Social Security: the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP)
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Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weakness in State and Local Pensions
INCOME AND BENEFITS POLICY CENTER RESEARCH REPORT Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weaknesses in State and Local Pensions Chantel Boyens Erald Kolasi Jack Smalligan March 2019 ABOUT THE URBAN INST ITUTE The nonprofit Urban Institute is a leading research organization dedicated to developing evidence-based insights that improve people’s lives and strengthen communities. For 50 years, Urban has been the trusted source for rigorous analysis of complex social and economic issues; strategic advice to policymakers, philanthropists, and practitioners; and new, promising ideas that expand opportunities for all. Our work inspires effective decisions that advance fairness and enhance the well-being of people and places. Copyright © March 2019. Urban Institute. Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute. Cover image by Tim Meko. Contents Acknowledgments iv Reforming the Social Security WEP Exposes Weaknesses in State and Local Pensions 1 Social Security Coverage 2 Treatment of Noncovered Earnings in Social Security 3 The Equal Treatment of Public Servants Act of 2018 5 Estimated Impact on Beneficiaries 7 Noncovered State and Local Government Workers and Their Pensions 8 Analysis 11 Policy Options 15 Request Additional Analysis 16 Update Regulations Governing Noncovered Pensions 16 Modify PSF and Improve Administration 16 Implement Universal Coverage 17 Conclusion 17 Appendix A. Brief Primer on Actuarial Methodology 20 Appendix B. PSF and Pattern of Earnings 22 Notes 24 References 25 About the Authors 26 Statement of Independence 27 Acknowledgments This report was funded by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. We are grateful to them and to all our funders, who make it possible for Urban to advance its mission. -
1 211 Cmr 71.00: Medicare Supplement
211 CMR 71.00: MEDICARE SUPPLEMENT INSURANCE AND EVIDENCES OF COVERAGE ISSUED PURSUANT TO A RISK OR COST CONTRACT -- TO FACILITATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF M.G.L. c. 176K AND SECTION 1882 OF THE FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY ACT Section 71.01: Purpose 71.02: Applicability, Scope and Effective Date 71.03: Definitions 71.04: Readability Standards 71.05: Standards for Policy Definitions 71.06: Policy Limitations 71.07: Renewability 71.08: Policy Benefit Standards 71.09: New or Innovative Benefits 71.10: Open Enrollment and Guarantee Issue for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Risk or Cost Contract 71.11: Standards for Claims Payment 71.12: Policy Filings for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Rate Review for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Cost Contract 71.13: Required Disclosure Provisions 71.14: Requirements for Application or Replacement 71.15: Appropriateness of Recommended Purchase and Excessive Insurance 71.16: Standards for Marketing 71.17: Filing Requirements for Advertising 71.18: Permitted Producer Compensation Arrangements 71.19: Reporting of Multiple Policies 71.20: Permitted Surcharges or Discounts for Medicare Supplement Insurance and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to Cost Contracts 71.21: (Reserved for Medicare Select) 71.22: Withdrawal from Market for Medicare Supplement Insurance 71.23: Health Maintenance Organizations and Evidences of Coverage Issued Pursuant to a Risk or Cost Contract 71.24: Annual Public Hearing to Monitor Market Condition 71.89: Severability 71.90: Appendix A - Medicare Supplement Core 71.91: Appendix B - Medicare Supplement 1 71.92: Appendix C - Medicare Supplement 2 71.96: Appendix D - Medicare Supplement Refund Calculation Form 71.97: Appendix E - Form for Reporting Medicare Supplement Insurance Policies 71.98: Appendix F - Outline of Coverage, Cover Page 71.99: Appendix G- Outline of Coverage, Charts 71.100: Appendix H - Disclosure Statements 1 71.01: Purpose The purpose of 211 CMR 71.00 is to provide for the implementation of M.G.L. -
Agreement Between the United States and the Netherlands
