Law

Laurie Fransman ofthe Middle Temple, Barrister

Butterworths London, Edinburgh & Dublin 1998 Contents

Preface v Table of UK legislation xxvii Table of European Communities legislation xliii Table of international Conventions xlvii Table of other Community material xlix Table of Commonwealth and other legislation li Table of cases lvü

PARTI NATIONALITY IN EUROPE AT STATE, UNION AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS

Chapter 1 Nationality as distinct from and the roles of the member states, the and the Council of Europe 3 1.1 Nationality v citizenship 3 1.2 Nationality in the sovereign states, European Union and Council of Europe 5 1.2.1 Brief Statement on the competence of the states, the Union and the Council of Europe in nationality matters 5 1.2.2 The nationality laws of the member states 5 1.2.3 The Union's incompetence in nationality matters 6 1.2.4 Distinguishing the Union and the Council of Europe — the major European source of relevant international law 7 1.3 The place of the European Union and Union citizenship in a discussion on nationality 9 1.3.1 Two reasons Union citizenship cannot be excluded 9 1.3.2 The greater framework 11 1.3.3 Issues arising from vertical and horizontal relationships 11 1.3.4 The Commonwealth experience distinguished 13 1.3.5 Union citizenship as the origin of a future European nationality 14 1 -3.6 The issues to be examined further: the bridge to chapter 2 15 viü Contents Chapter 2 The European Union and Union citizenship 17 2.1 Origins of the European Union 17 2.1.1 1951-1957: the establishment of the original three supranational Comrnunities 17 2.1.2 Developments after 1957, including the Single European Act 18 2.2 Establishment of the Union and Union citizenship: the Treaty of Maastricht (or TEU) and Treaty of Amsterdam 20 2.2.1 A 'Union ... founded on the ... Communities' 20 2.2.2 The EEC becomes the EC, incorporating Union citizenship 24 2.3 Free movement rights in Community law 27 2.3.1 'Workers', 'establishment' and 'services' 27 2.3.2 Scope: 'domestic personal', 'international personal', 'territorial' 28 2.3.3 The broadening of the free movement rights - up to and including article 8a, EC Treaty 29 2.4 The Union Citizens entitled to move and reside freely 31 2.4.1 The three stages to identifying a 'Union Citizen' simpliciter 31 2.4.2 Every Union Citizen having 'the right to move and reside freely': the international personal scope of the article 8a right 33 2.4.3 Whether a national is only a 'Union Citizen' within article 8a if within its personal scope 35 2.4.4 Union Citizens 'from' Europe and abroad; who defines it, what it means and the disparity between theory and practice 36 2.4.5 Catalogue of nationals of the member states 39 2.5 The 'territory' within which Union Citizens are entitled to move and reside freely under article 8a, EC Treaty 47 2.5.1 'Territory' of a State: the purpose of the enquiry and general comments on extent 47 2.5.2 Article 227 in brief 50 2.5.3 The countries to which the Treaty applies (art 227(1)) 50 2.5.4 The non-European dependencies of the member states (art 227(2)-(3)) 51 2.5.5 The European dependencies of the member states (art227(4)-(5)) 67 2.5.6 Disputed territories, decolonisation and United Nations' interests 69 2.5.7 Conclusions and füll catalogue of states and territories 70 Catalogue of states and territories 70

Chapter 3 International materials, principles and policies 81 3.1 A selection, not comprehensive Statement, of international law and related matters 81 Contents ix 3.2 Major principles and policies concerning nationality 81 3.2.1 Nationality is in the state's 'reserved domain' 81 3.2.2 The right to nationality and related matters 83 3.2.3 The : a national's right to enter, depart from, and move and reside freely within his own country 84 3.2.4 Acquisition through genuine connection? and , changing civil Status, investment programmes, representation in international competition, etc 86 3.2.5 Multiple (or dual) nationality 88 3.2.6 Executive discretion and judicial control 92 3.2.7 Non-discrimination 92 3.3 Council of Europe resolutions and recommendations concerning nationality 93 3.3.1 The effect of Strasbourg resolutions and recommendations 93 3.3.2 Acquisition by refugees of the nationality of their country of residence 93 3.3.3 The nationality of spouses of different 96 3.3.4 The equality of the parents of legitimate children 97 3.3.5 Migrants in the member states 97 3.3.6 Preventing at birth 98 3.3.7 'Mixed marriages' (ie parents of different European nationalities) 99 3.4 Treaty law concerning nationality 100 3.4.1 Introduction 100 3.4.2 Chronological catalogue of treaty provisions relating to nationality 101

