Gledswood Shelter 1: Initial Radiocarbon Dates from a Pleistocene Aged Rockshelter Site in Northwest Queensland Lynley A

Short Reports

Gledswood Shelter 1: Initial Radiocarbon Dates from a Pleistocene Aged Rockshelter Site in Northwest Queensland Lynley A. Wallis1,2, Ben Keys1, Ian Moffat1,3 and Stewart Fallon3

Introduction The Study Site and Environs Like elsewhere in Australia, the archaeology of northwest GS1 is a small, south-facing overhang in a sandstone range Queensland has focused on the antiquity of occupation and situated a few kilometres north of the Norman River in the continuity of that occupation through the Last Glacial northwest Queensland (Figure 1). The area lies within the semi- Maximum (LGM), in an attempt to better understand the arid tropics, characterised by a short, hot, wet season and a long adaptive capabilities and strategies of early humans. Veth cool, dry season. While surface water is abundant during the wet (1989, 1993) has hypothesised that the northwest Queensland season, it becomes extremely scarce during the dry, when people savannah, as an important ‘corridor’ for the colonisation must access subterranean streams. The surrounding vegetation of Australia (e.g. Bird et al. 2005; Horton 1981), should is primarily open woodland and grassland, and even today the contain ‘early’ sites; and furthermore that with the climatic region is generally regarded as rugged and difficult to traverse. deterioration associated with the LGM, such sites should fit Like almost all overhangs in the vicinity, GS1 contains an array of one of two patterns: (1) they will be abandoned and display stenciled art (predominantly hand stencils) and occasional pecked a cultural hiatus; or, (2) if located in resource-rich zones geometric motifs. Description and analysis of the extensive art within catchments (‘local refuges’), they will continue to be in this and other shelters in the region shows some technical utilised, though subsistence strategies will be modified to rely similarities to that of the Central Queensland Highlands (cf. more heavily on locally available resources. The northwest Morwood 2002), though the range and proportions of specific Queensland sites of Colless Creek at Lawn Hill (Hiscock 1984, motifs of the two areas are clearly quite different, and the GS1 1988), and GRE8 near Riversleigh (Slack 2007:218-251; Slack et region is more aligned with the Northern Queensland Highland al. 2004), both fit the second pattern, i.e. persistent occupation Rock Art Province (Wade 2009). During a preliminary visit to through the LGM with altered strategies to cope with increased GS1 in 2005, charcoal, a portable grinding slab and flaked stone aridity. However, outside these local refugia, sites pre-dating the artefacts were observed on the shelter floor, and it was apparent LGM have not yet been located in the northwest Queensland that the site contained a considerable depth of sedimentary savannah. For example, Mickey Springs 34 (Porcupine Gorge) deposit. Ground-penetrating radar and magnetometer surveys provides evidence for human occupation from c.10,000 BP were subsequently undertaken to reveal subsurface information (Morwood 1990, 1992, 2002) and Cuckadoo Shelter in the about the distribution of stratigraphic units and concentrations Selwyn Ranges (Davidson et al. 1993) provides a near basal of magnetic minerals, and to better understand the bedrock date of 15,270±210 BP; Veth (1989:87) argued that such sites topography across the site (Conyers 2009). Three 1m2 squares reflect the post-LGM expansion of groups from refuges. The (D1, D0, C0) were excavated in 2006, with Square C0 still evidence available to date raises the question as to whether the producing stone artefacts at a depth of 180cm below surface, wider northwest Queensland savannah corridor was indeed without bedrock having been reached. A second field season in occupied in the pre-LGM period, when rainfall levels were 2008 expanded the excavation in order to reach bedrock and higher and there was greater availability of surface water and during this season a further three 1m2 squares were excavated food resources (cf. Hiscock and Wallis 2005). (C1, B1, B0), bringing the total area excavated to 6m2 (Figure 1). In 2002, a research programme was initiated in collaboration with the Woolgar Valley Aboriginal Corporation to investigate Methods the long-term chronology and nature of regional occupation Excavation in all squares proceeded using 5cm arbitrary spits of the northwest savannah corridor, beyond local refugia. unless a stratigraphic change was apparent. The use of shallower Subsequent surveys identified more than 100 sites among the spits than this was not considered appropriate given the nature sandstone escarpments in the foothills of the Gregory Ranges of the deposit; contemporary footsteps cause depressions (Wallis et al. 2004). However, owing to the specific site formation up to 5cm deep, and sleeping hollows created by macropods processes operating locally, few of these have accumulated have made the surface even more uneven. Presumably such sedimentary sequences suited to addressing questions of long- conditions have existed throughout the history of site use and term chronology. The recently excavated Gledswood Shelter 1 have led to a continuous mixing zone of 5–10cm depth at (hereafter GS1) is an exception to this generalisation and this the contemporary ground surface, a proposition supported paper presents the initial results of radiocarbon determinations during excavation by the lack of detailed stratigraphy or sharp from this site. boundaries between sedimentary units. Excavation continued until bedrock was reached, except in Square B0 where two large slabs of roof-fall prevented excavation beyond c.100cm below 1 Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, surface. Where possible, in situ charcoal samples were collected Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia [email protected] [email protected] during excavation and, following the completion of excavation, 2 Aboriginal Environments Research Centre, The University of further charcoal samples were recovered directly from the Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 3 Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, ACT exposed stratigraphic sections. Descriptions of sediment colours 0200, Australia [email protected], [email protected] were obtained through reference to a Munsell Soil Colour

