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Optimum Sizing of Stand-Alone Hybrid Pv/Wind Systems

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Optimum Sizing of Stand-Alone Hybrid Pv/Wind Systems TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WESTERN GREECE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MASTER COURSE OF “RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS” THESIS OPTIMUM SIZING OF STAND-ALONE HYBRID PV/WIND SYSTEMS MSc STUDENT: PAPPAS KONSTANTINOS SUPERVISOR: KAPLANIS SOCRATES PROFESSOR PATRA 2016 PROLOGUE The present issue is the thesis conducted at the MSc course of "Renewable Energy Systems" of the Dpt of the Mechanical Engineering at the Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece. The subject deals with the simulation of a hybrid energy system constituted of photovoltaic, wind turbine and batteries as a storage bank of the produced energy and targets to the most cost-effective configuration. The increasing use of hybrid power systems based on renewable energy, as an alternative to conventional fuels, provide in many cases reliable and economic solutions, especially in isolated areas without access to the national electricity distribution network. RES are also preferred due to the fact that their carbon footprint is considerably low or zero. An analytic dynamic iterative algorithm is developed in this work for the calculation of the hybrid system from renewable energy at which hourly meteorological data, load demand profile and technical data of the components of the system are imported. Technical power criteria are used for the evaluation of the reliability of the system and the most cost effective solution is provided. I am extremely grateful to my primarily supervisor Dr. Eleni Kaplanis for her valuable advices and our wonderful cooperation, and thereafter to my supervisor professor Socrates Kaplanis, for his valuable assistance, guidance and patience he has shown during all this period. Pappas Konstantinos July 2016 Statutory Student Declaration: The undersigned student I am aware of the consequences of the Law on plagiarism and certify that I am the author of this thesis, I have mentioned in my bibliography all the sources they have used and received ideas or data. I also declare that any information or document which I have incorporated in my work derived from books or other works or the internet, written exactly or paraphrased, I have fully recognized as intellectual work of another writer and I regularly mentions his name and origin source. The student (Name) …………………… (Signature) I ABSTRACT At the present thesis it is carried out a simulation for the sizing of a hybrid power production system consisting of photovoltaics and wind turbine using batteries as a storage medium. The meteorological data that are used in the algorithm obtained from the internationally known base of Meteonorm. A dynamic analytic iterative simulation process adopted for the sizing of the hybrid energy system. Later the system is being evaluated for different electrical load consumption profiles and with different power evaluation criteria, the criteria of Loss of Load Probability (LLP) and Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP). Thereafter, the effect of different values of the LPSP criterion on system sizing is further investigated. Also, the algorithms that examine the effect on sizing of the hybrid system by the adoption of two different configurations, with and without of Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), are developed. The optimization of the previous systems is achieved by the use of the economic criteria of Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) and Net Present Value (NPV). At last a comparison among the implemented and the graphical construction approach, proposed by Thomas Markvart, is presented. At chapter 1 a presentation on the global energy consumption and more specifically on the commercial and residential building sectors is done. Then, the most common types of buildings according to their energy performance are analyzed. On the residential sector also it is provided a list of factors that affect energy consumption and the energy categories of house appliances. At chapter 2 is presented the rapid change of the environment and the necessity for the implementation of the renewable energy sources and their technologies for production of different forms of energy. Furthermore, the participation of the renewable sources in energy production as well as the regulations that deal with the augmentation of their exploitation in the energy balance at several European countries are presented. At chapter 3 provides a short description of the meteorological data and existing databases that used for hybrid renewable energy systems sizing. Also, the necessary pre-feasibility analysis for the implementation of the right combination of renewable energy systems and a review of the existing power criteria and economic evaluation criteria of the system is done. At last are presented two basic