Material Properties

Wohlers Report 2011 Appendix E: Material Properties

Appendix E: The following tables compare the physical and mechanical properties of some of the most popular materials for additive manufacturing. The first table Material properties provides common manufacturing materials for the purpose of comparison. by Jorge Mireles

ABS (acrylonitrile PVC Description Nylon 66 polycarbonate polypropylene butadiene (polyvinylchloride) styrene)

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 6,628 9,224 9,065 5,000-9,000 4,500-5,400 lb/in2 (46) (63.6) (62.5) (34-62) (31-37) (MPa)

Tensile modulus (ASTM D638) 290,000 305,000 334,000 350,000-600,000 170,000-250,000 lb/in2 (2,000) (2,100) (2,300) (2,400-4,100) (1,172-1,724) (MPa)

Elongation % at break 41.6 82.8 110 3-120 7-13

Elongation % at yield not available 10.7% 6% not available not available

Impact strength (notched Izod) 1.7-4.5 0.75-24.4 0.93-18 0.75-20 0.4-1.4 ft-lb/in of notch (0.9 -2.4) (0.4-13) (0.5-10) (0.4-10.1) (21-75) (J/m)

75-115 93-122 118-133 70 68-83 Hardness Rockwell (R) Rockwell (R) Rockwell (R) Shore (D) Shore (D)

Glass-transition temperature °C not available not available 150 not available 130-168 (Heat-deflection (94-194) (80-210) (130) (66-89) (107-121) temperature °C)

Source: www.matweb.com and CADCAMNet Note: Ryan Wicker and Frank Medina contributed to this appendix

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (1 of 3)

Material Accura Xtreme Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state solid-state solid-state solid-state lasers solid-state lasers (machine) lasers lasers lasers

durable, humidity high green strength, the aesthetics resistance, optical good humidity durable white and properties of a grey durable and rigid clarity, view internal resistance, ideal for material, ideal for molded ABS production material, ABS-like, Notes features and QuickCast parts, snap fits and RTV- part with toughness fast build speed passages, low- optical clarity, and molding applications and accuracy viscosity formulation smooth side walls

UV light UV light UV light UV light and heat UV light and heat Postcure method and heat

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 11.7 7.6 13.8 10.5 7.4 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 4.1 6.3 6.3 4.2 5.2 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 250-300 150-180 485 250 155-185 centipoise at 30°C

Continued on the following page

Material Accura Xtreme Accura 60 Accura 10 Accura 25 Accura 55

Physical properties

Tensile strength 2 5,510-6,380 8,410-9,860 9,010-10,940 5,540-5,570 9,200-9,850 lb/in (38-44) (58-68) (62-76) (38) (63-68) (MPa)

Tensile modulus 2 260,000-287,000 390,000-450,000 440,000-510,000 230,000-240,000 460,000-490,000 lb/in (1,790-1,980) (2,690-3,100) (3,048-3,532) (1,590-1,660) (3,200-3,380) (MPa)

Elongation 14-22 5-13 3.1-5.6 13-20 5-8 % at break

Impact strength (notched Izod) 0.66-0.98 0.3-0.5 0.28-0.52 0.4 0.2-0.4 ft-lb/in of notch (35-52) (15-25) (14.9-27.7) (19-24) (12-22) (J/m) @ ASTM D 256

Hardness 86 86 86 80 85 (Shore D-scale)

General information

Heat deflection temperature °C 62 53-55 58 58-63 55-58 @66 lb/in2 54 48-50 50 51-55 51-53 @264 lb/in2

Glass-transition 52 58° 62 60 56 temperature °C

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/materials/sla/datasheets.asp, January 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (2 of 3)

Material Accura 40 Accura Bluestone Accura 45HC Accura 50 Accura Amethyst

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

solid-state solid-state solid-state helium-cadmium solid-state Type of laser lasers lasers lasers lasers lasers

(Viper SLA (machine) (SLA 250) Systems)

high green strength, purple, superior engineering good humidity durable natural or grey feature detail and nanocomposite material, tough, high-temperature resistance, build material, ideal for snap part quality, highly exceptional stiffness and Notes material, not brittle speeds that are up to fits and RTV-molding accurate, good thermal resistance, low two times the speed applications combination of speed shrinkage of other resins and part quality

Postcure method UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat UV light and heat

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 21.7 6.9 7.4 9.0 14.4 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 6.6 4.1 5.1 4.5 3.7 Dp (mils)

Viscosity centipoise at 485 1,200-1,800 475 600 350 30°C

Continued on the following page

Material Accura 40 Accura Bluestone Accura 45HC Accura 50 Accura Amethyst

Physical properties

Tensile strength 2 8,270-8,920 9,600-9,800 8,520-8,860 7,030-7,240 3,130-5,450 lb/in (57-61) (66-68) (59-61) (48-50) (22-38) (MPa)

Tensile modulus 380,000-480,000 1,100,000-1,700,000 400,000-430,000 360,000-390,000 510,000-580,000 lb/in2 (2,628-3,321) (7,600-11,700) (2,760-2,960) (2,480-2,690) (3,514-3,996) (MPa)

Elongation 4.8-5.1 1.4-2.4 4.8-5.4 5.3-15.0 .56-1.04 % at break

Impact strength (notched Izod) 0.42-0.56 0.24-0.32 0.2-0.3 0.31-0.51 0.16-0.23 ft-lb/in of notch (22.3-29.9) (13-17) (11-16) (16.5-28.1) (9-12) (J/m) @ ASTD D 256

Hardness 84 92 87 86 87 (Shore D-scale)

General information

Heat deflection temperature °C 51-54 65-66 58 49-53 77 @66 lb/in2 43-49 65 51 43-46 62 @264 lb/in2

Glass-transition 62.0-65.6 71-83 66-87 62 103 temperature °C

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/materials/sla/datasheets.asp, January 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer 3D Systems (3 of 3)

Material Accura® AccuGen™ Accura® 48HTR™ Accura PEAK Accura E-Stone

Type of photopolymer liquid resin material

Type of solid-state lasers laser (Viper si2™ SLA, 3500, solid-state lasers (machine) 5000, and 7000 systems)

color selection availability, fast, general-purpose high humidity and high stiffness, moisture useful with dental lab resin with moisture resistant, resistant, elevated- practices, high accuracy Notes mid-range physical high rigidity, low viscosity temperature resistance and repeatability properties formulation

Postcure UV light method

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 10.8 7.4 11.5 10.5 2 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 4.4 5.5 5.6 4.2 Dp (mils)

Viscosity centipoise 500 200-250 605 200-300 at 30°C

Continued on the following page

Material Accura® AccuGen™ Accura® 48HTR™ Accura PEAK Accura E-Stone

Physical properties

Tensile strength 9,700 9,280-9,720 8,270-11320 5,400-5,600 lb/in2 (67) (64-67) (57-78) (37-39) (MPa)

Tensile modulus 440,000 406,000-577,000 612,000-695,000 220,000-250,000 lb/in2 (3,030) (2,800-3,980) (4,220-4,790) (1,500-1,750) (MPa)

Elongation 4.6 4-7 1.3-2.5 10-23 % at break

Impact strength (notched 0.32 0.4-0.5 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.5 Izod) (17.1) (22-29) (21.3-27.3) (18-25) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness (Shore 82 86 86 80 D-scale)

General information

Heat deflection temperature 65 153 58-65 not available °C 57 124 51-55 @66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

Glass- transition 73 temperature 62 104 60 °C

Source: Accura Stereolithography Material Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/materials/sla/datasheets.asp, January 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 1 of 4)

Somos Somos Somos ProtoCast WaterClear Material Somos DMX-SL 100 ProtoGen 18120 ProtoGen 18420 ProtoGen 18920 AF19122 Ultra 10122

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers (machine)

optically clear resin with ABS- general-purpose, general-purpose, antimony-free, low general-purpose, like properties high- humidity and ash residue for high toughness, Notes high-temperature and improved temperature temperature investment-casting durable parts ABS-like parts water resistance ABS-like parts tolerant, ABS-like applications (water material absorption 0.8%)

Postcure method UV light and heat UV light

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 6.73 6.73 7.0 11.5 15 10.0 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 4.57 4.34 4.2 5.2 5.5 6.5 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 300 350 350 100 1,500 165 centipoise at 30°C

Density 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.17 1.13 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

Somos Somos Somos Somos DMX-SL WaterClear Material ProtoCast ProtoGen18120 ProtoGen 18420 ProtoGen 18920 100 Ultra 10122 AF19122

Physical properties

Tensile strength UV 7,500-8,000 6,100-6400 6,800-6,900 at break postcure (51.7-54.9) (42.2-43.8) (46.6-47.8) 6454- 6570 4,308-4,656 7,977-8,122 (ASTM (44.5-45.3) (29.7-32.1) (55-56) D638) UV plus 9,900-10,000 9,600-9,900 10,000-10,100 lb/in2 heat (68.8-69.2) (66.1-68.1) (69.2-69.6) (MPa)

Tensile UV 381,000-397,000 316,000-336,000 305,000-336,000 modulus postcure (2,620-2,740) (2,180-2,310) (2,103-2,317) 291,961- 327,785- (ASTM 414,808-420,609 317,197 371,297 (2,860-2,900) D638) (2,013-2,187) (2,260-2,560) lb/in2 UV plus 422,000-433,000 417,000-430,000 369,000-423,000 (MPa) heat (2,910-2,990) (2,880-2,960) (2,544-2,916)

