Filicide: a Literature Review

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Filicide: a Literature Review Filicide: A Literature Review June 2009 The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness Centre for Suicide Prevention The University of Manchester DISCLAIMER _________________________________________________________ Care was taken to ensure the information is accurate to the best of our knowledge, produced within the timeframe. However, the National Confidential Inquiry cannot take responsibility for any errors or omissions. The reader should refer to the original article, referenced, before making decisions based on the information in this literature review. The document should be used for information purposes only. The views expressed are that of the National Confidential Inquiry team only, and not those of The University of Manchester. CONTACT INFORMATION ___________________________________________________________________ Sandra Flynn, Research Associate, Dr. Kirsten Windfuhr, Senior Project Manager, Professor Jenny Shaw, Professor of Forensic Psychiatry. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Community Based Medicine, Floor 2, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. Tel: +44 0161 275 0700 Fax: +44 0161 275 0712 Email: [email protected] Website: http://medicine.manchester.ac.uk/psychiatry/research/suicide/prevention/nci 1 CONTENTS __________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES 3 CONTRIBUTORS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 PREFACE 7 1.0 AIMS 8 2.0 METHOD OF UNDERTAKING THE LITERATURE SEARCH 9 3.0 DEFINITION OF FILICIDE 10 4.0 BACKGROUND 12 5.0 HOW COMMON IS FILICIDE? 15 5.1 UK filicide 16 5.2 International filicide 16 6.0 WHO COMMITS FILICIDE? 19 6.1 Gender of perpetrator 19 6.2 Age of perpetrator 20 6.3 Marital status 21 6.4 Socio-economic status 21 6.5 Ethnicity 22 7.0 WHO ARE THE VICTIMS OF FILICIDE? 24 7.1 Gender of victim 24 7.2 Age of victim 25 7.3 Method of filicide 26 8.0 WHAT ARE THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING FILICIDE? 28 8.1 Altruistic/mercy killing 28 8.2 Unwanted child 29 8.3 Accidental filicide 29 8.4 Retaliation/spousal revenge 30 8.5 Mental illness 31 8.6 Limitations of typologies 36 9.0 IS THERE A LINK TO SUICIDE? 37 10.0 CAN FILICIDE BE PREVENTED? 39 11.1 Child abuse 39 11.2 Mental illness 40 11.3 Wider society 41 11.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE FILICIDE LITERATURE 43 12.0 SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM 44 12.1 Data collection difficulties in Northern Ireland 44 12.2 Data required to provide a surveillance system in Northern Ireland 45 13.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 46 14.0 REFERENCES 48 2 LIST OF TABLES ___________________________________________________________________ Table 1: Definitions of filicide 11 Table 2: Age-specific rate of child homicide per 100,000 population 18 Table 3: Characteristics of filicide and child homicide 23 Table 4: Distribution of filicide typologies 35 3 CONTRIBUTORS _______________________________________________________ The staff at the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness developed this review. It was prepared by Sandra Flynn who critically appraised the literature. Internal peer review was provided by Dr. Kirsten Windfuhr, Dr. Isabelle Hunt, Dr. Roger Webb and Professor Jenny Shaw. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________________________________________________________________ In 2005, Mrs. Madeleine O’Neill killed her 9 year old daughter Lauren, and then took her own life. Mrs. O’Neill had been diagnosed with depression and had been under the care of mental health services in Northern Ireland. In response to the publication of the O’Neill Independent Inquiry (WHSSB & EHSSB, 2007) into the deaths of Madeline and Lauren O’Neill, the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety Northern Ireland (DHSSPSNI) commissioned the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCI) to compile a literature review on filicide. Filicide is the killing of a child by his or her parents. Within the literature there is no single definition of filicide, specifying the age or the relationship of the parties involved (i.e. inclusion or exclusion of stepparents). Without clearly defined parameters, it is difficult to interpret and compare research findings. The lack of clarity also makes it problematic for policy makers to translate the literature in order to inform health and social care workers on assessment of risk. This literature review brings together findings from numerous studies in the UK and internationally. Comparing child homicide rates using data from the World Health Organisation, Northern Ireland has a higher rate of child homicide compared to other countries in the UK, with the exception of infant homicides. Although research into child homicide usually includes victims up to the age of 18 years, analysis in this report has been broken down into 3 age categories: infants, preschool children and children of school age. International research consistently reports that infants are at greater risk of filicide than children in other age groups, with infants being particularly vulnerable to maternal filicide in the first few months of their lives. The first few months following childbirth is an important time for intervention, with the health professional’s active involvement with new mothers. The deaths of preschool children are more often associated with child abuse and neglect. The number of filicides in school children is lower than the other age group. Data from the National Confidential Inquiry for England and Wales has shown that children are more likely 5 to be killed by their father than their mother, but the predominant gender of the perpetrator varies between countries. The