components implemented at the most autonomous hybrid systems for electricity production, which are inverter and batteries. At chapter 4 there is a bibliographic presentation and a review of the different methods for the calculation and optimization of hybrid power systems and of several commercial available computational programs for that purposes. At chapter 5 is a review of the various mathematical approaches used by researchers to estimate the energy produced by photovoltaics, wind turbines and II the estimation of battery capacity as a storage medium in an energy production system. At chapter 6 are described the most common types of systems for energy management and prioritization in hybrid energy systems. At chapter 7 there is an overview of the received weather data and the presentation of different load curves that are used in this project. Also, the two different configurations adopted for the sizing of the hybrid power system constituted of photovoltaics and wind turbine generator using batteries as storage system with the technical characteristics of the components are analyzed. At chapter 8 a presentation of the processes of the following methodologies at the simulation algorithms for the sizing of the PV-wind hybrid energy systems is provided. At chapter 9 are presented the results of the comparison of two different sizing methods, the iterative and the graphic construction method. Next, a presentation of the effect of the two different technical criteria (LLP and LPSP) and next of the different values of loss of power supply probability in sizing is shown. Hybrid energy system is then examined with altered load profiles and with different time intervals. Finally a comparison of the two suggested configurations, with and without UPS, for two load profiles is carried out. In the last chapter the conclusions of the results are presented. Firstly, the comparison between the two following methods, the analytic dynamic iterative and graphical construction, reveals that only the first can provide accurate solutions. Next, LLP and LPSP power criteria are compared and an overestimating tendency of the generators with LLP it is found. Also, different load profiles and time intervals reveals that the shorter intervals and a better estimation of production and consumption provides more reliable and economic efficient systems. Finally, the comparison between the two configurations, with and without UPS, provides lower PV generator with UPS but the optimum systems occurred at all cases without UPS. III ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματοποιείται η προσομοίωση για την διαστασιολόγηση ενός υβριδικού συστήματος παραγωγής ισχύος το οποίο αποτελείται από φωτοβολταϊκά και ανεμογεννήτρια με την χρήση μπαταριών ως αποθηκευτικό μέσο. Τα μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιούνται ελήφθησαν από την διεθνώς γνωστή βάση δεδομένων του Meteonorm. Μια δυναμική αναλυτική επαναληπτική διαδικασία προσομοίωσης υιοθετείται για την διαστασιολόγηση του υβριδικού ενεργειακού συστήματος. Στη συνέχεια αξιολογείται η συμπεριφορά του συστήματος για διαφορετικές καμπύλες φορτίων και με διαφορετικά κριτήρια αξιολόγησης της ισχύος, τα οποία είναι η Πιθανότητα Απώλειας Φορτίου (LLP) και η Πιθανότητα Απώλειας Παροχής Ισχύος (LPSP). Έπειτα, η επίδραση διαφορετικών τιμών της πιθανότητας απώλειας παροχής ισχύος στην διαστασιολόγηση του συστήματος ερευνάται. Επίσης, οι αλγόριθμοι οι οποίοι εξετάζουν την επίδραση δυο διαφορετικών συνδεσμολογιών, με και χωρίς την χρήση συσκευής για την αδιάλειπτη παροχή ενέργειας (UPS), αναπτύσσεται. Η βελτιστοποίηση των παραγόμενων συστημάτων πραγματοποιείται με την χρήση των οικονομικών κριτηρίων του Κλιμακούμενου Κόστους της Ενέργειας (LCE) και της Καθαρής Παρούσας Αξίας (NPV). Τέλος, μια σύγκριση μεταξύ της αναπτυσσόμενης επαναληπτικής μεθόδου και αυτής που προτάθηκε από τον Markvart παρουσιάζεται. Στο κεφάλαιο 1 παρουσιάζεται η παγκόσμια κατανάλωση ενέργειας και ειδικότερα στον εμπορικό και οικιακό τομέα. Οι πιο συνήθεις τύποι κτηρίων βάσει της ενεργειακής τους επίδοσης αναλύονται. Στον οικιακό τομέα παρέχεται επίσης η λίστα των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν την ενεργειακή κατανάλωση και οι ενεργειακές κατηγορίες των οικιακών συσκευών. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 παρουσιάζεται η απότομη αλλαγή του κλίματος και η αναγκαιότητα για την υιοθέτηση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και των τεχνολογιών που τις διέπουν για την παραγωγή διαφορετικών μορφών ενέργειας. Επιπλέον, τα ποσοστά συμμετοχής των ανανεώσιμων πηγών στην παραγωγή ενέργειας καθώς και κανονισμοί των χωρών της για την μεγαλύτερη εκμετάλλευσή τους στο ενεργειακό τους ισοζύγιο περιγράφονται. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 παρέχεται μια περιγραφή των μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων που ελήφθησαν από υπάρχουσα βάση και χρησιμοποιούνται για την διαστασιολόγηση του υβριδικού συστήματος. Ακόμη, η αναγκαιότητα της ανάλυσης προ-βιωσιμότητας
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