UV Elongation 6-12 8-16 13-19 postcure (ASTM 6 12-28 6-9 D638) UV plus % at break 7-8 6-9 4-9 heat

Impact UV 0.26-0.49 0.37-0.41 0.26-0.52 strength postcure (14-26) (20-22) (18-28) (notched 0.32-0.54 1.15-1.32 0.44-0.48 Izod) (17-29) (61-71) (24-26) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus 0.24-0.47 0.17-0.39 0.37-0.45 (J/m) heat (13-25) (1.5) (20-24)

UV 84-85 86-88 85-86 Hardness postcure (Shore 84-86 80 86-87 D-scale) UV plus 87-88 86-87 86-88 heat

General information

Heat UV 55-58 53-56 58.7 deflection postcure 48-50 46-47 96.5 temperature 59 44 46-47

°C 50 41 42-43 2 UV plus 95-97 93-98 51 @66 lb/in 2 heat 79-82 74-78 78.6 @264 lb/in

Glass-transition 71-94 57-96 69-97.5 49 37 42-46 temperature °C

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 2 of 4)

Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos WaterShed Somos Material WaterShed 7110 8110 9110 WaterClear 10110 XC 11122 ProtoTherm 12110 11110

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

solid-state helium-cadmium Type of laser helium-cadmium lasers lasers lasers

(machine) (SLA 190/SLA 250) (SLA 190/SLA 250)

epoxy, high- strong, tough, speed, epoxy, general-purpose durable, strong, water-resistant, strong, high- epoxy, humidity- robust resin with mid- semi- ABS-like parts, temperature tolerant, specialty Notes tolerant, resin for range properties; transparent, high water-resistant resin; resin for heat- functional produces clear water-resistant dimensional parts have cherry-red flexible parts resistant parts parts resin stability, nearly appearance resin colorless

UV light Postcure method UV light UV light and heat and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 8.2 6.0 8.0 9.0 11.5 11.5 12.2 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.75 5.45 6.5 5.5 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 700 600 230 130 92 260 410 centipoise at 30ºC

Density 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.15 g/cm3 at 25ºC

Continued on the following page

Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos WaterShed Somos Material WaterClear WaterShed 7110 8110 9110 XC 11122 ProtoTherm 12110 10110 11110

Physical properties

Tensile UV 8,100 8,354 strength postcure (56) (57.6) (ASTM 2,600 4,500 6,295 7,005 6,831-7,774 D638) (18) (31) (43.4) (48.3) (47.1-53.6) lb/in2 UV plus 10,000 9,500 (MPa) heat (69) (65.5)

Tensile UV 307,000 497,479 modulus postcure (2,117) (3,430) (ASTM 46,000 231,000 295,877 382,900 384,000-418,000 D638) (317) (1,590) (2,040) (2,640) (2,650-2,882) lb/in2 UV plus 350,000 427,900 (MPa) heat (2,413) (2,950)

UV Elongation 5.4-7.1 5 postcure (ASTM 27 15-21 37 25 11-20 D638) UV plus % at break 4.2-4.9 3.8 heat

Impact UV 0.52 0.32 strength postcure (27.8) (17.08) (notched 1.6 1.03 0.85 0.362 0.4-0.6 Izod) (87) (55) (45) (19.3) (20-30) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus 0.64 0.29 (J/m) heat (34.2) (14.95)

UV 82 84.5 Hardness postcure (Shore 77 83 83 not available not available D-scale) UV plus 85 86.4 heat

General information

Heat deflection temperature UV 59-72 54 50 51.2 49.6 45.9-54.5 52.8 °C postcure 44.9 46.2 49.0-49.7 47.8 @66 lb/in2 @265 lb/in2

Glass-transition not not not 41 41 39-46 59.4 temperature °C available available available

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 3 of 4)

Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos Material WaterClear WaterShed ProtoTherm 7120 8120 9120 10120 11120 12120

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers (machine)

strong, high- epoxy, high- general-purpose durable, strong, temperature speed, epoxy, specialty epoxy, durable resin with mid- semi-transparent, tolerant, water- Notes humidity- resin for flexible resin for range properties; water-resistant resistant resin; tolerant, heat- parts functional parts produces clear resin parts have cherry- resistant resin parts red appearance

UV light and Postcure method UV light UV light and heat heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 8.0 6.75 10.9 9.7 11.5 11.8 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 5.5 6.2 5.6 6.3 5.5 6.0 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 700 600 450 130 260 550 centipoise at 30°C

Density 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.15 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos Material WaterClear WaterShed ProtoTherm 7120 8120 9120 10120 11120 12120

Physical properties

Tensile UV 8,400 10,182 strength postcure (58) (70.2) 3,800 4,400-4,700 3,770 6,821-7,774 (ASTM D638) (26.2) (30-32) (26) (47.1-53.6) lb/in2 UV plus 9,100 11,168 (MPa) heat (63) (77.0)

Tensile UV 359,000 510,534 modulus postcure (2,477) 178,000- 384,000- (3,520) (ASTM D638) 40,000-102,000 248,000 212,000 418,000 lb/in2 (275.8-703.3) (1,960) (1,227-1,462) (2,650-2,880) (MPa) UV plus 375,000 471,374 heat (2,588) (3,250)

UV 2.1-6.9 4 Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) 27 15-25 32 11-20 % at break UV plus 2.3-4.1 4.5 heat

Impact UV 0.5 0.215 strength postcure (27) (11.5) (notched 1.1 0.9-1.0 0.91 0.4-0.6 Izod) (59) (48-53) (48) (20-30) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus 0.6 0.315 (J/m) heat (32) (16.8)

UV 88 85.3 Hardness postcure (Shore 76 80-82 81 86-87 D-scale) UV plus 88 86.7 heat

General information

Heat UV 56.5 70 deflection postcure 51.9

temperature 45 45.9-54.4 54 52-61 °C 47 49.0-49.7 2 UV plus 126.2 @66 lb/in 97 @265 lb/in2 heat 110.7

Glass-transition not available not available not available 28 39-46 74-111 temperature °C

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer DSM Somos (Table 4 of 4)

Somos Somos Somos Somos Somos ULM Somos Somos Material 14120 NanoForm 9420 9920 17220 Black NanoTool NeXt White 15120 EP-White

composite-filled photopolymer Type of material photopolymer liquid resin photopolymer resin liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers (machine)

very resistant to nanoparticle- robust, low- ultra-low superior fatigue breakage, ideal for filled resin for functional and viscosity modulus resin properties, low-volume strong, stiff, accurate resin for with rubber- strong memory strong, stiff, high- manufacturing high- polypropylene strong, like properties; retention and temperature applications where Notes temperature- -like parts; tough, for parts like high quality up- resistant composite toughness is resistant superior water- seals, facing and parts required, moisture parts with an chemical resistant keypads, and down-facing resistant, and very opaque gray resistance parts hoses surfaces good thermal appearance properties

UV light and Postcure method UV light UV light UV light and heat UV light heat

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 10.9 13.0 16.3 3.69 15.0 8.3 12 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 5.45 6.25 5.2 5.1 5.4 4.3 5.8 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 450 240 570 3,400 475 2,500 1,000 centipoise at 30°C

1.07 at 23°C Density 1.33 (liquid) 1.13 1.10 (liquid) 1.13 1.65 1.17 g/cm3 at 25°C 1.38 (solid) 1.12 (solid)

Continued on the following page

Somos Somos Somos Somos ULM Somos Somos Somos Material 14120 NanoForm 9920 17220 Black 9420 EP-White NanoTool NeXt White 15120

8,900- Tensile UV 6,900 strength 11,300 postcure 4,496- (48) 343,000- (ASTM 6,630 503 2,450-2,900 (61.7-78) 5,627 361,000 D638) (45.7) (3.47) (17-20) 2 (31-39) 9,600- (2,370-2,490) lb/in UV plus 7,700 11,600 (53) (MPa) heat (66.3-80.3)

1,590,000- Tensile UV 725,000 1,650,000 modulus (5,000) postcure 195,076- 80,000- (11,000-11,400) (ASTM 357,000 5,900-6,300 262,519 not available 123,000 D638) (2,460) (41.1-43.3) 2 (1,345-1,810) (553-850) 1,510,000- lb/in UV plus 856,000 1,620,000 (5,900) (MPa) heat (10,400-11,200)

UV Elongation 2.1 0.7-1.0 postcure (ASTM 20 8 75 25-30 8-10 D638) UV plus % at break 1.2 0.7-1.0 heat

Impact UV 0.28 0.23-0.29 strength postcure (15.0) (12-15) (notched 0.5-1.0 0.44 0.82-0.9 0.88-0.97 Izod) not available (27-50) (23.5) (44-48) (47-52) ft-lb/in of notch UV plus 0.30 0.26-0.36 (J/m) heat (15.9) (14-16)

UV 93 94 Hardness postcure (Shore 81 81 70 (Shore A) 70-74 82 D-scale) UV plus 92 94 heat

General information

Heat UV 65.5 225 deflection postcure 52.9 85-90 54.5-61.6 53 47-50 55-57 temperature not available °C 45.4-48.0 48 36-38 48-51 @66 lb/in2 UV plus 269 258-263 @265 lb/in2 heat 115 104

