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Interactive Effects of Shifting Body Size and Feeding Adaptation Drive
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/101675; this version posted January 20, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Interactive effects of shifting body size and feeding 2 adaptation drive interaction strengths of protist 3 predators under warming 4 Temperature adaptation of feeding 5 K.E.Fussmann 1,2, B. Rosenbaum 2, 3, U.Brose 2, 3, B.C.Rall 2, 3 6 1 J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner 7 Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany 8 2 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher 9 Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 10 3 Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, 11 Germany 12 Corresponding author: Katarina E. Fussmann 13 telephone: +49 341 9733195 14 email: [email protected] 15 Keywords: climate change, functional response, body size, temperature adaptation, activation 16 energies, microcosm experiments, predator-prey, interaction strength, Bayesian statistics 17 Paper type: Primary Research 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/101675; this version posted January 20, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 18 Abstract 19 Global change is heating up ecosystems fuelling biodiversity loss and species extinctions. -
Dr. Michael L. Rosenzweig the Man the Scientist the Legend
BIOL 7083 Community Ecologist Presentation Dr. Michael L. Rosenzweig The Man The Scientist The Legend Michael Rosenzweigs Biographical Information Born in 1941 Jewish Parents wanted him to be a physician Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 1966 Advisor: Robert H. MacArthur, Ph.D. Married for over 40 years to Carole Ruth Citron Together they have three children, and several grandchildren Biographical Information Known to be an innovator Founded the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona in 1975, and was its first head In 1987 he founded the scientific journal Evolutionary Ecology In 1998, when prices for journals began to rise, he founded a competitor, Evolutionary Ecology Research Honor and Awards Ecological Society of America Eminent Ecologist Award for 2008 Faculty of Sci, Univ Arizona, Career Teaching Award, 2001 Ninth Lukacs Symp: Twentieth Century Distinguished Service Award, 1999 International Ecological Soc: Distinguished Statistical Ecologist, 1998 Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, Univ Arizona: Fellow, 1997±8 Mountain Research Center, Montana State Univ: Distinguished Lecturer, 1997 Univ Umeå, Sweden: Distinguished Visiting Scholar, 1997 Univ Miami: Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1996±7 Univ British Columbia: Dennis Chitty Lecturer, 1995±6 Iowa State Univ: 30th Paul L. Errington Memorial Lecturer, 1994 Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biological Station: Eminent Ecologist, 1992 Honor and Awards Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, Israel: Jacob Blaustein Scholar, 1992 -
Annual Meeting 1998
PALAEONTOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 42nd Annual Meeting University of Portsmouth 16-19 December 1996 ABSTRACTS and PROGRAMME The apparatus architecture of prioniodontids Stephanie Barrett Geology Department, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK e-mail: [email protected] Conodonts are among the most prolific fossils of the Palaeozoic, but it has taken more than 130 years to understand the phylogenetic position of the group, and the form and function of its fossilized feeding apparatus. Prioniodontids were the first conodonts to develop a complex, integrated feeding apparatus. They dominated the early Ordovician radiation of conodonts, before the ozarkodinids and prioniodinids diversified. Until recently the reconstruction of the feeding apparatuses of all three of these important conodont orders relied mainly on natural assemblages of the ozarkodinids. The reliability of this approach is questionable, but in the absence of direct information it served as a working hypothesis. In 1990, fossilized bedding plane assemblages of Promissum pulchrum, a late Ordovician prioniodontid, were described. These were the first natural assemblages to provide information about the architecture of prioniodontid feeding apparatus, and showed significant differences from the ozarkodinid plan. The recent discovery of natural assemblages of Phragmodus inflexus, a mid Ordovician prioniodontid with an apparatus comparable with the ozarkodinid plan, has added new, contradictory evidence. Work is now in progress to try and determine whether the feeding apparatus of Phragmodus or that of Promissum pulchrum is most appropriate for reconstructing the feeding apparatuses of other prioniodontids. This work will assess whether Promissum pulchrum is an atypical prioniodontid, or whether prioniodontids, as currently conceived, are polyphyletic. -