Number 69, December 2009 71 Short Reports

Key Termite mound Unidentified species of bush Q Quinine bush T Terminalia sp. A Acacia sp. E Eucalyptus sp. B1 Excavation square Drip-line Geophysical survey grid A A Profile Outcropping bedrock

MN 0 1 2 3 4 5m

Square Square C0 D0 A A A E E E E E E

A D1 A D0 C1 0 1 2m C0 B1 B0 E T A A A T T T Q Q T T Q Q Q A Q Q Q E A Q Q Q A Q Q T Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure 1 Site plan and shelter profile, Gledswood Shelter 1, north Queensland.

Chart and pH values were determined through a colorimetric Queensland commences in the mid-Holocene (Morwood 1984, test. Bulk sediment samples were collected for subsequent 2002). The high pH levels throughout the deposit resulted in laboratory analysis including Loss on Ignition (LOI), magnetic extremely poor organic preservation, with only a few highly susceptibility, x-ray diffraction, phosphorous percentage, particle fragmentary small bones and seeds being recovered from the size analysis and granulometry, along with oriented samples for uppermost spits, though abundant charcoal was found from the micromorphological analysis, and samples for OSL dating. The surface through to c.100cm below the surface, below which it volume and weight of all excavated deposit was recorded and the decreased rapidly. deposit then passed through 7mm and 3mm nested sieves. Most Thirteen charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon 7mm sieve residues were preliminarily sorted in the field; most dating, documenting a pre-LGM, and late Pleistocene/Holocene 3mm sieve residues were bagged in the field and returned to the cultural sequence (Table 1). Radiocarbon determinations laboratory for sorting and analysis. were calibrated to calendrical ages using OxCal (v4.1) (Bronk Ramsey 2009), using the SHCal04 atmospheric curve to Initial Results calibrate Holocene radiocarbon dates (<11,000 BP) (McCormac Maximum depth to bedrock was reached in Squares C0, C1 and et al. 2004). Owing to limitations in southern hemispheric 14C B1 at approximately 275cm below surface (Figure 2). Eleven adjustments beyond this age, the 13,185±75 BP determination stratigraphic units were recorded, including three major zones was calibrated using the IntCal04 curve (Reimer et al. 2004). of roof fall. Abundant stone artefacts were recovered throughout Given the uncertainty for calibrating 14C ages older than 26 kyr the deposit to a depth of approximately 240cm below surface BP (van der Plicht et al. 2004), the 28,419±320 BP date has not in Squares C0, C1 and B1. More than 13,000 artefacts were been calibrated and is presented as a conventional radiocarbon recovered from the 2006 excavations alone. Although detailed determination only. analysis of the stone assemblage remains to be undertaken, initial examination reveals that the assemblage represents a Discussion and Conclusion largely expedient technology dominated by unretouched flakes GS1 is the first rockshelter outside a well-watered local refuge manufactured from locally available milky quartz and quartzite, in the savannah corridor of northwest Queensland to produce with occasional occurrences of higher quality chert and evidence for human occupation in the pre-LGM period, thus volcanics. In addition to flaked stone, numerous ochre fragments fitting with the transformation model presented by Hiscock were recovered from the 3mm sieve fractions in some squares. and Wallis (2005) and the biogeographic model of Veth (1989, Although these have not yet been quantified, a range of pigment 1993). Despite its comparatively small size, the presence of stone colours are represented and their analysis will be particularly artefacts, ochre and charcoal at the GS1 site are testimony to its interesting given arguments suggesting painted rock art in north repeated use throughout at least the last 28,400 years. It is not