UV Glass- 39 57-89 postcure transition 37-52 44 not available 57-60 43-47 temperature UV plus 225 °C 80 heat 85-90

Source: Stereolithography Product Data Sheets, DSM Somos, dsm.com/en_US/html/dsms/pd_product_data_sheets.htm, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 1 of 4)

Renshape Renshape Renshape Material SL-5170 SL-5240 SL-5260

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser helium-cadmium lasers (machine)

high-accuracy, general-use tough resin, mimics Notes durable material that mimics ABS resin polypropylene

Postcure method UV light UV light and heat

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 13.5 9.9 7.0 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 4.8 6.7 4.5 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 165-195 375 250 centipoise at 30°C

Density 1.14 1.14 1.18 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

Renshape Renshape Renshape Material SL-5170 SL-5240 SL-5260

Physical properties

UV 8,300 Tensile strength postcure (58) (ASTM D638) 8,600-8,800 5,200-5,500 lb/in2 (59-60) (36-38) (MPa) UV plus 8,600 heat (60)

UV 360,000 Tensile modulus postcure (2,500) (ASTM D638) 542,000-603,000 227,000-245,000 lb/in2 (3,737-4,158) (1,565-1,689) (MPa) UV plus 350,000 heat (2,400)

UV 12 Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) 7-19 22-26 % at break UV plus 14 heat

UV 0.7 Impact strength postcure (40) (notched Izod) 0.5-0.7 0.8-1.0 ft-lb/in of notch (27-37) (43-53) (J/m) UV plus 0.7 heat (40)

UV 85 Hardness postcure (Shore 85 84 D-scale) UV plus 86 heat

General information

Heat deflection UV 58 58 temperature postcure 50 51 55 °C 2 49 @66 lb/in UV plus 82 97 2 @265 lb/in heat 66 78

Glass-transition not available 61 73-95 temperature °C

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/index.cfm?PageID=7595, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 2 of 4)

Renshape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-5530 SL-7510 SL-7520 SL-7540 SL-7545 SL-7560

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers argon lasers (machine) (1SLA 5000, 2SLA 350/3500, 3SLA 7000) (SLA 500)

produces opaque tough resin, fast, white parts that heat- and general-use resin, mimics produces general-use, resemble Notes water-resistant good surface thermoplastics polypropylene-like humidity-resistant injection-molded resin finish like parts resin plastics with polypropylene ABS-like properties

UV light and Postcure method UV light UV light and heat heat

Process properties — liquid resin

8.91 10.91 Critical exposure 2 2 2 9.4 13.8 9.5 8.7 9.6 5.4 E (mJ/cm ) 3 3 c 7.5 8.3

Depth of 5.41 5.51 penetration 5.62 5.82 4.9 6.0 6.6 5.2 3 3 Dp (mils) 5.5 5.1

Viscosity 210 325 450 279 350 200 centipoise at 30ºC

Density 1.19 1.17 1.18 1.14 1.15 1.18 g/cm3 at 25ºC

Continued on the following page

Renshape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-5530 SL-7510 SL-7520 SL-7540 SL-7545 SL-7560

Physical properties

8,300-8,900 UV (57-61)1,2 9,000-9,400 5,500-5,700 5,000-5,700 6,000-9,000 postcure (62-65) (38-39) (35-40) (42-62) Tensile 8,300-9,200 6,500 (57-63)3 1 strength (44) (ASTM 8,300 D638) (57)2 lb/in2 (MPa) 7,370 3 UV plus 6,800-8,900 (51) 9,100-10,000 5,500-5,900 5,000-5,700 8,000-10,000 heat (47-61) (63-69) (38-41) (35-40) (56-69)

414,000- UV 2,937-3,158 223,000-241,000 200,000-275,000 350,000-375,000 454,000 postcure (426-458) (1,538-1,662) (1,400-1,900) (2,400-2,600) (2,854-3,130) 320,000 Tensile 1 modulus (2,206) (ASTM 383,000 D638) (2,634)2 lb/in2 (MPa) 331,000 466,000- 3 UV plus (2,282) 2,882-2,958 192,000-202,000 220,000-280,000 350,000-385,000 535,000 (418-429) (1,324-1,393) (1,500-1,900) (2,400-2,700) heat (3,213-3,689)

UV 2.7-4.4 5.2-7.2 21.2-22.4 12-21 postcure 13.71 Elongation (ASTM 10.12 6-15 D638) % at break 3 UV plus 4.2 0.6-1.9 2.9-3.8 19.2-22.1 10-16 heat

Continued on the following page

Renshape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-5530 SL-7510 SL-7520 SL-7540 SL-7545 SL-7560

Physical properties

0.72-0.86 UV 0.4 0.29-0.34 0.5-0.7 (38.4-45.9) (21) (15.5-18.1) (28-39) Impact postcure strength 0.6 (32)1 (notched 0.5-0.8 Izod) 0.7 (37.4)2 (28-44) ft-lb/in of notch 0.5 (26.7)3 0.4 (J/m) UV plus (21)1,2 0.20-0.28 0.52-0.64 0.4-0.6 heat (10.7-15.0) (27.8-34.2) (22-33) 0.3 (16)3

UV 88 86 79 79 86 Hardness postcure (Shore 87 D-scale) UV plus 901,2 90 80 81 88 heat 913

General information

UV 70-851,2 511 54 57 48-50 Heat 1,2 1 56-60 postcure 55-58 47 49 49 43-48 deflection temperature °C @66 lb/in2 UV plus 170-2501,2 811 89 77 58-60 1,2 1 84-101 @264 /lb/in2 heat 110-120 66 72 60 48-50

Glass-transition 79-1221,2 631 68-87 57-58 55-58 60-62 temperature °C

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/index.cfm?PageID=7595, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 3 of 4)

RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-7565 SL-7570 SL-7580 SL-7800 SL-7810

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers (machine) (1SLA 3500, 2SLA 5000, 3SLA 7000, 4Viper SLA, 5SLA 500)

white, low viscosity, produces optically clear, colorless produces opaque general purpose ABS-like appearance, Notes clear parts with material for high ABS-like parts with resin excellent for suited for RTV ABS-like properties accuracy long-term stability QuickCast patterns patterns, durability past 6 months

Postcure method UV light and heat

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure 7.81,2,4 9.511,4,5 2 8.2 3 9.4 2,3 9.9 Ec (mJ/cm ) 6.2 9.98

Depth of 5.31,2,4 5.671,4,5 penetration 5.2 3 4.7 2,3 5.6 4.5 5.74 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 165 147 500 205 210 centipoise at 30°C

Density 1.17 1.16 1.18 1.12 1.13 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-7565 SL-7570 SL-7580 SL-7800 SL-7810

Physical properties

8,600-8,700 UV 6,600-7,800 7,700 6,000-6,800 5,200-7,400 (59-60) postcure (46-54) (53) (41-47) (36-51) Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus 6,600-7,800 10,600-10,900 8,500 6,400 5,700-7,400 heat (46-54) (73-75) (59) (44) (39-51)

UV 290,000-360,000 330,000 300,000-350,000 260,000-348,000 postcure (2,000-2,500) (2,300) (2,075-2,400) (1,800-2,400) Tensile modulus (ASTM 390,000-420,000 D638) (2,700-2,900) lb/in2 (MPa) UV plus 290,000-360,000 330,000 310,000-320,000 290,000-348,000 heat (2,000-2,500) (2,300) (2,180-2,250) (2,000-2,400)

UV 19-30 6-7 11 10-18 10-20 postcure Elongation (ASTM D638) % at break UV plus 22-35 7-8 10 10-15 10-14 heat

Continued on the following page

RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-7565 SL-7570 SL-7580 SL-7800 SL-7810

Physical properties

UV 0.5-0.7 0.45-0.49 0.6 0.7-1.1 0.83-0.91 Impact postcure (27-38) (24-26) (34) (37-58) (44-48) strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m) UV plus 0.5-0.7 0.47-0.54 0.6 0.7-0.9 0.83-0.93 heat (28-38) (25-29) (34) (37-48) (44-49)

UV 84 89 84 87 86 Hardness postcure (Shore D-scale) UV plus 85 90 85 87 87 heat

General information

UV 63 62 50 Heat 48-52 50-60 postcure 52 n/a n/a deflection temperature °C 2 UV plus 97 62 50 @66 lb/in 51-57 93-95 @265 lb/in2 heat 76 n/a n/a

Glass-transition 56-72 60-92 70-72 57-59 62 temperature °C

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials, http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/index.cfm?PageID=7595, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Huntsman (Table 4 of 4)

Renshape Renshape Renshape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-5195 SL-5510 H-C 9100 Y-C 9300 Y-C 9500 Y-C 9500 FT1

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser solid-state lasers helium-cadmium solid-state lasers (machine) (1350/3500/5000, 2Viper Si2) lasers

flesh-colored clear material for material for humidity- specialty resin for medical medical resistant, low-viscosity, medical models; may be sterilized applications; may applications such Notes high-accuracy, general-use resin in autoclave; color may be be sterilized by as hearing aids; general-use selectively added by over-curing conventional may be sterilized resin techniques by conventional techniques

