Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Transport Layer Security (TLS)

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Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Transport Layer Security (TLS)

© André Zúquete
Advanced Network Security

TLS (Transport Layer Security, RFC 5246):
Goals

Secure communication protocol over TCP/IP

Standard inspired by SSL V3 (Secure Sockets Layer)

Handles secure sessions per application over TCP/IP

• Initially conceived for HTTP traffic • Currently being used by other kinds of traffic

Security mechanisms

TCP payload protection

• Confidentiality • Stream integrity

Key distribution

®®

Peer authentication

• Server authentication (the normal scenario) • Client authentication

•

Usually a person Not usually explored

•

Change Cipher Spec.

IMAP, etc.

Handshake Protocol
Alert Protocol

HTTP

TLS/SSL:

IMAP, etc.
HTTP
Record Protocol

TCP

Protocols

w Handshake Protocol

® Key distribution

• Master secrets (48 bytes)

• Computed with DH; or • Chose by the client, upload to the server encrypted with the server’s public key

• Session keys

• Computed from a master secret and two nonces exchanged

® Peer authentication

• Asymmetric encryption with long-term or ephemeral keys • Public key certificates for long-term public keys

w Record Protocol

® Handling of secure data records ® Compression, confidentiality, integrity control

TLS/SSL versions

w SSL

® 1.0 ® 2.0: 1995, prohibited by RFC 6176 (2011) ® 3.0: 1996, RFC 6101 (2011), deprecated by RFC 7568 (2015)

w TLS

SSL BEAST
(2011)

® 1.0: 1999: RFC 2246 ® 1.1: 2006: RFC 4346 ® 1.2: 2008: RFC 5246 ® 1.3: 2018: RFC 8446

TLS/SSL:
Operational aspects

w Client-server model

® As in a TCP connection

w Applications define some operational details

® Peer authentication

• If required, how it should be done

® Algorithms (cipher suites)

• Both present their possibilities • Server selects one from a common set

® Session key management

• Lifetime of a master secret • Lifetime of a session key

• Equal or smaller than the lifetime of a TCP connection

SSL/TLS:
Interactions diagram (1st part)

SSL/TLS:
Interactions diagram (2nd part)

Normal port
TLS/SSL port
Protocols

HTTP IMAP POP3

TLS/SSL:

443 993 995 465 636

143 110 25

Usage

SMTP LDAP

w Just a standard protocol

389

® No standard API

Explore only a subset of
TLS/SSL features

w Common interfaces

® SSLref

• Reference SSL API

® SSLeay, OpenSSL

• APIs of public SSL implementations

w Usage by servers

® Two interfaces

• A conventional one (usencure), with the normal transport port • Another over SSL, with a new transport port

® The client defines its intensions upon the used interface

stunnel

w General purpose client/server SSL tunnel

Server w/

SSL

Legacy

client app

Client

stunnel

SSL
TCP

Server

stunnel

Legacy

server

Client app

w/ SSL

SSL
TCP

TCP

Legacy

client app

Client

stunnel

Server

stunnel

Legacy

server

TCP
SSL

stunnel authentication

w An stunnel server provides a certificate of its own

® Not a certificate of the services it gives access to

w Certificate validation has several flavors

® No validation ® Validation with standard rules ® Validation with pre-loaded, self-signed certificate

• Somewhat similar to SSH

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