Agreement Between The United States And The Netherlands Contents Introduction 1 Coverage and Social Security taxes 2 Certificate of coverage 3 Monthly benefits 5 How benefits can be paid 7 A Dutch pension may affect your U.S. benefit 8 What you need to know about Medicare 8 Claims for benefits 9 Authority to collect information for a certificate of coverage (see pages 3-5) 9 Contacting Social Security 10 Introduction benefits. It does not cover benefits under the U.S. Medicare program or Supplemental An agreement effective November 1, 1990, Security Income program. between the United States and the Netherlands This booklet covers highlights of the agreement improves social security protection for people and explains how it may help you who work or have worked in both countries. It while you . helps many people who, without the agreement, work and when you apply for benefits would not be eligible for monthly retirement, The agreement may help you, your disability or survivors benefits under the social family and your employer security system of one or both countries. It also • While you work — If your work is covered helps people who would otherwise have to pay by both the U.S. and Dutch social security social security taxes to both countries on the systems, you (and your employer, if you are same earnings. employed) normally would have to pay social The agreement covers social security taxes security taxes to both countries for the same (including the U.S. Medicare portion) and social work. However, the agreement eliminates security retirement, disability and survivors this double coverage so you pay taxes to only one system (see pages 2-5). -
December 6, 1955
December 6, 1955 ' L-55-593 *'-170 The Board The Associate General Counsel The effect on the Board's administration of H.R. 7225 (passed by the House of Representatives on July 18, 1955)• The Board's attention was called in July of this year to the bill H.R. 7225, referred to in the subject above. 1/ At that time the Board was primarily concerned with the proposed amendment to the Social Security Act to reduce the eligibility age for women's benefits from 65 to 62. On the dates of the memoranda referred to in footnote 1 the bill was not available for examination, and there was no way of ascertaining the extent to which it may have been technically defective for the purposes of coordination between the railroad retirement and social security systems. The difficulties in this respect came to light only upon examination of the bill after it was reported out b; the House Committee on Ways and Means. 2/ The pertinent provisions of the bill suggest for the Board's consideration the following: 1. A permanently disabled child whose disability began before age 18 and is otherwise entitled to a child's benefit before that age, 1/ See memorandum from the Secretary to the Board dated July 8, 1955, entitled "Spouse's Eligibility Age", and my memorandum to the Board dated July 11, 1955, entitled "Effect on the Railroad Retirement j.ct of contemplated amendments to the Social Security act to reduce the eligibility age from 65 to 62 for spouses' and aged survivors' bene fits, and to provide benefits, before age 65, to persons who are totally and permanently disabled. -
Social Security Fraud
Social Security Fraud In This Issue Prosecuting Social Security Number Misuse: Attacking Identity Theft at its Source ........................................................ 1 January By John K. Webb 2005 Volume 53 Using Electronic Evidence to Litigate Social Security Cases: Considering Number 1 the Implications of the Social Security Administration's New Signature Alternatives on Applications ..................................... 16 United States Department of Justice By Joseph Grow Executive Office for United States Attorneys Prosecuting Employers for Wage and Earnings Violations under the Office of Legal Education Washington, DC Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code .................. 23 20535 By John K. Webb Mary Beth Buchanan Director Overview of the Social Security Administration's Civil Monetary Penalty Contributors’ opinions and statements should not be Program: Applying Sections 1129 and 1140 of the Social Security Act .. 34 considered an endorsement by By Julia Chu and Jonathan Morse EOUSA for any policy, program, or service. The United States Attorneys’ Bulletin is published pursuant to 28 CFR § 0.22(b). The United States Attorneys’ Bulletin is published bi-monthly by the Executive Office for United States Attorneys, Office of Legal Education, 1620 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29201. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C. Postmaster: Send address changes to Editor, United States Attorneys’ Bulletin, Office of Legal Education, 1620 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29201. Managing Editor Jim Donovan Technical Editor Nancy Bowman Law Clerk Carolyn Perozzi Internet Address www.usdoj.gov/usao/ reading_room/foiamanuals. html Send article submissions to Managing Editor, United States Attorneys’ Bulletin, National Advocacy Center, Office of Legal Education, 1620 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29201. Prosecuting Social Security Number Misuse: Attacking Identity Theft at its Source John K. -
Historia De La OFICINA DE LA INFANCIA
Historia de la OFICINA DE LA INFANCIA Cien años al servicio de los niños y las familias de nuestra nación Índice Introducción Nacimiento de una era . 3 Progreso para los niños . 5 Capítulo 1 Cooperación Antes . 9 Ahora . 11 Capítulo 2 Ayuda a estados y tribus Antes . 13 Ahora . 16 Capítulo 3 Investigación e información Antes . 20 Ahora . 24 Capítulo 4 Difusión del mensaje Antes . 28 Ahora . 31 Capítulo 5 Liderazgo Antes . 34 Ahora . 37 Historia de la OFICINA DE LA INFANCIA Introducción Nacimiento de una era La Oficina de la Infancia, como primer organismo federal dedicado al bienestar de los niños, lleva mucho tiempo ocupándose de algunos de los problemas sociales más apremiantes que enfrenta Estados Unidos. Estos problemas han cambiado con el transcurrir de los años. En sus inicios, la oficina se ocupaba de temas como mortalidad infantil, hijos dependientes y trabajo infantil, mientras que ahora las preocupaciones principales son maltrato infantil y prevención del abandono, cuidado de crianza temporal y servicios de adopción. No obstante, los valores que subyacían a nuestro trabajo en sus primeras etapas y muchos de los métodos fundamentales a los que recurríamos para materializarlos aún perduran; incluidos cooperación, ayuda a estados y tribus, investigación y recopilación de información, campañas de sensibilización social y formación de líderes. A principios del siglo pasado, las condiciones de los niños en Estados Unidos eran muy diferentes a las de hoy. Más de uno de diez bebés no sobrevivía al primer año. Muchos niños desertaban de la escuela para ayudar a conseguir el sustento de sus familias, por lo general, trabajando en condiciones peligrosas. -
GAO-16-75SP, SOCIAL SECURITY's FUTURE: Answers to Key Questions
October 2015 Answers to key questions GAO-16-75SP Contents Preface 1 Section I: How Does Social Security Work? 3 Social Security’s Goals 3 1. How did Social Security begin? 3 2. What are Social Security’s goals? 3 3. How well has Social Security worked? 4 4. Who gets benefits? 7 5. What benefits does Social Security offer? 8 6. When can people get benefits? 12 7. How much interest do workers’ contributions earn? 13 8. What is social insurance? 14 Social Security’s Revenues 14 9. Where do Social Security’s revenues come from? 14 10. How much is the Social Security payroll tax? 15 11. Why is there a cap on taxable earnings? 16 12. How are Social Security benefits taxed? 17 13. What are the Social Security trust funds? 18 14. Are the Social Security trust funds like private sector trust funds? 19 15. What interest rate do the Social Security trust funds earn? 19 16. What does “pay-as-you-go financing” mean? 20 17. Are Social Security taxes spent on other government programs? 22 Section II: Why Is There a Need for Changes to Social Security? 23 Social Security’s Outlook 23 1. What is the basic problem? 23 2. What is the size of the funding gap? 25 3. Why do the Trustees look at Social Security’s future financial status over a 75-year period, and why are projections uncertain? 26 4. What are the root causes of the gap between costs and revenues? 27 5. Are there other issues that policymakers could also consider addressing? 32 Page i GAO-16-75SP Social Security's Future Overall Fiscal and Economic Outlook 34 6. -
Immigrant Diversity and Social Security: Recent Patterns and Future Prospects