Selection on Stability Across Ecological Scales
Published in 7UHQGVLQ(FRORJ\ (YROXWLRQ ± which should be cited to refer to this work. Selection on stability across ecological scales 1 2 3 4 Jonathan J. Borrelli , Stefano Allesina , Priyanga Amarasekare , Roger Arditi , 1 5 6 7 8 Ivan Chase , John Damuth , Robert D. Holt , Dmitrii O. Logofet , Mark Novak , 4 9 10 11 Rudolf P. Rohr , Axel G. Rossberg , Matthew Spencer , J. Khai Tran , and 1 Lev R. Ginzburg 1 Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA 2 University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 3 University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 5 University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 6 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 7 Laboratory of Mathematical Ecology, A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 8 Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA 9 Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft, UK 10 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 11 Syngenta, Greensboro, NC, USA Much of the focus in evolutionary biology has been on nature with a higher frequency than configurations that the adaptive differentiation among organisms. It is are strongly intrinsically unstable. equally important to understand the processes that If there is no way for a given set of species to coexist (not result in similarities of structure among systems. Here, feasible), then the configuration is doomed to extinction. we discuss examples of similarities occurring at different For example, in the well-studied intraguild predation ecological scales, from predator–prey relations (attack module, an intraguild predator and its prey (both of whom rates and handling times) through communities (food- share a third resource) are unlikely to coexist if both web structures) to ecosystem properties. -
Metacommunities Book
18.1 CHAPTER 18: ASSEMBLING AND DEPLETING SPECIES RICHNESS IN METACOMMUNITIES: INSIGHTS FROM ECOLOGY, POPULATION GENETICS AND MACROEVOLUTION Corresponding Author: Mark A. McPeek Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA Phone (603) 646-2389 Fax (603) 646-1347 Email [email protected] Richard Gomulkiewicz School of Biological Sciences P.O. Box 644236 Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164 USA Phone (509) 335-2527 Fax (509) 335-3184 Email [email protected] Running Headline: Interplay of Ecological Drift and Coexistence 18.2 The ecological mechanisms that influence levels of species richness remain elusive, particularly in high diversity systems. Ecosystems often harbor many congeneric and ecologically similar species within local areas, and local richness can be spectacular. Hundreds of beetle species (e.g., Didham et al. 1998: Harris and Burns 2000) and hundreds of butterfly species (e.g., DeVries and Walla 2001) can be found in small areas of tropical forests. The African rift lakes each contain hundreds of endemic cichlid species (reviewed in Kornfield and Smith 2000: Turner et al. 2001). Such impressive levels of biodiversity are not restricted to the tropics or to unique “hotspots”. At least 78 species in 49 genera of chironomid midges inhabit the gravel bottom of one 100 m stretch of stream in southern England, including eight Orthocladius and eight Cricotopus species (Ruse 1995). Five to twelve Enallagma damselfly species co-occur in lakes with fish across eastern North America (Johnson and Crowley 1980: McPeek 1989, 1990, 1998: Shiffer and White 1995: McPeek and Brown 2000). Such examples are easily gleaned from the literature for almost any ecosystem where careful sampling and taxonomic identifications have been done. -
How Many Tree Species Are There in the Amazon and How Many of Them Will Go Extinct?
