population in cities and towns, 133-1 ; noo-agri­ under rationing, 489 ; growth of popula­ cultural livelihoods, 134-5 ; literacy, 135 ; tion and extension of cultivation, 440, Displaced persons, 135-6 ; least and 446-8, 47:2 most populous districts and average size of them. 137 ; self-supporting persons, Cultivated land, 1951, 494 ; suggestions for earning and no~ dependents, 344 ; improvements of. 49~7 livelihood classes in difierent states, 357; Cyclone of Midnapur of 1942, 77-9 ; brief growth of population in difierent conti­ surveys of. 77-3; effects of, 'i8 nents, 368 ; population in Great Britain, Dainhat (T), population, 4.10 India and west BengaJ. 370 Damodar, 17; flood of 1!H3, 83; floods. 212; Compensation to workmen, 118 navigability destroyed, 219 · Compilation, 6 Damodar Valley Project, 70, 73, 379-80 Dantan P. S.. population, 236-7 ; percentage Contai subdivision and P. S.. congenial to v-ariation, 280; variation in density, 170; growth, 223 ; more malarious than before, depopulation, 225 224; population, 286-7; percentage varia­ Darjeeling (D), 265-9 ; area, 15 ; position, 16 ; tion, 280 ; variation in density, 171 ; large river system, 16'; geology, 26-7; minerals, population speak a corrupt form of 27 ; soil, 33 ; climatology, 42-5 ; mauzas,. Oriya, 65 villages and towns. 158-9, 389 ; roads, Contai (T), non-indu...<:trial town, 194 ; popula- 391 ; population with variation, 2:92-3 ; tion, 410 growth of population, 1J3.9 ; room limited f~ an increase, 267 ; percentage variation Control of population, 380 in population, 283 ; variation in density, Copper Ores, 27. 28 175 ; number in towns, 4<15 ; villages classified by population, 390 ; distribution Count, hou.sel.ist, 7, 8; provisional. 5; final, of rural population in L. C.. 4<12; agri­ 5, 7, 8; explanation of the difierences, cultural self-supporting persons. 255; 8-9 percentage of age groups. 278 ; castes and Coocb Behar (D), 269-271; area, 15; merging tribes, 67; religions, 63-9; crops, '14; tea. of. 13 ; Olhitmahals, 13-14; river sys­ 265-6 ; panic at the first c:ensu.s, 267 tem. 16; geology, 25; soil, 33-1; castes Darjeeling P. S.. non-indu.stri.aJ. 177; popula­ and tribes. 67 ; population, 138-9 ; popula­ tion, 2:92-3 ; percentage variation, 283 ; tion with variation, 292-3 ; variation in variation in density, 175 density, 175; percentage variation, 283; percentage of age groups. 278 ; religions, Darjeeli.ng (T), grown vicariously on Nepal 158-9; villages, mauzas and towns, 68. and Sikkim 18-l ; population, 410 389; rillages classified, 390; agriculture, Da...9)Ur P. S.. 22-1; centre of trade with a 352 ; more than 80 per cent. depend on rich agricultural hinters land, area. di.."l:ribution of rural population in L. C.. populaion and density, 1 T1 ; percentage 402 ; agricultural self-supporting persons, variation in, 280 ; variation in density, 455-6 ; number of towns, 405 171 571 71.&. INDEX Date of initiation of operations. 2 ; joining of Dhaniakhali P. S.. 227. 2:!8 ; Santal congregate the Superintendent. 2 ; preliminary ar­ here, 66; population. 286-7; percentage rangements, 2 ; commencement of census. variation, 280; variation in density, 171 5 ; beginning of preliminary totals, 5 ; Dhulian (T). a trading and manufacturing publication of preliminary totals, 5; town, 18.f ; population, 410 ; female ratio, · Commencement of so r t 1 n g, 5 ; 422 the Great Calcutta Killing. 84 ; partition. 86 ; Chandernagore's transfer to India, Dhupguri P. S., populc:tion, 292-3 ; percentage 14 ; merger of Cooch Behar with West variation in. 283 ; variation in density, Bengal. 13; first tea garden in Jalpai­ 175; density below rural a\·erage, 168 guri, 262 ; first trial of tea plant in Diamond Harbour (T), population. 410 Darjeeling, 265 Diamond Harbour Subdivision, population, Death rate. 330 ; increase due to famine and 288-9 ; percentage variation, 281 ; varia- epidemics, 81-3 tion in density, 173 Debra P. S., population, 286-7; percentage Diamond Harbour P. S., non-industrial police variation in, 280; variation in density, station, 177; area, population and 170 ; susceptible to decrease of popula­ density, 177 ; percentage variation,. 281 ; tion. 225 variation in density, 173 Debt of agricultural families, 92, 94-5, 102~ ; Dinhata Subdivision and P. S., population, smaller debt no sign of prosperity, 105 ; 292-3 ; percentage variation, 283 ; varia­ contraction of credit. 105 tion in density, 175 Declining livelihoods, 516-27 Dinhata (T). population, 411 Disergarh (T), industrial town, 178; popula­ Definition of census village, 157, 387-8; census tion, 410 house, 4, 143-5 ; immigrant, 295 ; dis­ placed person, literacy, town and city, Displaced persons separated in sorting, 3 ; 159-160 concentration in Nadia, 8; Calcutta, 148; 24-Parganas, 236; West Dinajpur, 260; Deforestation, 58 ; evil e1Iects of, 59, 319, Burdwan, 214; Hooghly, 229; Jalpaiguri. 224 265'; number of, 87 ; in principal States, Deganga P. S., population, 288-9; percentage 136 ; distribution of, 399 ; density increas­ variation, 281 ; variation in density, ed by, 136 ; liability on agricultural 172 ; density much higher than rural resources, 76 ; a source of strength and average, 168 a major problem. 135 ; livelihood pattern of, 324-6 ; livelihood pattern by districts, Density, 162-197 ; of the principal states of 328; difficulty in rehabilitating agri­ India, 131-2; general over-all average, culture families, 196 168 ; of Calcutta, 137 ; of rural areas, 196, 298, 351; of distri~, 164; density and Districts, number and area of, 15; arranged character of police stations, 176 ; changes in order of size, 138 ; average size of, in density, 163-4 ; variation, 169-75 ; 137 ; most and least populous, 137 ; decrease in density between 1911-1921, average population of, 137 ; population 165 ; evidence of increase of rural den­ of, 138 ; growth of population of, 138 sity, 400-401 ; average rural density, Dolomite, 26-7 165, 175; increase in urban density, 164; density grows in select small areas, 165, Domjur P. S., entirely rural police staUon, 179; progress of density in industrial 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; zones, 190-91; growth of density in 26 percentage variation in, 280 ; variation rural thans, 180-4 ; reasons for high in density, 172 density of 4 P. S. of Midnapur, 180-81; Domkal P. S., malarious, 254 ; population, high density areas in Hooghly, 181 ; of 290-91 ; percentage variation, 282; varia­ Howrab, 181-2 ; of 24-Parganas, 182 ; tion in density, 174 police stations with high densities, 177-8; densities of non-industrial police stations. Dualistic economy, 342-3, 433-4 177 ; reasons for the low density of Dubrajpur P. S., cont~ins small coal mines, police stations of Jalpaiguri, and Darjee­ ores and quarries, 191 ; population, ling, 184--5 ; uneven distribution of, 179 ; 284-5 ; percentage variation in, 279 ; disproportion between area and popula­ variation in density, 170 ; density below tion, 180 ; area and population by rural average, 191 density of police stations, 180; police Dubrajpur (T), mining and quarrying centre, stations containing non-industrial towns 194; population, 410; female ratio, 422 witb rlensities, 191-2; rural density directly varies with the fertility of the Dum Dum (Ordnance), 409 ; population, 407 soil, 196-7 ; density ceiling, 196, 298, 357 Earners declining, 359 572 INDEX Earning dependants, 334, 337, 344-5 Falta, P. S., 182; entirely rural police station, East India Company; influence on industry, 177; area, population, and density, 177; percentage variation in, 281; variation in 432, 439, 376, 415 ; settlement and collect~ tion of land revenue, 437 ; tyranny and density, 173. plunder, 437 ; Bengal grossly overasses~ Farizy, 143-4; commensal, 144; composition of, sed, 438 ; Permanent settlement mort~ 144; distribution of Calcutta families, gaged the future, 439 ; establishment of 14H; families in debt, 103-4; distribu­ squirearchy, 441 ; ryots in the train of tion of families by size or debt, 104 annihilation, 443 Famine, 1770-72, 200; results of, 375 ; 1876- Economic classification schemes comparison 78, 1881-1891, 1891-1901; local famines, between 1931 and 1951, 504-{i; departures, 1871, 1920, 374; 1943, 79-83, 200; causes 333-4, 342 ; difficulties in working, 334-47; of, 79-80 ; extent of the area involved, results subjective, 343, 347; inferences 82-3; mortality of, 80, 331-33 ;. age and drawn, 348 ; ISIC and ICEC schemes, sex affected by, 80-81, 208; mortality sex 335-36 proportion ; reversed in Calcutta, 81 ; fallen birth rate, 81 ; course of mortality, Egra, P. S., population, 286-7 ; percentage 82 ; epidemid in the wake of, 82-3 ; variation, 280 ; variation in density, 171 ; greater ability