GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION SERIES I–2650 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Prepared for the ATLAS OF MARS: THAUMASIA REGION U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION SHEET 2 OF 3 85° 90° 80° NO. CRATERS LARGER Contact—Dashed where approximately located or gradational 75 95° ° THAN 2, 5, AND 16 KM STAGES FOSSAE OTHER STRUCTURES SYSTEM Fault or graben—Bar and ball on downthrown side of fault; dotted where HISTORY DIAMETER PER 1,000,000 KM2 buried 100° 70° 2516 Scarp—Line marks top of slope; barb points downslope. Forms contact in places 40 or less Mare-type (wrinkle) ridge—Symbol on ridge crest; dashed where buried 105° 65° Subdued mare-type (wrinkle) ridge 50 Broad (>3 km wide), nearly flat-topped ridge 60 ° 60 110 Sinai Planum Thaumasia ° Narrow (<2 km wide), sharp-crested linear ridge 70 Narrow (<3 km wide), subdued ridge 80 Syria Planum Planum Depression or caldera 90 AMAZONIAN 100 Crater rim crest ° 55 115 ° 13 Crater central peak ° –15 –15 ° 5 Crater central pit 150 2 Center of figure 200 2 300 50 Solis Marineris/ Valles Noctis Labyrinthus Syria Planum Planum Claritas Fossae 400 ° –20 –20 ° 75 Daedalia 4 Warrego Valles Warrego 500 Thaumasia Fossae 600 100 Wrinkle ridges Wrinkle Coracis, Melas, and Nectaris Fossae Thaumasia highland rifts Planum 700 Broad ridges and large scarps 3 HESPERIAN 800 Coprates rise 900 150 1000 Argyre structures 1200 200 25 2 ° –25 –25 ° 17A 300 75 9A ?? 400 100 14 10 1 500 NOACHIAN d 600 150 ? n a 200 l ° –30 –30 ° T h 250 h g a i ? ? ? ?? ? u H m a (Schultz and Tanaka, 1994) and has morphologic features (fig. 17A) similar to those of the 2. Late Noachian (stages 1–2)—Decreasing impact rate; widespread aggradational and Pieri, D.C., 1976, Distribution of small channels on the martian surface: Icarus, v. 27, no. 1, a s 19 narrower (<50% of Coprates) Wind River Mountain Range of Wyoming (fig. 17B). Both degradational modification that partly subdued older surfaces; ridged plains volcanism in p. 25–50. i i mountain ranges exhibit faults, cuestas, hogbacks, and valleys. the Thaumasia Planum province; continued development of Claritas, Thaumasia, Coracis, Plescia, J.B., and Saunders, R.S., 1982, Tectonic history of the Tharsis region, Mars: Journal a s Argyre structure (stages 1–2). During stage 1, a large impact event produced the Argyre Melas, and Nectaris Fossae, volcanotectonic centers of Tharsis and Syria Planum, Coprates of Geophysical Research, v. 87, no. B12, p. 9775–9791. H a basin and associated fault-controlled radial valleys and concentric mountain ranges, large rise, volcanoes, broad ridges and large scarps, and Thaumasia highland rifts; wrinkle ridge Pollack, J.B., 1979, Climate change on the terrestrial planets: Icarus, v. 37, no. 3, p. formation and the production of faults and grabens associated with local magmatic-driven 479–533. i 4 m fault scarps, and broad ridges. Normal offset of some of the concentric faults may have g occurred during stages 1 and 2 because of isostatic adjustment of the basin. centers of tectonic activity near central Valles Marineris and the source region of Warrego Pollack, J.B., Kasting, J.F., Richardson, S.M., and Poliakoff, K., 1987, The case for a wet, h u Valles Marineris/Noctis Labyrinthus (stages 2–5) Valles; possible reactivation of Argyre impact-related, concentric faults; formation of local warm climate on early Mars: Icarus, v. 71, no. 2, p. 203–224. ° l –35 . Numerous narrow (<5 km) and broad –35 a a ° grabens (>5 km), which are radial to and parallel with Valles Marineris, cut stage 1 and 2 valley systems and isolated valleys, which include Warrego Valles. Roth, L.E., Saunders, R.S., Downs, G.S., and Schubert, G., 1989, Radar altimetry of large n h materials in the Sinai, Thaumasia Planum, Coprates, and Thaumasia highland provinces but 3. Early Hesperian (stages 2–3)—Extensive ridged plains volcanism in the Sinai and martian craters: Icarus, 79, 289–310. d are buried by stage 3 younger ridged plains material (for example, see fig. 13) of the Sinai east Coprates provinces; widespread resurfacing of older Noachian rock; ending production Sagan, Carl, Toon, O.B., and Gierasch, P.J., 1973, Climate change on Mars: Science, v. 181, 7 T province and stage 4 lava flows of the Syria Planum Formation of Syria–Solis province. of Coracis, Melas, and Nectaris Fossae, wrinkle ridges, broad ridges and large scarps, volca- no. 4104, p. 1045–1049. Faults and grabens cut stage 4 and 5 materials of the Noctis Labyrinthus region outside the noes, Thaumasia highland rifts, Coprates rise, and faults and grabens of the Thaumasia Pla- Saunders, R.S., 1979, Geologic map of the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle of Mars: U.S. map region near Syria Planum. The south-central part of Valles Marineris has been identi- num province; continued development of Claritas and Thaumasia Fossae, Valles Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–1144, scale 1:5,000,000. Marineris/Noctis