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11.7 the Windows 2000 File System
830 CASE STUDY 2: WINDOWS 2000 CHAP. 11 11.7 THE WINDOWS 2000 FILE SYSTEM Windows 2000 supports several file systems, the most important of which are FAT-16, FAT-32, and NTFS (NT File System). FAT-16 is the old MS-DOS file system. It uses 16-bit disk addresses, which limits it to disk partitions no larger than 2 GB. FAT-32 uses 32-bit disk addresses and supports disk partitions up to 2 TB. NTFS is a new file system developed specifically for Windows NT and car- ried over to Windows 2000. It uses 64-bit disk addresses and can (theoretically) support disk partitions up to 264 bytes, although other considerations limit it to smaller sizes. Windows 2000 also supports read-only file systems for CD-ROMs and DVDs. It is possible (even common) to have the same running system have access to multiple file system types available at the same time. In this chapter we will treat the NTFS file system because it is a modern file system unencumbered by the need to be fully compatible with the MS-DOS file system, which was based on the CP/M file system designed for 8-inch floppy disks more than 20 years ago. Times have changed and 8-inch floppy disks are not quite state of the art any more. Neither are their file systems. Also, NTFS differs both in user interface and implementation in a number of ways from the UNIX file system, which makes it a good second example to study. NTFS is a large and complex system and space limitations prevent us from covering all of its features, but the material presented below should give a reasonable impression of it. -
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO..........................................................................................................................................1 Martin Hinner < [email protected]>, http://martin.hinner.info............................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Volumes...............................................................................................................................................1 3. DOS FAT 12/16/32, VFAT.................................................................................................................2 4. High Performance FileSystem (HPFS)................................................................................................2 5. New Technology FileSystem (NTFS).................................................................................................2 6. Extended filesystems (Ext, Ext2, Ext3)...............................................................................................2 7. Macintosh Hierarchical Filesystem − HFS..........................................................................................3 8. ISO 9660 − CD−ROM filesystem.......................................................................................................3 9. Other filesystems.................................................................................................................................3 -
Security Analysis and Decryption of Lion Full Disk Encryption
Infiltrate the Vault: Security Analysis and Decryption of Lion Full Disk Encryption Omar Choudary Felix Grobert¨ ∗ Joachim Metz ∗ University of Cambridge [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract 1 Introduction Since the launch of Mac OS X 10.7, also known as Lion, With the launch of Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), Apple has Apple includes a volume encryption software named introduced a volume encryption mechanism known as FileVault 2 [8] in their operating system. While the pre- FileVault 2. Apple only disclosed marketing aspects of vious version of FileVault (introduced with Mac OS X the closed-source software, e.g. its use of the AES-XTS 10.3) only encrypted the home folder, FileVault 2 can en- tweakable encryption, but a publicly available security crypt the entire volume containing the operating system evaluation and detailed description was unavailable until (this is commonly referred to as full disk encryption). now. This has two major implications: first, there is now a new functional layer between the encrypted volume and We have performed an extensive analysis of the original file system (typically a version of HFS Plus). FileVault 2 and we have been able to find all the This new functional layer is actually a full volume man- algorithms and parameters needed to successfully read ager which Apple called CoreStorage [10] Although this an encrypted volume. This allows us to perform forensic full volume manager could be used for more than volume investigations on encrypted volumes using our own encryption (e.g. mirroring, snapshots or online storage tools. -
File Systems