to control, 374 depopulation, 225. Famine (1943) Inquiry Commission, findings Embankments, evil· effects of, 70, 212, 279, about causes or, 79; mortality of, 80; sex 223, 224, 227, 254 ratio of mortality, 81, 226; extent of the Emigrants, 322-4 ; determinant of, 363 ; exclu~ area involved, 82-3; observations on the ston of migrants to East Bengal, 257 ; economic level of the State, 108-9 estimate of, 364. Farakk:a P. S., 184; population, 290-91; per• Employment Exchanges Registration, 359-{iO ; centage variation in, 282; variation in placements, 361; Matriculates and density, 174 Graduates on the register, 361 ; contrac~ tion in employment, 535 Faridpur P.S., population, 284-5; percentage variation in, 279; variation in density, Employer, 384-5, 387, 345-{i 169. Enemies of standing crops, 63 Females, index of stability of urban popula• Englishbazar (T), 195 ; flourishing and grow­ tion, 422; ratio in cities and towns, 422; ing district headquarters town, 195; popu· ratio in residential, industrial and rail· lation, 410 way towns, 422-3; percentage of immi· Englishbazar, P. S.; non-industrial police grant females, 307-11 ; its significance, station, 192; area, population and density, 307-8; 295 ; percentage in rural and urban 192; variation in density, 174; percentage areas, 310-11; percentage in L. C. V., 320; variation in, 282; bad out-break of earners diminished, 384; employment of, cholera, 257 520-21, 52H, 531, 532-4 ; effects of Enumeration, 5; period or, 2; reference date, famine upon, 81-226; concealment of 2; first round, 5; slips, 2; contractions and females in 1872, 267 symbols, 2; of homeless population, 5; Fertility, beauty and wealth of Bengal; how begun, 5; circumstances favourable · Bernier's account, 376-77; Colebrooke's for, 7, 142; accuracy of, 6-10, 140-43; over­ account, 376 ; decline of, 376 enumeration in 1941 and 1"931, 140-41 Fish, principal protein food of the Bengalees Enumerators, 3-5; number of, 3; honorarium, scarcity of, 518-19 3, 7; village school-masters as, 3; dearth Flood, causes of, 382, 70 ; devastating flood of, 4; reluctance overcome, 4; gratuitous in the Tista, 1950, 263, 58 ; · Damodar service or, 7; training of, 4; area of, 3; Flood, 70, 83 ; minor floods, 87 functions, of, 2; filling in slips and Fragmentation of land, 476-79, 449-50 National Register of Citizens, 2; duties Gaighata P. S., population, 288-9; percentage during revisionary round, 5. variation in, 281; variation in density, 172 Events of the decade, 75-87; World War II, Gajol P. S., population, 290-91; percentage 75-7, 109; Midnapur cyclone, 77-!J; Famine, variation in, 282; variation in denstty, 174 79-83; Damodar Flood, 83; Grow More Gajol P. S., population,. 290-91; percentage Food Campaign, 83-4 ; Rationing and variation in, 279; variation in density, Controls, 84; Great Calcutta killing, 84-{i; 169 Independence, 7; partition, 86-7. Gangajalghati P. S., population, 284-5; per­ Falakata, P. S.; population, 292-3; percentage centage variation, 279; variation in variation in, 283 ; variation in density, density, 170; decrease due to famine and 175. epidemics, 221 573 INDEX Gangarampur P. S., population, 292-3 ; per­ Habra P. S., 192; population, 288-9 ; centage variation in, 283; immigration percentage variation in, 281; variation in into, 260; variation in density, 175 density, 172 Gangtok P. S., population, 292-3; percentage Haldibari P. S., . 19_2 ; population, 292-3 ; variation, 283 percentage vanahon in, 283; variation in Gangtok (T), description, 35; meteorology, density, 175 35-6; population, 411 llaldibari (T), population, 411 Garden Reach (C), industrial, 178, 409 ; Halisahar (T), industrial town, 178 ; 409 ; population, 407 population, 407 Garhbeta P. S., population, 286-7; percentage Hanskhali P. S., population, 290-91; percent• variation, 280 ; variation in density, 170 ; age variation in, 282; variation in density, density much below rural average, 191 174 Hariharpara P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ Garhbeta (T), 194; population, 4ll age variation in, 282; variation in density, Garubathan P. S., population, 292-3 ; percent-· 174 age variation in, 283; variation in density, Haringhata P. S., population 290-91; percent­ 175 age variation, 282 ; variation in density, Garulia (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; popu­ 174 lation, 407 Haripal P. S., entirely rural police station, Geonkhali, 65 177, 181; population, 284-5; Santals con• Ghatal P. S., 191, 194, 224 ; population, 286-7 ; gregate here, 66; percentage variation in, percentage variation in, 280; variation in 280; variation in density, 171 density, 171, spectacular decline, 194 Harishchandrapur P. S., population, 290-91; Ghatal subdivision, 224; population, 286-7; variation in density, 174; percrentage percentage variation in, 280; variation in variation, 282; Bihari settlers, 258 density, 171 Haroa P. S., population, 288-9; percentage variation, 281; variation in density, 172 Ghatal (T), 194-5 ; population, 410 ; density of, 191; once a famous manufacturing Hasnabad P. S., population, 288-9; percentage town and port, 417 variation, 281; variation in density, 172 Gnatong, 35-; meteorology, 36-7 Hemtabad P. S., population, 292-3; percentage variation, 283; depopulation, 260; immi­ Goanese, 65 gration, 260; variation in density, 175 Gobardanga (T), 195 ; population, 410 ; Hijal bil, 58 density, 192 ; had sugar factories, 417-8 Hili P. S., non-industrial police station, 177; Goghat P. S., population, 284-5; percentage population, 292-3; percentage variation, variation in, 280; variation in density, 171 283; variation in density, 175 Gopiballavpur P. S., population, 286-7 ; per­ Hili (T), population, ·410 centage variation in, 280; variation in Hirapur P. S., industrial police station, 178, density, 171 185; population, 284-5; percentage varia­ Graphite, 27 tion, 279; variation in density, 169 Great Calcutta Killing, 84-6 Himalayan West Ben~al, 18, 37-8; districts, 37; varying. topography, and climate, 38; Great Divide, 201, 373 temperature and rainfall, 38-44 Great Economic Crisis, 109 Hooghly (D), 227-30 ; area, 15 ; river system, 17; geology, 23; soil, 30-31; mauzas, Grow more food campaign, 83-4 ; defore­ villages and towns, 158-9, 389 ; roads, station resulting from, 58; gains through, 391 ; castes and tribes, 66 ; crops, 74; 492 population, 138 ; growth of population, Growth of population, 139, 198-210; growth 138-9 ; variation in population, 201 ; and movement, 198; variation, 201; fac­ variation in density, 171 ; percentage tors favourable to growth, 207-8; zones of variation in population, 280 ; population growth, 208-11; percentages of rural and with variation, 286-7 ; growth and move­ urban growth, 210; rural natural growth, ment of population, 227-30 ; migration, 211; growth of Calcutta, 211; reasons for 229-30 ; percentage of age groups, 276 ; steady growth since 1921, 370-72; checks percentage of age groups and married on growth, 379-80 women, 229 ; number in towns, 405 ; distribution of rural population in L. C., Habibpur P. S., population, 290-91; percentage 402 ; agricultural self-supporting persons, variation in, 282; variation in density, 455-6 ; industries in rural areas, 499-501 ; 174 religions, 68-9 ; displaced persons, 229 574 INDEX Hooghly-Chinsurah (T), population, 407 ; 498-501; dependence on outsiders, 423; once an important port, 417 nature of workers, 423; effects of workers Hot springs, 20, 28 upon, 423; changes in, 432; capital in, 432· 433; decay of indegenous, 432; jute, 107; House, defined, 4, 143-5; numbering, 4, 7, 144- tea, 262, 265-6; coal, 19-23, 25-7 5; time of, 4, 7; difficulties of, 4; house list and final estimate, 7-8; number of · Industrial worker, 110-18, 423-33; nature of, occupied houses, household and institu­ 423; temporary and uncertain, 424; com­ tional houses, 153 pared with English workers, 424; effects upon industry, 423; evil effects of non­ Howrah City, 409 ; population, 407 family life, 308; reasons for the paucity Howrah (D), 230-33; area, 15; river system, 17; of the Bengali in the labour force, 433 geology, 23-4 ; mauzas, villages and lndustria1 disputes, classified by industry, towns, 158-9, 389 ; roads, 391 ; crops, 74; 115-6 price of rice, 106 ; population, 138 ; percentage growth of population, 138-9 ; Influenza, 1918-19, 366, 207-8 growth of population, 230-31 ; variation Irrigation, 69-72; river the smallest source of in population, 201 ; variation in density, 69; ill-planned interference with rivers, 171 ; percentage variation in population, 70-71; flood irrigation, 72; less in perma­ 281 ; population with variation, 286-7; nently settled area, 381-2, 390-91 percentage of age groups, 276 ; age Itahar