PART II PERSONAL STATUS IN BRITISH —BRITISH SUBJECTS TO BRITISH CITIZENS

SECTION A

BRITISH NATIONALITY LAW PRIOR TO 1983

Chapter 4 Introduction: preliminary concepts and 'status tracing' 129 4.1 The evolutionary nature of : the need toknow 129 4.1.1 Prior to 1915 129 4.1.2 1915 to 1948, inclusive 129 4.1.3 1949 to 1982, inclusive 129 4.1.4 Since 1983 130 4.2 How much of the old law must one know? 130 4.3 'Acquisition rules' (including jus soli and jus sanguinis) and 'loss rules' 130 x Contents 4.3.1 Acquisition rules 131 4.3.2 Loss rules 131 4.4 Automatic (ex lege) and non-automatic (by entitlement or discretionary) processes 131 4.5 Re-classification at midnight on 31 December 1948 and 31 December 1982 132 4.6 Retrospective and non-retrospective provisions 132 4.7 Status tracing 132 Example 1 133 Example 2 134

Chapter 5 The law prior to 1915: the Statute De natis ultra mare (1350) to the Acts (1870-1895)) 153 5.1 Allegiance—the beginning of nationality 153 5.2 The nationality categories—British subjects, protected persons and aliens 154 5.3 Acquisition of Status: birth 154 5.4 Acquisition of British subject Status: descent 154 5.5 Acquisition of British subject Status: naturalisation (including wives and minors) and endenisation 157 5.5.1 Naturalisation 158 5.5.2 Endenisation 162 5.6 Acquisition of British subject Status: annexation 165 5.7 Loss of British subject Status 166 5.7.1 Loss generally 166 5.7.2 Wives 167 5.7.3 Minors 167 5.8 Resumptionof British subject Status 168 5.9 The emergence of protected persons and places 168 5.10 On the eveof the 1914 Act 169

Chapter 6 The law between 1914 and 1949 170 6.1 The Statutes and their general purpose 170 6.2 Acquisition of British subject Status: birth 171 6.2.1 Birth within dominions and allegiance 171 6.2.2 Birth on British ship 171 6.2.3 Birth in a protected place 171 6.3 Acquisition of British subject Status: descent 172 6.3.1 Section l(l)(b)(i): the child of a British subject by birth 173 6.3.2 Section l(l)(b)(ü): the child of a naturalised British subject 173 6.3.3 Section l(l)(b)(iii): the child of a British subject by annexation 174 6.3.4 Section l(l)(b)(iv): the child of a British subject (by descent) in Crown Service 174 6.3.5 Section l(l)(b)(v): the child of a British subject • by descent 175 Contents xi 6.4 Acquisition of British subject Status: naturalisation 176 6.4.1 Aliens generally 176 6.4.2 Wives 177 6.4.3 Minors 178 6.5 Acquisition of British subject Status: annexation 179 6.6 Loss of British subject Status 179 6.6.1 Loss generally 179 6.6.2 Wives 180 6.6.3 Minors 181 6.7 Resumption of British subject Status 184 6.8 British Protected Persons 184 6.9 On the eve of the 1948 Act 184