“runall” 2002/9/24 page 305 CHAPTER 10 File Systems 10.1 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF FILE MANAGEMENT 10.2 HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF A FILE SYSTEM 10.3 THE USER’S VIEW OF FILES 10.4 FILE DIRECTORIES 10.5 BASIC FILE SYSTEM 10.6 DEVICE ORGANIZATION METHODS 10.7 PRINCIPLES OF DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEMS 10.8 IMPLEMENTING DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM Given that main memory is volatile, i.e., does not retain information when power is turned off, and is also limited in size, any computer system must be equipped with secondary memory on which the user and the system may keep information for indefinite periods of time. By far the most popular secondary memory devices are disks for random access purposes and magnetic tapes for sequential, archival storage. Since these devices are very complex to interact with, and, in multiuser systems are shared among different users, operating systems (OS) provide extensive services for managing data on secondary memory. These data are organized into files, which are collections of data elements grouped together for the purposes of access control, retrieval, and modification. A file system is the part of the operating system that is responsible for managing files and the resources on which these reside. Without a file system, efficient computing would essentially be impossible. This chapter discusses the organization of file systems and the tasks performed by the different components. The first part is concerned with general user and implementation aspects of file management emphasizing centralized systems; the last sections consider extensions and methods for distributed systems. 10.1 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF FILE MANAGEMENT The file system, in collaboration with the I/O system, has the following three basic functions: 1. -
Using Hierarchical Folders and Tags for File Management
Using Hierarchical Folders and Tags for File Management A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Shanshan Ma in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2010 © Copyright 2010 Shanshan Ma. All Rights Reserved. ii Dedications This dissertation is dedicated to my mother. iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Susan Wiedenbeck. She encouraged me when I had struggles. She inspired me when I had doubts. The dissertation is nowhere to be found if it had not been for our weekly meetings and numerous discussions. I’m in great debts to all the time and effort that she spent with me in this journey. Thank you to my dissertation committee members, Dr. Michael Atwood, Dr. Xia Lin, Dr. Denise Agosto, and Dr. Deborah Barreau, who have guided me and supported me in the research. The insights and critiques from the committee are invaluable in the writing of this dissertation. I am grateful to my family who love me unconditionally. Thank you my mother for teaching me to be a strong person. Thank you my father and my brother for always being there for me. I would like to thank the iSchool at Drexel University for your generosity in supporting my study and research, for your faculty and staff members who I always had fun to work with, and for the alumni garden that is beautiful all year round. Thank you my friends in Philadelphia and my peer Ph.D. students in the iSchool at Drexel University. -
Blacklight 10.2
BlackLight 10.2 Release Notes October 30, 2020 Thank you for using BlackBag Technologies products. The Release Notes for this version include important information about new features and improvements made to BlackLight. In addition, this document contains known limitations, supported versions, and updated system requirements. While this information is complete at time of release, it is subject to change without notice and is provided for informational purposes only. Summary To enhance our forensic analysis tool, BlackLight 10.2 includes these new or improved features. • Timeline • Optical character recognition • Tagging improvements • Ingest additional Cellebrite mobile extractions • A first look at Activity Correlation for Windows Features Timeline The new Timeline view lets you access more information from one place. It responds quickly, even with many items in a case file, and it is cleaner and easier to navigate than the previous version. Timeline view allows you to easily focus on all activity during a time period you specify. You can see and sort by all timestamps for each artifact in the Timeline view. You can also see the file path, so you can easily view the file in the File Browser view and investigate further. You can tag items in the Timeline view just as you would in other views within BlackLight. Optical Character Recognition This release introduces the ability to process image (picture) based files for text. Optical character recognition (OCR) converts text detected in the image into plain text which can be indexed and then searched. This process is limited to these image types. .pdf, .tiff, .bmp, .png, .jpg, and .gif You can run OCR processing in three ways. -
Introduction to ISO 9660