72 Number 69, December 2009 Short Reports

cm below Square C0 (south face) Square C0 (west face) Square D0 (west face) Square D0 (north face) surface 0 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1

10 Unit 2 Unit 2 Unit 2 Unit 2 20

30 Unit 3 Unit 3 Unit 3 Unit 3 40 Unit 5 Unit 5 50

80 Unit 4 Unit 4 Unit 5 90 Key 100 Rock / bedrock

110 Unit 1 Stratigraphic unit 120 Tree root Roof-fall 130 unit 1 In situ C14 sample collected from section 140

150

160 Roof-fall unit 2 Roof-fall unit 2

170

180 Unit 1 10YR 6/1 Gray to 10YR 4/2 Dark grayish brown, medium sand; 190 pH = 5

200 Unit 6 Unit 2 10YR 4/1 Dark gray, fine to medium sand; pH = 5

210 Unit 3 10YR 3/1 Very dark gray, medium sand; pH = 5 Unit 4 10YR 4/1 Dark gray, fine to medium sand; pH = 5 220 Unit 6 Unit 5 230 10YR 5/2 Grayish brown, fine to medium sand; pH = 5 Unit 6 10YR 6/4 Light yellowish brown, medium sand; pH = 5.5 240 Unit 7 7.5YR 6/6 Reddish yellow to 7.5YR 8/4 250 Pink, medium to coarse sand; pH = 5.5 Unit 7 Unit 7 260 Unit 8 10YR 7/1 Light gray, medium sand; pH = 5

270 Roof-fall unit 1/2 10YR 7/3 Very pale brown to 10YR 6/3 Pale brown, Unit 8 Unit 8 fine to very coarse sand; pH = 5 280

Figure 2 Stratigraphic sections for Squares C0 and D0, Gledswood Shelter 1, north Queensland. yet clear whether it was continuously occupied or abandoned obvious break in stratigraphy. On this basis, additional AMS and through the height of the LGM before being reoccupied; certainly OSL dating is being undertaken to assess this issue at GS1, as there is a considerable depth of deposit containing abundant well as to assess the importance of the slight inversion during the stone artefacts between the c.13,200 and c.28,400 BP dates Holocene phase of occupation (Wk-19347). Some results from though the local catchment cannot be considered to possess the detailed analyses of the sediments from Square C0 are available general environmental criteria to be considered a local refuge, (Keys 2009; Keys et al. 2008); when combined with similar and thus we would expect it to be abandoned. As O’Connor et al. analyses from the other squares this will further contribute to (1999) have noted, many rockshelter sites in northern Australia our understanding of the site occupation history and formation experienced a temporal hiatus during the LGM without any processes. Phytolith analysis and charcoal species identification

Table 1 Radiocarbon age determinations from Gledswood Shelter 1, northwest Queensland.

Square XU Depth Lab. No. δ13C‰ 14C Age Calibrated Age BP (cm) (years BP) (2σ probability) C0 3 10 Wk-19346 -24.8±0.2 619±47 651(585)519 C0 5 22 ANU-2625 -28.0±2.3 1530±35 1485(1391)1297 C0 6 27 ANU-2626 -28.0±1.9 1600±35 1525(1439)1353 C0 9 42 ANU-2627 -28.2±2.7 3100±40 3368(3254)3081 C0 10 46 ANU-2629 -26.1±2.9 3525±40 3865(3748)3631 C0 10 46 Wk-19347 -24.8±0.2 5233±67 6179(5962)5746 C0 13 61 ANU-2630 -26.1±2.9 3765±40 4223(4065)3907 C0 16(2) 80 Wk-19348 -25.7±0.2 3566±51 3958(3799)3640 C0 16(2) 80 ANU-2631 -25.8±3.1 4260±45 4855(4717)4579 C0 19(2) 103 Wk-19349 -22.3±0.2 8581±40 9550(9508)9465 C0 22(1) 125 ANU-2633 -26.2±2.4 9310±50 10,570(10,417)10,264 C0 24(2) 139 Wk-19350 -25.0±0.2 13,185±75 16,006(15,626)15,247 B1 East Section 195 Wk-24199 -24.1±0.2 28,419±320 –