majority of perpetrators are biological parents, however a fifth of filicides are committed by the child’s stepfather. Financial difficulties and alcohol and drug misuse are common associated features of these incidents. Explanations as to why a parent might kill their own child have been examined and categorised into typologies. The circumstances under which these tragic incidents occur include mercy killing or altruism, having an unwanted child (including neonaticide), accidental filicide, retaliation or revenge against a spouse and mental illness. Incidents that also involve the perpetrators death, (filicide-suicide), are very rare and are more often motivated by altruism. In cases like that of Madeleine and Lauren O’Neill, the parent’s suicidal feelings are often extended to the child, because they do not want to leave them behind. Many of the risk factors presented in this report are common to families across the United Kingdom. As such it would be unrealistic to presume that all filicides are preventable. However, there are valuable lessons to be learned from these cases. Health workers who have contact with mothers in the early stages of pregnancy, as well as those in contact post-natally, and clinicians who are caring for patients with mental illness who have children, all have a responsibility not only to their patient, but also in safeguarding the children. 6 PREFACE _________________________________________________________ The aim of the literature review is to provide a summary of the key research studies undertaken into cases of filicide, both in the UK and internationally. Six key questions have been asked: How common is filicide? Who commits filicide? Who are the victims of filicide? What are the circumstances surrounding filicide? Is there a link to suicide? Can filicide be prevented? In Northern Ireland, 14 child homicides were reported between 2002 and 2007 (Hall, 2007), it is not clear how many of these were filicide. On average there are 32 filicide incidents per year in England and Wales (NCI, unpublished data). Although these incidents may be infrequent, they do have a devastating impact on family and friends of the deceased. Reviewing the literature on filicide should inform potential interventions not only with these rare events, but the wider issue of violence towards children. 7 1.0 AIMS _________________________________________________________ The purpose of the literature review on filicide is to: • Outline the key areas of debate • Examine the findings from research conducted in this field • Outline any issues relevant to Mental Health and Social Care services • Increase health and social care services knowledge of any potential links or associations between parental mental health disorders and filicide. 8 2.0 METHOD OF UNDERTAKING THE LITERATURE SEARCH _________________________________________________________ Descriptions of filicide date back to biblical times, however, most of the research has been in the last 20 years. Therefore, this literature review shall primarily focus on articles from within this period. The analyses were based on an extensive search of electronic databases available through the University of Manchester. The databases included PubMed (Medline) (years 1980–2008), PsychINFO (1985–2008), the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Web of Science (1956–2008), CINAHL (1982–2008), Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full-Text Collection, Sociological Abstracts, and Sociology: A SAGE Full-Text Collection. Search terms included “filicide,” “infanticide,” “neonaticide”, “familicide”, “fatal child abuse”, and “child homicide”. The key words were also used in a search of the University ‘book’ catalogue. Reference lists from publications were also cross-referenced,
Recommended publications
  • Double Filicide for Extended Suicide (Frustrated) of a Subject with Major Psychotic Depression and Dependent Personality Disorder
    South Florida Journal of Development, Miami, v.2, n.3, p. 4552-4562 special edition, jul. 2021. ISSN 2675-5459 Double filicide for extended suicide (frustrated) of a subject with major psychotic depression and dependent personality disorder Doble filicidio por suicidio prolongado (frustrado) de un sujeto con depresión psicótica mayor y trastorno de personalidad dependiente DOI: 10.46932/sfjdv2n3-057 Received in: May 1st, 2021 Accepted in: Jun 30th, 2021 Dr. Bernat-Noël Tiffon Nonis Universitat Abad Oliba ̶ CEU. Calle de Bellesguard, no30. 08022 Barcelona (Spain). E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: A case of frustrated extended suicide is illustrated, where the perpetrator can’t commit her own suicide, but having perpetrated the murder of her own 2 children due to suffering from a severe major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms and dependent personality traits. The case is illustrated with the psychometric tests administered and also, the forensic psychometry of the case is analyzed. Keywords: Expanded Suicide, Murder, Major Psychotic Depressive Disorder, Personality Disorder, Filicide, Criminal. RESUMEN: Se ilustra un caso de suicidio ampliado frustrado, en el que la autora no puede suicidarse, pero ha perpetrado el asesinato de sus propios 2 hijos debido a que padece un trastorno depresivo mayor grave con síntomas psicóticos y rasgos de personalidad dependiente. El caso se ilustra con las pruebas psicométricas administradas y además, se analiza la psicometría forense del caso. Palabras clave: Suicidio ampliado, Asesinato, Trastorno depresivo mayor psicótico, Trastorno de la personalidad, Filicidio, Criminal. 1 INTRODUCTION In general terms, there are few or no research studies and/or psychological evaluation techniques regarding the predictive capacity of aggressive behavior of the scope of an extended suicide (Tiffon y González-Fernández, 2021).