Disc Manufacturing, Inc. A QUIXOTE COMPANY Introduction to ISO 9660, what it is, how it is implemented, and how it has been extended. Clayton Summers Copyright © 1993 by Disc Manufacturing, Inc. All rights reserved. WHO IS DMI? Disc Manufacturing, Inc. (DMI) manufactures all compact disc formats (i.e., CD-Audio, CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CDI, PHOTO CD, 3DO, KARAOKE, etc.) at two plant sites in the U.S.; Huntsville, AL, and Anaheim, CA. To help you, DMI has one of the largest Product Engineering/Technical Support staff and sales force dedicated solely to CD-ROM in the industry. The company has had a long term commitment to optical disc technology and has performed developmental work and manufactured (laser) optical discs of various types since 1981. In 1983, DMI manufactured the first compact disc in the United States. DMI has developed extensive mastering expertise during this time and is frequently called upon by other companies to provide special mastering services for products in development. In August 1991, DMI purchased the U.S. CD-ROM business from the Philips and Du Pont Optical Company (PDO). PDO employees in sales, marketing and technical services were retained. DMI is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Quixote Corporation, a publicly owned corporation whose stock is traded on the NASDAQ exchange as QUIX. Quixote is a diversified technology company composed of Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. (manufactures highway crash cushions), Stenograph Corporation (manufactures shorthand machines and computer systems for court reporting) and Disc Manufacturing, Inc. We would be pleased to help you with your CD project or answer any questions you may have. -
430 File Systems Chap
430 FILE SYSTEMS CHAP. 6 6.4 EXAMPLE FILE SYSTEMS In the following sections we will discuss several example file systems, rang- ing from quite simple to highly sophisticated. Since modern UNIX file systems and Windows 2000’s native file system are covered in the chapter on UNIX (Chap. 10) and the chapter on Windows 2000 (Chap. 11) we will not cover those systems here. We will, however, examine their predecessors below. 6.4.1 CD-ROM File Systems As our first example of a file system, let us consider the file systems used on CD-ROMs. These systems are particularly simple because they were designed for write-once media. Among other things, for example, they have no provision for keeping track of free blocks because on a CD-ROM files cannot be freed or added after the disk has been manufactured. Below we will take a look at the main CD- ROM file system type and two extensions to it. The ISO 9660 File System The most common standard for CD-ROM file systems was adopted as an International Standard in 1988 under the name ISO 9660. Virtually every CD- ROM currently on the market is compatible with this standard, sometimes with the extensions to be discussed below. One of the goals of this standard was to make every CD-ROM readable on every computer, independent of the byte order- ing used and independent of the operating system used. As a consequence, some limitations were placed on the file system to make it possible for the weakest operating systems then in use (such as MS-DOS) to read it. -
Read Before You Install Mac OS X
Read Before You Install Mac OS X This document provides important information about installing Mac OS X that isn’t in the Welcome to Mac OS X book. Read this document before you install Mac OS X to learn about supported computers, system requirements, and known issues. For more information about Mac OS X, visit this Apple Web site: m www.apple.com/macos/ For the latest information about this release of Mac OS X, open Mac Help and click the More link under News. For information about the support available for this product, see the AppleCare Software Services and Support Guide included with Mac OS X. Supported computers You can install this version of Mac OS X on any of the following computers: m Power Mac G4 m Power Macintosh G3 m PowerBook G4 m PowerBook G3 (except the original PowerBook G3) m iMac m iBook System requirements Your computer must have m at least 128 MB of RAM m a built-in display or a display connected to an Apple-supplied video card m at least 1.5 GB of disk space available 1 Starting installation To start installing Mac OS X, double-click the Install Mac OS X icon. In Mac OS 9 In Mac OS X If the Installer does not open, insert the CD and restart your computer while holding down the C key. If the Installer still does not open, try selecting the Install Mac OS X CD as your startup disk by using Startup Disk preferences (if you are using Mac OS X) or the Startup Disk control panel (if you are using Mac OS 9). -
File Systems Performance Analysis
