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Body Tissues and Basic Physiology 13 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORBody SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONTissues and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Basic LLC Physiology© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & CHAPTERBartlett Learning, OUTLINE LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TYPES OF TISSUE Synarthrotic Motor Unit Recruitment Amphiarthrotic Muscle Tone CONNECTIVE TISSUE Diarthrotic Muscle Fatigue Bones © Jones & BartlettStructural Learning, Classification LLC Types of Skeletal© Jones Muscle & Fibers Bartlett Learning, LLC Bone Tissue NOT FOR SALEFibrous OR DISTRIBUTION Origin, Insertion,NOT Action FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Shapes of Bones Cartilaginous Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Synovial Contractions Bone Markings Synergists and Antagonists Cartilage MUSCLES Shortened and Lengthened Muscles Dense© Jones Connective & TissueBartlett Learning,Muscle LLC Tissue © JonesPalpation & Bartlett and Massage Learning, of Muscles LLC LooseNOT Connective FOR SALETissue OR DISTRIBUTIONStructure of a Skeletal Muscle NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Blood Skeletal Muscle Cell Components NERVE SUPPLY TO MUSCLES Lymph Skeletal Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Mechanism ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO MUSCLES JOINTS Motor Units Chapter Summary © Jones & BartlettFunctional ClassificationLearning, LLC All-or-Nothing Principle© Jones & Bartlett WorkbookLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION KEY TERMS © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Epithelial tissue: tissue that coversNOT surfaces, FOR and SALE lines cavities OR and DISTRIBUTIONAppendicular skeleton: includes all theNOT bones ofFOR the upper SALE and lower OR DISTRIBUTION hollow organs. limbs, as well as the bones that hold the limbs to the axial skeleton, Connective tissue: abundant and continuous tissue that supports, binds, including the clavicle (collar bone) scapula (shoulder blade), and hip and protects the body and structures within the body bones Compact bone tissue: the dense type of bone tissue that comprises the Bone markings: special projections, shapes, and textures on bones that entire outer© Jones surface of &bones Bartlett Learning, LLC serve varied anatomical© Jones functions & Bartlett Learning, LLC Synarthrotic: immovable SpongyNOT bone tissue: FOR the SALElighter type OR of bone DISTRIBUTION tissue, formed by thin NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION slivers of bone arranged in an irregular pattern and located deep to Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable compact bone tissue Diarthrotic: freely movable Axial skeleton: includes the bones that generally run along the vertical Synovial joint: a freely movable, diarthrotic joint in which the ends of the axis of the body, including the bones of the skull and spine, as well as joining bones are covered with cartilage and held together by a synovial the ribs, sternum (breast bone), and hyoid bone, which is a small curved joint capsule containing synovial fluid © Jones bone& Bartlett in the anterior Learning, neck LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. CHAPTER 2 Body Tissues and Basic Physiology 13 © Jones &Endomysium: Bartlett sheet-likeLearning, connective LLC tissue structure that surrounds each© JonesMuscle & fatigue: Bartlett exhaustion Learning, of muscle cells, LLC so that they can no longer contract NOT FOR SALEmuscle OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Perimysium: sheet-like connective tissue structure that surrounds each Origin: muscles typically connect to two or more locations on at least fascicle or group of muscle cells two different bones; the stable or less movable location is called the Epimysium: sheet-like connective tissue structure that surrounds each origin individual muscle cell Insertion: muscles typically connect to two or more locations on at least Sarcolemma: cell membrane© Jonesof a skeletal & muscle Bartlett cell Learning, LLCtwo different bones; the more movable,© Jones less stable & location Bartlett is called Learning, the LLC insertion Myofibril: a basic structureNOT that forms FOR skeletal SALE muscle cellsOR and DISTRIBUTION that NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION contains multilayered rows of alternating protein fibers called myofilaments Action: movement that occurs at a joint when a muscle’s insertion moves closer to the muscle’s origin Myosin: thicker myofilament or protein fibers that overlap with actin when a muscle shortens Concentric contraction: a muscle contraction resulting