P. S., population, 292-3; percentage groups and married women, 231 ; migra­ variation in, 283; immigration into, 260; tion, 232 ; distribution of rural popula­ variation in density, 175 tion in L. C., 402 ; agricultural self­ supporting persons, 455-6 ; number in Jagacha P. S., entirely rural police station, towns, 405 ; living conditions in the city, 177; area, population and density, 177; 146 ; industries in rural areas, 499-501 ; percentage variation in, 280; variation in castes and tribles, 66 ; religion, 68-9 density, 172 lchhapur Defence Estate, industrial town, Jagaddal P. S., industrial police station, 178; 178, 409 ; population, 407 area, population and density, 178; per­ lllambazar P. S., population, 284-5; percent• centage variation in, 281; variation in age variation in, 279; variation in density, density, 172 170 Jagatballavpur P. S., entirely rural police Immigrants, determinant of, 296, 363 ; expla­ station, 177; area, population and density, nation of, 214 ; districts of origin of, 177; percentage variation in, 280; varia­ 318-20; migration between West Bengal tion in density, 172 districts and other States of India, 315 ; Jalangi P. S., malarious, 25; population, 290- immigration from outside India, 322 ; un­ 91; percentage variation in, 282; varia­ steady and impermanent character of tion in density, 174 immigration, 307 ; immigration into rural Jalpaiguri (D), 262-5; area, 15 ; loss in area by areas, 310; immigration into urban areas, partition, 13; river system, 16; geology, 311, 418-19 ; zones of concentration of, 25-6; soil, 33; climatology, 39-42; crops, 312-3; immigrants by sex and rural 74; price of rice, 106; occupied villages, urban break-up, 311,317; ages of, 317-8; 389; roads, 391; population, 138; poula­ occupations of, 318-20 ; livelihood classes tion with variation, 292-3; percentage of, 313-4, 324-25, 327-8 ; immigrants and variation in population, 283; variation in land, 317 ; their contribution to industry, density, 175; growth of population, 138-9; 318, 308 ; nationalities of non-Indian high increase, 262; age groups, 278; num­ immigrants, 322 ber in towns, 305; distribution of rural Immobility of, agricultural classes, 385; Little population in L. C., 402; agricultural Jack Horner of a district, 218 self-supporting persons, 455; villages lndas P. S., population, 284-5; Muslims found classified according to population, 390; in great strength, 65; percentage varia· castes and tribes, 67; religion, 68-9; poly­ tion, 279 ; variation in density, 170 glot character of the population, 262; Independent worker, 334-5 ; difficulties of In­ mortality from fever, 262; tea gardens, dependent workers with small capital, 383 262; industries in rural areas, 499-501 Indpur P. S., population, 284-5; percentage Jalpaiguri P. S., 192; population, 292-3; per­ variation, 279; variation in density, 170 centage variation in, 283; variation in density, 175 Industry, wartime expansion, 109; distribu­ tion of, 74-75; industrial zones, 185-6; Jalpaiguri (T), 195; population, 410 191; industrial police stations, 178; in and Jamalpur P. S., 212; population, 284-5; per­ near Asansol in Calcutta, 24-Parganas, centage variation in, 279; variation in Howrah and Hooghly, 75; in rural areas, density, 171 575 INDEX Jambani P. S., prospective, small industrial Kakhini P. S., population, 292-3; percentage area, 191; population, 286-7; percentage variation, 283; fantastic increase, 262; variation in, 280; variation in density, variation in density, 175; fantastic 171 increase before 1921 and impressive be­ Jamuria P. S., 169; industrial police station, tween 1901-~1, 262 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; Kaliachak P. S., entirely rural police station, percentage variation in, 279; variation in 177; area, population and density, 1; per· density, 169 centage variation in, 282; variation in Jangip"-ra P. S., entirely rural police station, density, 174; population transplanted 177 ; area, population and density, 17 ; from Murshidabad, 182-3, 257 percentage variation, 280 ; .variation in Kaliaganj P. S., population, 292-3 ; percentage density, 171 variation in, 283; variation in density, Jangipur Subdivision, population, 290-91; 175 percentage variation, 282 ; variation in density, 174 Kaliganj P. S., population, 290-91; percentage variation, 282; immigration, 260; varia­ Jangipur (T), non-industrial town, 177; popu• tion in density, 174 lation, 410; former glory, 418; female ratio, 422 Kalimpong (T), 195; gateway to sikkim and Tibet, 195; climate, 38; population, 410 Jaynagar-Majilpur (T), 195; subarban town, 195; area population, 410; density, 192; Kalimpong Subdivision; population, 292-3 ; female ratio in, 422 · percentage variation in, 283; variation in density, 175; phenomenal growth before Jaynagar P. S., 192; population, 288-9; per• 1921, 267 centage variation in, 281; variation in density, 172 Kalirnpong P. S., 192; population, 292-3; per• Jaypur P. S., population, 284-5; percentage centage variation in, 283; variation in variation in, 279: decrease due to famine density, 175 and epidemic, 221; variation in density, Kalna (T), 194; non-industrial town, 191; 170 population, 410; density, 191; once a Jhargram P. S., population, 286-7 ; percentage flourishing port, 416 variation in 280; variation in density, 171 Kalna Subdivision, 211-2, 213 ; population, Jhargram Subdivision, population, 286-7; per­ 284-5; percentage variation in, 279; centage variation in, 280; variation in variation in density, 169; suffered heavily density, 171 ' before 1921, 211 Jhargram (T), non-industrial town, 191; popu• Kalna P. S., 191; population, 284-5; percent­ lation, 410; jhils or bils, 24, 32, 70 age variation in, 279 ; variation in den­ Jiaganj-Azimganj (T), area, population, 410; sity, 169 displaced population, cause of decline, Kamarhati (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; 418; female ratio in, 422 population, 407 Jiaganj P. S., malarious, 254; population, Kanchrapara Development Area Rural Colony 290-91 ; percentage variation in, 282; (T), population, 410 variation in density, 174 Kanchrapara (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; Jore Bungalow P. S., population, 292-3; per• population, 407 ; female ratio, 422 centage variation in, 283 ; variation in Kandi Subdivision, population, 290-91; per­ density, 175 centage variation, in 282; variation in Jute, grown in West Bengal districts, 31-2, 34, density, 174 73-4; encouraging self-sufficiency, 107; Kandi P. S., 192; slowly improved in agricul­ total yield and acreage in Indian sub­ tural prosperity, 195; population, 290-91 ; continent, 106 ; Indian, 107 ; control over percentage variation in, 282; variation sowing and lifting of it, 109; price, 107; in density, 174 export of raw jute dwindling, 107-8; re­ quirements of Indian mills, 107; import Kandi (T), 195 ; population, 410 ; female of raw jute, 108; exports of gunnies, 108; ratio in, 422 production and stock of gunnies, 108, 493· Kanksa P. S., large Muslim settlement, 65 ; 4; disputes in jute mills and presses, 115; population, 284-5; percentage variation in, strikes, 117; basic wage rate of workers, 279; variation in density, 169 113; welfare facilities for workers, 117-8; Karimpur P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ importance of jute industry, 107 age variation in, 282; variation in density, Kakdwip P. S., population, 288-9; percentage 174 variation in, 281; variation in density, 173 Katwa (T),. 194; population, 410; once a Kalantar, 32, 24, 254-5, 58 flourishing port, 416 ·576 INDEX Katwa P. S., 191; population, ·284-5; percent· Khayrasol P. S., has coal mines, ores and age variation in, 279; variation in density, quarries, 191; population, 284-5; reached 169 saturation point, 191; percentage variation Katwa Subdivision, 211, 212; population, .284- in, 279; variation in density, 170 5; percentage variation in, 279; variation Kishan, 97, 99-100 in density, 169 Konnagar (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; Keshiari P. S., population, 284-5; percentage population, 407 variation in, 280; variation in density, Kotrung (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; popu­ 170 lation, 407 Keshpur P. S., population, 284-5; percentage Kotulpur P. S., Muslims ground in great variation in, 280; ·variation in density, 170 strength, 65; population, 284-5; percent­ Ketugram P. S., population, 284-5; percentage . age variation in, 279; variation in density, variation in, 279; variation in density, 169 170 Khanakul P. S., free from diseases, 229; en· Krishans, 255 · tirely rural police station, 177; area, Krishnaganj P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ population and density, -177; percentage age variation in, 282; variation in density, variation ill, 280; variation in density 171 174 . Khandaghosh P. S., population, 284-5; per· Krishnagar (T), population,· 410; causes of centage yariation, 279; variation in den· decline, 418 sity, 169 Krishnagar P. S., non-industrial police station, Kharar (T), population, 411; 'once a flourish· ing manufacturing place, 417 ; female 177; area, population and density, 177; percentage variation in, 282; variation in ratio, 422 density, 173 · Kharba P. S., population, 290-91; percentage variation in, 282; variation in density, 174 Kulpi P. S., entirely rural police station, 177; area, population and density, 177; per­ Khardah (T), 409 ; population, 407 c.entage variation .in, 281; variation in Khardah P. S., industrial police station, 178; density, 173 area, population and density, 177; per­ centage variation in, 281; variation in Kulti P. S., population, 284-5; percentage density, 172 · variation in, · 279; variation in density, . 