Chapter 7 The law between 1948 and 1983: introduction and the re-classification of British subjects 186 7.1 Schemeof the 1948 186 7.2 The equivalent of the BNA 1948 in each of the original s 1(3) Commonwealth countries 187 7.3 Categories of British nationality as of 1 January 1949 188 7.4 The automatic re-classification of British subjects on 1 January 1949 and the ascertainment of who held the Status immediately prior 190 7.4.1 Wives who through marriage had ceased to be British subjects 191 7.4.2 Children who by failing to make a declaration had ceased to be British subjects by descent 191 7.4.3 Children who by automatically taking the nationality of their parents had ceased to be British subjects 191 7.4.4 Registering pre-1949 births on or after 1 January 1949 192 7.4.5 Pre-1949 naturalisation applications still outstanding on 1 January 1949 193 7.5 The pre-1949 British subjects who were re-classified as British subjects without citizenship (ie potential s 1(3) Citizens under s 32(7)) 193 7.6 Why British subject without citizenship Status continued to exist despite its planned obsolescence 197 Summary of 7.5 and 7.6 200 7.7 The pre-1949 British subjects re-classified as CUKCs 200 7.7.1 Birth in the UK and Colonies: s 12(l)(a) 201 7.7.2 Naturalisation in the UK and Colonies: s 12(l)(b) 201 7.7.3 Annexation of territory included in the UK and Colonies: s 12(l)(c) 202 7.7.4 Descent from the UK and Colonies: s 12(2) 202 7.7.5 Birth in certain protected places: s 12(3) 202 7.7.6 The 'tidying-up loose ends' provision: s 12(4) 203 7.7.7 Marriage to a man who 'belonged' to the UK and Colonies: s 12(5) 205 7.7.8 Transitional registration provisions: s 12(6) and (7) 206 7.7.9 Reclassification under s 13(2) 206 xii Contents Chapter 8 The law between 1948 and 1983: the acquisition and loss rules 207 8.1 The rules and the Statutes 207 8.2 Acquisition of citizenship of the UK and colonies: birth and adoption 207 8.3 Acquisition of citizenship of the UK and Colonies: descent 209 8.3.1 The general rule 209 8.3.2 Legitimacy and subsequent legitimation 210 8.3.3 Fathers who were CUKCs by descent 211 8.3.4 The s 5(1) proviso: transmission by CUKCs by descent 212 8.3.5 Amendments subsequent to the BNA 1948 215 8.4 Acquisition of citizenship of the UK and Colonies: naturalisation 215 8.5 Acquisition of citizenship of the UK and Colonies: registration 216 8.5.1 Registration by Citizens of Commonwealth countries 218 8.5.2 Registration by Citizens of the 228 8.5.3 Registration by wives of CUKCs 229 8.5.4 Registration of minors 229 8.5.5 British subjects without citizenship registering as CUKCs 230 8.5.6 Registration by stateless persons 230 8.5.7 Registration by persons who previously had been CUKCs 231 8.6 Acquisition of citizenship of the UK and colonies: incorporation of territory 231 8.7 Loss of citizenship of the UK and colonies 231 8.7.1 Automatic loss (or loss ex lege): the independence of territories 232 8.7.2 Renunciation 232 8.7.3 Deprivation 233 8.8 Resumption of citizenship of the UK and colonies 234 8.9 British subjects without citizenship and, from 1965, British subjects by registration: acquisition and loss 234 8.9.1 Acquisition 235 8.9.2 Loss 236 8.10 British subjects with citizenship of the Republic of Ireland: acquisition and loss 238 8.11 British Protected Persons: acquisition and loss 239 8.11.1 Acquisition 240 8.11.2 Loss 243 8.12 Citizens of Commonwealth countries: acquisition and loss 245

Chapter 9 The law between 1948 and 1983: separate development of the right of abode 246 9.1 The significance of immigration Status and the Commonwealth Immigrants Acts 1962 and 1968 246 9.1.1 Immigration Status 246 Contents xiii 9.1.2 Departure from the traditions of Empire: the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 247 9.1.3 British Asians in East Africa and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 247 9.2 'Patriality' or the 'right of abode in the UK' under the Immigration Act 1971s 2 248 9.2.1 The Status 248 9.2.2 The nationality categories involved 248 9.2.3 The provisions of s 2 249 9.3 The 'right of abode' and 'right to readmission' compared 253 9.4 The function and disfunction of the right of abode provisions in practice 256 9.4.1 The s 2(4) anomaly: patrial women and children of Asian descent from East and Southern Africa 256 9.4.2 The lasting nature of s 2(2) patriality: wives from the Caribbean 258 9.4.3 Disfunction: patriality by 'circumstance', not 'descent' (with particular reference to ) 260 9.5 Patriality procedure, evidence and appeals: 1.1.1973 to 31.12.1982 261 9.5.1 Procedure and evidence 261 9.5.2 Appeals 263

