CHARCOAL in Haiti a National Assessment of Charcoal Production and Consumption Trends
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A National Assessment of Charcoal Production and Consumption Trends Public Disclosure Authorized November Public Disclosure Authorized 2018 9979_Charcoal_Haiti_CVR.indd 3 1/16/19 11:02 AM CHARCOAL in Haiti A National Assessment of Charcoal Production and Consumption Trends Andrew Tarter, Ph.D., anthropologist (principal investigator; lead author) Katie Kennedy Freeman, agricultural economist (World Bank Group) Christopher Ward, consultant (World Bank Group) Klas Sander, Ph.D., natural resources economist (World Bank Group) Kenson Theus, sociologist, Haiti Takes Root (research team leader, J/P HRO) Barbara Coello, economist (World Bank Group) Yarine Fawaz, economist (CEMFI) Melinda Miles, anthropologist, Haiti Takes Root (J/P HRO) Tarig Tagalasfia G. Ahmed, consultant, Humphrey Fellow (Cornell University) Financing for this study was provided by the Program on Forests (PROFOR) 9979_Charcoal_Haiti.indd 1 2/6/19 10:38 AM © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 9979_Charcoal_Haiti.indd 2 2/6/19 10:38 AM Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY FINDINGS . .vii I . INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND . 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................1 Background ...............................................................................................1 Haitian Government Legislative and Executive Efforts to Address Deforestation ..............................1 The Original Forests of Haiti ..............................................................................2 The Deforestation of Haiti................................................................................2 Current Estimates of Arboreal Coverage in Haiti............................................................3 The Historical Production of Charcoal in Haiti ..............................................................6 The Use of Non-Charcoal Wood in Haiti....................................................................6 The Historical Supply of Charcoal to Port-au-Prince ........................................................7 Contemporary Charcoal Production in Port-au-Prince ......................................................7 II . RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY . .9 Research Questions ........................................................................................9 Methodology ..............................................................................................9 Principal Method ........................................................................................9 Methodological Similarities and Differences from Previous Studies ..........................................9 Timeframe of the Fieldwork Scoping ......................................................................9 Sampling.................................................................................................10 Spatial Sampling: Core and Periphery ....................................................................10 Data Standardization...................................................................................13 III . RESULTS . .15 Descriptive Statistics .....................................................................................15 Differences between the Three Sampling Periods ............................................................16 Comparison of All Three Sampling Periods Based on One Shared Day .......................................16 Comparison of All Sampling Periods Based on Total Shared Hours ..........................................16 Reconstruction of the Peak Week ........................................................................17 Robustness Check on Number of Trucks .................................................................17 Variation within Days and across the Week .................................................................20 Regional Differences ......................................................................................22 The Effects of the Farthest Periphery Stations and Feeder Roads...........................................23 The Southern Peninsula .................................................................................23 Central Plateau ........................................................................................26 North..................................................................................................28 East of Port-au-Prince ..................................................................................30 A National Assessment of Charcoal Production and Consumption Trends iii 9979_Charcoal_Haiti.indd 3 2/6/19 10:38 AM Charcoal Entering Haiti from the Dominican Republic ........................................................30 Estimates of Charcoal Entering Haiti from the Dominican Republic .........................................30 Alternative Hypotheses Concerning Charcoal Entering from the Dominican Republic .........................30 IV . ANALYSIS . 33 Estimated Annual Consumption in Port-au-Prince ...........................................................33 Changes in the Regional Supply of Charcoal to Port-au-Prince ................................................34 Estimated Annual Consumption at the National Level ........................................................36 Economic Value of the Charcoal Market ....................................................................36 Charcoal as Compared to GDP...........................................................................37 Charcoal Related to Other Commodities .................................................................38 Employment in the Charcoal Market ........................................................................39 V . IMPACT OF MATTHEW ON CHARCOAL PRODUCTION . .41 Hurricane Matthew .......................................................................................41 VI . CONCLUSION . 43 Research Questions .......................................................................................43 Explaining Increases in Production..........................................................................45 The Sustainability of Haitian Charcoal Woodlot Systems .....................................................48 Social and Ecological Sustainability ......................................................................48 Improving Existing Woodlot Systems.....................................................................48 VII . POLICY IMPLICATIONS . .51 The Charcoal Industry in the National Economy..............................................................51 Implication of Charcoal Production Stigma on Policies........................................................51 Policy Designs Inhibited by a Lack of Data on Charcoal Sector ................................................52 VIII . AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH . 53 Undertake Additional Research on Key Facets of the Charcoal Sector .........................................53 Undertake Additional Work in the Policy Space ..............................................................54 IX . REFERENCES . 55 X . ANNEXES . 59 Annex 1—Fieldwork Timeframe Phases .....................................................................59 Annex 2—Logistical Details about the Survey ...............................................................59 Annex 3—Possible Sources of Errors and Adopted Mitigation Measures ........................................62 Annex 4—Complementary Analysis.........................................................................63 Annex 5—Post-Hurricane Matthew Arboreal Assessment.....................................................64 Annex 6—The Gendered Aspects of Charcoal Production .....................................................68 iv Charcoal in Haiti 9979_Charcoal_Haiti.indd 4 2/6/19 10:38 AM Acknowledgments The report is a product of the Agriculture Global Practice Agriculture Economist), Andrew Mitchell (Senior Forestry of the World Bank. It was prepared by a team led by Specialist), and Erika Felix (Bioenergy Specialist, Food and Katie Kennedy Freeman (Agriculture) and Klas Sander Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)). In addition, the (Environment) and authored by anthropologist and expert team would like to thank Raju Singh (Program Leader), Pierre consultant Andrew Tarter, PhD. Research was led by a team Xavier Bonneau (Program Leader), Preeti Ahuja (Practice from nonprofit organization J/P HRO in conjunction with the Manager Agriculture), and Valerie Hickey (Practice Manager Haiti Takes Root initiative. The final report considers feedback Environment) for their support and guidance. from multiple experts across various institutions. The team acknowledges and thanks the Program on Forests The authors would