    [Show full text]
  • Accidental Death Experience: a Review of Recent Experience for the Practicing Actuary and the 1996 Accidental Death Benefits Mortality Table
    TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY OF ACTUARIES 1997-98 REPORTS ACCIDENTAL DEATH EXPERIENCE: A REVIEW OF RECENT EXPERIENCE FOR THE PRACTICING ACTUARY AND THE 1996 ACCIDENTAL DEATH BENEFITS MORTALITY TABLE JAY M. JAFFE ABSTRACT Over the past 40 years, three analyses of ordinary life accidental death mor- tality experience have been conducted by the Society of Actuaries. The last version of an accidental death valuation mortality table was produced in 1959. This paper considers recent accidental death mortality experience applicable to both ordinary life policies and other accident products, presents a possible new valuation accidental death benefits mortality table for U.S. business, and pro- vides several sources for actuaries interested in more information about acci- dental death mortality. Rather than basing the possible new valuation accidental death benefits mor- tality table on a detailed review of recent insurance company experience, the analysis of experience was made by using data from a variety of other sources. The data used were collected from publicly available materials. This approach was selected to demonstrate the feasibility of using noncompany experience for developing current expected accidental death experience. I. INTRODUCTION A valuation table for accidental death insurance was last developed by the Society of Actuaries four decades ago. It was based on data using or- dinary life insurance experience from 19:51 to 1956. The table provides only unisex mortality rates. Accidental death mortality patterns have changed over the past four dec- ades. There is a need for an accidental death valuation mortality table that not only reflects current levels of accidental death mortality but also is ap- plicable for accidental death benefits included in accident and health (A&H), special risk, blanket, group, or other policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Coroners' Records of Accidental Deaths
    Archives ofDisease in Childhood 1991; 66: 1239-1241 1239 Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.66.10.1239 on 1 October 1991. Downloaded from Coroners' records of accidental deaths Sara Levene Abstract the study. The four jurisdictions were Inner This study set out to provide a description of North London, Birmingham, Bedfordshire, the children involved in fatal accidents and to and Ipswich. ascertain which deaths might have been pre- All inquests opened in 1984-8 inclusive were vented and by what means. The records from analysed for children age 0-14. Cases where the a convenience sample of four coroners (juris- verdict was 'accidental death' or 'misadventure' dictions of Inner North London, Birmingham, other than medical accidents were included. In Bedfordshire, and Ipswich) of inquests addition, records where the verdict was 'unlawful opened in 1984-8 on children aged under 15 killing', 'death by natural causes', and 'open killed in accidents were reviewed for informa- verdict' were reviewed and included where tion on the deceased, the accident, and the appropriate. The following information was injuries sustained. Altogether 225 records systematically abstracted, ifavailable: (150 boys, 75 girls) were examined. Accidents * The coroner: jurisdiction, record number. to pedestrians were the commonest cause of * The deceased: name, address, sex, date of death (81 cases), and road safety engineering birth, height and weight, ethnic group. measures were the most likely means by * The family: parent's occupation, family which most fatalities might have been pre- structure. vented. The records frequently omitted * The accident: time, day, and date of information on social circumstances, family accident, accident type.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Maternal and Paternal Filicide
    REGULAR ARTICLE A Review of Maternal and Paternal Filicide Dominique Bourget, MD, Jennifer Grace, MA, and Laurie Whitehurst, PhD Filicide, the murder of a child by a parent, is a multifaceted phenomenon with various causes and characteristics. This review of the existing literature delineates the present state of knowledge regarding filicide and illustrates similarities and differences between offenses perpetrated by mothers and by fathers. The importance of numerous reports of an association between filicide and parental pre-existing psychiatric disorders is compounded by indications that a significant number of homicidal parents come to the attention of psychiatrists or other health professionals before the offense occurs. As prevention implies the recognition of causes involved in particular situations, a better understanding of potentially fatal parental/familial dynamics leading to filicide could facilitate the identification of risk and enable effective intervention strategies. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 35:74–82, 2007 The terms filicide, neonaticide, and infanticide have Classifying Filicide been used interchangeably in the literature on child In attempts to determine reasons for child murder homicide. Filicide is the murder of a child by a par- by parents, several authors have proposed general ent, while neonaticide specifies the killing of a child classification systems that categorize cases based on the day of birth. Although infanticide is often mostly on perceived motive or on the source of the used to refer to child homicide, the term has medi- impulse for the parent’s homicidal act.5–9 Resnick5 colegal implications and applies mainly to the killing was the first to propose a classification based on mo- of a child under the age of 12 months by a mother who has not fully recovered from the effects of preg- tive: altruism, acute psychosis, unwanted child, acci- nancy and lactation and suffers some degree of men- dent, and spousal revenge.
    [Show full text]
  • Coroner Investigations of Suspicious Elder Deaths
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Coroner Investigations of Suspicious Elder Deaths Author: Laura Mosqueda, M.D., Aileen Wiglesworth, Ph.D. Document No.: 239923 Date Received: October 2012 Award Number: 2008-MU-MU-0021 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Laura Mosqueda, M.D. INSTITUTION: The Regents of the University of California, UC, Irvine, School of Medicine, Program in Geriatrics GRANT NUMBER: 2008-MU-MU-0021 TITLE OF PROJECT: Coroner Investigations of Suspicious Elder Deaths AUTHOR: Aileen Wiglesworth, PhD DATE: July 1, 2012 Project Description When an older American dies due to abuse or neglect, not only has a tragedy occurred, but a particularly heinous crime may have been committed. Because disease and death are more likely as adults grow older, those who investigate suspicious deaths have a particular challenge when it comes to deciding which elder deaths to scrutinize.
    [Show full text]
  • FRONTIER Issue 3 Sept 2016.Indd
    Iron Age mortuary rites in southern Britain: Familiar ancestors, foreign ideas Coming from a family which is Scottish on one side and English on the other, Andrew Lamb has been curious about cultural differences between closely related groups from a young age. Combined with a long lasting interest in the European Iron Age (due in no small part to Asterix comics), his current research focuses on the southern counties of England between c.500 BC and AD 70, examining the variation in human remains across this area. My current research focuses on the southern counties of England The elusive dead, fractured bodies and between c.500 BC and AD 70, examining how human remains murdered folk and their associated variables from the area. In terms of broader research impact, I hope to demonstrate that links between Britain The population of Iron Age Britain likely numbered a few million, and the continent were closer than is often thought for this period. yet despite this we can account for only a tiny fraction of the population in the archaeological record; when people died they were typically disposed of in a way which left little to no physical Britons of the Iron Age trace. For those few we do have evidence for, the evidence is highly “ varied. In addition to more familiar practices such as inhumation lived in roundhouses, adorned and cremation burials, we also find parts of bodies, ranging from near complete corpses to individual body parts such as limbs or precious objects with swirling, skulls. Finally, there are the famous “Bog Bodies”, individuals interlaced patterns, and spoke who ultimately ended up being preserved in peat bogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Group Term Life and Accidental Death & Dismemberment (AD&D) Benefit
    Group Term Life and Accidental Death & Dismemberment (AD&D) Benefit Highlights for FRANKLIN COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS - #F015243 Eligibility: All eligible, active, full-time Employees working a minimum of 30 hours per week for the policyholder. Basic Life/AD&D Benefit: Varies by class Voluntary Life Benefit: Employees: You may choose from $10,000 to $500,000 in increments of $10,000. Dependent Spouse*: You may choose from $10,000 to $150,000 in increments of $10,000. Dependent Child(ren): You may choose $5,000 or $10,000 for child(ren) from live birth to 26 years. *Includes Domestic Partner Voluntary Life Guarantee Issue Amount: 1. New Employees: $100,000 (Employee) $ 50,000 (Spouse) Dependent Child(ren): All benefits are guarantee issued. 