SECTION B

BRITISH NATIONALITY LAW SINCE 1983

Chapter 10 The law from 1983: The BNA 1981 (and later Acts), the reclassifications on commencement and the fate of patriality 267 10.1 The BNA 1981 and subsequent Statutes 267 10.1.1 Originsofthe 1981 Act 267 10.1.2 Round-up of the pre-1983 laws and policies to which the Act responded 267 10.1.3 The key changes on 1 January 1983 269 10.1.4 British citizenship under subsequent Acts 270 10.2 The nationality categories and the reclassification of pre-1983 CUKCs and others 271 10.2.1 British Citizens 271 10.2.2 British Dependent Territories Citizens (BDTCs) 275 10.2.3 British Overseas Citizens (BOCs) 276 10.2.4 British subjects under the Act 277 10.2.5 British protected persons (BPPs) 277 10.2.6 Citizens of Commonwealth countries 277 10.2.7 'Commonwealth Citizens' 277 10.2.8 Aliens 278 10.2.9 British Nationais (Overseas) (BN(O)s) 278 10.3 The immigration Status associated with the categories and the redeployment of the right of abode 278 10.3.1 The right of abode of British Citizens 278 xiv Contents 10.3.2 British Dependent Territories citizenship and associated immigration rights in colonies (including BN(O)s since 1 July 1987) 278 10.3.3 British Overseas citizenship, Status and British subject Status under the Act—no right to reside anywhere 279 10.3.4 Commonwealth citizenship and the right of abode 280 10.3.5 The redeployment of the right of abode generally 280 10.4 The Act and royal prerogative 282

Chapter 11 The different qualities of residence for the purposes of the 1981 Act 285 11.1 The different qualities of residence used by the Act 285 11.1.1 'Right of abode in the UK' 285 11.1.2 'Settled' 285 11.1.3 'Not subject to any restriction on the period for which he might remain' 285 11.1.4 'Ordinary residence' 286 11.1.5 Mere physical presence, lawful or unlawful 286 11.2 The meaning of 'settled' and 'without time restrictions' 286 11.2.1 Settled — ordinary residence without time restrictions 286

Chapter 12 Acquisition of British citizenship: birth, abandonment and adoption 293 12.1 Birth in the UK: departure from jus soli 293 12.1.1 Pre-1983 293 12.1.2 The current rule 293 12.1.3 Born'in the UK' 293 12.1.4 Legitimacy and legitimation 294 12.1.5 A'settled'parent 294 12.1.6 Where subsequent to birth the parent's British citizenship or settled Status at the time of birth in question 295 12.2 Birth in the UK: British citizenship for persons who fail to qualify under the 'birth' provisions 296 12.2.1 A parent becomes a British Citizen or settled 296 12.2.2 Ten years' residence 296 12.2.3 Prevention of statelessness 297 12.3 Abandonment 297 12.4 Adoption 297

Chapter 13 Acquisition of British citizenship: descent 299 13.1 Birth outside the UK: one generation jus sanguinis based on sexual equality 299 Contents xv 13.1.1 Pre-1983 299 13.1.2 The current rules 299 13.1.3 The meaning of Crown Service, designated Service and Community Service 300 13.1.4 Legitimacy and subsequent legitimation 302 13.2 The British Citizens 'by descent' 303 13.2.1 Pre-1983 CUKCs reclassified as British Citizens by descent 304 13.3 British citizenship for persons who fail to qualify under the 'descent' provisions 312 13.3.1 Two generations removed but with a parent who before the birth returned for at least three years 312 13.3.2 Two generations removed but after the birth the family return for at least three years 313 13.3.3 The general discretion to register any minor 313 13.3.4 Prevention of statelessness 313 13.4 The 1948 and 1981 provisions briefly compared 313

Chapter 14 Acquisition of British citizenship: naturalisation 315 14.1 Before and after 1983 315 14.1.1 The pre 1983 law 315 14.1.2 Main policy changes 315 14.2 Naturalisation generally—the two stages and discretion 316 14.3 The naturalisation requirements 318 14.3.1 Section 6(1) naturalisations 318 14.3.2 Section 6(2) naturalisations 318 14.3.3 The date(s) at which each requirement must be satisfied 319 14.4 Unwaivable requirements and multiple eligibility under the Act 319 14.4.1 Unwaivable requirements 319 14.4.2 Multiple eligibility under the Act 320 14.5 The residence (or alternative) requirements 320 14.5.1 Residence (or the alternative) under s 6(1) 320 14.5.2 Residence (and the partial alternative) under s 6(2) 322 14.5.3 The way in which the discretion to waive is exercised 323 14.6 The good character requirement 325 14.7 The language requirement 328 14.8 The intention requirement 329 14.9 Naturalisation and tax residence/domicile 331 14.10 Transitional and completion provisions 333