Postcure method UV light

Process properties — liquid resin

Critical exposure 11.41 2 13.1 2 6.1 8.4 4.3 4.4 Ec (mJ/cm ) 8.9 Depth of penetration 4.1-4.31 5.2 2 5.3 9.4 6.3 3.8 Dp (mils) 4.8 Viscosity 180 180 1,030 1,090 1,090 1,050 centipoise at 30°C Density 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

Renshape Renshape Renshape RenShape RenShape RenShape Material SL-5195 SL-5510 H-C 9100 Y-C 9300R Y-C 9500 Y-C 9500 FT1

Physical properties

UV 11,100 Tensile strength postcure (77)1 (ASTM D638) 6,740 7,250 6,525 6,525 5,200

lb/in2 (46.5) (50) (45) (45) (36) UV plus 9,500 (MPa) 2 heat (60)

UV 478,000 Tensile modulus postcure (3,296)1 (ASTM D638) 303,000 201,000 191,000 191,000 115,000

lb/in2 (2,090) (1,389) (1,315) (1,315) (800) UV plus 10,600 (MPa) 2 heat (73)

UV Elongation postcure 5.41 (ASTM D638) 11 8 7 7 10 2 % at break UV plus 7.9 heat

UV Impact strength postcure 0.48 (26)1 (notched Izod) 1.0 (54) not available not available not available not available ft-lb/in of notch 2 0.57 (30) (J/m) UV plus heat

UV Hardness postcure 861 (Shore 83 75 75 75 75 2 D-scale) UV plus 88 heat

General information

Heat deflection UV 621, 542 temperature postcure 531, 472 47 °C not available not available not available not available 2 43 @66 lb/in UV plus 871, 782 2 @264 lb/in heat 761, 702

681 Glass-transition 67-82 52 52 52 72 temperature °C 2 63-64

Source: Stereolithography Materials Technical Datasheets, Huntsman Advanced Materials,

http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/index.cfm?PageID=7595, February 2011

Technology Stereolithography

Manufacturer Allied PhotoPolymers (Table 1 of 1)

Material KZ-1850-CL KZ-1850-ICE KZ-1860-CL KZ-1870-WH

Type of material photopolymer liquid resin

Type of laser (machine) solid-state 355nm lasers

ABS-like, dimensionally ABS-like, general-purpose, ABS-like, dimensionally stable, humidity resistance, Notes rigid ABS-like, rigid ABS-like, stable, general purpose, ideal for QuickCast water-resistant water-resistant humidity resistant applications

Postcure method UV light UV light UV light UV light

Process properties – liquid resin

Critical exposure 2 6.7 6.7 11.2 10.4 Ec (mJ/cm )

Depth of penetration 4.6 4.6 6.6 5.8 Dp (mils)

Viscosity 125 125 270 500 centipoise at 30°C

Density not available not available 1.12 1.13 g/cm3 at 25°C

Continued on the following page

Material KZ-1850-CL KZ-1850-ICE KZ-1860-CL KZ-1870-WH

Physical properties

UV Tensile strength postcure (ASTM D638) 7,861 7,861 7,542 7,687 lb/in2 (54.2) (54.2) (52) (53) (MPa) UV plus heat

UV Tensile modulus postcure (ASTM D638) 345,190 345,190 363,000 305,000 lb/in2 (2,380) (2,380) (2,500) (2,100) (MPa) UV plus heat

UV Elongation postcure (ASTM D638) 14.7 14.7 6-10 5-9 % at break UV plus heat

UV Impact strength postcure (notched Izod) 0.41 0.41 0.4 0.45 ft-lb/in of notch (22) (22) (21.4) (24) (J/m) UV plus heat

UV Hardness postcure (Shore 78 78 83 80 D-scale) UV plus heat

General information

Heat deflection temperature 50 50 55 50 °C 44 44 50 45 @66 lb/in2 @264 lb/in2

Glass-transition 58 58 not available not available temperature °C

Source: Material Data Sheets, Allied PhotoPolymers, www.alliedphotopolymers.com, February 2011

Technology Laser Sintering

Manufacturer 3D Systems (1 of 2)

DuraForm® DuraForm® DuraForm® CastForm™ DuraForm® LaserForm™ DuraForm® Material PA GF AF PS Flex A6 EX

polymer-coated A6 polyamide glass-filled polyamide- polystyrene elastomeric plastic steel and impact-resistant Type of material powder polyamide aluminum powder powder tungsten-carbide plastic (nylon) powder powder powders

for use with all selective laser-sintering systems Sinterstation HiQ Sinterstation Pro Type of machine System and other and Sinterstation Sinterstation and Vanguard laser-sintering systems SLS systems HiQ available from 3D Systems

directly good produce thermal investment rubber-like stability and high-durability cast aluminum cast patterns performance to chemical material; good look with without tooling, increased- toughness of simulate gaskets, resistance, thermal excellent performs hardness tooling injection-molded Notes hoses, seals; can for real stability and surface finish, almost material; similar to polypropylene be colored or world chemical detail, and wear identically to tool steel and ABS plastic pressure-sealed testing and resistance resistance foundry wax with infiltrants functional for shell use investment casting

General properties

Density 0.89 (tap) 0.59 0.84 0.46 0.44 not available not available (g/cm3) 0.69 (bulk)

Average particle size 58 48 not available 62 85 2-40 not available (microns)

Specific gravity at 20°C 1.00 1.49 1.42 0.86 not available 7.8 1.01 (g/cm3)

Continued on the following page

Material DuraForm® PA DuraForm® GF DuraForm® AF CastForm™ PS DuraForm® Flex LaserForm™ A6 DuraForm® EX

Physical properties

88,000 (610) Tensile infiltrated and strength 335 6,237 3,771 5,060 412 sintered with 5,366 (ASTM D638) (1.8) (43) (26) (35) (2.84) bronze (37) lb/in2 infiltrated 45% bronze/ (MPa) 55% stainless steel 20,000,000 Elastic 1,080 (7.4) (138,000) modulus as produced infiltrated with 230,000 590,000 574,349 232,000 (ASTM D638) bronze 220,000 (1,586) (4,068) (3,960) (1,604) lb/in2 1,340 (9.2) 45% bronze/ (1,517) (MPa) infiltrated 55% stainless steel 2-4 110 infiltrated with Elongation (at break) not bronze (ASTM D638) 14 1.4 1.5 47 available 45% bronze/ % at break 151 55% stainless (infiltrated) steel Impact strength (notched Izod 0.6 0.8 1.1 <0.21 not not 1.4 test) (32) (41) (58.7) (<11) available applicable (74) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness not 55-80 Shore A 10-20 Rockwell C 73 77 75 74 (Shore D-scale) available @ 23° C polished surface

General information

Melting point not not not >63 192 °C available available available not not Glass-transition applicable available not not not temperature not applicable 89 applicable applicable applicable °C

Source: Laser Sintering Materials Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/lasersintering/datasheets.asp, February 2011

Technology Laser Sintering

Manufacturer 3D Systems (2 of 2)

Material DuraForm® PP 100 DuraForm® HST

Type of material polypropylene composite

Type of machine all Sinterstation® Pro and Sinterstation® HiQ™ series SLS® Systems

functional prototypes, parts requiring high stiffness and/or ideal for prototypes where actual polypropylene elevated thermal resistance; high specific stiffness, Notes properties are required, good chemical resistance, elevated temperature resistance; anisotropic mechanical fatigue life, and impact resistance properties, non-conductive, RF transparent, easy-to-finish surface

General properties

0.82-0.86 (sintered part) Density 0.53-0.54 (tap) not available (g/cm3) 0.46-0.47 (bulk)

Average particle size not available not available (microns)

Specific gravity not available 1.20 at 20°C (g/cm3)

Continued on the following page

Material DuraForm® PP 100 DuraForm® HST

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 2,901-3,191 7,050-7,350 lb/in2 (20-22) (48-51) (MPa)

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 142,000-196,000 795,000-831,000 lb/in2 (980-1,350) (5,475-5,725) (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 20-75 4.5 % at break

Impact strength (notched Izod 0.7 test) not available (37.4) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness 65-68 75 (Shore D-scale)

General information

Melting point not available not available °C

Glass-transition temperature not applicable not applicable °C

Source: Laser Sintering Materials Datasheets, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/solidimaging/lasersintering/datasheets.asp, March 2011

Technology Laser Sintering

Manufacturer CRP Technology Windform Windform LX Material Windform GF Windform PRO Windform XT Windform FX PRO B 2.0 aluminum- and aluminum- and carbon and black-colored polyamide- polyamide- Type of material glass-filled nylon glass-filled nylon composite nylon powder based material based material powder nylon powder powder Type of machine laser-sintering machines resistance and resilience to repeated bending and torsion improvement of solicitations; High elasticity, superior stiffness improved HDT, very high UTS Windform GF impact high melting Notes and surface wear resistance, and wear mechanical resistance; point, durable, finish and elasticity resistance properties consistence and wear resistant behavior similar to polypropylene and ABS injection molded parts General properties

Density 1.5 1.42 1.21 1.097 1.027 1.311 (g/cm3)

Physical properties

Tensile strength 6,910 7,600 6,800 11,300 7,100 8,700 (ASTM D638) (47.646) (52.56) (47.05) (83.84) (48.96) (59.9) lb/in2 EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO (MPa) 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2

Elastic modulus 639,900 720,000 523,800 1,061,000 196,800 906,100 (ASTM D638) (4,412) (4,965) (3,612) (7,320) (1,357) (6,248) lb/in2 EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO (MPa) 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2 527-1-2

