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Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection, and Evaluation (TOMIE Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection, and Evaluation (TOMIE) Manual July 2015 Publication No. FHWA-HIF-15-005 Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection, and Evaluation Manual July 2015 Publication No. FHWA-HIF-15-005 Federal Highway Administration Office of Bridges and Structures 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington DC 20590 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HIF-15-005 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection, and Evaluation July 2015 6. Performing Organization Code (TOMIE) Manual 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. William Bergeson, PE and Steve Ernst, PE (FHWA) 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Ave, SE 11. Contract or Grant No. Washington, D.C. 20590 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes The FHWA would like to acknowledge the contribution of HDR on a draft version of this Manual under Contract DTFH61-07-D-00004. The authors of the draft manual were Brian J. Leshko, P.E. (HDR), Chester L. Allen, P.E. (GF), Mark J. Pavlick, P.E. (HDR). HDR Engineering, Inc. 11 Stanwix Street, Suite 800 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 Brian Kozy, PE, PhD and Lubin Gao, PE, PhD (FHWA) provided expert review comments. Gail Edwards (FHWA) provided technical edits. Michelle Cribbs (FHWA) checked this document for Section 508 compliance. 16. Abstract Tunnels represent a significant financial investment with challenging design, construction, and operational issues. Tunnels that are not adequately maintained usually require more costly and extensive repairs. To help safeguard tunnel users and to ensure reliable levels of service, the FHWA developed the National Tunnel Inspection Standards (NTIS), the Tunnel Operations Maintenance Inspection and Evaluation (TOMIE) Manual, and the Specifications for National Tunnel Inventory (SNTI). In accordance with the NTIS, this Manual describes methods for improving the safety and performance of roadway tunnel operation, maintenance, inspection, and evaluation programs. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Tunnel, inspection, inventory, maintenance, evaluation, operation, load rating, highway, roadway, national, No Restrictions standards, procedures, programs. 9. Security Classif. (this report) 20. Security Classif. (this page) 21. No of Pages 22. Price UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 263 i Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. ii SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – TOMIE MANUAL 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Overview of the TOMIE Manual ......................................................................... 1-2 1.1.1 Scope and Purpose ............................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Background for the Tunnel Inspection Program .................................................. 1-2 1.2.1 National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) ..................................................... 1-2 1.2.2 National Tunnel Inspection Standards (NTIS) .................................................... 1-2 1.2.3 National Tunnel Inventory (NTI) ......................................................................... 1-3 1.2.4 Specifications for the National Tunnel Inventory (SNTI) ................................... 1-3 1.2.4.1 Tunnel Inventory .................................................................................................. 1-4 1.2.4.2 Tunnel Inspection................................................................................................. 1-4 1.3 Tunnel Owner Resources and Guidelines ............................................................ 1-4 1.3.1 Tunnel Inspection, Maintenance, Rehabilitation, and Management .................... 1-4 1.3.1.1 Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Inspection ...................................................... 1-4 1.3.1.2 Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Maintenance and Rehabilitation .................... 1-4 1.3.1.3 Tunnel Management System (TMS) .................................................................... 1-5 1.3.2 FHWA Technical Advisories ............................................................................... 1-5 1.3.3 AASHTO SCOBS Technical Committee on Tunnels (T-20) .............................. 1-5 1.3.3.1 Best Practices for Tunnel Inspection QC/QA ...................................................... 1-5 1.3.3.2 Rehabilitation of Existing Tunnels (Guidelines) ................................................. 1-5 1.3.4 TRB AFF60 – Committee on Tunnels and Underground Structures .................. 1-5 1.3.5 Tunnel Scan Executive Summaries ..................................................................... 1-6 1.3.5.1 European Scan ..................................................................................................... 1-6 1.3.5.2 Domestic Scan ..................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4 Fundamentals of Highway Tunnels ..................................................................... 1-7 1.4.1 Construction Methods .......................................................................................... 1-7 1.4.1.1 Cut and Cover ...................................................................................................... 1-9 1.4.1.2 Shield Driven ....................................................................................................... 1-9 1.4.1.3 Bored Tunnels ...................................................................................................... 1-9 1.4.1.4 Jacked Tunnels ................................................................................................... 1-11 v 1.4.1.5 Immersed Tube .................................................................................................. 1-12 1.4.1.6 Drill and Blast .................................................................................................... 1-12 1.4.1.7 Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) .............................................................. 1-13 1.4.2 Tunnel Shapes .................................................................................................... 1-13 1.4.3 Liner Types ........................................................................................................ 1-16 1.4.3.1 Unlined Tunnels in Rock with Reinforcement As Needed ................................ 1-16 1.4.3.2 Shotcrete ............................................................................................................ 1-17 1.4.3.3 Ribbed systems .................................................................................................. 1-17 1.4.3.4 Segmental linings/Precast concrete .................................................................... 1-18 1.4.3.5 Cast-in-place concrete
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