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Admin-A-10-1-29-3B270a1.Pdf ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ؛ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣ ﻪ ي اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺷﻤﺎره ي ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1391 ، ﺻﺺ 132ـ107 آﺛﺎر اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺎدزدﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﺐ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ در ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﺑﺰرگ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﮕﻞ،* ﺣﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﻪ ﺣﻤﺰه زرﻗﺎﻧﻲ** َﻟَﻘﺪ ﻛﺎنَ ﻓﻰ ﻗَﺼﺼﻬِﻢ ﻋﺒﺮَةٌ ﻻوﻟﻰ اﻻَْﻟْﺒﺎبِ در ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ آﻧﺎن درس ﻋﺒﺮﺗﻰ ﺑﺮاى ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻮد1 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ي ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1845 ﺗﺎ 1849، ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻧـﺎﺑﻮدي ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ از ﺳﻴﺐ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ آن ﻳﻚ ﻗـﺎرچ ﺑ ﻴﻤـﺎر يزاي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻮد. اﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﺰرگ ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻳﺎدي را در اوﺿﺎع ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ . ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺼﺒﺎﻧﻪ، ﺧﺮاﻓﻪﭘﺮﺳـﺘ ﻲ اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ يﻫـ ﺎ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ زﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ ي آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ در ﺟﺬب ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ادﺑﻴﺎت اﻳﺮﻟﻨـ ﺪ و... از ﻣﻮارد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺎﻣ ﻞ اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻫﻢﻛـﻨﺶ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ درﮔﻴـﺮ ﭘﻴﺸ ﻴﻨﻲ و ﭘﺴﻴﻨﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺗﻔﺎق و درﻫﻢﺗﻨﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ، اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ، ﻣـﺬﻫﺒﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد . ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳـ ﻲﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ، ﺑـ ﻪﻋﻨـﻮان ﺛﻤﺮه ي ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺮن ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻳـﻦ ﻗﺤﻄـ ﻲ، ﺗﺰﻟـﺰل ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ﻟـﺰوم ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ داﻧﺸـﻤﻨﺪان ﻋﻠـﻮم اﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ در ﺣـﻮز هﻫـﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺛﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳـﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدات ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي در ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺤﻮﻻت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ از دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮآن ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : اروﭘﺎي ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزده، اﻧﻘﻼب ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ، ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﺑﺰرگ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ . * داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻴﺮاز. ( [email protected] ) ) ** اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻴﺮاز . ( [email protected] ) ) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 17/04/92 ـ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ : 05/14/ 92 .1 ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ، ﺳﻮره ﻳﻮﺳﻒ، آﻳﻪ 111 . 108 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﻤﺎره 14 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ( ﭘﻴﺶ از ﻗﺤﻄﻲ) در ﻗﺮن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ، و در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻧﻘﻼب ﺻـﻨﻌﺘ ﻲ، اروﭘـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻨـﺎن ﺧـﻮد را ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺰر گﺗـﺮﻳﻦ اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮري آن زﻣﺎن، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴـﺎي ﻛﺒﻴـﺮ، ﺳـﭙﺮده ﺑـﻮد؛ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺖ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ را در ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ دﻳﺪ . اﻧﻘﻼب در ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺎﺟﻲ، ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن ﻗﻮهي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ارزان و در دﺳﺘﺮس، ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴ ﻦآﻻت زراﻋﺘـﻲ و ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش ﻓﺮاوان ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ راه آﻫﻦ و ﻛﺸﺘﻲ راﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻇﻬﻮر دوران ﺗﺎزه اي از ﻋﻠ ﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد . در اﺛﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬـﺶ، ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ زﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻣـﺮدم ارﺗﻘﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اروﭘﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ، دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺪ . از اﺑﺘـﺪاي ﻗـﺮن ﻧـﻮزدﻫﻢ و ﭘﺲ از آن، ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ در ﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ، ﻧﻮرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ، اﻧﺮژي، ﺗﺮﻣﻮدﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ، اﻟﻜﺘ ﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ و... رخ داد.1 ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﮕﺎم ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت اﻳﻦ ﻗﺮن، وارد دوران رﻣﺎﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺷﺪ و اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤـﻮﻻت ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ دا د. از ﺳﻮﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ، روﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮان و ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺮﻳـﺰ از ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﺧﺮدﮔﺮاﻳـﻲ، ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻋﻠﻢ، اﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺗﺮي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻋﻮاﻃﻒ، ﺗﺨﻴﻼت، ﻧﺒﻮغ ﻓﺮدي و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻧﻬﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.2 ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ اوﺻﺎف، اوﺿﺎع ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ در اﻳﻦ ﻗﺮن، ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮد . ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ﺣﻮادث زﻳﺎدي را ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ رﻗﻢ زد . اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط اروﭘﺎ، آنﭼﻨﺎن ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﻘﻼب ﺻﻨﻌﺘ ﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ.3 اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ در 1800م ، ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭼﻬﺎر و ﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻠﻴـﻮ ن ﻧﻔـ ﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﻋﺪه، ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺳﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﻔﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ روﻣﻲ، ﭘﺎﻧﺼـﺪﻫﺰار ﻧﻔـﺮ واﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎي ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﻘﻔﻲ و ﻧﻬﺼﺪ ﻫﺰار ﻧﻔﺮ ـ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻋﻈﻢ آنﻫﺎ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ـ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.4 اﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرز ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮري ﺑﻮد، اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎنﻫـﺎ ﺣـﺮف اول و آﺧـﺮ را 1. Samir Okasha, (2002), Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction , USA: Oxford University Press, p. 8, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), Charles Darwin (1809-1882), James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947), Bill Bryson, (2003), A short history of nearly everything , USA: Brodways, pp. 381-397, 115-133. 2. Hugh Honour, (2005), World History of Arts , United Kingdom: Laurence King Publishing, pp. 840-847. 3. Susan Campbell Bartoletti, (2001), Black Potatoes : The Story of the Great Irish Famine , 1845-1850 , USA: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 19. 4. Will Durant & Ari.el Durant, (1935-1975), The Story of Civilization , Vol. 11, USA: Simon and Schuster, pp.510. (Pages is based on Online Version). آﺛﺎر اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و ﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺎدزدﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﺐ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ... 109 ﻣ ﻲ زدﻧﺪ . در اواﺧﺮ ﻗﺮن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ، ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺣﻖ رأي داده ﺷﺪ و آنﻫـﺎ اﻳـﻦ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻫﺎي دوﻟﺘﻲ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ، وﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎﻛـﺎن از دﺳ ﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎ مﻫـﺎي ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ، اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت و ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ در ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﻣﺤﺮوم ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . در واﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺰدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪه اي را راﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪرت ﻣﺠﺮﻳﻪ در اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ، ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً از راه رﺷﻮه دادن و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ و ﻓـﺮوش ﻣﻘﺎم ﻫﺎي دوﻟﺘﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ، در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎي ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺎم ﺑﺮﻣﻲ داﺷﺖ.1 ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺧﻔﻘﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ، ﻛﻪ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ را در ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮد، اﻣـﻼك و اراﺿـﻲ اﻳـﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴـﺎﻳ ﻲﻫـﺎ و اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ يﻫـﺎي ﭘﺮوﺗﺴـﺘﺎن ﺑـﻮ د . ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴـ ﻚﻫـﺎ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ را اﺟﺎره ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﻳﺎ روي آنﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺸـﺎورزي ﺑﭙﺮدازﻧـ ﺪ . اﺟـﺎر هﺑﻬـﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮان ﻛﺸﺎورزان و ﻛﺎرﮔﺮان ﺑﻮد؛ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣـﺮدم اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ در ﻓﻘﺮ وﺻﻒ ﻧﺎﺷﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮدﻧﺪ . آ ن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ و اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﻧﮕﻴﺰه اي ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ آﻻت ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻨﺪ . ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن ا ﻣﻼ ك ﻫﻴﭻﮔﺎه در اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﺣﻀـﻮر ﻧﺪاﺷـﺘﻨﺪ و ذر هاي ﺗـﻼش ﺑـﺮاي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺑﺎزده زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎن ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ.2 ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻗـﻮاﻧﻴﻦ، ﺑـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺮ از ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ﻛﺘﺎن ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎنﻧﺸﻴﻦ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑـﻮد، د ﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚﻧﺸﻴﻦ و ﻓﻘﻴﺮﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ از رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮري ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.3 اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ درﺟـﺎ ﻣ ﻲ زد و در رﻛﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﻮد . ﺳﺎ ل ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ از ﻗﺤﻄﻲ، ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ را ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ ي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده، آﻣـﺎده ﻛـﺮده ﺑﻮد . ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ي درﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚﻫﺎي اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪي و ﭘﺮوﺗﺴـﺘﺎ نﻫـﺎي اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود ﻗﺮن ﭘﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ﺑـﺎزﻣ ﻲﮔـﺮدد، اﻣـﺎ ﻣﻠﻐﻤـ ﻪي ﮔﺮاﻳﺸـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺼﺒﺎﻧﻪ ي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺪاراﻧﻪ، در ﻛﻨﺎر اوﺿـﺎع ﻣﻌﻴﺸـﺘﻲ و اﻟﺒﺘـ ﻪ ﻛﺸـﺎورزي ﻃﺒﻘ ﻪ ي ﻛﺎرﮔﺮ و ﻓﻘﻴﺮ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﻛﻪ در اداﻣﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻔﺼـﻴﻞ از آن ﺧـﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﮔﻔـﺖ در اواﺧـﺮ ﻗـﺮن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ و ﺳﭙﺲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ، آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ را دو ﭼﻨﺪان ﻛﺮد.4 .1 ﻫﻤﺎن . ﺻﺺ 512ـ 511 . 2. George N. Agrios, (2004), Plant pathology , USA: Academic Press, pp. 19-21. 3. Black Potatoes : The Story of the Great Irish Famine, 1845 -1850 , pp. 41, 43, 45. 4. Moykor, Joel & C. O Grada, « Poor and getting poorer? Irish living standards before the Famine», Economic History Review, 1988, Volume 51, 209-35. 110 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﻤﺎره 14 ﻫﻨﺮي ﮔﺮﺗﻦ1 از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻓﺮادي ﺑﻮد، ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪي دوم ﻗﺮن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ، ﺷﻮرش ﺑﺮﺿـﺪ ﺑﺮده ﻛ ﺸﻲ در اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ را رﻫﺒﺮي ﻛﺮد . او ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮدي ﭘﺮوﺗﺴـﺘﺎن ﺑـﻮد ﺑـﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ ﻫـ ﻢﻛﻴﺸـﺎﻧﺶ ﭘﻴﺮوزي ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد : ﻟﻐﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آزﻣﻮن، ﻛﻪ اﻃﺎﻋﺖ و ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺒﺮداري از ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎي رﺳـﻤﻲ اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن ـ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪاً ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎ ن ﮔﺮاﻳﻲ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد ـ را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪه ﺷـﺪن ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻀـﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد و ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ از آن، اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﺎد ﺷﺎه اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺎ رﺿﺎﻳﺖ و ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺣﻖ دارد در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮔﺬاري ﻛﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻬﺎ آﻏﺎز ﻣﺎﺟﺮا ﺑـﻮ د . در 1791، « اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﺪ » ﭘﺎﻳ ﻪ رﻳﺰي و ﺗﺎ آن ﺟﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺮس دوﻟﺖ ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﺷﺪ، ﻛﻪ در 1793 ، ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردﻧﺪ. ﭘـﺲ از ﭼﻨـﺪي رﺋﻴﺲ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ و در 1798 ، ﻛﻤﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ از آن ﻛﻪ اﻋﺪاﻣﺶ ﻓﺮا رﺳﺪ در زﻧﺪان ﮔﻠﻮي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮﻳﺪ . ﺑﻴﺰاري و ﻧﻔﺮت اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي ﻫﺎ از ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ي اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎن رو ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﺑﻮد . وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﭘﻴﺖ،2 ﻧﺨﺴﺖوزﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ، ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻣﻮر اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻈ ـﺎرت داﺷـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ آﺷﺘﻲ اﻓﺘﺎد و اﻣﺘﻴﺎزاﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚﻫﺎي اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي اﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮد، اﻣﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﭼﻨﺪي ﺑـﻪ ﻟﻨـﺪن ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﺪه ﺷـ ﺪ.3 وﺧﺎﻣـﺖ اوﺿـﺎع در اﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺰ روز ﺑـﻪ روز ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻣـ ﻲﮔﺮﻓـ ﺖ . در اﺑﺘـﺪا، ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي، ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺒـﺎرزه ﺑـﺎ ﺳﻠﻄ ﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ، از ﺑﻴﻢ آن ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ آنﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ ﺷﻮرش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و « اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﭘﺴﺮان ﻃﻠـﻮع ﻓﺠـ ﺮ» را در 1795، ﺑﻨﻴـﺎن ﻧﻬﺎدﻧـ ﺪ . آ ن ﻫـﺎ ﺧﺎﻧـﻪ و ﻛﺎﺷﺎﻧﻪ ي ﻫﻤﻮﻃﻨﺎن ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﻧﻪ ي ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﻪ آﺗﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻧﺪ . ﺟﻮرج ﺳـﻮ م4 ﻛـﻪ در 1800 ، ﭘﺎدﺷﺎه اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻮد، ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﭘﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺗﺤﺎد ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ و اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ روﺑﺮو ﺷﺪ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ او از اﻳﻦ اﺗﺤﺎد ﻧﺎﺧﺸﻨﻮد ﺑﻮد، اﻣﺎ در اول اوت، اﻳﻦ اﺗﻔـﺎق رخ دا د . ﺑﺴـﻴﺎري از اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ي ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ، اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮح را ﺟﺰ ﮔﻠﻲ زﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮداب ﻧﻤﻲ ﭘﻨﺪاﺷﺘﻨﺪ.5 اﺗﺤﺎد ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ و ا ﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ در 1800 ، ﻛﻠﻴﺪ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه اي از درﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺎ، آﺷﻮب ﻫﺎ و ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﻫـﺎ را زد ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺳـﺎل ﺑﺮوز ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر را ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﻛـﺮ د. در 1845، ﻗﺤﻄـﻲ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪ و در ﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎن و زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻼﻛﺖﺑﺎر ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻴـﻮن ﻛـﺎرﮔﺮ و 1. Henry Greten. 2. William Pitt, Prime minister of the United Kingdom (1804-1806). 3. Black Potatoes: The Story of Great Irish Famine, 1845-1850 , pp. 16, 36, 40. 4. George III of the United Kingdom (1760-1820), died in 1820. 5. The history of civilization , Vol. 11, pp. 511-520.
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