Elongation (ASTM D638) 2.5 2.92 3.81 3.8 43.9 2.3 % at break

Impact strength (Charpy 22.43 unnotched ASTM 31.86 17.75 31.08 EN ISO 31.72 18.14 D256) 179;2000 ft-lb/in of notch (kJ/m2)

Continued on the following page

Windform Windform LX Material Windform GF Windform PRO Windform XT Windform FX PRO B 2.0

Hardness not available not available not available not available not available not available (Shore D-scale)

General information

Melting point, °C 180 180 180 179 191 180

Source: Technical Sheets, CRP Technology, http://www.windform.it/sito, March 2011

Technology Laser Sintering

Manufacturer EOS (1 of 4)

Material PrimePart® EOS PEEK HP3 PA2210 FR PA 2201 PA 2202 black CarbonMide

thermoplastic from polyamide carbon Type of polyamide the powder with polyamide polyaryletherketone polyamide powder fiber-filled material powder added chemical powder (PAEK) group polyamide powder powder fire retardant EOSINT P 730, EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, EOSINT P3 and 700, 390, 385, Type of 380i, 380, 360, EOSINT P 380i, EOSINT P 800 P700 series, 380i, 380, 360, EOSINT P38x machine 350/2, 385 with PSW 3.2 FORMIGA P 100 350/2, FORMIGA FORMIGA P P 100 100 semi-crystalline, thermoplastic material; excellent high temp balance performance, high for fully functional for fully functional between wear resistance, parts with high- parts with high- mechanical chemical for flame- end finish directly end finish directly strength and high stiffness and Notes resistance, best resistant from the process, from the process, elasticity over strength applications smoke, fire, and plastic parts withstand high withstand high a wide toxicity mechanical and mechanical and temperature performance, good thermal load thermal load range hydrolysis performance, biocompatibility, sterility General properties

Density 1.06 (laser 0.98 (laser 0.93 (laser 0.93 1.04 (g/cm3) 1.31 sintered) sintered) sintered)

Continued on the following page

Material PrimePart® EOS PEEK HP3 PA2210 FR PA 2201 PA 2202 black CarbonMide

Physical properties

in x: Tensile 10,000 (72) strength 7,252 13,053 6,527 6,962 7,250 ± 290 in y: (ISO 527-1/-2) (50) (90) (45) (48) (50 ± 2) 8,000 (56) lb/in2 in z: (MPa) 3,600 (25)

in x: Tensile 884,730 (6,100) modulus 26,068±7,252 246,564 616,410 362,594 246,564 in y: (ISO 527-1/-2) (1,800±50) (1700) (4250) (2500) (1700) 493,128 (3,400) lb/in2 in z: (MPa) 319,083 (2,200) in x: 4.1, Elongation y: 6.3, (ISO 527-1/-2) 24 2.8 5.0 15 12 ± 2 z: 1.3 % at yield (at break) Impact strength in x: 2.5 (5.3) (notched test is y: 2.1 (4.4) 4.8 not available not available 4.8 not available 179/1eU) of z: 1.0 (2.1) notch (notched Charpy) (kJ/m²)

Hardness 75 not available not available 75 75 not available (Shore D-scale)

General information

Melting point 176 372 176 176 176 176 °C

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, eos.materialdatacenter.com/eo/, March 2011

Technology Laser Sintering (plastics)

Manufacturer EOS (2 of 4)

PA 2200 ® ® Material PA 3200 GF PrimeCast 101 PrimePart DC Alumide Balanced Type of glass-filled polyamide 30% aluminum- polyamide powder polystyrene powder polyamide powder material powder filled polyamide

EOSINT P 730, Type of EOSINT P 730, 700, 390, 385, 380i, 380, 360, EOSINT P 350, 360, 700, 390, 385, 380i, EOSINT P and machine 350/2, FORMIGA P 100 380, 385,390,700 380, 360, 350/2, FORMIGA systems FORMIGA P 100 high-durability material; good thermal stability suitable for building stiff, durable parts good thermal stability good elasticity, long Notes and chemical investment-casting with metallic grey and chemical term constancy resistance patterns appearance resistance

General properties

Density (g/cm3) 0.93 1.22 0.077 0.96 1.36 (laser sintered)

Continued on the following page

PA 2200 ® ® Material PA 3200 GF PrimeCast 101 PrimePart DC Alumide Balanced

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ISO 527-1/-2) 6,960 7,340 800 7,250 6,960 lb/in2 (48) (51) (5.5) (50) (48) (MPa)

Tensile modulus (ISO 527-1/-2) 254,000 464,000 232,000 225,000 551,000 lb/in2 (1,750) (3,200) (1,600) (1,550) (3,800) (MPa)

Elongation 18 9 0.4 4 (ISO 527-1/-2) 48 (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) % at yield

Impact strength (notched testis 2.19 lbf/in2 not 2 179/1eU)of 4.8 5.4 8.9 (4.6 kJ/m ) available notch (Charpy scale) (kJ/m²)

Hardness 75 80 not available 68 76 (Shore D-scale)

General information

Melting point 176 176 not applicable 187 176 °C

Glass-transition temperature not applicable not applicable 105 not applicable not available °C

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, http://eos.materialdatacenter.com/eo/, March 2011

Technology Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Manufacturer EOS (3 of 4) MaragingSteel MS1 Material DirectMetal 20 EOS StainlessSteel GP1 EOS StainlessSteel PH1 (based on provisional product data sheet) fine-grained, pre-alloyed fine-grained, stainless steel pre-alloyed, ultra-high- fine-grained, bronze-based Type of stainless steel powder; alloying powder including alloy strength steel powder, metal powder, bronze based material elements: Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Si, elements Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, containing Fe, Ni, Co, Mo, matrix containing Ni Mo, Nb, C Mn, Si, Mo, Nb, C Ti, Al, Cr, C, Mn, Si, P, S EOSINT M Systems, EOSINT M Systems, Type of EOSINT M 250 Xtended specially optimized for the specially optimized for the EOSINT M 270 machine EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270

functional prototypes, small functional prototypes, small injection molds and inserts for series production, series production, tooling, parts requiring molding a few thousand parts, Notes individualized products etc. individualized products etc. particularly high strength direct manufacture of metal with high toughness and with high toughness and and hardness parts ductility ductility

General properties

part density approx. part density with part density with part density with Density 7.6 (skin) standard parameters: standard parameters: standard parameters: (g/cm3) 6.3 (core) 7.8 7.8 8.0-8.1

Average particle size approx. 20 approx. 20 approx. 20 approx.20 (microns)

Continued on the following page

MaragingSteel MS1 Material DirectMetal 20 EOS StainlessSteel GP1 EOS StainlessSteel PH1 (based on provisional product data sheet)

Physical properties

Tensile in x-y: 152,290 in x-y: 166,793 strength (1,050 ± 50) (1,150 ± 50) after age hardening: 58,000 (ASTM D638) 159,541 up to 282,823 2 (400) lb/in in z: 142,137 in z: 152,290 (1,100 up to 1,950) (MPa) (980 ± 50) (1050 ± 50)

Elastic modulus 11,600,000 26,000,000 26,000,000 (ASTM D638) 24,656,420 (80,000) (180,000) (180,000 ± 20,000) lb/in2 (170,000 ± 20,000) (MPa)

Elongation in x-y: 16 ± 4 (ASTM D638) 2.5 25 ± 5 8 ± 3 (at break) % at yield in z: 17 ± 4

Impact strength (notched Izod test) not available not available not available not available ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness 33-37 as built; 65 Rockwell approx. 230 ± 20 30-35 Rockwell (Shore up to 50-54 on Rockwell B-scale Vickers Scale C-scale D-scale) C after age hardening

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, March 2011

Technology Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Manufacturer EOS (4 of 4)

EOS CobaltChrome EOS CobaltChrome EOS NickelAlloy Material EOS Titanium Ti64 EOS Aluminum MP1 SP2 IN718 fine-grained Co, Cr, fine-grained CoCrMo- Mo, and W (cobalt- based superalloy fine-grained Type of chrome-molybdenum) nickel alloy aluminum alloy fine powder; contains pre-alloyed material based alloy powder; powder powder Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, Ti-Al6-V4 alloy powder contains Co, Cr, Mo, Fe, C, Ni W, Si, Fe, Mn Type of EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M 270 EOSINT M270 machine (titanium version) composition good mechanical corresponds for type 4 properties, corrosion CoCr dental material Good casting properties resistance, heat-resistant nickel especially suitable for standard, fulfills the typically used for cast low specific weight, bio- alloy powder, ideal for biomedical implants chemical and thermal parts with thin walls and compatibility, especially high temperature and parts requiring requirements of complex geometries. Notes suitable for biomedical application, good high mechanical porcelain-fused metal Good strength and implants and parts cryogenic properties properties in elevated of dental materials hardness, low weight requiring high strength to and potential for temperatures and the requirements with good thermal weight ratio including cryogenic application for biocompatibility and properties aerospace and cytoxity of dental motorsports materials General properties

with standard with standard with standard with standard Density parameters: parameters: parameters: parameters: 2.68 (g/cm3) 8.3 8.6 4.43 8.4 Average particle size approx. 20 approx. 20 approx. 30 approx. 20 n/a (microns)