169 Khargpur (C),· industrial town, 178; Indian Institute of Technology premises to give Kulti (T), population; 410 it residential character, 191; population, Kumarganj !l. S., population, 292-3; percent­ 409; a conglomerate population, 65; age variation in, 283; immigration into, female ratio in, 422 ; variation in den­ 260; variation in density, 174; are of sity, 17CI specially rapid growth, 267 Khargpur (local) P. S., population, 286-7 ; Kumargram P. S., population, 292-3; percent­ percentage variation in, 280 ; variation in age variation in, 283; fantastic increase in, density, 170 262; variation in density, 175; increment • Kharagpur (town) P. S., population, 286-7 ; fantastic before 1921 and very impressive percentage variation in, 280 ; variation after that, 262 in density, 170 Kurseong subdivisioq and P. S., first tea Khargram P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ · garden in the district, 266; population, . age variation in, 282; variation in density, 292-3; percentage variation in, 283; varia­ 174 tion in density, 175; area of rapid growth, Kharibari P. S., population, 292-3; percentage 267 variation in, 283 ; variation in density, . Kurseong (T); railway and residential town, 175 267 ; papulation, 410 Khatra P. S., 191; population, 284-5; percent­ Kushmandi P. S., population, 292-3; per­ age variation, 279; variation in density, centage variation, 283 ; variation in 170 density, 175 · Khatra (T), 194; population, 411; qensity, 191; Labhpur P. S., population, 284-5; percentage· female ratio in, 422 · variation, 279 ; variation in density, 170 Khirpai (T), 194-5; population, 411; had Labours of : -Census Department, 6 English, French and Dutch factories, 417, Lachung, 35 ; rainfall in, 37 195; female ratio, 422 Lalbagh ~ubdivision, population, 290-91 ; Khedgree P. S., population, 286-7 ; percentage. percentage variation, 282 ; variation in variation in, 280; variation in density, 171 density, 174 577~ 3 CENSUS 74 INDEX Lalgola P. S., population. 29~1: percentage 123 ; ~xpenditure on items of food, 124 ; variation, 282; variation in density, 174 number of persons per roorn, 124; num­ Land and interest of : certain castes, 355-6 ber of adult male per room, 124 ; middle Land tenure, 469-72 class cost of living index, 125-7 Leather and leath(!J' products, 521 Livelihood pattern, 333-62 ; · comparison of Legal and business services, 527 the questionnaires, 333-4 ; departures, 334-5 ; ISIC and ICEC Schemes 335-62 · Livelihood lagging behind population, 531-2 Registrar General's instructions' 336-41: Livelihood classes, 332-3 ; pattern of general dualistic economy, 342-3 ; diftlc~lties 1~ population and immigrants from other writing, 334-50 ; results subjective 343 • states of India, 314. 324-5 ; pattern of distribution of economic status in differ~ displaced population, 324-5, 328 ; pat­ ent states, 344 ; secondary economic terns of scheduled castes and tribes status, 345 ; non-agricultural self-sup­ 355-6 ; ratio of immigrants from othe; porting persons in different states, 346 states of India to total immigrants, 327 Living conditions· in Calcutta and Howrah 1~-8 . • Livelihood class I material condition of, 89 · income and expenditure of ; 90 ; sale; Litet"acy ; percentage of literates, in di1ferent and motgages of, 91; sources of loan of, States, 135 92 ; objects of loan of, 92 • Madarihat P. S., population, 292-3 ; percent­ Livelihood class n ; material condition of, age variation in, 283 ; variation in den­ 93; dispossession of aboriginals in sity, 175 Malda, 93 ; sources of loans of, 94 ; Magra P. S., 228, 229, 169 ; industrial police objects of loans of, 95 . station, 178 ; area, population and den­ IJvelihood Class ill; material condition, 95; sity, 178 ; percentage variation in, 280 ; sources of loan, 95 ; objects of loan, 95 ; variation in density, 171 rate of wages (1908-40), 96 ; wages (1947- 50), 97 ; daily agricultural wage rate of, Magrahat P. S., entirely rural police station, 99 ; non-agricultural work ; wage rate, · 177 ; area, · population and density, 177 ; 99; days of employment of, 97; types percentage variation in, 281 variation in of work of, 98 ; reasons for unemploy­ density, 173 ment of, 98; seasonal variation in em-· Mahammadbazar P. S., 216; selected for ployment of, 98; employment . of community development, 216 ; popula­ • Kishan ', 100; terms of employment of tion, 284-5 ; percentage variation in, 279 ; • Kishan ', 100 ; annual income of, 100 ; variation in density, 170 annual expenditure of, 101; income ·and Maheshtala P. S., industrial police station, expenditure of, 101; expenditure of agri­ 178 ; area; population and density, 178 ~ cultural and industrial labour, 102 percentage variation in, 281; variation I..J.velihood Class IV, 347-8; material condi­ in density, 172 tion, 102-3; sources of loan and objects Mahisadal P. S., 180-81 ; especially fertile­ of loan, 102 rice producing area, 180 ; population, .Livelihood Class V, 522-8; material condi- 286-7 ; percentage variation in, 280 ; tion. -109-18 ; number of persons employ­ variation in density, 171 ; Mahisyas, 65-7 ed in and about coal mines, 110; aver­ Maihaguri P. S., population, 292-3; percent­ aie daily earnings, 110; wages of indus­ age variation in, 283 ; variation in den- trial blacksmith, 111; fitters, 111 ; fire- sity, 175 · men, 112 ; unskilled labour, 112-3 Livelihood Class VI, material condition, 118- Mal P. S., population, 292-3 ; percentage 9 ; trade boom, 119 ; compulsory week­ variation in, 283 ; variation density, 175 ly holiday to shop assistants, 119; attrac­ Malaria,' 378-9 tive salaries, 119 Malda, 257-9 ; area, 15 ; loss by partition, 13; IJvelihood class VII, matetial condition, river system, 16 ; geology, 25 ; soil, 32 ; 119-20 climatology, 54-7 ; crops, 74 ; price of Livelihood Class Vlll, 524-7, 529-30 ; mate­ rice, 106 ; mauzas, villages and towns, rial condition, 120-27 ; percentage distri­ 158-9, 389; roads, 391 ; population, 138; bution of familles by monthly income, population with variation, 290-91 ; per­ 121; percentage distribution of families centage variation in population, 282 ; by monthly expenditure, 122; size of the variation in density, 174 ; growth of farnJ.ly, 122 ; number of earners and population, 138-9 ; percentage of age dependants per family, 122 ; average groups, 277 ; age groups and married monthly income per consumption unit, women, 258 ; number. in towns, 405 ; 122 ; surplus and deftcit budget by in­ distribution of rural population in L. C., come group, 123 ; items Of expenditure, 402 ; nearly 70 per cents. depend on agri- 578 culture, 252 ; agricultural self-supporting Memari P. S., 191-3; a prosperous agricul­ persons, 455-6 ; castes and tribes 67 ; tural police station, 193 ; population, religion, 68-9 ; dispossession of · aborigi­ 284-5; percentage variation in, 279; nals, 93 ; land employed to capacity and variation in density, 169 its low productivity, 259'; industries in Meteorological table of Gan~ok, 35-6 ; rural areas, 499-501 : families in debt, · Gangtong, 36-7; Jalpaiguri, r 39-42; 104 Darjeeling, 42-3; Calcutta, 47; Asansol, Malda P. S., 192; population, 290-91; percent• 50-3; Malda, 54-7 age variation in, 282 ; variation in den­ Metiabruz P. S., industrial police station, sity, 174 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; Malthusian dilemma, 384 ; Malthusian checks percentage variation in, ~81 ; variation acting· on the population of India, 369; in density, 172 West Bengal, 380 . Middle class, 432 ; growth of, 442, 450 ; rela· Mangalkot P. S., 211 ; large Muslim settle­ tion .with· the tiller, 450-51; non-produc­ ment, 65 ; population, 284-5 ; percentage tive, 451; material condition of, 121-7; variation in, 279 ; variation in density, distribution of families by incomes, 121 ; 169 distribution by expenditures, 122 : by Manikchak P. S., population, 290-91; percent­ number of persons per room, 124 ; by age variation in, 282 ; immigrants from ·number of adult male per room, '124; Murshidabad, 257 ; Bihar, 258 ; variation largest expenditure on food, 123 ; chronic in density, 174 protein and fat hunger, 123 ; expendi· ture on items of food, 124 ; on housing Manteswar P. S., population, 284-5 ; percent­ 124 ; cost of living index, 125-7.; slowest age variation in, 279 ; variation in den­ to match incomes with rising cost of sity, 169 living, 127 ; · tardy in bargaining, 127 ; Material condition of the people, 1931-50, 88• ·composition and size of family, 122; 128 ; sources of the data of, 88-9 earners per family, 122 · Mathabhanga Subdivision and 1>olice station, Midnapur (D), 223-27 ; area; 15 ; shape, 192 ; · population, 292-3 ; percentage boundary and river system, 17-8 : variation in, 283 ; variation in density, geology, 22 ; soil, 30 ; crops, 73 ; price .of 175 rice, 106 ; mauzas, villages and towns, Mathaghanga (T), non-industrial town, 192 ; 158-9, 389 ; roads, 391 ; heavy pressure on population, 411 · · soil, 302 ; embankments and their bane­ ful effects, 2~3-4 .. ; population, 138 ; a Mathurapur P. S., population, 288-9 ; percent­ large conglomeration of castes and tribes, age variation in, 281; variation in den­ 65; variation in population, 201; per­ sity, 173 centage variation in population, 280 ; Matiali P. S., population, 292-3; percentage percentage growth of population, 138-9 ; variation in, 283; variation in density, growth of population, 223-6 ; variation in 175 density, 170 ; different patterns in differ­ ent subdivfsions, 223; percentage of age Mauza, 3 ; mauza register, 2-3 ; total number groups, 275 ; age groups and married of, 159; mauza and village, 387 women, 225 ; migration, 226-7 ; heavy Mayurakshi Project, 70, 73, 379-80, 216-7 suff'ering between 1942-45, 225 ; number in towns, ·405 ; more than 80 per cent. Mayureswar P. S., population, 284-5 ; per­ depend on agriculture, 352 ; distribution centage variation in, 279 ; variation in of rural population in L. C., 402 ; agri­ density, 170 cultural ·self-supporting persons, 455-6 ; Mejhia P. S., 221 ; extension of industrial rural indebtedness, 103 ; families in debt, zone, 191, population, 284-5 ; percent­ 103 ; rural industries, 499-501 age variation in, 279 ; decrease due to Midnapur P. S., 191 ; population, 286-7; per­ famine and epidemic, 221 ; variation in -centage variation in, 280; variation in density, 170 density, 170 ' · Midnapur (T), 194 ; once famed as a sana­ Mekliganj Subdivision and police station, torium, 224 ; population, 410 population, 292-3 ; percentage variation in, 283 ; variation in density, 175 Migrants, 307-28 ; proportion to total popula­ tion, 307 ; low female ratio, 308 ; migra-· Mekliganj (T}, non-industrial town, 192 : tion between West Bengal and other · population, 411 States, 309 ; in rural areas, 310 : in towns, 311 ; in zones, 312 ; livelihood of, Memari (T), 193 ; conspicuous for rice and 313-4; in districts, 315-6; interest in oil mills, 193 ; population, 411 land, 317 ; sex ratio .in Agricultural 579 . '14 A INDEX classes, 317; ages of, 317-8; Concentration 24-5 ; soil, 32 ; deterioration of soil, 256 , in non-agricultural occupations, 318 ; mauzas, villages and towns, 158-9, 389 ; districts of origin, 318-9; as industrial roads, 391; population, 138; growth of labour, 319-20; streams of immigration population, 138-9, 255-6 ; two zones from other states, 329; from outside 2S3-4; population with variation, 290-91: Iodla, 321-2; livelihood pattern of percentage variation in population, 282: gederal population immigrants and dis­ variation in density, 174; percentage of placed persons, 324-6 ; livelihood pattern age groups, 277 ; age groups and married by districts, 327 ; livelihood pattern of women, 256 ; immigration, emigration displaced persons, 328 and sending out brides, 256 ; number in Migration, 294-322 ; ways of recording, 294- towns, 405 ; nearly 70 per cent. depend 5 ; determination and types of, 295 ; in­ on agriculture, 3~2 ; distribution of ter district, 297-305 ; classification of, rural population in L. C., 402 ; rural 300-1 : inter-Division, 299-301 ; from industries, 499-501 ; agricultural self­ Midnapur to industrial districts, 301-302 ; supporting persons, 456 ; castes ·and from other districts to 'industrial ones, tribes, 66-7; religion, 68-9 302 ; among industrial districts, 302 : Murshidabad P. S., 192; population, 290-91 ; tramc around Calcutta, 303 : from percentage variation in, 282 ; variation Murshidabad to Maida, 304 : interstate, in density, 174 304-6 ; proportion to total of each dis­ Murshidabad (T), 195 ; populatio~. 410 ; den­ trict, 307 : trends internal migrations, or sity, 192 ; female ratio in, 422 300-1 ; causes of growing immobility of the people, 304-5 ; interstate migration Mutiney, 432 from Pakistan, 305; percentage of inter­ Nabadwip (T), population, 410 ; density, 169 , district, interstate migration arid of im­ female ratio, 422 • migration from Pakistan, percentage of immigrants from other states of Indla Nabadwip P. S., 168-9; highest density and Pakistan also of males and females, among non-industrial police stations, 169, 308-7: migration between West Bengal 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; and other states, 309-10 percentage variation in, 282 ; variation in density, 174 Milk and milk products, 520-21 Minerals: coal, 19-20, 21, 22; copper ores, Nabjl.gram P. S., population, 290-91: percent­ 26, 27, 28 ; iron ores, 21, 26, 27 : fire­ age variation in, 282 ; variation in den­ clay, 21 ; pottery clay, 21 ; brick clay, sity, 174 21 ; wolfram, 22 : mica-schists, 21, 22 ; Nadla (D), 248-53; area, 15; loss by parti­ quartzites, 22 ; soapstone, 23 ; common tion, 13; shape and river system, 17; salt, 23 ; dolomite, 25, 26 ; graphite, 27 geology, 24; soil, 31-2; price of rice, Mineral springs, 20, 26, 28 106; mauzas, villages and towns, 158-9, 389 ; roads, 391 ; population, 138 ; growth Mirik P. S., population, 292-3 : percentage of population, 138-9, 248-52 ; depopula­ variation in, 283 ; variation in density, tion, 248-55 ; variation in density, 173 ; 175 population with variation, 290-91 ; per­ Mohanpur P. S., population, 286-7 ; percent­ centage variation in population, 282 ; per­ age variation in, 280 ; variation in den­ centage of age groups, 277 ; age groups sity, 170 and married women, 252 ; migration, 253 ; Moplah Rebellion, 432 number in towns, 405 ; distribution of rural population in L. C., 402 ; agri­ Mortality, 371: infantile, 371; maternal, 372; cultural self-supporting persons, 455-7 ; famine, 331, 80-81, 226 rural industries, 499-501 ; castes and Moyna P. S., 180-1 ; entirely rural, 177 ; area, tribes, 66 ; religion, 68-9 population, and density, 177 ; percentage Nagrakata P. S., population, 292-3; percent­ variation in, 280: variation in density, age variation, 283 ; variation in density, 171 175 Muhammadbazar, same as Mahammadbazar Naihati (T), 409; population, 407 Murad P. S., 216 : population, 284-5 ; per­ Naihati P. S., .industrial police station, 178 ; centage variation in, 279 ; variation in area, population and density, 288-9; per­ density, 170 centage variation, 281; variation in den­ Murshidabad {D), %53-7; area, 15; loss by sity, 172 partition, 13; shape and river system, 16 ; Nakasipara P. S., population, 290-91; per­ nature enterfered with, 254-5 ; decay of centage variation, 282 ; variation in den­ distributary river system, 257 ; geology, sity, 174 580 INDEX Nalhati P. S., 215-6 ; population, 284-5; per­ Pandua P. S., 229 ; population, 286-7 ; per­ centage variation, 279 ; variation in den·' centage variation in, 280 ; variation in sity, 170 density, 171 Nandigram P. S., 225; population, 286-7; Panihati (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; popu­ percentage variation in, 280; variation lation, 407 · in density, 171 Pansidewa P.