Number 69, December 2009 73 Short Reports

projects are scheduled to be undertaken in the near future to Keys, B., L.A. Wallis and I. Moffat 2008 The Role of Sedimentary Analysis in provide further complementary information on local vegetation, Understanding Human Occupation at the Pleistocene-Aged Gledswood 1 and detailed analysis of the extensive stone artefact assemblage Shelter, Northwest Queensland. Poster presented to the 4th AINSE Quaternary is underway. When all analyses have been completed, the results Dating workshop, 27-28 March 2008, Lucas Heights. from the GS1 investigations promise to provide important McCormac, F.G., A.G. Hogg, P.G. Blackwell, C.E. Buck, T.F.G. Higham and P.J. Reimer data to allow us to test competing models relating to cultural 2004 SHCal04 southern hemisphere calibration 0–1000 cal BP. Radiocarbon change, subsistence and land-use through the late Pleistocene 46:1087-1092. in the savannah corridor of northwest Queensland, as well as Morwood, M.J. 1984 The prehistory of the central Queensland highlands. Advances providing a valuable palaeoenvironmental record for a region in World Archaeology 3:325-380. which hitherto lacks any such local data. Morwood, M.J. 1990 The prehistory of Aboriginal land-use on the Upper Flinders River, north Queensland highlands. Queensland Archaeological Research 7:3- Acknowledgements 56. The excavations reported here were carried out in partnership Morwood, M.J. 1992 Changing art in a changing landscape: A case study from with the Woolgar Valley Aboriginal Corporation and supported the Upper Flinders River region of the North Queensland highlands. In J. by grants from AIATSIS and Flinders University. In particular McDonald and I.P. Haskovec (eds), State of the Art: Regional Rock Art Studies Helen Smith, Darren Kynuna, Roshani Smith and Mick Keyes in Australia and Melanesia, pp.60-70. Occasional AURA Publication 6. are thanked for their field assistance. Dick Cribb and Scott Melbourne: Australian Rock Art Research Association. Hinze generously provided a range of support (including Morwood, M. J. 2002. Visions from the Past: The Archaeology of Australian vehicle recovery and cold beverage delivery). Students from the Aboriginal Art. Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin. ARCH8306 Indigenous Archaeology Field School are thanked O’Connor, S., P. Veth, and A. Barham 1999 Cultural versus natural explanations for for their assistance, along with Kelly Wiltshire, Anthony Timms, lacunae in Aboriginal occupation deposits in northern Australia. Quaternary Toni Massey and Alice Beale. Thanks to Jim Allen, Sean Ulm International 59:61-70. and an anonymous referee whose comments helped clarify our Reimer, P.J., M.G.L. Baillie, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J.W. Beck, C.J.H. Bertrand, P.G. thinking and greatly improved this paper. Blackwell, C.E. Buck, G.S. Burr, K.B. Cutler, P.E. Damon, R.L. Edwards, R.G. Fairbanks, M. Friedrich, T.P. Guilderson, A.G. Hogg, K.A. Hughen, B. Kromer, References F.G. McCormac, S.W. Manning, C.B. Ramsey, R.W. Reimer, S. Remmele, Bird, M.I., D. Taylor and C. Hunt 2005 Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia J.R. Southon, M. Stuiver, S. Talamo, F.W. Taylor, J. van der Plicht and C.E. during the Last Glacial Period: A savanna corridor in Sundaland? Quaternary Weyhenmeyer 2004 IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka Science Reviews 24(20-21):2228-2242. BP. Radiocarbon 46:1029-1058. Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009 Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon Slack, M.J. 2007 Between the Desert and the Gulf: Evolutionary Anthropology and 51(1):337-360. Aboriginal Prehistory in the Riversleigh/Lawn Hill Region, Northern Australia. Conyers, L. 2009 Report on GPR Mapping, Queensland, Australia 2009. Unpublished Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, School of Philosophical report to Department of Archaeology, Flinders University and the Woolgar and Historical Inquiry, University of Sydney, Sydney. Valley Aboriginal Corporation. Slack, M.J., R.L.K. Fullagar, J.H. Field and A. Border 2004 New Pleistocene ages for Davidson, I., S.A. Sutton and S.J. Gale 1993 The human occupation of Cuckadoo 1 backed artefact technology in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 39(3):131- Rockshelter, northwest central Queensland. In M.A. Smith, M. Spriggs and B. 137. Fankhauser (eds), Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New van der Plicht, J.W., J.W. Beck, E. Bard, M.G.L. Baillie, P.G. Blackwell, C.E. Buck, M. Guinea and Island Melanesia, pp.164-172. Occasional Papers in Prehistory Friedrich, T.P. Guilderson, K.A. Hughen, B. Kromer, F.G. McCormac, C. Bronk 24. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Ramsey, O.J. Reimer, R.W. Reimer, S. Remmele, D.A. Richards, J.R. Southon, M. Australian National University. Stuiver and C.E. Weyhenmeyer 2004 NOTCAL04-comparison/calibration 14C Hiscock, P. 1984 Preliminary report on the stone artefacts from Colless Creek records 26-50 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46:1225-1238. cave, northwest Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research 1:120- Veth, P. 1989 Islands in the interior: A model for the colonization of Australia’s arid 151. zone. Archaeology in Oceania 24(3):81-92. Hiscock, P. 1988 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns and Artefact Manufacture at Veth, P.M. 1993 Islands in the Interior: The Dynamics of Prehistoric Adaptations Lawn Hill, Northwest Queensland. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of within the Arid Zone of Australia. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs Archaeology, University of Queensland, Brisbane. in Prehistory. Hiscock, P. and L.A. Wallis 2005 Pleistocene settlement of deserts from an Wade, V. 2009 Style, Space and Social Interaction: An Analysis of the Rock Art on Australian perspective. In P. Veth, M. Smith and P. Hiscock (eds), Desert Peoples: Middle Park Station, Northwest Queensland. Unpublished BArch(Hons) thesis, Archaeological Perspectives, pp.34-57. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide. Horton, D.R. 1981 Water and woodland: The peopling of Australia. Australian Wallis, L.A., D. Smith and H. Smith 2004 Recent archaeological surveys on Middle Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 16:21-27. Park Station, northwest Queensland. Australian Archaeology 59:43-50. Keys, B.O. 2009 Engrained in the Past: Using Geoarchaeology to Understand Site Formation Processes at the Gledswood Shelter 1 Site, Northwest Queensland. Unpublished BArch(Hons) thesis, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide.