Continued on the following page

EOS CobaltChrome EOS CobaltChrome EOS NickelAlloy Material EOS Titanium Ti64 EOS Aluminium MP1 SP2 IN718

Physical properties

in x-y: 174,045 in x-y: in x-y: Tensile (1,200 ±150) 144,000 ± 7,000 64,500 ± 2,900 strength 195,801 166,793 (990 ± 50) (445 ± 20) (ASTM D638) (1,350 ± 100) (1,150 ± 60) in z: in z: lb/in2 131,000 ± 7,000 58,700 ± 2,900 (MPa) in z: 174,045 (900 ± 50) (405 ± 20) (1,200 ± 150)

in x-y: in x-y: 25,000,00 ± Elastic 10,200,000 ± 3,000,000 modulus 700,000 27,557,000 24,656,000 15,954,000 (170,000 ± 20) (ASTM D638) (70,000 ± 5,000) (190,000 ± 20,000) (170,000 ± 20,000) (110,000 ± 7,000) in z: lb/in2 in z: 20,000,000 ± (MPa) 33,400 ± 1,500 3,000,000 (230 ± 10) (140,000 ± 20,000) Elongation in x-y: 8 in x-y: 35 ± 5 in x-y: 6.5±2 (ASTM D638) 6-8 5 ± 3 in z: 8 in z: 42 ± 5 in z: 3.5 ± 2 % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod not available not available not available not available not available test) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness 35-45 Rockwell 41-44 Rockwell approx. 30 Rockwell 350-450 HV10 120±5 (Shore D-scale) C-scale C-scale C-scale

General information

Melting point 1,350-1,430º 1,420-1,450º not available not available not available °C

Glass- transition not available temperature °C

Source: Material Data Sheets, EOS, March 2011

Technology Electron Beam Melting

Manufacturer Arcam (1 of 1)

Material Ti6Al4V titanium alloy Ti6Al4V ELI titanium Grade 2 titanium ASTM F75 CoCr alloy

Type of unalloyed commercially pure titanium alloy powder titanium alloy powder cobalt-based alloy powder material (CP) titanium powder

Type of Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12 Arcam A2, EBM S12 machine widely used for medical most widely used titanium implant applications alloy, corrosion resistant, Grade 2, good corrosion Grade 5, the most widely especially where high good machinability, good resistance, formability, and used titanium alloy, corrosion stiffness, highly polished, weight reduction applications, weldable characteristics; resistant, good machinability, and extremely wear- excellent biocompatibility, stronger than Grade 1 and good weight reduction resistant material is especially when direct contact equally corrosion-resistant in applications, excellent required; non-magnetic Notes to bone or tissue is required; most applications; good biocompatibility, especially CoCrMo alloy with high contains Al, V, C, Fe, biocompatibility especially when direct contact to bone strength, corrosion O, N, H, and Ti, when in direct contact with or tissue is required; resistance, and good wear Grade 23: similar to Ti6Al4V, tissue or bone is required; contains Al, V, C, Fe, resistance; but contains reduced levels of contains levels of C, Fe, O, N, H, and Ti contains levels of Cr, Mo, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and O, N, H, and Ti Ni, Fe, C, Si, Mn, W, P, iron--for “extra low interstitials” S, N, Si, Ti, B, Co General properties

Density Not available (g/cm3)

Average particle size 45-100 45-100 45-100 45-100 (microns) Specific gravity not available at 20°C

Continued on the following page

Material Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V ELI Titanium Grade 2 Titanium ASTM F75 CoCr Alloy

Physical properties

Ultimate tensile strength 147,940 140,690 82,670 140,000 (Rm) (1,020) (970) (570) (960)* lb/in2 (MPa)

Yield strength (Rp 0.2) 137,790 134,890 78,320 80,000 lb/in2 (950) (930) (540) (560)* (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 14 16 21 20* % at yield

Reduction 40% 50% 55% 20%* of area

Hardness (Rockwell 33 32 not available 34* C-scale)

Fatigue 10,000,000 cycles strength 10,000,000 cycles 10,000,000 cycles not available (at 610 MPa) @ 600 MPa

Modulus of elasticity 120 120 not available not available (GPa)

Source: Material Data Sheets, ARCAM, http://www.arcam.com/products/powders.aspx, March 2011 * Data collected after parts underwent heat treatment.

Technology LaserCUSING

Manufacturer Concept Laser GmbH (1 of 2)

LaserCUSING LaserCUSING LaserCUSING LaserCUSING Material CL 30AL CL 32AL CL 40Ti CL 100NB

Type of nickel-based alloy aluminum (AlSi12) powder aluminum (AlSi10Mg) powder titanium (TiAl6V4) powder material (Inconel 718) powder

Type of M2 cusing M2 cusing M2 cusing M1 and M2 cusing machine

powder material that can be powder material that can be employed for aluminum employed for aluminum nickel-based alloy for the powder material for the components under high components under high production of heat-resistant production of technical Notes mechanical and dynamic mechanical and dynamic components in the power lightweight components and loads; well suited for loads; well suited for generation and aerospace medical implants technical prototypes or technical prototypes or industry small series production small series production

Physical properties

Yield point (N/mm2) 170-220 170-220 900-1,200 approx. 1,100

Tensile strength 310-325 310-325 1,110-1,300 approx. 1,400 (N/mm2)

Elongation 2-3 2-3 4-11 approx. 10 (%)

Young’s modulus approx. 75 approx. 75 approx. 110 approx. 200 (103 N/mm2)

Coefficient of thermal 20 20 9 13 expansion (10-6 K-1)

Thermal conductivity 120-190 120-180 7 12 (W/mK)

Source: Material Data Sheets, Concept Laser GmbH, http://www.concept-laser.de, March 2011

Technology LaserCUSING

Manufacturer Concept Laser GmbH (2 of 2)

LaserCUSING LaserCUSING LaserCUSING LaserCUSING Material CL 20ES CL 50WS CL 60DG CL 91RW

Type of hot-work steel for stainless steel powder hot-work steel powder hot-work steel powder material die-casting powder

Type of M1 and M2 cusing, M1 and M2 cusing, M1 and M2 cusing, M1 and M2 cusing, machine M3 linear M3 linear M3 linear M3 linear powder material for the production of mold powder material for the powder material for the powder material for the components for high production of acid- and production of functional production of mold volume injection molding Notes corrosion-resistant parts components as well as components for pressure of packaging and medical or components for components for plastic die casting of light metal products (hard stainless pre-production molds injection molds alloys steel with high chrome content)

Physical properties

DIN 1.404 1.271 1.271 not available

Hardness Rockwell 35-40 (untempered) 35-40 (untempered) 48-50 C Scale not available 52-54 (tempered, 490°C) 52-54 (tempered, 490°C) (tempered, 525°C) (DIN EN ISO 48 (tempered, 540°C) 48 (tempered, 540°C) 6508) 950 (untempered) 950 (untempered) Yield point approx. 1,600 470 1,800 (tempered, 490°C) 1,800 (tempered, 490°C) (N/mm2) (tempered, 525°C) 1,550 (tempered, 540°C) 1,550 (tempered, 540°C)

Tensile 1,100 (untempered) 1,100 (untempered) approx. 1,700 strength 570 1,900 (tempered, 490°C) 1,900 (tempered, 490°C) (tempered, 525°C) (N/mm2) 1,650 (tempered, 540°C) 1,650 (tempered, 540°C)

4 (untempered) 4 (untempered) Elongation >2 >15 2-3 (tempered, 490°C) 2-3 (tempered, 490°C) (%) (tempered, 525°C) 2-3 (tempered, 540°C) 2-3 (tempered, 540°C) approx. 200 (untempered) approx. 200 (untempered) Young’s approx. 200 approx. 200 approx. 200 modulus approx. 200 (tempered, 490°C) (tempered, 490°C) (tempered, 525°C) (103 N/mm2) approx. 200 approx. 200 (tempered, 540°C) (tempered, 540°C) Thermal approx. 21 (untempered) approx. 21 (untempered) approx. 13-15 conductivity approx. 15 approx. 21 (tempered, 490°C) approx. 21 (tempered, 490°C) (tempered, 525°C) (W/mK) approx. 21 (tempered, 540°C) approx. 21 (tempered, 540°C)

Source: Material Data Sheets, Concept Laser GmbH, http://www.concept-laser.de, March 2011

Technology Selective Laser Melting

Manufacturer MTT Technologies Group (1 of 2)

Material cp-titanium Ti Al6Nb7 Ti Al6V4 Al Si12 Al Si10 Mg CoCr ASTM F75

Type of pure titanium titanium alloy titanium alloy aluminum alloy aluminum alloy cobalt-chrome material powder powder powder powder powder alloy powder

Type of ® ® ® ® ® ® SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems machine

high strength, high strength, high strength, low density, good low density, good low weight, low weight, low weight, high toughness, alloying properties, alloying properties, high corrosion high corrosion high corrosion high strength, good processability good processability resistance, good resistance, good resistance, good good Notes (casting and (casting and biocompatibility, biocompatibility, biocompatibility, biocompatibility, pressing, etc.), pressing, etc.), low thermal low thermal low thermal good corrosion good electrical good electrical expansion, good expansion, good expansion, good resistance conductivity conductivity machinability machinability machinability