·s., population, 292-3; percent­ Nanoor P. S., population, 284-5; percentage age vanation, 21!3 ; variation· in density, variation, 279 ; variation in density, 170 175. Narayangarh P. S., population, 286-7; per- Panskura P. S., entirely rural police station, • centage variation, 280 ; variation in den• 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ~ sity, 170 · percentage variation, 280 ; variation in density, 171 Nasya, 67 Partition, 13; effects of, 13-4; mov~me~t National Register of Citizens, 2, 4, 7, 142 of population due to, 86-7 Natural population, 362-6; explanation of, Pasture, 74 ; pasturage dwindling, 517 214 ; increase in 1941 fantastic, 362; 1941 figures examined, 363-4; estimate Pataspur P. S., population, 286-7; percentage of, 1891-1951, 364-5; estimate of, 1931· variation in,' 280; variation in density 1951, 365 ; Causes responsible for deficit, 171 365 Patrasair (T), .194 ; .population, 411 ; once Nawada P. S., population, 290-91, percentage noted for its manufacture, 417 ; female variation in, 282 ; variation in density, ratio in, 422 · 174 Patrasair P. S., 191 ; population, 284-5; per­ Nayagram P. S., population, 286-7; percent­ centage variation in, 279 ; variation in age variation in, 280 ; variation in den• ... .density, 170; decrease due to famine, and epidemic, 221 · sity, 171 Permanent Settlement, 435-54 ; history lead­ Neamatput (T), 409; population, 410 log to, 436-8 ; revenue demands based Noapara P. S., industrial police station, 178; on company's needs not on ryot's assets, area, population and. density, 178 ; per· 438-9 ; changes brought about by, 441-3 ; centage variation in, 281 ; variation in extension of cultivation, 439, 472 ; con• density, 172 , sequences of, 469-70, 449-51 . Non-agricultural self-supporting persons, Pingla P. S., population,· 286-7; percentage classified, 508-13 ; Self-supporting per­ variation, 280; variation in density, 170 sons in each non-agricultural economic Polba P. S., 227, 228; population, 286-7; per­ division and subdivision, 514-6 ; Livell• centage variation, 280 ; variation in den• hood class V shows decline, 517 ; Non­ sity, 171 agricultural livelihoods have not kept pace with the growth of population, 384 · Police stations, total, density and character, North Barrackpur (T), 178, 409 ; population, 176 ; classification of, 104 ; high density 407 police station with a.rea population and • density, 177-8 ; number in Calcutta and North Dum Dum (T), 409 ; population, 407 Howrah, 168 Old Malda (T), 195, population, 411 Population, general, 131-53 ; density, area Onda P. S., 219, 220, 221; population, 284-5; and popuJation of principal States of percentage variation, 279 ; decrease due India, 131; mean decennial grQwth and. to famine and epidemics, 221 ; variation· sex ratio, 132 ; persons per household in density, 170 and non-household population, 133 ; sex ratio in urban area, 133 ; non-agricul­ Ondal (T), 178 ; population, 411 tural urban population, 134; population Ondal P. S., 213 ; industrial police station, of districts, 138; growth of population, 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; 138-9; course of growth, 139; distribu· percentage variation, 279 ; variation in tion of population, 139-40 ; household density, 169 and non-household poP.ulation, 152-3 ; percentage of household population, 154; Overcrowded and uneconomic agriculture, percentage of non-household population, 357 155; non-family population in industrial Panchla P. S., 230 ; entirely rural police area, 155-6; Rural, 387-403; percentage station, 177 ; area, population and den­ in different livelihhod classes, 402 ; per­ sity, 177 ; percen~age variation in 281 ; centage in different classes of towns, variation in density, 172 429-30 : crisis of rural P.opulation, 403 ; 581 INDEX Urban, 405 ; distribution of urban popu­ Raiganj (T), 195; population, 410 lation.. 405 ; uneven distribution, 407-8 ; ·Raina P. S., population, 28-1-5; pel'centage livelihood of urban population, 433-4; variation, 279 ; variation in density, 169 growth and movement of population, Rainfall in Gangtok, 36 ; Gnaton~t, 37 ; 198-211 ; erratic up to 1921, 201-2: Lachung, 37 ; Himalayan West Bengal 38 ; reason for retarded growth, 207-8 ; Jalpaiguri, 40; Darjeeling, 43; West reasons for continuous ·and uniform Bengal Plains, 46 ; Calcutta, 48 ; Asansol. growth since, 1921, 203-7, 369-74; zones 51; Malda, 55 of growth, 209 ; percentage variation of population, 1901-1951, 209-10; disparity Raipur P. S., population, 284-5; percentage in rural and urban growth, 21o-211; variation, 279; variation in d~nsity, 170 growth in India. West Bengal and other Rajarhat P. S., entirely rural police statiC:n, countries, 367-9 ; tardy growth in un­ 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; developed continents, 368 ; character­ percentage Vl\riation in, 282 ; variation in istics of India's growth, 369 ; slow and density, 172; fluctuating, 368-9 ; India's growth rate, Rajbansis, 67 368, 370 ; causes affecting India's growth, Rajganj P. S., population, 292-3; percentage 3701I ; reasons for recently accelerated variation in, 283 ; variation in density, growth, 369, 373, 377 ; problem of popu- 175 . lation and its urgency, 384 ; points of Rajnagar P~ S., population, 284-5 ; percentage 384-5 ; 384 ; study, uneven distribution, . variation in, 279; variation in density, 384 ; yield per acre smallest in the world, 170 ; Large Muslim settlement, 65 livelihoods lagging far behind the growth of population, 52-3 Rajpur (T), population; 410; female ratio in, 422 Presidency division, districts, 13 ; police stations, 166 ; towns, 408 ; population Ramjibanpur (T), 194-5; population, 411; with variation, 288-9; percentage varia­ once a manufacturing market town, 417; tion in population, 281; variation in female ratio in, 422 population, 201 ; percentage of popula· Ramnagar P. S., population, 286-7; percent­ tion in villages and towns of various age variation in, 280 ; variation in population sizes, 402 ; number in density, 171 towns1 405 ; number of displaced persons, Rampurhat Subdivision, 215-6; population, 399 284-5 ; percentage variation in, 279 ; Pressure on the soil, 38 ; ·reduction by natural variation in density, 170 · calamity, 298 ; by emigratioq, 298 ; by Rampurhat P. S., population, 284-5 ; percent­ check on growth, 299 age variation in, 279; variation in den­ Primary census abstract or vi118i(e Directory, sity, 170 3, 8 ; Census unit, 3 ; economic status of Rampurhat (T), 191; railway centre, 194, total, rural and urban population, 343-5, 216 ; population, 410 337 . Rangli Rangliot P. S., population, 292-3; per­ Production and procurement of food in West centage variation, 283 ; variation in den­ Bengal, 492-3 . sity, 175 Purbasthali P. S., population, 284-5 ; percent­ • Ranaghat Subdivision, population, 290-91; age variation, 279; variation in density, percentage variation, 282; variation in 169 density, 174 Pulbazar P. S., population, 292-3; percentage · Ranaghat P. S., 192; population, 29Q-91 ; per­ variation, 283 ; variation in density, 175 centage variation, 282 ; variation in den­ Pursura P. S., 229; entirely rural police sity, 174 station, 17'1 ; area, population and den­ Ranaghat (T), Ul5; population, 410; density, sitY, 177 ; percentage ·variation, 280 ; 192 variation in density, 171 . Raghunathganj P. S., 254 ; non-industrial Ranibandh P. S., population, 284-5 ; percent­ police station, 177 ; population, 29Q-91 ; age variation, 279 ; variation in density, percentage variation, 282; variation in 170 density, 174 Raniganj P. S., 169 ; industrial police station,• Raiganj Subdivision population, 292-3; per­ 178 ; area, population and density, 178 ; . . centage variation, 283 : variation in den­ percentage variation, 279 ; variation in sity, 175 density, 169 178; 410 Raiganj P. S., 192 ; population, 292-3 ; J)er­ Raniganj (T), population, centage variation, 283 ; depopulation, 260 ; Raninagar P. S., population, 29Q-91; percent­ heavy influx of Displaced persons, 260 ; age variation, 282 ; variatioc in density. variation in density, 175 171 58Z INDEX Ratna P. S., population, 290-91 ; percentage Sadar subdivision, Jalpaiguri, and police variation, 282 ; immiJn"ants form Murshi­ station, population, 292-3 ; percentage· dabad, 257 ; from Bihar, 258 ; variation variation in, 283 in density, 174 Sadar subdivision, Maida, and police Regional offices for sortin~ and compilation, station, population, 290-91 ; percentage 5 variation in, 282 Religions and their percentage to population, Sadar · subdivision, Midnapur and · police 68-9 . station, population, 286-7 ; percentage variation in, 280 · Religions, charitable and welfare services, 527 Sadar subdivision, Murshidabad, and police stations, population, 290-91; percentage Re~enue and rent, 377, 442, 469, 472-74; two variation in, 282 systems of land settlement in Murshi­ Sadar subdivision, Nadia, and police station, dabad, 255 ; bhag rent, 220, 448-49 ; fasli population, 290-91 ; percentage variation jama, 255 ; jama, 251 ; Krishani, 255 ; ·in, 282 · sanja rent, 220 ; utbandi 250-51, 255 Sadar subdivision, 24-Parga.nas, and· police Rice price of, 106 station, population, 288-9 ; percentage Rishra (T), 409 ; · population. 