Immigrant Diversity and Social Security: Recent Patterns and Future Prospects MELISSA M. FAVREAULT AUSTIN NICHOLS April 30, 2011 URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M STREET, N.W. / WASHINGTON D.C. 20037-1231 The research reported herein was pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Retirement Research Consortium (RRC). The findings and conclusions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not represent the views of SSA, any agency of the federal government, the RRC, the Urban Institute, its board, or its funders. We thank Richard Johnson and Juan Pedroza of the Urban Institute, Bill Davis of the Social Security Administration, plus participants in a seminar at the Social Security Administration’s Division of Policy Evaluation in the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics for helpful comments. Thuy Ho of the Social Security Administration facilitated access to the survey data matched to the administrative records. All errors remain our own. ABSTRACT Immigration is transforming the U.S. labor force with important consequences for Social Security’s adequacy and finances. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to administrative data on lifetime earnings and benefit receipt, we measure the extent to which nonnatives’ lifetime earning patterns, payroll taxes paid, benefits received, and total incomes differ from those for the U.S.-born population. We consider other outcomes important to retirement security, like health status, marital status, and financial wealth. We also compare various immigrant groups with one another. Our findings stress heterogeneity in labor force and Social Security experiences among immigrants. -
Master List of Terms and Concepts : 20 Century Topics, Emphasizing the Americas
Master List of Terms and Concepts : 20th Century Topics, Emphasizing the Americas Early 20th Century- Year 1 Unit 1 - The development of modern nations 1865-1929 (8 Weeks) “Cross of Gold” Chicago School of Architecture “Melting Pot” theory Cornelius Vanderbilt AFL Coxey’s Army Andrew Carnegie Edward Bellamy Bland-Allison Act (1878) Emma Lazarus Boss Tweed Gilded Age Carry Nation Gold bugs Gospel of Wealth Railroad Strike of 1877 Haymarket Riot (1886) Robber Barons Henry George Samuel Gompers Homestead Strike (1892) Settlement Movement Horatio Alger Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) Jacob Riis Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) Jane Addams Silver bugs Jay Gould Social Darwinism John D. Rockefeller Social Gospel Knights of Labor Thomas A. Edison Louis Sullivan Thomas Nast Mark Hanna U. S. v. E. C. Knight (1890) Panic of 1893 William Jennings Bryan Pendleton Act (1885) William Lloyd Wright Pullman Strike (1894) Yellow-dog contract Unit 2 - Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880-1929 (10 Weeks) Treaty of Kanagawa Pancho Villa “Seward’s Folly” John J. Pershing Alfred Thayer Mahan “Colossus of the North Jingoism James G. Blaine Yellow journalism Pan-Americanism William Randolph Hearst U. S. S. Maine Spanish-American War (1898) Commodore Matthew Perry De Lome Letter Commodore Dewey Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain! Treaty of Paris (1898) Rough Riders Walter Reed Queen Liliukalani Insular Cases Emilio Aguinaldo Teller Amendment “White Man’s Burden” protectorate Anti-Imperialist League John Hay, Secretary of State Platt Amendment Boxer Rebellion Open Door Policy Teddy Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policy Roosevelt Corollary Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Panama Canal Nationalism Gentleman’s Agreement First Battle of the Somme Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) Militarism “Dollar Diplomacy” Trench warfare Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. -
Social Security Primer
Social Security Primer Updated February 7, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42035 Social Security Primer Summary Social Security provides monthly cash benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family members, and to the family members of deceased workers. Among the beneficiary population, almost 83% are retired or disabled workers; family members of retired, disabled, or deceased workers make up the remainder. In December 2018, approximately 62.9 million beneficiaries received a total of $84.4 billion in benefit payments for the month; the average monthly benefit was $1,342. Workers become eligible for Social Security benefits for