Physical properties

Tensile strength Rm >290 1,185 (±30) 1,091 (±30) 330 (±20) not available 1,050 (±20) (MPa) Offset yield stress Rp0,2 >180 1,100 (±30) 1,013 (±40) 194 (±20) not available 835 (±20) (MPa) Hardness Rockwell >120 39.4 (±2) 37.3 (±2) 105 HB (±1) not available 35 (±1) C Scale

Break strain A >20 11-18 10-18 6.8 not available 11-14 (%)

Surface roughness Rz 14 (±2) 14 (±2) 14 (±2) 15 (±2) not available 17 (±2) x-y (microns) Surface roughness Rz 36 (±4) 36 (±4) 36 (±4) 34 (±4) not available 29 (±4) z (microns)

Thermal Conductivity at 22.6 7 7.1 not available not available not available 20°C (W/mK)

Source: Material Data Sheets, MTT Technologies Group, http://www.mtt-group.com/selective-laser-melting.html, March 2011

Technology Selective Laser Melting

Manufacturer MTT Technologies Group (2 of 2)

Material 1.4404 (316L) 1.2344 (H13) 1.4410 1.2709 1.4542 (17-4PH) M333

Type of tool steel/ tool steel/ tool steel/ tool steel/ tool steel/ tool steel/ material stainless steel stainless steel stainless steel stainless steel stainless steel stainless steel

Type of ® ® ® ® ® ® SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems SLM Systems machine high hardness high hardness high hardness high hardness high hardness high hardness and toughness, and toughness, and toughness, highand toughness, high and toughness, high and toughness, high high corrosion high corrosion corrosion corrosion corrosion corrosion resistance, good resistance, good resistance, good resistance, good resistance, good resistance, good machinability; can machinability; can machinability; can machinability; can machinability; can machinability; can be used in plastic be used in plastic be used in plastic be used in plastic be used in plastic be used in plastic injection and injection and Notes injection and injection and injection and injection and pressure die- pressure die- pressure die-casting pressure die-casting pressure die-casting pressure die-casting casting molds, casting molds, molds, medical molds, medical molds, medical molds, medical medical implants, medical implants, implants, cutlery implants, cutlery implants, cutlery implants, cutlery cutlery and cutlery and and kitchenware, and kitchenware, and kitchenware, and kitchenware, kitchenware, kitchenware, maritime, spindles maritime, spindles maritime, spindles maritime, spindles maritime, spindles maritime, spindles and screws and screws and screws and screws and screws and screws Physical properties

Tensile strength Rm 625 (±30) 1,730 (±30) 750 (±20) not available not available not available (MPa) Offset yield stress Rp0,2 525 (±30) not available 540 (±20) not available not available not available (MPa) Hardness Rockwell C 237 (±4) HV 54 (±2) HRC 272 (±4) HV not available not available not available Scale

Bar impact 75 (±4) not available 90 (±4) not available not available not available value (J)

Surface roughness Rz 16 (±2) 13 (±2) 16 (±2) not available not available not available x-y (microns) Surface roughness Rz 38 (±4) 34 (±4) 38 (±4) not available not available not available z (microns) Thermal conductivity at 15 25.6 15 not available not available not available 20°C (W/mK)

Source: Material Data Sheets, MTT Technologies Group, http://www.mtt-group.com/selective-laser-melting.html, March 2011

Technology Direct Metal Printing

Manufacturer ProMetal, an Ex One Company (1 of 1)

Material S3 S4 HNB

Type of material 316 stainless steel and bronze 420 stainless steel and bronze high noble gold (alloy family)

Type of ProMetal R-1 ProMetal R-1 ProMetal R-1 machine

used in digital mold and used in digital mold and used in digital mold and Notes core-making system core-making system core-making system

Physical properties

Ultimate tensile 59 99 strength ksi not available (406) (682) (MPa)

Yield stress ksi 34 66 not available (MPa) (234) (455)

Hardness 60 HRB 20-25 HRC not available Rockwell Scale

Modulus MPSI 21.5 21.4 not available (GPa) (148) (147)

Elongation 8.0 2.3 not available (%)

Source: Material Data Sheets from ProMetal, an Ex One Company, exone.com/eng/technology/x1-prometal/materials_prometal.html, March 2011 Note: Information regarding other materials, including but not limited to copper, tungsten, and nickel, are available upon request from ProMetal.

Technology Ultrasonic Consolidation

Manufacturer Solidica

Material Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Copper

Alloy/Temper 1100 T0 3003 T0 3003 H18 6061 T0 101, 100 annealed

Type of FORMation machine

Notes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

General properties

Density 2.71 2.73 2.73 2.70 8.96 (g/cm3)

Material 1100 T0 3003 T0 3003 H18 6061 T0 copper

Physical properties

Ultimate tensile strength (Rm) 89.6 110 200 124 210 lb/in2 (MPa)

Yield strength (Rp 0.2) 34.5 41.4 186 55.2 33 lb/in2 (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 35 30 4 25 70 % at break

Hardness 23 28 55 30 90 (Brinell scale)

Modulus of elasticity 68.9 110 (GPa)

Source: Material Datasheets from Solidica Inc.

Technology Fused Deposition Modeling

Manufacturer Stratasys (1 of 2)

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate Polyphenylsulfone Material ABS ABSi PC-ABS (PC) ISO (PPSF)

methyl polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile methacrylate Type of polycarbonate polycarbonate polyphenyl sulfone acrylonitrile butadiene styrene acrylonitrile material filament filament filament butadiene styrene filament butadiene styrene blend filament filament

Dimension, Dimension, Maxum, Maxum, Titan, Vantage S, Titan, Titan TI, Vantage SE, Vantage SE, Titan, Vantage SE, Vantage I, (when Titan, Vantage S, Vantage S, Vantage S, Type of Vantage S, configured with Vantage SE, Titan, Fortus 400mc, Vantage I, (when Vantage SE, Fortus machine Vantage I, (when PC), Fortus Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc configured with 360mc, Fortus configured with 360mc, Fortus Fortus 900mc ABS) 400mc, Fortus 900mc ABS) Prodigy 400mc, Fortus Prodigy Plus, Plus, Fortus 900mc Fortus 360mc, 400mc Fortus 400mc

durable, strong, very tough complies with ISO- very tough this blend combines good heat and can be sterilized thermoplastic, 10993 and USP thermoplastic, the most desirable Notes chemical with gamma commonly Class VI medical commonly properties of both resistance; comes radiation used for classifications for used for materials in colors manufacturing biocompatibility manufacturing

Continued on the following page

Polycarbonate Polycarbonate Polyphenylsulfone Material ABS ABSi PC-ABS (PC) ISO (PPSF)

Physical properties

Tensile strength 3,200 5,400 9,800 8,265 8,000 5,900 (ASTM D638) (22) (37) (68) (57) (55) (41) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elastic modulus 236,000 277,700 330,000 289,768 300,000 278,000 (ASTM D638) (1,027) (1,915) (2,280) (998) (2,068) (1,917) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 6 4.4 4.8 4.3 3 6 % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod 2.0 1.8 1 1.6 1.1 3.7 test) (107) (96.4) (53) (86) (58.73) (196) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness R105 R108 R115 not available M86 R110 (Rockwell)

General information

Glass- transition temperature 104 116 161 161 230 125 °C

Heat- deflection temperature 90 86 138 133 n/a 110 °C 76 73 127 127 189 96 @66 psi @264 psi

Source: Materials Sheets, Stratasysredeyeondemand.com/Materials_FDM_Thermoplastics.aspx, March 2011

Technology Fused Deposition Modeling

Manufacturer Stratasys (2 of 2)

Material ABS M30 ABS-M30i ABS Plus ULTEM 9085

ABS with improved ABS with improved strength Type of material ABS with improved strength thermoplastic strength and biocompatibility

FDM 400mc, Fortus Fortus 400mc, FDM 200mc, Fortus 400mc, Type of machine 360mc, Fortus 400mc, Fortus 900mc Fortus 200mc Fortus 900mc Fortus 900mc

greater tensile, impact, and flexural strength blend combines the most high strength, biocompatible flame retardant, high strength than standard ABS desirable properties of both (ISO 10993 certified), can be to weight ratio, FST rating, Notes filament, materials, up to 40% gamma or EtO sterilized, ideal for the transportation 25-70% improved improved strength over good mechanical properties industry strength over standard ABS standard ABS

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 5,200 5,200 5,200 10,390 lb/in2 (36) (36) (36) (72) (MPa)

Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 350,000 350,000 329,500 322,000 lb/in2 (2,400) (2,400) (2,300) (2,200) (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 4 4 4 5.9 % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod test) 2.6 2.6 1.8 2.0 ft-lb/in of notch (139) (139) (96) (106) (J/m)

Hardness 109.5 109.5 not available not available (Shore D-scale) Rockwell R Rockwell

General information

Glass-transition temperature 108 108 not available 186 °C

Heat-deflection temperature °C 96 96 96 n/a @66 psi 82 82 82 53 @264 psi

Source: Materials Sheets, Stratasys, redeyeondemand.com/Materials_FDM_Thermoplastics.aspx, March 2011