Chapter 15 Acquisition of British citizenship: registration 334 15.1 The BNA 1981 and other Acts, transitional and permanent registrations, discretionary and by entitlement 334 15.2 Citizens of Commonwealth countries 334 15.2.1 Pre-1983 Registration by entitlement 334 xvi Contents 15.2.2 Discretionary registration 335 15.2.3 Under the BNA 1981 335 15.3 Citizens of the Republic of Ireland and British subjects without citizenship or by registration order BNA 1965 s 1 337 15.4 Wives of Citizens of the UK and Colonies/spouses of British Citizens 337 15.4.1 Registration by entitlement 338 15.4.2 Discretionary registration 338 15.5 Minors 338 15.5.1 Pre-1983 338 15.5.2 Registration of minors by entitlement under the BNA 1981 339 15.5.3 Discretionary registration of minors 342 15.6 'British nationals' 346 15.7 Stateless persons 347 15.7.1 Statelessness provisions in the Act 347 15.7.2 Registration of persons born after commencement 348 15.7.3 Registration of persons born before commencement 349 15.8 Registration as a means of resuming citizenship 349 15.9 Registration of 350 15.10 Transitional and completion provisions 351

Chapter 16 Acquisition of British citizenship: incorporation/annexation of territory and the 352 •16.1 Incorporation/annexation of territory 352 - 16.2 The British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 352 16.3 The reclassification on 1 January 1983 of Falkland Islands CUKCs 353 16.4 Acquisition subsequent to commencement: birth 353 16.5 Acquisition subsequent to commencement: descent 353 16.6 Acquisition subsequent to commencement: naturalisation 354 16.7 Acquisition subsequent to commencement: registration 354 16.7.1 Persons reclassified as BDTCs on commencement 354 16.7.2 Persons becoming BDTCs subsequent to commencement 354 16.8 Loss of British citizenship: renunciation and deprivation 355 16.9 Significance of the 1983 Act 355

Chapter 17 Loss and resumption of British citizenship 356 17.1 Loss of British citizenship 356 17.1.1 Renunciation 356 17.1.2 Deprivation 356 17.1.3 Ineffective registrations and naturalisations 357 17.2 Resumption of British citizenship 358 Contents xvii Chapter 18 Acquisition and loss of any other citizenship/status 359 18.1 British Dependent Territories citizenship 359 18.1.1 Acquisition 359 18.1.2 Loss 359 18.2 British Overseas citizenship 360 18.2.1 Acquisition 360 18.2.2 Loss 361 18.3 British subject Status 361 18.3.1 Acquisition 361 18.3.2 Loss 363 18.4 British Protected Persons 363 18.4.1 Acquisition 363 18.4.2 Loss 364 18.5 British Nationais (Overseas) 365 18.6 Citizens of Commonwealth countries 365

SECTION C PRACTICE, PROCEDURE, EVIDENCE AND APPEALS

Chapter 19 Claiming that British citizenship or the right of abode has been acquired by Operation of law 369 19.1 Introduction to Chapters 19-21 369 19.2 Seeking a British or certificate of entitlement to the right of abode—the contents of this chapter 369 19.3 Section 3(9) of the IA 1971 (proof of Status pre-1983) 370 19.4 Section 3(9) and (9A) of the IA 1971 as amended by the BNA 1981 (proof of Status from 1 January 1983 to 31 July 1988, ine) 370 19.5 Section 3(9) of the IA 1971 as amended by the IA 1988 (proof of Status since 1 August 1988) 372 19.6 Applying for a certificate of entitlement 373 19.7 Applying for a 375 19.8 British citizenship claimants: asserting claims before 1 August 1988 (where no prior certificate of entitlement or British passport was required) 376 19.8.1 Claiming British citizenship on arrival at a port of entry 376 19.8.2 Claiming British citizenship from abroad (by applying for an optional certificate of entitlement or the like) 378 19.8.3 Summary 381 19.9 Asserting Claims to British citizenship or the right of abode since 1 August 1988 and Status disputes on or after arrival 381 19.10 The bürden and Standard of proof 384 19.11 Acquiring British citizenship or the right of abode by mistake 384 xviii Contents Chapter 20 Applying to be naturalised or registered 387 20.1 Applications and unwaivable requirements 387 20.1.1 Application forms and the Regulations 387 20.1.2 Unwaivable requirements 389 20.2 Fees and delays 392 20.2.1 Fees 392 20.2.2 Delays 393 20.3 The receiving authority, date an application is 'made' and requests for priority 395 20.4 Interviews, enquiries and notice to applicants of areas of concern to the Secretary of State 396 20.5 Post-application changes 397 20.6 Oaths of allegiance and moment of acquisition 398 20.7 Theeffectofdeception 400 20.8 Re-opening applications and reapplications 400