407 variation in, 281 River systems, 15-18 ; rivers the smallest Sagar P. S., population, 288-9; percentage source t>f irrigation, 69 ; rivers are more .variation in,· 281 ; variation in density, curse than a boon, 70 ; ill-planned inter­ 173 ' . ference with rivers, 70-1; Nadia rivers Sagardighi P. S., population, 290-91; percent- receiving the drainage of the country, . age variation in, 282 ; variation in den- 249-50 sity, 174 . Roads, 390-99 ; development. plan 395 ; effect Sainthia P. s .. 191; population, 284-5: per­ on the distribution of industry and popu­ centage variation in, 279 ; variation in lation, 396-99 . density, 170 Rural density and proportion of population Sainthia (T), 194, 216; population, 410 supported by agriculture, 350-52 Salbani, population, 286-7 ; percentage varia- · Ryot, as slave, 440 ; rights of, 441-2 ; treat­ tion in, 280 ; variation in density, 170 ment of, 442-3; degradation and loss of­ Saltora P. S., extension of industrial zone, rights, 443 ; three F's to, 443: distress 191; population, 284-5; percentage varia­ of, 444-5 ; money squeezed out of, 445 ; tion in, 279; variation in density, 170 at the mercy of zemindar, 452 ; begal for Salanpur P. S., 169, 176, 178; Contain.-; reclamation, 445 ; rent doubted, 446 ; Chittaranjan, 178; population, 284-5, 178; regulations and Act for protection of, percentage variation in, 279 ; variation 449, 452; causes of the economic difficul­ in density, 169 ties of, 470 Sample, 3 ; sample training census, 4 ; sample Sabang P. ·s., population, 286-7 ; percentage · check, 7 variation, 280 ; variation in density, 170 Samsergaiij P. S., non-industrial police Sadar subdivision, Birbhum and police station, 177 ; area, population and den­ station, population, 284-5; percentage sity, 177 ; percentage variation in, 282 ; variation in, 279 variation in density, 174 Sanja rents, 220 · Sadar subdivision, Burdwan, and pollee Sandesbkhali P. S., population, 288-9; per­ station, population, 284-5 ; percentage centage variation in, 2Q't ; variation ·in variation in, ~79 density, 172 Sadar subdivision, Cooch Behar and police Sankrail-(Howrah) P. S., 179 ; entirely rural station, population, 292-3 ; percentage police station, 177 ; area, population and variation in, 283 density, 177 ; percentae;e variation in, Sadar . subdivision, Darjeeling, and police 281 ; variation in density, 172 · station, population, 292-3 ; percentage Sankrail (Midna1)ur) P. S., population, 286-7: variation in, 283 percentage variation in, 280 : variation in · Sadar subdivision, • Hooghly, .and police density, 171 station, population, 286-7; percentage Santals, 65-7 variation in, 280 Santipur P. S., non-industrial police station, Sadar subdivision, Howrah, and police 177 : area, population and density, 177 : station, population with variation, 286-7 ; percentage variation in, 282 : variation in percentage var!CI.tion in, 281 density, 174 583. INDEX Santipur (T), 195 ; population, 410 ; density, Sitai P. S., population, 292-3 : percentage 192; past glory, 418; female ratio in. variation in, 283; 'lrariation in density, 422 175 Scheduled castes and tribes low standard of Sitalkucbi P. S., population, 292-3 ; percentage living, 354-5; in four agricultural classes, variation in, 283; variation in density, 353-4 175 Secondary economic status in 5 states, 346 Siyalgirs, 65 Self-supporting persons diminished, 381 Size of holdings, 474-6, 478-9 Serampur subdivision, population, 286-7 ; per- Small scale industries, 464ff, 499-501 centage variation, 280 variation in den­ Sonamukhi P. S., 191 ; population, 284-5 ; per- sity, 171 centage variation in, 279 ; variation in Serampur P. S., industrial police station, 178; density, 170 area, population and density, 178; per­ Sonamukhi (T), 194; population, 410; den­ centag variation, 280 ; variation in den­ sity, 191; once a manufacturing towl'l, sity, 171 416-7 ; female ratio in, 422 Serampur (T), population, 407 Sonarpur P. S., non-industrial police station, Shershabad, 199 177; area, population and density, 177; Shershabadia Muslims, 66, 182, 258 percentage variation in, 281; variation in density, 172 Short comings of census, organisation, 9, 142 Sorting, 5-6, 9 Shyampur P. S., entirely rural police station, 177 ; area, population and density, 177 : Sorters pay and number of, 6 ; conditions· for percentage variation in, 281; variation work of, 6, 9 in density, 172 South Dum Dum (T), population, 407 · Sibpur (outside Howrah city) P. S., popula• South subarbs (C), industrial town, 178; tion 286-7 ; percentage variation in, 280 ; population, 407 variation in density, 172 Standard of living, 204-6 ; abjectiy low stand­ Sikkim, 272-4 ; boundary, 34-5 : area, 14 ; ard-abstract to improvement of agricul­ position, 14, 15 ; river · system, 15-6 : ture, 354-5 snowline, 28 ; attitude, 35 ; castes and Sukhiapokri P. S., population, 292-3 ; percent­ tribes, 68 : population and religion, 68-9 : age variation in, 283 ; variation in den­ crops of, "74; total household, institutional sity, 175 and bouseless population, 152-3 ; number of occupied houses, households and in­ Sundarbans, 13 ; area, 192 ; geology, 24 ; stitutional houses, 153 : fl}mily households rivers, 69 ; effects of embankments, 70 ; and institutional census &ouses expressed deforestation, 58 ; soil, 31, 24 ; reclama­ as percentages of total occupied houses, tion, 233-5, 66; percentage variation in 154 : variation in density, 175 : variations population, 281; population with varia­ in population, 201 ; history of, 272 : per- tion, 288-9 ; animals, 63 • centage of age groups to population, Suri P. S., 191; population, 284-5; percentage 1901-1951, 278; percentage variation in variation in, 279 ; variation in density, population, 1872-1951, 283; population 170 with variation, 292 : occupied villages, Suri (T), 194; population, 410: once an ip.dus­ 389 : distribution of rural population 1n trial town, 416 different livelihood classes,- 402 ; number 1n towns per 1,000 of general population, Suti P. S., population, 290-91: percentage 405 variation in, 282 ; variation. in density, Siliguri subdivision, population, 292-3; per· 174 centage variation in, 283 Standard of living, 127 : not improved, 370- Siliguri P. S., 192 : population, 292-3 : per-­ 71 ; still falling, 373 centage variation in, 283 : variation in ' density, 175 Strikes, classified by man-days and men in­ Sillguri (T), 409; popufation, 410 volved, 116 : causes and results of, 116 : in jute mills, 117 : in coal mines, iron Simlapal P. S., population, 284-5: percentage and steel and foundfY industries, 117 variation in, 279 ; variation in density, 170 Superintendent of Census Operations,· 1 i Singur P. S., entirely rural police station, 177: area of operations, 1 ; joining date, 2 i arell, population and density, 177 ; per­ preliminary arrangements initiated, 2 : centage variation in, 280; variation in closer supervision, 1 : difficulties, 9, 10: density, 111 multiple functionary, 9, 10: hour-glass, 584 INDEX 10; received no survey of West Bengal persons "and displaced persons living in through asked for except one, 11 ; bustees, 148 ; houselist population, 7 ; pro­ acknowledgements, 11 visional population, 5 ; final population, Sutahata P. S .. population, 286-7 ; percentage 5, 7, 8; municipalities, 161; police stations variation, 280 ; variation in density, 171 having densities over 1,050, J. 76 Swarupnagar P. S., population, 288-9; per­ Town and City, definition of, 159-60 ; classi­ centage variation, 281 ; variation in den­ fication of, 160 ; changes in the list of sity, 172 towns, 160-161 ; number of. towns of each .class, 161 ; list of town$ hav­ Tabulation, 6 ing of population below 5,000, 161 ; Taki (T), 195; population, 410; female ra.tio, ·number of muncipal and non-municipal 422 towns, 161 ; progress in the number of Taldangra P. S., population, 284-5; percent­ towns, 161; list of new townsl 162; im­ - age variation in, 279 ; variation in den­ portance of sparsely peopled semi-rural · . sity, 170 towns, 192-5 Tamluk P. S., non-industrial police station, Transport, 524, 529 177 ; area, population and density, 177 ; Trade unions, number and membership of, percentage variation in, 280 ; variation 113 ; classifications of, 114 ; income pf, in density, 171 114 ; expenditure of, 115 ; Federations of, Tamluk subdivision, 197, 225; population, 114 286-7 ; percentage variation in, 280 ; Tuberculosis, on the increase, 378 variation in density, 171 · Tufanganj subdivision, population, 292-3 ; - percentage variation in, 283 Tamluk (T), 177; population, 410 Tufanganj P. S., 192; population, 292-3; per­ Tapan P. S., population, 292-3 ; percentage centage variation in, 283 ; variation in variation in, ·283; variation in density, density, 175 i75 Tufanganj (T), 192; population, 411 Tarakeswar P. S., population, 286-7 ; percent­ 24~Parganas (D), 233-6; areat 15; gain in age variation, 280 ; variation in density, area by partition, 13 ; river system, 18 ; 171 geology, 24; castes and tribes, 66; religion Tea plantations, 113, 518; wages of workers, 68-9; crops, 74; population, 138; growth . 