2 . Evidence of Insurability is required for: All amounts for previously eligible individuals who did not enroll within 30 days of initial eligibility; All amounts if you voluntarily canceled your insurance and choose to reapply. If your coverage amount exceeds the Guarantee Issue Amount If you or your spouse enroll for additional coverage that is greater than the next coverage option during Annual Enrollment. NOTE: The Evidence of Insurability requirement will be waived for Employee Voluntary Life insurance amounts and Spouse Voluntary Life insurance amounts should it exceed the Guarantee Issue Benefit Limit if a one-up was made during an Annual Enrollment period. Premium: Your employer pays 100% of the premium for the Basic benefit. You pay 100% of the premium for Voluntary benefits. Life insurance includes the following benefits: Basic AD&D insurance includes the following benefits: Conversion Privilege Seat Belt Spouse Training In the Line of Duty Portability Air Bag Public Conveyance Portability Accelerated Death Benefit Repatriation Felonious Assault (Employee, Spouse, Child) Education Day Care Please note: This information is only a product highlight.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychiatric Considerations on Infanticide: Throwing the Baby Out
    Psychiatria Danubina, 2020; Vol. 32, Suppl. 1, pp 24-28 Conference paper © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia PSYCHIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS ON INFANTICIDE: THROWING THE BABY OUT WITH THE BATHWATER Anne-Frederique Naviaux1, Pascal Janne2 & Maximilien Gourdin2 1College of Psychiatrists of Ireland and Health Service Executive (HSE) Summerhill Community Mental Health Service, Summerhill, Wexford, Ireland 2Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium SUMMARY Background: Infanticide is not a new concept. It is often confused with child murder, neonaticide, filicide or even genderside. Each of these concepts has to be defined clearly in order to be understood. Through time reasons for infanticide have evolved depending on multiple factors such as culture, religion, beliefs system, or attempts to control the population. It was once seen as a moral virtue. So what has changed? Subjects and methods: Between January 2020 and May 2020, a literature search based on electronic bibliographic databases as well as other sources of information (grey literature) was conducted in order to investigate the most recent data on infanticide and child murder, especially the newest socio-economic and psychiatric considerations as well as the different reasons why a mother or a father ends up killing their own child and the Irish situation. Results: Recent works on the subject demonstrate how some new socio economic factors and family considerations impact on infanticide. Mental illness, especially depression and psychosis, is often part of the picture and represent a very high risk factor to commit infanticide and filicide. Fathers and mothers do not proceed the same way nor for the same reasons when they kill their offspring.
    [Show full text]
  • Iowa Office of the State Medical Examiner Informational Pamphlet
    IOWA OFFICE OF THE STATE MEDICAL EXAMINER General Information Who Are We and What Do We Do? The Iowa Office of the State Medical Examiner (IOSME) is a bureau within the Iowa Department of Public Health. The Bureau Chief is the State Medical Examiner, who is appointed and serves at the pleasure of the Director of the Iowa Department of Public Health upon the advice of and in consultation with the Director of Public Safety and the Governor of Iowa per Iowa Code 691.5. The mission of the Iowa Office of the State Medical Examiner is to establish credibility in death investigation in a system that will operate efficiently and serve the needs of the citizens of Iowa. The Iowa Office of the State Medical Examiner is committed to fulfilling its role of providing support, guidance, education, consultation, and training to County Medical Examiners and their Death Investigators, who are responsible for investigating violent, suspicious, and unexpected natural deaths that occur throughout the state. Why the Need for a State Medical Examiner’s Office? The Iowa Office of the State Medical Examiner (IOSME) provides guidance and support to the County Medical Examiners who must investigate any and all violent, suspicious, and unexpected natural deaths that occur within their jurisdictions. The IOSME provides forensic autopsy, investigative, and consultative services when requested to do so by County Medical Examiner personnel and law enforcement agencies. The ultimate goal of the forensic investigation and autopsy is to develop logical, scientific, and unbiased information necessary to determine the cause and manner of death for proper and accurate completion of the death certificate.