File Systems Performance Analysis Benchmarking project for the lecture Computer Performance Analysing And Benchmarking lectured by Prof. Thomas M. Stricker at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Written by Stefan Rondinelli File Systems Performance Analysis Project CONTENTS 0 Introduction 2 1 The Environment 2 1.1 The Hardware 2 1.2 The Software 3 2 Performing the Benchmark 4 2.1 The Proceeding 4 2.2 The Output 5 3 Statistical Analysis of the Data 6 3.1 Computation of Effects 6 3.2 Confidence Intervals 7 3.3 Are the File Systems Significantly Different? 8 4 References 10 - 1 - File Systems Performance Analysis Project 0 Introduction Every operating system has its own file systems. For example Windows uses FAT16(File Allocation Table 16(bits)), FAT32(File Allocation Table 32) and NTFS(Windows NT File System), Linux uses Minix fs, Extended fs and ext2 and a Mac has its (discarded) MFS(Macintosh file system) and HFS(Hierarchical File System) file systems. Sometimes file systems of other operating systems are supported what for example is desired in a dual boot system (e.g. Linux and Windows). When using such a dual boot machine with Linux and Windows, the performance of a file system could be one of the considerations when choosing what file systems to use for the different partitions. In this project I am going to benchmark some file systems and finally to analyze the gathered data statistically as learned in the lecture. 1 The Environment 1.1 The Hardware I used the following hardware for the performance analysis: - CPU: AMD K6II 450Mhz (has a 64kB cache) - RAM: 64MB SDRAM - Hard disk 1: Western Digital Caviar 36400 (6 GB) - Hard disk 2: Western Digital Caviar 33200 (3 GB) - Disk controller: IDE for both hard disks To have the same conditions these components affecting the I/O speed must be the same ones for all the measurements of the performance of the different file systems otherwise the differences in the measured data would rather be due to unequal hardware then to the different implementation of a file system. -
Kernel (Linux): Windows Assimilation, Wake-On-LAN, AMD and Intel
Published on Tux Machines (http://www.tuxmachines.org) Home > content > Kernel (Linux): Windows Assimilation, Wake-on-LAN, AMD and Intel Kernel (Linux): Windows Assimilation, Wake-on-LAN, AMD and Intel By Rianne Schestowitz Created 26/11/2020 - 7:11am Submitted by Rianne Schestowitz on Thursday 26th of November 2020 07:11:12 AM Filed under Linux [1] Tuxera First to Bring Network Bandwidth-Saving SMB Compression Feature to Linux Environments[2] Tuxera First to Bring Network Bandwidth-Saving SMB Compression Feature to Linux Environments[3] Tuxera, a world-leader in quality-assured storage management and networking software, announced that the company's SMB server implementation, Fusion File Share by Tuxera, now offers transparent compression to platforms outside of Microsoft Windows. Compression is being rapidly and widely adopted in the storage industry as a feature in memory hardware, file system implementations, and also networking protocols such as Microsoft's server messaging block technology (SMB). The ability to compress files inline during transfer can significantly reduce bandwidth and transfer time. Microsoft released the transparent compression feature to their SMB protocol specification in early 2019. However, Tuxera is the first to implement SMB compression outside of Microsoft Windows, bringing this highly in-demand feature to Linux environments in enterprises around the world. Wake-on-LAN [4] With Wake-on-LAN (WoL) it can be slightly easier to manage machines in-house. You can fire up the workstation and start the day?s compile jobs (to catch up with overnight work by the KDE community, say) while drinking an espresso downstairs and doomscrolling. [...] If all the administrative bits are in place, then the simple way to wake up a machine is wake <hostname>. -
Apple File System Reference
Apple File System Reference Developer Contents About Apple File System 7 General-Purpose Types 9 paddr_t .................................................. 9 prange_t ................................................. 9 uuid_t ................................................... 9 Objects 10 obj_phys_t ................................................ 10 Supporting Data Types ........................................... 11 Object Identifier Constants ......................................... 12 Object Type Masks ............................................. 13 Object Types ................................................ 14 Object Type Flags .............................................. 20 EFI Jumpstart 22 Booting from an Apple File System Partition ................................. 22 nx_efi_jumpstart_t ........................................... 24 Partition UUIDs ............................................... 25 Container 26 Mounting an Apple File System Partition ................................... 26 nx_superblock_t ............................................. 27 Container Flags ............................................... 36 Optional Container Feature Flags ...................................... 37 Read-Only Compatible Container Feature Flags ............................... 38 Incompatible Container Feature Flags .................................... 38 Block and Container Sizes .......................................... 39 nx_counter_id_t ............................................. 39 checkpoint_mapping_t ........................................