How many tree species are there in the Amazon and how many of them will go extinct? Stephen P. Hubbell*†‡, Fangliang He§, Richard Condit†¶, Luı´sBorda-de-Agua*´ ʈ, James Kellnerʈ, and Hans ter Steege** *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; †Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948; §Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H1; ¶National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101; ʈDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and **Institute of Environmental Biology, Plant Ecology, and Biodiversity Section, National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands New roads, agricultural projects, logging, and mining are claiming attempt to answer the ‘‘how many tree species’’ question from an ever greater area of once-pristine Amazonian forest. The Mil- samples of virgin forest in eastern Amazonia in the state of Para´. lennium Ecosystems Assessment (MA) forecasts the extinction of a In their first paper, which reported counts of tree species in large fraction of Amazonian tree species based on projected loss of several 1-ha plots, they encountered a large fraction of tree forest cover over the next several decades. How accurate are these species only once (as a single individual) (11). In their second estimates of extinction rates? We use neutral theory to estimate study (1), they increased their plot size to 3.5 ha in the hope that the number, relative abundance, and range size of tree species in a larger sample size would reduce the number of singleton the Amazon metacommunity and estimate likely tree-species ex- species, but the problem only got worse rather than better. -
Stephen P. Hubbell: the Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Stephen P. Hubbell: The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography is published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, © 2001, by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers. For COURSE PACK and other PERMISSIONS, refer to entry on previous page. For more information, send e-mail to [email protected] CHAPTER ONE MacArthur and Wilson’s Radical Theory This is a book about a new general theory of biodiversity in a geographical context. I define biodiversity to be synony- mous with species richness and relative species abundance in space and time. Species richness is simply the total num- ber of species in a defined space at a given time, and relative species abundance refers to their commonness or rarity. This is a less inclusive definition of biodiversity than is commonly used in policy circles, but more in keeping with the classical discipline of ecology as the scientific study of the distribu- tion and abundance of species and their causes. Fragments of a general theory of biodiversity abound in ecological the- ories of island biogeography, metapopulations, and relative species abundance; but in my opinion, there have not yet been any really successful syntheses. Among the kinds of diversity patterns I seek to explain with this new theory are those illustrated in figure 1.1. -
A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Allee Effects
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2003 A theoretical and experimental study of Allee effects Joanna Gascoigne College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Fresh Water Studies Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Gascoigne, Joanna, "A theoretical and experimental study of Allee effects" (2003). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616659. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-qwvk-b742 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ALLEE EFFECTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Joanna Gascoigne 2003 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Joanna/Gascoigne Approved August 2003 Romuald N. Lipcius"Ph.D. Committee Chairman/Advisor L Rogar Mann, Ph.D. Mark R. Patterson, Ph.D. 1 Shandelle M. Henson, Ph.D Andrews University Berrien Springs, MI Callum Roberts, Ph.D. University of York, UK Craig Dahlgren, Ph.D. -
Jennifer G. Howeth, Et Al. Metacommunity Biology As an Eco
Eco-DAS VIII Eco-DAS VIII Chapter 6, 2010, 93-109 Symposium Proceedings © 2010, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Metacommunity biology as an eco-evolutionary framework for understanding exotic invasion in aquatic ecosystems Jennifer G. Howeth1†*, Alison M. Derry2, and Adam M. Reitzel3 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA 2Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 av. Docteur Penfield, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada 3Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Abstract One of the greatest threats to the biotic integrity of native aquatic communities over contemporary time scales is the invasion and rapid geographic spread of exotic species. Whereas dispersal rates of exotic species are documented to affect invasion success, few studies acknowledge the role of dispersal in both exotic and native species in mediating exotic establishment and the evolutionary response of native communities. In this chap- ter, we suggest that the metacommunity concept may serve as an informative, spatially explicit framework in which to describe dispersal-mediated trajectories of exotic invasion and the associated evolutionary response of native species. We outline ways in which metacommunity biology may enhance our understanding of the spa- tio-temporal invasion sequence, including exotic establishment, geographic spread, and interactions with native species. The integrative framework is subsequently applied to case studies of eco-evolutionary interac- tions between exotic and native species within invaded aquatic metacommunities, where dispersal-mediated evolutionary responses in both exotic and native species appear to be important. Finally, we propose a molec- ular toolkit that may facilitate understanding the evolutionary processes underlying different stages of the spa- tio-temporal invasion sequence. -