Technology Digital Light Processing

Manufacturer Envisiontec Perfactory NanoCure Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory Material WIC100G RC25 R05 R11 Y8 PIC-100 e-Shell 200 e-Shell 300 SI 500 Series

photo- photo- Type of nanoparticle- photo- photo- photo- photo- filled photo- reactive reactive photopolymer photopolymer material polymer polymer polymer polymer polymer acrylate acrylate

all all all all all Perfactory Type of Perfactory, Perfactory, Perfactory, all Perfactory Perfactory Perfactory, all Perfactory Perfactory, UV machines machine Standard, Standard, standard, products products Vanquish Vanquish only Vanquish Vanquish Vanquish high- for robust for robust nano wax for strong, for temperature and and Class IIa content, stiff, high- for flexible, investment Class IIa bio- ABS-like accurate accurate bio- allows for temperature high impact casting, the compatible photopolymer, Notes parts that parts that compatible clean burnout resistant strength resin melts photo- high impact are are photo- for direct composite parts into liquid polymer strength polypro- polypro- polymer investment parts wax similar to pylene-like pylene-like casting thermoplastics Physical properties Tensile strength 6,600 7,208 7,832 3,960 2,437 8,383 7,484 2,146.6 11,327 (ASTM D638) (46) (49.7) (54.0) (27.3) (16.8) (57.8) (51.6) (14.8) (78.1) lb/in2 (MPa) Elastic modulus 40,900- 709,000 348,100 388,700 (ASTM D638) n/a n/a 102,500 n/a n/a n/a (4,890) (2,400) (2,680) lb/in2 (282-707) (MPa)

Elongation 2.5 5.2 3.7 27 7.5 6 6.6 (ASTM D638) 6.3 4.4 (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod) 0.016 5.05 4.59 5.4 11.03 2.1 4.99 n/a .061-.071 of notch kJ/m2

Hardness (Shore 93.1 86 87 78 69 83 85 80 85 D-scale) General information Glass- transition 300 70 120-150 151-192 not available not available 109 86-160 61 temperature (ignition temp) °C

Source: Technical Data Sheets, Envisiontec, http://www.envisiontec.com/index.php?id=22, March 2011

Technology Wax Jetting

Manufacturer Solidscape

Material InduraCast InduraFill

Type of composition: natural and thermoplastic material synthetic waxes and fatty esters

Type of T66 Benchtop System, T612 Benchtop System, R66 System machine

melting point: 203-230°F (95-110°C); melting point: 120-158°F (49-70°C); coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) negligible; soluble in a mineral oil bath at 122-131°F (50-55°C); Notes no residue after autoclave process; no shrinkage; no post-dissolve dry or cure time; distortion disintegration at normal temperatures; no post-dissolve finishing or touch up necessary; non-toxic non-toxic

Physical properties Tensile strength (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) lb/in2 (MPa) not available not available Elongation (ASTM D638) % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness (Shore 65 45 D-scale) General information Glass- transition not available not available temperature ºC

Source: Material Properties Sheet, Solidscape, Inc.

Technology 3DP Multi-Jet Modeling

Manufacturer Z Corporation 3D Systems

VisiJet SR VisiJet VisiJet DP VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet Material ZP 130 ZP 131 ZP 150 200 HR 200 200 CPX200 CP200 MX EX200 model, model, wax wax model, model, high-performance Type of material acrylic acrylic model modeling modeling acrylic acrylic composite powder plastic plastic material material plastic plastic ZPrinter ProJet ProJet ProJet SD, 150/250/350/450/650 ProJet HD ProJet DP ProJet CPX ProJet CP 5000 SD, HD Type of machine HD Compatible Compatible Compatible Compatible Compatible Spectrum Z™510 white, blue, dark blue light blue or grey blue MJM Clear modeling modeling colored model Clear material, Z Corp. machines ideal material, material, MJM model material, material, thermal “print” parts material for hands- hands- material, thermal thermal material by jetting binder onto high-quality, free/melt free/melt thermal material material application, a base powder; after smooth away, easy away, easy material application, application, great fabrication, a part may surface removal removal application, UV curing, UV curing, surface be infiltrated for added finish dental from small from small Notes UV curing, high quality provides for finish strength; wax-ups, and delicate and delicate provides surface great characterist making colored parts is utilizes part part superior finish, flexural ic, uses possible by using colored VisiJet features, features, stiffness, utilizes properties, VisiJet water-based binder; S100 White utilizes utilizes utilizes VisiJet great end S100 White ZCast parts are not Support VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet S100 White part support infiltrated Material S200 White S200 White S100 White Support accuracy materials Support Support Support Material Material Material Material

Continued on the following page

Manufacturer Z Corporation 3D Systems

VisiJet SR VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet VisiJet Material ZP 130 ZP 131 ZP 150 200 HR 200 DP 200 CPX200 CP200 MX EX 200

Physical properties

Tensile strength (ASTM D638) 3,480 3,480 3,800 4,640 4,640 4,496 6,150 n/a n/a lb/in2 (24) (24) (26.2) (32) (32) (31) (42.4) (MPa) Elastic modulus (ASTM D638) 1,566,408 1,566,408 not 213,931 186,083 not available n/a n/a lb/in2 (10,800) (10,800) available (1475) (1283) (MPa) not Elongation available (ASTM D638) not available not available 6.1-8.97 12.3 12.3 n/a n/a 20 6.85 % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod not test) not available not available n/a n/a n/a n/a available ft-lb/in of notch not available (J/m)

Hardness not 87 87 n/a n/a n/a n/a (Shore D-scale) available

General information

Heat deflection temperature at 115 115 n/a 46 not available 50 56 66 psi in °C

Source: Product Data Sheets, Z Corporation, March 2010; 3-D Printer Modeling Materials, 3D Systems, 3dsystems.com/products/materials/index.asp, March 2011

Technology PolyJet

Manufacturer Objet Geometries (Table 1 of 2)

FullCure® FullCure® 830 FullCure® 840 FullCure® 870 FullCure® 970 FullCure® 950 FullCure® 930 Material 720 Vero White Vero Blue Vero Black Tango Black Tango Gray Tango Plus

Type of photopolymer resin material

Type of Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 Eden 330/350/350V/500 machine general-purpose good impact strength and flexural modulus rubber-like flexible materials; black is slightly Notes transparent with opaque colors softer; gray is harder but still flexible resin

Physical properties

Tensile strength 8,744 7,221 7,990 7,352 290 632 211 (ASTM D638) (60.3) (49.8) (55.1) (50.7) (2.0) (4.36) (1.455) lb/in2 (MPa) Elastic modulus 416,150 361,775 397,300 317,840 0.185 (ASTM D638) not available not available (2,870) (2,495) (2,740) (2,192) (27) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elongation 20 20 20 17.7 47.7 47.0 218 (ASTM D638) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) (at break) % at yield

Impact strength (notched Izod 0.40 0.45 0.44 0.45 not available not available not available test) (21.3) (24.1) (23.6) (23.9) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness 83 83 83 83 61 (Shore A) 75 (Shore A) 27 (Shore A) (Shore D-scale)

General information

Glass-transition temperature 48.7 58.0 48.7 62.7 -10.7 2.6 -9.6 °C

Source: Data Sheets, Materials for 3D Printing, Objet, http://www.objet.com/portals/0/docs2/FullCure_Letter_low.pdf, March 2011

Technology PolyJet

Manufacturer Objet Geometries (Table 2 of 2)

® ® ® ® ® DurusWhite FullCure 980 Tango FullCure 850 Vero Material FullCure 630 FullCure 655 FullCure 680 ® FullCure 430 Black Gray

Type of acrylate photo-polymer resin photopolymer resin material

Eden Type of Eden Eden 250/260/330/350/350V/500 250/260/330/350/350 machine 330/350/350V/500 V/500 rubber-like flexible hearing aid hearing aid good impact strength hearing aid DurusWhite general- materials; black is Notes material material and flexural modulus material (clear) purpose material slightly softer than its (rose clear) (skin tone) with opaque colors grey counterpart

Physical properties

Tensile strength 6,786 6,786 8,120 3,089 211 8,700 (ASTM D638) (46.8) (46.8) (56.0) (21.3) (1.455) (60) lb/in2 (MPa) Elastic modulus 324,409 324,409 391,587 164,691 27 435,000 (ASTM D638) (2,237.3) (2,237.3) (2,700) (1,135.8) (.185) (3,000) lb/in2 (MPa)

Elongation (ASTM D638) 20 20 10 44.2 218 15 % at break

Continued on the following page

® ® ® ® ® DurusWhite FullCure 980 Tango FullCure 850 Vero Material FullCure 630 FullCure 655 FullCure 680 ® FullCure 430 Black Gray

Impact strength (notched 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.83 0.47 Izod test) not available (23.2) (23.2) (22.2) (44.22) (25) ft-lb/in of notch (J/m)

Hardness (Shore 83 83 85 76 27 (Shore A) 86 D-scale)

General information

Glass- transition 44.9 44.9 58.5 35.9 -9.6 56.5 temperature °C

Source: Data Sheets, Materials for 3D Printing, http://www.objet.com/portals/0/docs2/FullCure_Letter_low.pdf, March 2011

Data was supplied by the material vendors and has not been verified through independent testing. Wohlers Associates makes no claims as to the suitability of any material for any purpose. Users of any materials should read and understand each material’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prior to use. Test values have not been derived by identical methods. Not all physical testing has been done according to ASTM procedures or on test bars produced on additive manufacturing equipment. Data should be used for general comparison purposes only. Contact the material vendors for pricing information.