Chapter 21 Appealing (or otherwise challenging) rejected Claims and refused applications 401 21.1 Statutory appeals, other challenges and the appellate authoriry's nationality jurisdiction 401 21.1.1 Appeal rights and related matters: contents of the chapter 401 21.1.2 The jurisdiction of the appellate authority to consider nationality matters in immigration proceedings 402 21.2 Appeals against the refusal of an application outside the UK for a certificate of entitlement: s 13(2) IA 1971 402 21.3 Appeals against the refusal of an application within the UK for a certificate of entitlement: ss 13(2) and 14(1) IA 1971 403 21.4 Appeals against the refusal of an application for passport facilities 403 21.5 Appeals against the rejection of a Claim (not to require leave) made on arrival at a UK port of entry: s 13(1) IA 1971 404 21.5.1 Before 1 August 1988 404 21.5.2 Since 1 August 1988 406 21.6 Appealing a refused 'certificate of confirmation' before 1 August 1988: s 13(2) IA 1971 407 21.7 Reasons for refusing naturalisation and registration and reviews of the decision: s 44's non-discrimination principle and ouster clause 409 21.7.1 The non-discrimination principle of s 44( 1) 409 21.7.2 Section 44(2)—its content and the decisions which for its purposes are discretionary 410 21.7.3 Reasons and the Secretary of State's 'duty to give notice of areas of concern' or 'duty of disclosure' 411 21.7.4 Appeals and reviews: the s 44(2) ouster clause 414 21.7.5 Adjudicator and Tribunal appeals, the Ombudsman and CRE 416 Contents xix PART III THE PLACES OF BRITISH NATIONALITY LAW - STATES AND TERRITORIES

Introduction to Part III 419

SECTION A

THE SIGNIFICANT TYPES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES A.l Introduction and terms 421 A.2 'Within the Crown's dominions' 422 A.2.1 Meaning of the expression 422 A.2.2 Limits of a territory falling within the Crown's dominions 422 A.2.3 The rise of the 'Dominion' 423 A.3 The 'Dominions' 423 A.3.1 Meaning of the expression 423 A.3.2 Development of the Dominions 424 A.3.3 The rise of the 'independent Commonwealth countries' 425 A.4 The '' 425 A.4.1 Meaning of the expression 425 A.4.2 Chronology 427 A.5 The 'Protected States' 428 A.5.1 Meaning of the expression 428 A.5.2 Chronology 429 6 The 'mandated territories' and 'trust territories' 430 A.6.1 Meaning of the expressions 430 A.6.2 Chronology 433 A.7 A 'foreign territory in which the Crown exercised extra-territorial jurisdiction over British subjects' 433 A.7.1 Meaning of the expression 433 A.7.2 Administration 434 A.8 'Within the UK and Colonies' 434 A.8.1 Meaning of the expression 434 A.8.2 Chronology 435 A.9 The 'Associated States' 437 A.10 The'independent Commonwealth countries' 438 A.ll The'British Dependent Territories' 440