74 Number 69, December 2009 In this issue

Editorial Sean Ulm & Annie Ross ii ARTICLES Excavations at Parnkupirti, Lake Gregory, Great Sandy Desert: OSL Ages for Occupation before the Last Glacial Maximum Peter Veth, Mike Smith, Jim Bowler, Kathryn Fitzsimmons, Alan Williams & Peter Hiscock 1 A Re-Evaluation of ‘Petroglyphs’ on Blue Tier, Northeast Tasmania Jo Field & Peter D. McIntosh 11 Artefact Assemblage Characteristics and Distribution on the Point Blane Peninsula, Blue Mud Bay, Arnhem Land Patrick Faulkner & Anne Clarke 21 Kabadul Kula and the Antiquity of Torres Strait Rock Art Ian J. McNiven, Liam M. Brady & Anthony J. Barham 29 Archaeozoological Records for the Highlands of New Guinea: A Review of Current Evidence Alice Sutton, Mary-Jane Mountain, Ken Aplin, Susan Bulmer & Tim Denham 41 Modernity and Tradition: Considerations of Cornish Identity in the Archaeological Record of a Burra Dugout Dean Mullen & Peter J. Birt 59 SHORT REPORTS An Engraved ‘Archaic Face’ in the Northeastern Simpson Desert June Ross & Mike Smith 68 Gledswood Shelter 1: Initial Radiocarbon Dates from a Pleistocene Aged Rockshelter Site in Northwest Queensland Lynley A. Wallis, Ben Keys, Ian Moffat & Stewart Fallon 71 BOOK REVIEWS What’s Changing: Population Size or Land-Use Patterns? The Archaeology of the Upper Mangrove Creek, Sydney Basin Reviewed by Brit Asmussen 75 Australia’s Eastern Regional Sequence Revisited: Technology and Change at Capertee 3 Reviewed by Chris Clarkson 76 The Bone Readers: Atoms, Genes and the Politics of Australia’s Deep Past Reviewed by Iain Davidson 77 Archaeology to Delight and Instruct: Active Learning in the University Classroom Reviewed by Martin Gibbs 78 The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration Reviewed by Luke Godwin 80 A Critical Exploration of Frameworks for Assessing the Significance of New Zealand’s Historic Heritage Reviewed by Jane Lennon 81 Place as Occupational Histories: An Investigation of the Deflated Surface Archaeological Record of Pine Point and Langwell Stations, Western New South Wales, Australia Reviewed by Ben Marwick 82 Aesthetics and Rock Art III Symposium: Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress Reviewed by June Ross 83 Heritage, Communities and Archaeology Reviewed by Amy Roberts 84 The Lost Legions: Culture Contact in Colonial Australia Reviewed by Nan Rothschild 85