114 ; salaries of clerks, 114 ; in jalpaiguri, of population in, 138-9 ; variation in po- · 262-4 ; in Darjeeling, 265-7 pulation, 20.1; three population zones, Tehatta P. S., population, 290-91; percentage 233 ; roads, rivers, railways, 233 ; growth • variation in, 282 ; variation in density, of population, 235 ; age groups, and 174 married women, 235 ; inter-state and inter-district migration, 236 ; percentage Titagarh (T), industrial town, 178, 409; of age groups to population, 276 ; per­ population, 407 centage · variation in population, 281 ; Titagarh (T), industrial town, 178, 409 ; population with variation, 288-9 ; mauzas, population, 407 villages and towns, 158-9, 389 ; village Titagarh P. S., industrial police station, 178 ; roads, 391 ; distribution of rural popula­ area, population and density, 178 ; p~r­ tion in different livelihood classes, 402 ; centage variation in population, 281 ; number rn towns, 405 ; number of towns, variation in density, 172 408 : cities and towns classified, 408-11 ; Tollyganj P. S., industrial police station, 178 ; reasons for decay of towns, 413-8; indus­ area, population and density, 178; per­ tries in rural areas of, 499-501 ; agricul­ centage variation in poulation, 281 ; · tural self-supporting persons by classes, variation in density, 172 4!15-6 ; variation in density, 172 Tollyganj (D), industrial town, 178; popula­ lnuberia (T), non-industrial town, 177 ; popu­ tion, 407 lation, 410 ; female ratio in, 422 Total, maujas, inhabited villages and towns, Uluberia Subdivision and P. S., 228-9; non­ 159 ; villages and towns with variation industrial police station, 177 ; area, popu­ since 1872, 1 ; police stations, 168 ; towns lation and density, 177 ; percentage in each class with variations, 161 ; new variation in, 281 ; variation in density, cen:;us towns of 1951, 162; areas of West 172 • Bengal and districts, 15 ; number of Underestimation, 7, 10; unit of, 7, 10 occupied houses, households and institu­ Unemployment, 358-62 tional houses, 153 ; census units, living Utbandi tenure, 250-51, 255 rooms, persons leading family life and Uttarpara P. S., 227, 229; industrial police not leading family life and number of station, 178 ; area, population and den­ families in Calcutta bustees and huts in sity, 178 ; percentage variation, 280 ; Calcutta, 148 ; living rooms in bustees, variation in density, 171 585 3 CENSUS 75 -INDEX Uttarpara (T), 178, 409; a residential suburh industry jute, 107; tea, 262, 265-6 ; coa,, of Calcutta, 229 ; population, 407 19-23, 25-7; industrial zones, 185-6, 191 ; Vernacular names of principal soils in West • villages and towns, 159-62 ; number of Bengal, 34 municipalities, 261 ; Nature's scourges; Village, 387-410; definition, 157; number, cyclones, 77-9 ; floods, 70, 83, 87, 263, 158; occupied villages by districts, 389; 267-8; epidemics, 80, 83, 207, 269; classified by population, 1891, 390; roads, famines, 200, 374 ; drouehts and severe 390 ; classified by size of population, earth-quakes, 200 ; man-made miseries: 400-01 deforestation and its evils, ; 58-9, 219, Vishnupur Subdivision, population, 284-5 ; 224 ; embankments and evils thereof, 70, percentage variation, 279 ; variation in 212, 219, 223-4, 227, 254: famine of density, 170; water-logged, 223; malaria 1943, 79-80, 203 ; tyranny and plunder by stricken, 219 ; Muslims found in greatest East India Company, 437; over-assess­ strength, 65 ment, 438 ; ruin of industry, 432 ; 439 ; Vishnupur P. S., 191; population, 284-5; per­ - after-maths of war : unemployment; in­ centage variation in, 279 ; variation in flation .and raising the cost of living, density, 170 withdrawal of industries, deterioration in Vishnupur (T), 194; population, 410; female agriculture, 76 ; the Great Calcutta Kill­ ratio, 422 ; has lost industry and density, ing, 84-6 ; partition : heavy influx of Dis­ 194 placed persons, burden an agricultural · resources, chronic shortage of food-grains, .Vital statistics, reason for bad registration, problem of rehabilitation, 76 ; in area 525 smallest of' A· class states, in population Wages of agricultural labourers, 96-7 ; 1iaily 5th among principal states, 131 ; densest rate, 99 ; phenomenal increase, 96 ; of A class, states, density higher than in factors governing wa~es, 97 ; wa~es of England and Wales, smallest female 'Kishans ', 100; of workers in mines, ratio, decennial growth scarcely more 110; of industrial balcksmiths, 111; than a frqction of one per cent., 132 ; fitters, 111 : firemen, 112: of unskilled highest percentage dependent on non­ labour, 112; Minimum wages Act, 112; agricultural livelihoods, 134; much more recommenaations of the Central Pay than half is overwhelming by rural, 352 ; Commission, 112 ; minimum wages fi~ed Literacy 2nd in India, h~hest amo~ A by tribunals, 113; wa~:es of workers in class states, 135 ; in bearing the burden tea plantation, 114; wages of transport of Displaced· persons-this state is second, workers, 120 136; immigrants from other States of Welfare facilities for industrial labour, 117- India, 315 ; unsteady and impermaneht a· . character of immigration, 307 ; from out­ side India, 322 ; Growth erratic before West Beneal, area, 15; compared with 1921. steady after 1921, 201 ; birth and principal states of India, 131 ; natural death rates, 329-30 ; decennial growth divisions, 18 ; topography, 18, 37-8 ; river rate artificial, 132 : uneven distribution systems, 15-9 ; rivers more a curse· than of density, 179-91 ; disproportion "between a boo·n, 69-70 ; destructive floods, 58, 70, . • area and population, 17 ; zones of growth, 83, 212,. 215-6, 267-8, 263: floods may 209-11 ; percentages of aee 2roups, 358 ; bring sand or spill saline water, 69; low illusion of high urban ratio, 405-6 ; low bed rivers in the dry season drain the economic level, 108-9 ; road milage lowest .water from the stlrroundi~ country, 69 ; for any state in India, 392 ; industry con­ rivers the smallest source of irrigation, centrated in small area, 393, 74-75 ; liveli­ 69 ;· many dwindle into trickling streams hood lagging behind population, 531-2 ; in hot months, 69 ; of little use as water land available for cultivation not suffi­ ways, 219, 250; minerals, 23, 27, 19, 191 ; cient to give employment to a great greater part ·of the soil new alluvium, multitude and there is scarcity of alter­ .18, 29 ; trickness of alluvium, 23-4 ; native employment, 196 , former fertility, beauty and wealth, 376-7, 384 ; temperature, 38, 45 ; monsoon, 38, West Dinajpur, 259-62; area, 15; shape and 46 ;.region of summer rain, 38, 46; rain­ density, 16; castes and tribes, 68 ; fall, 38, 45-6 ; mean annual rainfall, 38 ; religion, 68-9; crops, 74 ; population, 138 ; cyclones, 45-6 ; forests, 57-61 ; marshes, growth, 138-9, 159; very high concentra­ 57-8; timber, 61-2; rich in medicinal tion of Displaced person, 260 ; percent­ plants, 62 ; forest products, 62-3 ; three age variation in population, 283; popula­ sanctuaries for wild animals, 63-4 ; de­ ation with variation, 292-3 ; variation In forestation, 58 ; fishes, 64 ; administrative density, 175; percentage of age groups, divisions and districts, 13 ; cultivated 277 ; birth and death rate high, 261 : land, 494 ; crops, 73-4 ; cash crops, 105 ; migration, 261 ; reached saturation point, 586 INDEX 265; villages, 158-9, 389; roads, 391 ; malarial work, 76 ; after-war· unemploy­ number in towns, 405 ; distribution of ment, restricted industry and commerce, rural population in different L. C., 402 ; disturbed agriculture and inflation, 76 ; devastating flood, 263 ; more than 80 per chronic shortage of food-grains, 76 ; cent. depend on agriculture, 352 ; agri­ change in moral sphere, 76-7 ; urbanisa..: . cultural self-supporting persons, 455-6 ; tion without industrialisation, '17 · industries in rural areas, 499-501 Yield per acre, 485, 490; yield and acreage of West ·Bengal Plain Division, 18; districts of, jute, 106-7 · · 45; rain recording stations and observa­ Zemindars, 441 ; their plight, 442 ; duties tories, 45 ; general description of climate, ot, 45 . • 443 ; · ill-treatment of ryots by, 443 ; reclamation of land by forced labour and Woman, without family, 156 other means, -445-6 ; role. of, 44.6-7 World War II, 75-77; attitude of Indian Zones of industry, 185-6 ; growth, 209-11 ; political parties, 109 ; improvement of small extensions of industrial zones, 191 ; internal communication, 75-6 ; anti- mig:r;ation, 312-13

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