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Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin, Issue
Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Where Planetary Exploration Began Note from the Editors: This issue’s lead article is the seventh in a series of reports describing the history and current activities of the planetary research facilities funded by NASA and located nationwide. This issue features the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which since before World War II has been a leading engineering research and development center, creating America’s first satellite and most of its lunar and planetary spacecraft. It is now a major NASA center, focusing on robotic space exploration. While JPL is also very active in Earth observation and space technology programs, this article focuses on JPL’s planetary efforts. — Paul Schenk and Renee Dotson LFrom the roar of pioneering Space Age rockets to the soft whir of servos on twenty-first-century robot explorers on Mars, spacecraft designed and built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have blazed the trail to the planets and into the universe beyond for nearly 60 years. The United States (U.S.) first entered space with the 1958 launch of the satellite Explorer 1, built and controlled by JPL. From orbit, Explorer 1’s voyage yielded immediate scientific results — the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts — and led to the creation of NASA. Innovative technology from JPL has taken humanity far beyond regions of space where we can actually travel ourselves. The most distant human-made objects, Voyagers 1 and 2, were built at and are operated by JPL. From JPL’s labs and clean rooms come telescopes and cameras that have extended our vision to unprecedented depths and distances, Ppeering into the hearts of galactic clouds where new stars and planets are born, and even toward the beginning of time at the edge of the universe. -
Nasa Scientists Find 'Impossible' Cloud on Titan—Again 21 September 2016, by Preston Dyches
Nasa scientists find 'impossible' cloud on Titan—again 21 September 2016, by Preston Dyches this one on Titan. What has puzzled scientists ever since is this: they detected less than 1 percent of the dicyanoacetylene gas needed for the cloud to condense. Recent observations from NASA's Cassini mission yielded a similar result. Using Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer, or CIRS—which can identify the spectral fingerprints of individual chemicals in the atmospheric brew—researchers found a large, high-altitude cloud made of the same frozen chemical. Yet, just as Voyager found, when it comes to the vapor form of this chemical, CIRS reported that Titan's stratosphere is as dry as a desert. "The appearance of this ice cloud goes against everything we know about the way clouds form on Titan," said Carrie Anderson, a CIRS co- investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and lead author of the study. The hazy globe of Titan hangs in front of Saturn and its rings in this natural color view from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science The typical process for forming clouds involves Institute condensation. On Earth, we're familiar with the cycle of evaporation and condensation of water. The same kind of cycle takes place in Titan's troposphere—the weather-forming layer of Titan's The puzzling appearance of an ice cloud atmosphere—but with methane instead of water. seemingly out of thin air has prompted NASA scientists to suggest that a different process than A different condensation process takes place in the previously thought—possibly similar to one seen stratosphere—the region above the troposphere—at over Earth's poles—could be forming clouds on Titan's north and south winter poles. -
“The Southern Cross” HERMANUS ASTRONOMY CENTRE NEWSLETTER OCTOBER 2016
“The Southern Cross” HERMANUS ASTRONOMY CENTRE NEWSLETTER OCTOBER 2016 This month’s Centre meeting This takes place on Monday 17 October at the Scout Hall starting at t 19.00. Committee member, Jenny Morris, will be talking on ‘Dark skies: the unseen Universe’. See further details below. WHAT’S UP? Planetary trio After sunset, throughout the month, another planetary trio can be observed, this time involving Venus, Saturn and Mars. Bright Venus can be found closest to the horizon, Saturn higher (in Scorpius) and red Mars highest in the sky. Logically, Venus, our closest neighbour, should be the focus of scientific interest. However, Venus has a hot, dense, poisonous atmosphere which destroys all spacecraft which enter it. In contrast, although twice the distance from Earth than Venus (78 million km v 42 million km), Mars is the focus of exploration and thoughts of future human habitation. Cold, barren Mars with its tenuous atmosphere formed almost entirely of carbon dioxide may not seem much less hostile than Venus. However, human technology is better able to manage such conditions. The numerous missions which have studied and are investigating the Martian surface and atmosphere have found surface ice (potentially providing access to water). The challenges of generating oxygen and growing the food necessary to support a human colony are being actively addressed to the extent that a manned mission to Mars is scheduled to take place within only a few decades. LAST MONTH’S ACTIVITIES Monthly centre meeting On 19 September, Prof Bruce Bassett of UCT and AIMS gave and excellent presentation on ‘100 years of general relativity: gravitational waves and beyond’. -
David Dubois
Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere : An Experimental Approach David Dubois To cite this version: David Dubois. Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere : An Experimental Approach. Plane- tology. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2018. English. NNT : 2018SACLV049. tel-01925462v2 HAL Id: tel-01925462 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01925462v2 Submitted on 19 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere: An BNNT: 2018SACLV049 Experimental Approach Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines École doctorale n◦ 579 Sciences mécaniques et énergétiques, matériaux et géosciences (SMEMAG) Spécialité de doctorat: Structure et Évolution de la Terre et des autres Planètes Thèse présentée et soutenue à Guyancourt, le 1 octobre 2018, par David Dubois Composition du Jury: Cyril Szopa Professeur, UVSQ — LATMOS Président Véronique Vuitton Chargée de Recherche CNRS, UJF-Grenoble — IPAG Rapportrice Nicolas Fray Maître de Conférences, -
