Major lineages and life cycles of land plants
Green plants: viridiplantae
Green plants
Embryophytes (land plants)
Bryophytes Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Seed plants
Green algae
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Mosses
Hornworts
Ferns Ferns
Liverworts Lycophytes Green plants: viridiplantae
Green plants Green algae life.umd.edu Embryophytes (land plants)
Nitella (Characeae)
embryo sporopollenin cuticle algalweb.net
Coleochaete
Land plants: embryophyta
Embryophytes (land plants) Bryophytes Tracheophytes
Anthoceros (vascular plants)
tracheids
Ceratadon
stomata
Marchantia Vascular plants: tracheophyta
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Seed plants (Gymnosperms +Angiosperms)
Polypodium seeds pollen
true leaves (megaphylls)
Lycopodium
Seed plants: spermatophyta
Seed plants
Pinus Gymnosperms
Conifers Gnetophytes Ginkgo Cycads Angiosperms Welwitschia Ginkgo Zamia Gymnosperms brevifolia Taxus plicata Thuja Pinus monticola
Chaw et al., 2000
Angiosperms
Seed plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
triploid endosperm reduced female gametophyte bitegmic ovules carpel sieve tubes ovary
placenta Monocots vs. dicots
Monocot& Dicot&
One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons&
Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one&or&three&apertures&(tricolpate)&
Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&three& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&four&or&five&
Leaf&veina5on¶llel& Leaf&veina5on&re5culate&
Vascular&bundles&sca=ered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring&
Adven55ous&roots&only& Primary&and&adven55ous&roots&
Monocots vs. dicots
Monocot& Dicot&
One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons&
Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one/three&apertures&(tricolpate)&
Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&three& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&four&or&five&
Leaf&veina5on¶llel& Leaf&veina5on&re5culate&
Vascular&bundles&sca=ered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring&
Adven55ous&roots&only& Primary&and&adven55ous&roots& Monocots vs. dicots
Monocot& Dicot&
One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons&
Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one&or&three&apertures&(tricolpate)&
Floral&parts&in&mul Leaf&veina5on¶llel& Leaf&veina5on&re5culate& Vascular&bundles&sca=ered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring& Adven55ous&roots&only& Primary&and&adven55ous&roots& Monocots vs. dicots Monocot& Dicot& One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons& Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one&or&three&apertures&(tricolpate)& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&three& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&four&or&five& Leaf&veina Vascular&bundles&sca=ered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring& Adven55ous&roots&only& Primary&and&adven55ous&roots& Monocots vs. dicots Monocot& Dicot& One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons& Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one&or&three&apertures&(tricolpate)& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&three& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&four&or&five& Leaf&veina5on¶llel& Leaf&veina5on&re5culate& Vascular&bundles&scaCered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring& Adven55ous&roots&only& Primary&and&adven55ous&roots& Monocots vs. dicots Monocot& Dicot& One&cotyledon& Two&cotyledons& Pollen&with&one&aperture&(monosulcate)& Pollen&with&one&or&three&apertures&(tricolpate)& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&three& Floral&parts&in&mul5ples&of&four&or&five& Leaf&veina5on¶llel& Leaf&veina5on&re5culate& Vascular&bundles&sca=ered&throughout&stem& Vascular&bundles&arranged&in&a&ring& Adven< Dicots with monosulcate pollen = paraphyletic Monocots = monophyletic Dicots with tricolpate pollen = monophyletic Eudicots (tricolpates) Angiosperm phylogeny Soltis et al., 2011 Rosids& Saxifragales& Asterids& Caryophyllales& Ranunculaceae& Monocots& Magnoliids& ANITA&grade& Life cycles: animals vs. plants Life cycles: plants Alternation of generations cycle between haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phase. =&fer5liza5on& http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations Life cycles: plants devbio.com Life cycles: plants devbio.com Life cycles: plants Pollina5on& devbio.com Life cycles: pollination and fertilization Seed plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms triploid endosperm reduced female gametophyte bitegmic ovules carpel sieve tubes ovary ovule placenta Life cycles: pollination and fertilization pollen grain pollination = male gametophyte ovule ovary embryo sac = female gametophyte fertilization micropyle Life cycles: review Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (or male cone to female cone). Occurs only in seed plants. Fertilization – fusion of egg and sperm to form zygote. Occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. Zygote in embryophytes becomes embryo. Sporophyte – the diploid (2n) generation in plants. Embryo becomes sporophyte. Produces spores. Spore – the haploid product of meiosis. Gametophyte – The haploid (1n) generation in plants. Spore becomes gametophyte. Produces gametes. Gamete – the haploid cells that participate in fertilization: egg and sperm. Gametes in embryophytes are produced by mitosis.