Labyrinthus faults and grabens, volcanotectonic centers of Tharsis and Saunders, R.S., Roth, L.E., Downs, G.S., and Schubert, Gerald, 1980, Early volcanic- 11 fied as a possible center of stage 2 magmatic-driven tectonic activity (Anderson and others, 1998; Dohm and others, 1998). Syria Planum, and local valley systems and isolated valleys. tectonic province—Coprates region of Mars [abs], in Wirth, P., Greeley, Ronald, and 4. Late Hesperian (stage 4)—Emplacement of extensive sheet flows in the Syria–Solis D'Alli, R.E., compilers, Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1979–1980: U.S. VOLCANIC HISTORY and Daedalia provinces from the summit areas and flanks of Tharsis Montes volcanoes and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Memorandum 81776, p. 12 8A Detailed mapping of volcanic constructs and determination of their stratigraphic rela- Syria Planum; faulting of lava flow materials in the northwest part of the map region; signif- 74–75. tions with surrounding materials and structures suggest that construct-forming volcanism icant waning of tectonic deformation, which includes faults and grabens of Claritas Fossae, Schultz, P.H., Schultz, R.A., and Rogers, John, 1982, The structure and evolution of ancient occurred in the region throughout most of the Noachian Period and continued into the Early Syria Planum, and Valles Marineris/Noctis Labyrinthus, and waning development of valley impact basins on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, no. B12, p. 9803–9820. Hesperian; two distinct periods of construct-forming activity are shown on the geologic systems and isolated valleys. Schultz, R.A., and Tanaka, K.L., 1994, Lithospheric-scale buckling and thrust structures on ° –40 map. The older construct-forming activity produced 11 volcanoes in the Coprates, Thauma- –40 ° 5. Amazonian (stage 5)—Continued emplacement of Tharsis-related lavas in Daedalia Mars—The Coprates rise and south Tharsis ridge belt: Journal of Geophysical sia highland, Daedalia, and Sirenum provinces; several smaller domelike structures, which province; deposition of smooth crater material, Valles interior deposits, and dune material; Research, v. 99, p. 8371–8385. occur in the Coprates and Thaumasia highland provinces, also may represent volcanic activ- minor Tharsis-related faulting in the northwest corner of map region; wind erosion and dep- Scott, D.H., 1981, Map showing lava flows in the southeast part of the Phoenicis Lacus ity during this time. Many of the volcanoes formed along extensional fault systems, suggest- osition becomes the dominate resurfacing agent. quadrangle of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps ing a correlation between tectonism (development of deep-seated basement structures) and I–1274, scale 1:2,000,000. magmatic intrusions. REFERENCES CITED Scott, D.H., and Carr, M.H., 1978, Geologic map of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Late Noachian and Early Hesperian, younger construct-forming activity produced 3 Anderson, R.C., Golombek, M.P., Franklin, B.J., Tanaka, K.L., Dohm, J.M., Lias, J.H., and Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–1083, scale 1:25,000,000. volcanoes in the Thaumasia highlands province. Also during this time, widespread volcan- Peer, B., 1998, Centers of tectonic activity through time for the western hemisphere of Scott, D.H., and Dohm, J.M., 1990a, Chronology and global distribution of fault and ridge ism resulted in the emplacement of older ridged plains material (unit HNr; interpreted to Mars [abs.], in Abstracts of papers submitted to the Twenty-ninth Lunar and Planetary systems on Mars: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 20th, Houston, March consist of lava plains) in the Thaumasia Planum and northwestern part of the Argyre provin- Science Conference, Houston, March 16–20, 1998: Houston, Lunar and Planetary 13–17, 1989, Proceedings, p. 487–501. Lowell ces and troughed material (unit HNplt; interpreted to consist mainly of pyroclastic material) Institute, no. 1881. ———1990b, Faults and ridges: Historical development in Tempe Terra and Ulysses Patera in the southern part of Coprates province. Younger rocks probably obscure a more wide- Baker, V.R., 1982, The channels of Mars: Austin, University of Texas Press, 198 p. regions of Mars: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 20th, Houston, March 5A spread distribution of older ridged plains material; for example, subdued ridges of Daedalia Baker, V.R., Strom, R.G., Gulick, V.C., Kargel, J.S., Komatsu, Goro, and Kale, V.S., 1991, 13–17, 1989, Proceedings, p. 503–513. southeast province may represent buried older ridged plains material. Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars: Nature, v. 352, p. Scott, D.H., Dohm, J.M., and Applebee, D.J., 1993, Geologic map of science study area 8, The Hesperian system records younger ridged plains volcanism in the Sinai and Cop- ° –45 Apollinaris Patera region of Mars: U.S.