Evolution of Predator and Prey Movement Into Sink Habitats
vol. 174, no. 1 the american naturalist july 2009 ൴ Evolution of Predator and Prey Movement into Sink Habitats Sebastian J. Schreiber1,* and Evan Saltzman2 1. Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; 2. School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 Submitted October 2, 2008; Accepted January 21, 2009; Electronically published May 20, 2009 Online enhancements: appendixes. from an evolutionary perspective. After all, why should abstract: Mathematical models of predator-prey interactions in a individuals disperse from habitats with a higher mean fit- patchy landscape are used to explore the evolution of dispersal into sink habitats. When evolution proceeds at a single trophic level (i.e., ness to habitats with a lower mean fitness? Indeed, if there either prey or predator disperses), three evolutionary outcomes are is no variation of fitness within either habitat, such move- observed. If predator-prey dynamics are stable in source habitats, ments are maladaptive (Holt 1985). Maladaptive behavior then there is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) corresponding may arise if individuals have not evolved appropriate re- to sedentary phenotypes residing in source habitats. If predator-prey sponses to environmental changes (Remesˇ 2000; Delibes dynamics are sufficiently unstable, then either an ESS corresponding et al. 2001) or have perceptual constraints (Abrams 1986). to dispersive phenotypes or an evolutionarily stable coalition (ESC) When there is within-patch variation of fitness, however, between dispersive and sedentary phenotypes emerges. Dispersive phenotypes playing an ESS persist despite exhibiting, on average, a sink populations can evolve. This within-patch variation negative per capita growth rate in all habitats. -
On the Ecology of Invasive Species, Extinction, Ecological
ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION, ECOLOGICAL HISTORY, AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Charles Joseph Donlan January 2008 © 2008 Charles Joseph Donlan ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION, ECOLOGICAL HISTORY, AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Charles Joseph Donlan, Ph. D. Cornell University 2008 For thousand of years, invasive species have changed ecosystems and caused extinctions. Nowhere is this more apparent than on islands. Those ecosystem changes and extinctions are result of strong species interactions between invasive species and native communities. However, extinctions are rarely random and are often influenced by a suite of biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding the intricacies of invasions and their consequences is central to ecology and conservation. Here, I explore three aspects of invasion biology: 1) the ability to remove invasive mammals from islands and the biodiversity benefits, 2) the ability to predict extinctions caused by invasive species, and 3) the role ecological history plays in dictating nativeness with respect to restoration. Chapter one provides a brief overview of the three-decade progress of invasive mammal eradication on islands. I review the history of eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, and describe some recent successes in western Mexico and Galápagos that I have been part of over the past decade. Chapter two provides one example of the biodiversity benefits of eradication: the recovery of the Galápagos rail that was heavily impacted by invasive goat and pig populations prior to their removal from Santiago Island. -
Metabolic Adjustment Enhances Food Web Stability
Metabolic adjustment enhances food web stability Pierre Quévreux1 and Ulrich Brose2,3 1Sorbonne Universités, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UPEC, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement – Paris, iEES-Paris, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France 2German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany 3Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-1410 [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-583X Abstract Understanding ecosystem stability is one of the greatest challenges of ecology. Over several decades, it has been shown that allometric scaling of biological rates and feeding inter- actions provide stability to complex food web models. Moreover, introducing adaptive responses of organisms to environmental changes (e.g. like adaptive foraging that enables organisms to adapt their diets depending on resources abundance) improved species per- sistence in food webs. Here, we introduce the concept of metabolic adjustment, i.e. the ability of species to slow down their metabolic rates when facing starvation and to increase it in time of plenty. We study the reactions of such a model to nutrient enrichment and the adjustment speed of metabolic rates. We found that increasing nutrient enrichment leads to a paradox of enrichment (increase in biomasses and oscillation amplitudes and ultimately extinction of species) but metabolic adjustment stabilises the system by damp- ening the oscillations. Metabolic adjustment also increases the average biomass of the top predator in a tri-trophic food chain.