Climate Change: The Science, Impacts and Solutions 2009 Reviewed by Michael J. Rowland 85

number 69 December 2009 number 69 Time to Quarry: The Archaeology of Stone Procurement in Northwestern New South Wales, Australia Reviewed by Justin Shiner 87 The Makers and Making of Indigenous Australian Museum Collections Reviewed by Michael C. Westaway 88 ISSN 0312-2417 THESIS ABSTRACTS 91

BACKFILL Lectures 94 List of Referees 96

NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS 97 Australian Archaeological Association INC. Office Bearers for 2009

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ISSN 0312-2417 TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Re-Evaluation of ‘Petroglyphs’ on Blue Tier, Northeast Tasmania Jo Field & Peter D. McIntosh 11

Artefact Assemblage Characteristics and Distribution on the Point Blane Peninsula, Blue Mud Bay, Arnhem Land Patrick Faulkner & Anne Clarke 21

Kabadul Kula and the Antiquity of Torres Strait Rock Art Ian J. McNiven, Liam M. Brady & Anthony J. Barham 29

Archaeozoological Records for the Highlands of New Guinea: A Review of Current Evidence Alice Sutton, Mary-Jane Mountain, Ken Aplin, Susan Bulmer & Tim Denham 41

Modernity and Tradition: Considerations of Cornish Identity in the Archaeological Record of a Burra Dugout Dean Mullen & Peter J. Birt 59 SHORT REPORTS An Engraved ‘Archaic Face’ in the Northeastern Simpson Desert June Ross & Mike Smith 68

Gledswood Shelter 1: Initial Radiocarbon Dates from a Pleistocene Aged Rockshelter Site in Northwest Queensland Lynley A. Wallis, Ben Keys, Ian Moffat & Stewart Fallon 71 BOOK REVIEWS What’s Changing: Population Size or Land-Use Patterns? The Archaeology of the Upper Mangrove Creek, Sydney Basin Reviewed by Brit Asmussen 75

Australia’s Eastern Regional Sequence Revisited: Technology and Change at Capertee 3 Reviewed by Chris Clarkson 76

The Bone Readers: Atoms, Genes and the Politics of Australia’s Deep Past Reviewed by Iain Davidson 77

Archaeology to Delight and Instruct: Active Learning in the University Classroom Reviewed by Martin Gibbs 78

The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration Reviewed by Luke Godwin 80

A Critical Exploration of Frameworks for Assessing the Significance of New Zealand’s Historic Heritage Reviewed by Jane Lennon 81 Place as Occupational Histories: An Investigation of the Deflated Surface Archaeological Record of Pine Point and Langwell Stations, Western New South Wales, Australia Reviewed by Ben Marwick 82

Aesthetics and Rock Art III Symposium: Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress Reviewed by June Ross 83

Heritage, Communities and Archaeology Reviewed by Amy Roberts 84

The Lost Legions: Culture Contact in Colonial Australia Reviewed by Nan Rothschild 85

Climate Change: The Science, Impacts and Solutions Reviewed by Michael J. Rowland 85

Time to Quarry: The Archaeology of Stone Procurement in Northwestern New South Wales, Australia Reviewed by Justin Shiner 87

The Makers and Making of Indigenous Australian Museum Collections Reviewed by Michael C. Westaway 88

THESIS ABSTRACTS 91

BACKFILL Lectures 94 List of Referees 96

NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS 97

Number 69, December 2009 i