SECTION B

CATALOGUE OF STATES AND TERRITORIES B.l Abu Dhabi 441 B.2 Aden 441 B.3 Aegean islands 441 B.4 Ajman 441 B.5 Akrotiri 441 B.6 Albania 442 B.7 Alberta 442 xx Contents B.8 Aldabra Islands (or the Aldabra Group) 442 B.9 Algeria 442 B.10 Anguilla 442 B.ll 443 B.12 Arabian Protectorates 449 B.13 Ascension Island 449 B.14 Ashanti 449 B.15 449 B.16 Bahamas 467 B.17 Bahrain 473 B.18 Bakloh Cantonment 475 B.19 Bangladesh 475 B.20 477 B.21 Barbuda 482 B.22 Barotseland 482 B.23 Basutoland 482 B.24 Bay Islands 482 B.25 Bechuanaland 482 B.26 482 B.27 488 B.28 Bosnia and Herzegovina 489 B.29 Botswana 489 B.30 British Antarctic Territory 497 B.31 British Bechuanaland 497 B.32 British Columbia 498 B.33 British Guiana 498 B.33A British India 498 B.34 British Indian Ocean Territory 498 B.35 British North Borneo 499 B.36 British 499 B.37 499 B.38 499 B.39 Bulgaria 506 B.40 Burma 506 B.41 Cameroons 510 B.42 510 B.43 Canton Island 524 B.44 Cape Colony 524 B.45 Cayman Islands 524 B.46 Ceylon 525 B.47 Chagos Archipelago 525 B.48 525 B.49 526 B.50 Christmas Island 526 B.51 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 526 B.52 Cook Islands 526 B.53 Crete 526 B.54 Cyprus (including Sovereign Base Areas) 526 B.55 Dalhousie Cantonment 536 B.56 Desroches Island 537 B.57 Dhekelia 537 B.58 Dindings 537 Contents xxi B.59 Dodecanese Islands 537 B.60 Dominica 537 B.61 Dubai 542 B.62 Ducie 542 B.63 Eastern Aden Protectorate 542 B.64 East Africa Protectorate 542 B.65 Egypt 542 B.66 Eire 543 B.67 Ellice Islands 543 B.68 Epirus 543 B.69 Ethiopia 543 B.70 Falkland Islands 543 B.71 Fanning Islands 544 B.72 Farquhar Islands 544 B.73 Fiji 544 B.74 Fujairah 549 B.75 Gambia 549 B.76 Germany 556 B.77 Ghana 556 B.78 570 B.79 Gilbert Islands 570 B.80 Gold Coast 570 B.81 Gough Island 571 B.82 Graham Land 571 B.83 Greece 571 B.84 Grenada 571 B.85 Grenadines 576 B.86 576 B.87 Gwadur 581 B.88 Heligoland 581 B.89 Henderson 581 B.90 Herzegovina 581 B.91 HongKong 581 B.92 Inaccessible Island 607 B.93 India 607 B.94 Ionian Islands 623 B.95 Iran 623 B.96 Iraq 624 B.97 Ireland 624 B.98 Irish Free State 637 B.99 IsleofMan 638 B.100 Israel 638 B.101 Jamaica 638 B.102 Japan 644 B.103 Johore 644 B.104 Jordan 644 B.105 Jubaland 644 B.106 Kalba 644 B.107 Kalka Cantonment 644 B.108 Kamaran 645 B.109 Kassauli Cantonment 645 B.U0 645 xxii Contents B. 111 Keeling Islands (also known as Cocos Islands) 645 B.112 645 B.113 645 B.114 Kiribati 656 B.115 Korea 664 B.116 Kowloon 664 B. 117 Kuria Muria Island 664 B.118 Kuwait 665 B.119 Labuan 666 B.120 Lebanon 666 B.121 Leeward Islands 667 B.122 Lesotho 667 B.123 Libya 676 B.124 Line Islands 676 B.125 Macedonia 676 B.126 Madagascar 676 B.127 Malacca 676 B.128 Malagasy 676 B.129 Malawi 676 B.130 Malay States 689 B.131 Malaya 689 B.132 689 B.133 Maldive Islands 722 B.134 Malta 723 B.135 Manitoba 729 B.136 Mauritius 729 B.137 Montenegro 734 B.138 Montserrat 734 B.139 Morocco 735 B.140 Mosquito Coast Settlement 735 B.141 Muscat and Oman 735 B.142 Namibia 736 B.143 Natal 738 B.144 Nauru 738 B.145 Negri Sembilan 740 B.146 Nevis 740 B.147 New Brunswick 741 B.148 New Guinea 741 B.149 NewHebrides 741 B.150 New South 741 B.151 New Territories 741 B.152 NewZealand 741 B.153 Newfoundland 756 B.154 Nigeria 756 B.155 Nightingale Islands 772 B.156 Norfolk Island 772 B.157 NorthBorneo 772 B.158 772 B.159 NovaScotia 773 B.160 773 B.161 Ocean Island 773 Contents xxiii B.162 Oeno 773 B.163 Oil Islands 773 B.164 Oman 773 B.165 Ontario 773 B.166 Orange Free State 773 B.167 773 B.168 Pakistan 773 B.169 Palestine 786 B.170 786 B.171 Penang 795 B.172 795 B.173 Perim Island 795 B.174 Periis 795 B.175 Persia 795 B. 176 Persian Gulf States 795 B.177 Phoenix Islands 796 B.178 Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands 796 B.179 Prince Edward Island 796 B.180 ProvinceWellesley 796 B.181 Qatar 796 B.182 Quebec 798 B.183 Queensland 798 B.184 RasAlKhaiman 799 B.185 Rhodesia 799 B.186 Rodriques Island 799 B.187 Romania (or Rumania) 799 B.188 Sabah 799 B. 189 Sabathu Cantonment 799 B.190 St Christopher and Nevis 799 B. 191 St Helena and Dependencies 805 B.192 St Kitts 806 B.193 StLucia 806 B.194 St Vincent and the Grenadines 812 B.195 Samoa/Samoan Islands 817 B.196 Sarawak 817 B.197 Saskatchewan 818 B.198 Saudi Arabia 818 B.199 818 B.200 Serbia 818 B.201 Seychelles 818 B.202 Sharjah 823 B.203 Shillong Town Cantonment 823 B.204 Siam 824 B.205 Sierra Leone 824 B.206 Simla Cantonment 834 B.207 Singapore 834 B.208 Solomon Islands 852 B.209 Somalia 861 B.210 Somers Islands 861 B.211 South Africa 861 B.212 South Arabia, Protectorate of 881 xxiv Contents B.213 South Australia 881 B.214 South Georgia 881 B.215 South Orkneys 881 B.216 South Sandwich Islands 882 B.217 South Shetlands 882 B.218 South-West Africa 882 B.219 Southern Ireland 882 B.220 Southern Rhodesia 882 B .221 Sovereign B ase Areas of 882 B.222 Sri Lanka 882 B.223 Straits Settlements 889 B.224 Sudan 889 B.225 Swaziland 890 B.226 Syria 899 B.227 899 B.228 Tanzania 899 B.229 Tasmania 920 B.230 Thailand 920 B.231 Thessaly 920 B.232 Tobago 920 B.233 Togoland 920 B.234 Tokelau Islands 920 B.235 Tonga 920 B.236 Transjordan 924 B.237 Transvaal 924 B.238 Trengganu 924 B.239 Trinidad and Tobago 924 B.240 Tripolitania 931 B.241 Tristan da Cunha 932 B.242 932 B.243 Tunisia 932 B.244 Turkey 932 B.245 Turks and Caicos Islands 932 B.246 Tuvalu 934 B.247 Uganda 939 B.248 UmmAlQaiwain 947 B.249 Union of South Africa 947 B.250 United Arab Emirates 947 B .251 (and islands) 948 B.252 United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar 949 B.253 United Republic of Tanzania 949 B.254 United States of America 949 B.255 Vancouver Island 950 B.256 950 B.257 Victoria 952 B.258 Virgin Islands 952 B.259 Washington Island 952 B.260 Weiheiwei 953 B.261 Westlndies 953 B.262 Western Aden Protectorate 958 B.263 Western Australia 958 Contents xxv B.264 Western Samoa 958 B.265 Western Thrace 959 B.266 Yemen 959 B.267 Yugoslavia (The former) 982 B.268 Zambia 982 B.269 Zanzibar 992 B.270 Zimbabwe 992

