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Click Here to Download the PDF File Mapping the boundaries of imagined nationhood: news images published in daily newspapers at the outbreak of the Klondike gold rush (summer 1897) by Claude Fortin A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ©2011 Claude Fortin Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83075-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83075-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ABSTRACT Using a mixed methodology based on a discourse-historical approach, this case study empirically analyzes news images published in 14 daily newspapers at the outbreak of the Klondike gold rush in the summer of 1897. Canadian news images, American news images, and archival photographs from public domain archival sources are compared to expose the mythical aspect of news-discourse in late nineteenth century illustrated daily news. Drawing on Benedict Anderson's paradigm of imagination, this Master's thesis sets out to demonstrate how social, spatial, and temporal boundaries intersect and overlap to form a conceptual matrix for the discursive construction of national identity in the news images under study. It is argued that this was achieved by encouraging readers to participate in collective imaginings that represented race, gender, class, space, artifacts, and institutions, which served to map and reify imagined boundaries of nationhood in the context of the ideology of Anglo-Saxonism. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is an old saying in Africa that it takes a village to raise a child. Following that logic, I believe it takes an academic community to research and write an M.A. thesis. Much credit is due to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Michele Martin. She was generous, open-minded, attentive, patient, and understanding during the research process and the writing of this manuscript. She recommended relevant books, guided me through the data collection process, offered useful advice, and gave me plenty of freedom to explore ideas. Always supportive, she was a fair critic and an encouraging mentor. I must also thank Dr. Eileen Saunders for many of the sources she recommended as well as for her sagacious, insightful, and always helpful comments and suggestions. I am most grateful for her input. A special thanks to Dr. Sheryl Hamilton for providing invaluable information on academic writing on short notice. Thanks, too, to the Communication department coordinator, Michelle Bateman, for being unfailingly conscientious and helpful. Finally, I owe many thanks in general to the archivists and librarians of Library and Archives Canada, the Library of Congress, the Carleton University Library, the Concordia University Library, and the McGill University Library. And I owe thanks in particular to Christopher Bober at the Concordia University Library, who took the time to show me how to search efficiently for nineteenth century newspapers; Mary Bond at Library and Archives Canada, who answered my email queries with supreme patience and thoroughness, guiding me in the early days of the research process; and Emma Cross at the Carleton University Library, who provided information with regards to formatting. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Appendices vii List of Tables viii List of Illustrations ix Introduction - News Images Published in Daily Newspapers at the Outbreak of the Klondike Gold Rush 1 Chapter One - Theoretical Approach 10 Myth and news as narrative forms 10 The news-as-myth as approach 15 Illustrated news and the discursive construction of national identity 22 Conceptual framework 29 Chapter Two - Research Methodology 35 Research design 35 Methods of analysis 37 Selection of a type of illustrated news periodical for this case study 43 Selection of daily newspapers for this case study 45 Description of the newspapers in the sampling frame 48 Chapter Three - Fact and Fiction in the Representation of Historical Events 51 The ontology of imagination 51 Fiction in factual narratives 54 Theepistemic foundations of modern news 58 Fact and fiction defined 62 Weaving fact and fiction in news 64 iv A ritual view of modern news 67 Chapter Four - Klondike News in the Context of Modern Journalism 73 The mythical character of Klondike news coverage 73 Two paradigms of journalism during the Klondike gold rush 76 Style in relation to fact and fiction 81 The style of objectivity 82 The emergence of modern journalism 85 1897 as a turning point in modern journalism 87 News images in dailies in the late 1890s 90 Chapter Five - The Historical Backdrop of the Klondike Myth 93 From the Gilded Age to the Depression of the Eighteen Nineties 93 From imagining to imaginings: the cult of the self and the pursuit of wealth 97 Frontier processes 100 The stabilizing of boundaries 103 Facts, fiction, and technology: the perfect storm 104 The reification of boundaries through the mapping of reality 108 Social, spatial, and temporal boundaries 110 Chapter Six - Grafting Euroamerican social boundaries of race, gender, and class onto the frontier 113 Anglo-Saxonism 113 Invisible minorities: the visual rhetoric of exclusion 117 Early visual archetypes of Klondike stampeders 122 Women as "the wives of 127 The invisible hand of labor 132 Chapter Seven - The Spatial Boundaries of Property 135 Imagined boundaries vs. real boundaries 135 Empires of liberty 138 The logoization of space 143 Mapping the boundaries of Anglo-Saxon property 146 v Blurring international boundary lines 151 The permeability of boundaries 153 Chapter Eight - The Temporal Boundaries of Rhetorical Time 157 The institution of freedom 157 The museumizing imagination 159 Symbols of imperial hubris 160 The architecture of the frontier 163 The institution of industry, public services, and liberal professions in the Klondike. 167 Law and order as a symbol of Anglo-Saxon nationhood 170 Interlocking boundaries 174 Journalists as the guardians of temporal boundaries 176 Conclusion: Rethinking Journalism in Mythical Terms 182 Mapping the boundaries of imagined nationhood 182 Reflections on different journalism practices in 1897 185 The importance of shared imaginings in social life 190 The modern newspaper as a palimpsest 193 New avenues for future investigation 194 Appendix A 197 Tables 198 Illustrations 204 Works Cited 229 VI LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Wodak's (2002) ten programmatic claims for critical discourse analysis 197 Vll LIST OF TABLES TABLE A Tables Offering a Descriptive List of the 14 Daily Newspapers in this Case Study 198 Table Al Descriptive List of the Seven Canadian Daily Newspapers in this Case Study's Sampling Frame 198 Table A2 Descriptive List of the Seven American Daily Newspapers in this Case Study's Sampling Frame 199 TABLE B Quantitative Content Analysis of the News Images in this Case Study's Sampling Frame from July 15st to July 31st, 1897 200 TABLE C Tables of the Relative Index of Story Journalism 201 Table CI Calculation of the Relative Index of Story Journalism of the Newspapers Included in this Case Study's Sampling Frame 201 Table C2 Relative Index of Story Journalism of the Newspapers in this Case Study's Sampling Frame as Laid Out on a Spectrum Ranging from Lowest to Highest According to the Scores Obtained in Table CI 202 TABLE D Details of the First Klondike News Announcements in this Case Study's Sampling Frame from July 15 to July 31, 1897 203 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Manuscript illustration of Book III, Chap. 18 of Polo's Books of the Marvels of the World. Workshop of the Boucicaut Master, ms fr 2810, folio 76v, c 15th century (before 1413) Reproduced from ArtStor, http //www artstor org 204 Fig. 2 Manuscript illustration of Book I, Chap. 51 of Polo's Books of the Marvels of The World. Workshop of the Boucicaut Master, ms fr 2810, folio 29v, c 15th century (before 1413) Reproduced from ArtStor, http //www artstor org 204 Fig. 3 Manuscript illustration of Book I, Chap. 57 of Polo's Books of the Marvels of The World. Workshop of the Boucicaut Master, folio 194v, ms fr 2810, c 15th century (before 1413) Reproduced from ArtStor, http //www artstor org 204 Fig.
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