    [Show full text]
  • WV 10 Leading Causes of De
    HSC Statistical Brief No. 32 West Virginia’s 10 Leading Causes of Death, 2016 Bill J. Crouch Cabinet Secretary West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources Rahul Gupta, MD, MPH, MBA, FACP Commissioner and State Health Officer Bureau for Public Health Anne A. Williams, RN, BSN, MS-HCA Deputy Commissioner, Health Improvement Bureau for Public Health Gary L. Thompson, BA Interim Director and State Registrar Health Statistics Center Bureau for Public Health Report Prepared By Allysa B. Crews, MS Epidemiologist Health Statistics Center Cause of Death statistics are derived from the underlying cause of death that is reported on death certificates across the United States. The nationally standardized 113 selected causes of death are categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). The data that is compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is ordered by the occurrence of deaths attributed to each rankable cause. The ranking of causes of death provides information regarding the “relative burden of cause-specific mortality” (Heron, 2017). Age-adjusted death rates illustrate relative risk of mortality between population subgroups (Murphy, Xu, Kochanek, Curtin, & Arias, 2017). Uniform death rate age-adjustment to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population imparts comparability among populations with varying age distributions. This report will present the 10 leading causes of death among West Virginia residents in 2016 and any trends therein. 2 | P a g e 1. Heart Disease (ICD-10 I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51) Heart disease includes conditions such as rheumatic fever, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart diseases, endocarditis, and heart failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Infanticide, Filicide, and Cot Death
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.60.6.505 on 1 June 1985. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1985, 60, 505-507 Annotations Infanticide, filicide, and cot death The 'suppression' of unwanted babies seems to have in England and Wales are under the age of 16-81% been commonplace in antiquity. Early travellers to of them being killed by their parents; and children in New Zealand, while remarking on how fond the their first year are at a greater risk of being the Maoris were of their children and how well they victims of proved homicide than at any other age.3 looked after them, noted that infanticide was openly Most studies relating to filicide have been under- practised. The most favoured methods were squeez- taken by psychiatrists working with people who have ing the nose between the fingers, pressing the been convicted of killing their children. d'Orban,4 fontanel, or putting a wet cloth over the baby's reporting on 89 women charged with killing or head-practises that time perhaps had shown would attempting to kill their own children, put the causal enable a child to die without a struggle.' In some groups in descending order of frequency as: (1) Aborigine communities in Australia it was not battering, (2) mental illness in the mother, (3) possible for women to bring up more than one baby, neonaticide, that is the killing of a baby within 24 and it was the duty of the maternal grandmother to hours of birth, (4) retaliating mothers, (5) unwanted ensure that the weakest of twins did not survive.
    [Show full text]
  • German Mass Murderers and Their Proximal Warning Behaviors
    Journal of Threat Assessment and Management © 2019 American Psychological Association 2019, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–22 2169-4842/19/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tam0000122 German Mass Murderers and Their Proximal Warning Behaviors Mirko Allwinn and Jens Hoffmann J. Reid Meloy Institute Psychology and Threat Management, University of California, San Diego Darmstadt, Germany The main objective of this study was to analyze mass murder cases committed by adults from a threat assessment perspective, and to identify risk factors and proximal warning behaviors. Therefore, court records of 33 German mass murderers between 2000 and 2012 were systematically evaluated. One major focus was the comparison between psychotic and nonpsychotic offenders. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups regarding their choice of weapons, planning behavior, personal crises, per- sonality aspects, and warning behaviors. Nonpsychotic subjects were significantly more likely to evidence pathway warning behavior and directly threaten their targets before the attack when compared with the psychotic subjects. Effect sizes were medium to large. All offenders showed multiple proximal warning behaviors prior to their attacks. Findings are interpreted in light of previous studies and for the purpose of enhancing threat assessment protocols of such persons of concern. Public Significance Statement The study reveals the presence of warning signs in a representative sample of adult German mass murderers and relates the results to the research from the United States. A predisposition to commit an act of deadly violence was noticeable months, years, or even decades in advance in most of the cases, but the specific intent became apparent relatively late in the pathway toward violence, usually within days or weeks before the killings.
    [Show full text]