Appendix 1 Statutes 1045 Contents 1045 1 January 1915—31 December 1948 1046 1 January 1949—31 December 1982 1061 1 January 1983 onwards 1092

Appendix 2 General statutory instruments 1153 Contents 1153 1 Commencement and modification of enactments 1153 (a) Commencement 1153 (b) Modification of enactments 1154 2 General nationality regulations 1154 1949-1982 1154 1983 onwards 1154 3 Designated Service Orders 1180 Applying to BNA 1981, sections 2(3), 14(3)(b) and Seh 1 para4(d): 1180 Applying to BNA 1981 sections 16(3), 25(3)(b) and Seh 1 para8(d): 1180 4 Fees Regulations 1183 1 January 1983—31 March 1984 1183 1 April 1984—31 March 1986 1183 1 April 1986—28 February 1991 1183 1 March 1991—31 March 1996 1183 1 April 1996 to date 1183 5 Deprivation rules 1184 1949-1982 1184 1983 onwards 1184 6 Protected persons and places 1190 Pre-1949 1190 1949-1982 1190 1983 onwards 1190 7 Hong Kong 1223 8 Falkland Islands 1224 9 Consular Registrations 1224 1949-1982 1224 1983 onwards 1224 10 The 'citizenship law' Orders 1225 xxvi Contents Appendix 3 and travel documents 1227 1 Passports 1227 (a) DemiseoftheBVP 1227 (b) European Community MRPs 1227 (c) The prerogative—exercise and challenge 1228 (d) Protection and allegiance 1229 2 Travel documents 1229

Appendix 4 Statistics 1231 Number of persons in each British nationality category 1231 British Citizens 1231 BDTCs 1231 BOCs 1232 British subjects 1232 BPPs 1233 BN(O)s 1233 Claiming the right of abode 1233 Excerpt from discussion of the changes that affected the statistics 1233 Excerpt from the explanatory notes 1233 Naturalisation, registration and renunciation figures 1234

Index 1237