themselves and their family members by working in Social Security-covered employment. An estimated 94% of workers in paid employment or self-employment are covered, and their earnings are subject to the Social Security payroll tax. Employers and employees each pay 6.2% of covered earnings, up to an annual limit on taxable earnings ($132,900 in 2019). Among other requirements, a worker generally needs 40 earnings credits (10 years of covered employment) to be eligible for a Social Security retired-worker benefit. Fewer earnings credits are needed to qualify for a disabled-worker benefit; the number needed varies depending on the age of the worker when he or she became disabled. A worker’s initial monthly benefit is based on his or her career-average earnings in covered employment. Social Security retired-worker benefits are first payable at the age of 62, subject to a permanent reduction for early retirement. Full (unreduced) retirement benefits are first payable at the full retirement age (FRA), which is increasing gradually from 65 to 67 under a law enacted by Congress in 1983. -
One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America
H. R. 3630 One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America AT THE SECOND SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the third day of January, two thousand and twelve An Act To provide incentives for the creation of jobs, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012’’. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. TITLE I—EXTENSION OF PAYROLL TAX REDUCTION Sec. 1001. Extension of payroll tax reduction. TITLE II—UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT CONTINUATION AND PROGRAM IMPROVEMENT Sec. 2001. Short title. Subtitle A—Reforms of Unemployment Compensation to Promote Work and Job Creation Sec. 2101. Consistent job search requirements. Sec. 2102. State flexibility to promote the reemployment of unemployed workers. Sec. 2103. Improving program integrity by better recovery of overpayments. Sec. 2104. Data exchange standardization for improved interoperability. Sec. 2105. Drug testing of applicants. Subtitle B—Provisions Relating To Extended Benefits Sec. 2121. Short title. Sec. 2122. Extension and modification of emergency unemployment compensation program. Sec. 2123. Temporary extension of extended benefit provisions. Sec. 2124. Additional extended unemployment benefits under the Railroad Unem- ployment Insurance Act. Subtitle C—Improving Reemployment Strategies Under the Emergency Unemployment Compensation Program Sec. 2141. Improved work search for the long-term unemployed. Sec. -
Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance – OASDI)
2020 Social Security/SSI/Medicare Information Social Security Program (Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance – OASDI) 2020 Maximum Taxable Earnings Base: OASDI-- $ 137,700; HI (Hospital Insurance)-- No limit Federal Tax Rate Max OASDI Max HI Employee 7.65% ( 6.20% - OASDI, 1.45% - HI)1 $ 8,537.40 No limit Employer 7.65% ( 6.20% - OASDI, 1.45% - HI) $ 8,537.40 No limit Self-employed 15.30% (12.40% - OASDI, 2.90% - HI) $17,074.80 No limit Earnings Required for Work Credit (Quarter of Coverage) in 2020: $1,410 ($5,640 for four) Full Retirement and Age 62 Benefit (by Year of Birth): 1938 - 65/2 mos. 1942 - 65/10 mos. 1957 - 66/6 mos. 1939 - 65/4 mos. 1943 -54 66 1958 - 66/8 mos. 1940 - 65/6 mos. 1955 - 66/2 mos. 1959 - 66/10 mos. 1941 - 65/8 mos. 1956 - 66/4 mos. 1960+ - 67 Benefits for Retirees (1/2020)2: Age 62 Full Retirement Age (FRA) PIA Benefit PIA Benefit Scaled low earner $1,181.40 $ 846 $1128.50 $1,128 Scaled medium earner $1,944.90 $1,393 $1,860.30 $1,860 Maximum earner $3,142.70 $2,252 $3,011.50 $3,011 Long Range Constant Pre-Retirement Earnings Replacement Rate: Retirement at Age 67 in 2030 or later Scaled low earner: 55% Scaled medium earner: 41% Maximum earner: 27% Coverage Thresholds for 2020: Self-Employment Domestic Employment Election Workers $ 400 $2,200 $1,900 OASDI Covered Workers (est.in millions, Calendar Year (CY) 2019): Wage Self-employed Combined 166.4 20.2 177.6 Percent of workers in paid employment or self-employment who are covered: 94% Estimated Worker/Beneficiary Ratio: 2019 2040 2.8 to 1 2.2 to 1 CY 2020 Retirement Test Annual Exempt Amounts: • Retirement earnings test applies only to people below FRA.