Study of Titan's Upper and Lower Atmosphere
Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere: An Experimental Approach David Dubois To cite this version: David Dubois. Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere: An Experimental Approach. Plan- etology. Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), France, 2018. English. tel- 01925462v1 HAL Id: tel-01925462 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01925462v1 Submitted on 16 Nov 2018 (v1), last revised 19 Mar 2019 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Study of Titan’s Upper and Lower Atmosphere: An BNNT: 2018SACLV049 Experimental Approach Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines École doctorale n◦ 579 Sciences mécaniques et énergétiques, matériaux et géosciences (SMEMAG) Spécialité de doctorat: Structure et Évolution de la Terre et des autres Planètes Thèse présentée et soutenue à Guyancourt, le 1 octobre 2018, par David Dubois Composition du Jury: Cyril Szopa Professeur, UVSQ — LATMOS Président Véronique Vuitton Chargée de Recherche, UJF-Grenoble — IPAG -
Researchers Find Noxious Ice Cloud on Saturn's Moon Titan 18 October 2017, by Elizabeth Zubritsky
Researchers find noxious ice cloud on Saturn's moon Titan 18 October 2017, by Elizabeth Zubritsky (160 to 210 kilometers), the cloud is far above the methane rain clouds of Titan's troposphere, or lowest region of the atmosphere. The new cloud covers a large area near the south pole, from about 75 to 85 degrees south latitude. Laboratory experiments were used to find a chemical mixture that matched the cloud's spectral signature—the chemical fingerprint measured by the CIRS instrument. The experiments determined that the exotic ice in the cloud is a combination of the simple organic molecule hydrogen cyanide together with the large ring-shaped chemical benzene. The two chemicals appear to have condensed at the same time to form ice particles, rather than one being layered on top of the other. "This cloud represents a new chemical formula of ice in Titan's atmosphere," said Carrie Anderson of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, a CIRS co-investigator. "What's This view of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is among the interesting is that this noxious ice is made of two last images the Cassini spacecraft sent to Earth before it molecules that condensed together out of a rich plunged into the giant planet's atmosphere. Credit: mixture of gases at the south pole." NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Previously, CIRS data helped identify hydrogen cyanide ice in clouds over Titan's south pole, as well as other toxic chemicals in the moon's Researchers with NASA's Cassini mission found stratosphere. -
Titan Meeting Abstracts
Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer Titan Science Meeting June 20-23, 2011 Abbaye St Jacut-de-la-Mer Brittany, France ! 1! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer ! 2! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer ! 3! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer ! 4! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer ! 5! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer Map of surrounding area Train access The nearest train station is Saint Malo, at roughly 25 km distance from the Abbaye. Direct trains (TGV) run between Paris Montparnasse and St. Malo with an average travel time of 3h. Train times between Paris Montparnasse and Saint Malo are as follows on Sunday (June 19) and Thursday (June 23): ! 6! Titan Science Meeting, June 20-23, 2011!Abbaye de St Jacut de la Mer Transporta2on between St Malo and St Jacut: (1) Shu(le bus We have organised two shuttle buses between St. Malo and St. Jacut: Departure Sunday, June 19 at 18:15 from St. Malo train station to St. Jacut Departure Thursday, June 23 at 11:00 from St. Jacut to St. Malo train station to allow everyone to catch the 12:12 train to Paris (see schedule) The buses will be made available at no extra charge, so do make use of them! (2) Taxi A typical taxi ride from St Malo to St Jacut takes around 30 mins. -
ISSUE 138, NOVEMBER 2014 2 Year of the Comets Continued
Year of the Comets The year 2014–2105 is shaping up to be one of the most interesting in the history of solar system exploration. 2015 will feature the first-ever exploration of so-called dwarf planets (Ceres and Pluto; more on that in a future issue), but 2014 starts things off with two major cometary events. The first is the ongoing rendezvous of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosetta mission with an active comet, the other is a rare cometary close encounter last month with a major planet, Mars. For more details about public events related to the encounters, see Spotlight on Education on page 27. Rosetta has been in “orbit” around Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G for short) since August, returning exquisite unprecedented high-resolution imaging and data. As the spacecraft slowly Lmoves closer, it has been scouting out landing sites for its small landing vehicle, Philae, in the first-ever attempt at a soft touchdown on a comet. ESA has given the green light for its Rosetta mission to deliver its lander to the primary site on Comet 67P/C-G on November 12. Philae’s landing site, currently known as Site J and located on the smaller of the comet’s two “lobes,” was confirmed on October 14 following a comprehensive readiness review. Since arrival, the mission has been conducting an unprecedented survey and scientific analysis of the comet, which is a remnant of the early phases of the solar system’s 4.6-billion-year history. At the same time, Rosetta has been moving closer to the comet: At a distance of 100 kilometers (62 miles) on August 6, it is now just 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) from the center of the 4-kilometer-wide (2.5-mile-wide) body.