in shortening of the muscle Actin: thinner myofilament or protein fibers that overlap with myosin when© a Jonesmuscle shor &tens Bartlett Learning, LLC Eccentric contraction:© Jones a muscle & Bartlett contraction resulting Learning, in lengthening LLC of the muscle SarcoplasmicNOT FOR reticulum: SALE a network OR of sacsDISTRIBUTION and tubules that surround NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION each myofibril Isometric contraction: a muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change, yet muscle tension occurs Sliding filament mechanism: the process by which myosin and actin are pulled closer together, resulting in muscle shortening Synergists: muscles that perform one or more of the same actions Motor units: a single motor neuron (nerve cell designed to allow movement) © Jones & andBartlett the set of skLearning,eletal muscle cells LLC innervated by that single neuron © JonesAntagonists: & Bartlett muscles that Learning, perform one or LLC more opposite actions NOT FOR SALEMotor unit OR recruitment: DISTRIBUTION the use of additional motor units to accomplishNOT FORShortened SALE muscle: OR a muscle DISTRIBUTION that remains in a shortened position, with a muscle contraction or movement origin and insertion closer together than typical Muscle tone: continuous contraction of alternating motor units, which Lengthened muscle: a muscle that remains in a lengthened position, causes muscles to have tension or firmness during rest with origin and insertion farther apart than typical © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION his chapter provides an introduction to the physiol- for a particular purpose. There are four types of tissue in the © Jonesogy of bones, & Bartlett joints, and Learning, muscles, and LLCa brief overview body. Epithelial© Jones tissue &lines Bartlett the cavities, Learning, vessels, and LLC hollow TNOTof nerveFOR and SALE arterial OR supply DISTRIBUTION to muscles. This infor- organs of theNOT body FOR and forms SALE the outerOR DISTRIBUTIONcovering of the body. mation provides a framework for the understanding of my- It also comprises various glands. Nervous system tissue ology and kinesiology, as these studies relate to massage forms the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and therapy. We begin this chapter by discussing the types of tis- all supporting nerve tissue. Nervous system tissue is designed sue and the particular categories and functions of connective to sense stimuli and respond to it by generating nerve im- © Jones & tissue.Bartlett Within Learning, this discussion, LLC we explore the bones and bone© Jonespulses. & MuscleBartlett tissue Learning,is designed LLCto contract, which enables NOT FOR SALEmarkings OR of the DISTRIBUTION body, many of which serve as muscle attach-NOT FORit to shorten SALE and OR lengthen DISTRIBUTION and thus allow movement. Con- ment sites. Next, we explore joints of the body, including the nective tissue includes all other tissue in the body and is the different categorizations of joints and the movement permit- most abundant type of tissue we have. Connective tissue pro- ted at each. Then, we move on to muscles, including their tects, supports, and binds together other tissue. Of these four structure and functions© andJones how they& Bartlett contract to Learning, allow us to LLCtypes, this chapter will focus© primarily Jones on & connective Bartlett tissue Learning, LLC move. We conclude thisNOT chapter FOR with SALE a look at OR shortened DISTRIBUTION and and muscle tissue. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lengthened muscles, how they impact posture and function, as well as the importance of muscles’ innervation and arterial supply. Understanding these concepts prepares you for the CONNECTIVE TISSUE study of myology and assists you in designing treatment plans © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC It is just as© important Jones &for Bartlettmassage therapists Learning, to understand LLC for your clients. and address connective tissue as it is to address muscles. In NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION fact, it is impossible to differentiate the massage of muscle TYPES OF TISSUE from the massage of connective tissue. As we will see later in this chapter, muscles are infused with and surrounded by A brief description of tissues can help create a context for connective tissue. Restrictions in a client’s connective tissue © Jones & learningBartlett about Learning, muscles, bones, LLC and joints. Tissue is a mass© of Jonescan cause & Bartlett pain, limited Learning, range of motion, LLC and postural abnor- NOT FOR SALEthe same OR type DISTRIBUTIONof cells that form a particular kind
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