OMB-PER/488 Operator's Manual
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Direct Memory Access
International Journal of Research in Science And Technology http://www.ijrst.com (IJRST) 2014, Vol. No. 4, Issue No. III, Jul-Sep ISSN: 2249-0604 DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS LokeshMadan1, KislayAnand2and Bharat Bhushan3 1Department of Computer Science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India 2Department of Computer Science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India 3Department of Computer Science, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India ABSTRACT Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a feature in all modern computers that allow devices to be able to move large blocks of data without any interaction with the processor. This can be useful, as you may have already seen from the floppy programming chapter. While the device transfers the block of data, the processor is free to continue running the software without worry about the data being transferred into memory, or to another device. The basic idea is that we can schedule the DMA device to perform the task on its own. Different buses and architecture designs have different methods of performing direct memory access. KEYWORDS: Processor register,cyclestealing,busmastering,countregisters,interleaved,c ache invalidation, schematics, gigabit Ethernet. INTRODUCTION A DMA controller can generate memory addresses and initiate memory read or write cycles. It contains several processor registers that can be written and read by the CPU. These include a memory address register, a byte count register, and one or more control registers. The control registers specify the I/O port to use, the direction of the transfer (reading from the I/O device or writing to the I/O device), the transfer unit (byte at a time or word at a time), and the number of bytes to transfer in one burst. -
Tcss 422: Operating Systems
TCSS 422 A – Fall 2018 12/6/2018 School of Engineering and Technology, TCSS 422: OPERATING SYSTEMS Beyond Physical Memory, I/O Devices Wes J. Lloyd School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma TCSS422: Operating Systems [Fall 2018] December 5, 2018 School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma FEEDBACK FROM 12/3 Program 3 Write to a proc file? Once we have a reference to a process, we then traverse pages on that process? TCSS422: Operating Systems [Fall 2018] December 5, 2018 L19.2 School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma FEEDBACK - 2 Which I/O Devices work better with interrupts (other than keyboard)? Interrupt driven I/O - - is off-loaded from the CPU . Via Directory Memory Access (DMA) controller . CPU non involved in the data transfer . Interrupts enable a context-switch to notify data is available . Examples: ISA, PCI bus Polled I/O is - - programmed I/O Data transfers fully occupy CPU for entire data transfer CPU unavailable for other work Examples: ATA (parallel ports), legacy serial/parallel ports, PS/2 keyboard/mouse, MIDI, joysticks TCSS422: Operating Systems [Fall 2018] December 5, 2018 L19.3 School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma Slides by Wes J. Lloyd L19.1 TCSS 422 A – Fall 2018 12/6/2018 School of Engineering and Technology, FEEDBACK - 3 Does the mouse use interrupts, polling, or a hybrid of both? . Interrupts . Where is the polling (BUSY) process? (see top –d .1) TCSS422: Operating Systems [Fall 2018] December 5, 2018 L19.4 School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma CLOUD AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS RESEARCH L19.5 CLOUD AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS LAB WES LLOYD, [email protected], HTTP://FACULTY.WASHINGTON.EDU/WLLOYD Serverless Computing (FaaS): How should cloud native applications be composed from microservices to optimize performance and cost? Code structure directly influences hosting costs. -
Setting up MPU-401 and Compatible Cards on Your PC
® Supplemental RAP-10 ®ÂØÒňΠRoland Audio Producer Notes May 21, 1996 Installing the RAP-10 in Windows 95 These notes are designed to help you install the Roland Audio Production Card (RAP-10) and configure it for use in Windows 95. This process will consist of the following four steps: I. First, we will look at computers and peripherals and how they work together. See “Typical Hardware Setup”. II. Second, we will prepare the RAP-10 for installation. See “Changing Hardware Settings”. III. Third, we will install the Windows software. See “Installing the Roland Audio Tools Software”. IV. Finally, we will test the RAP-10 to make sure it has been installed properly. See “Testing the RAP-10 Card”. If you were previously using the RAP-10 successfully under Windows 3.1 in the same computer, you can skip the first two steps and go directly to Section III. I. Typical Hardware Setup Interrupts and Addresses IBM-compatible computers can be expanded to accept many different devices such as a mouse, modem, printer, sound card, or MIDI card. Your computer uses interrupts (also called IRQs) and port addresses (or I/O addresses) to distinguish between these different devices. Since this guide is not intended to explain the concepts of IBM computers in detail, we will not jump into the particular definitions of IRQs and addresses. Just remember that the IRQ and port address numbers must be unique for EVERY device in your computer. DMA Channels The RAP-10 card also uses two DMA channels (Direct Memory Access) for the recording and playback of digital audio. -
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements This Competency listing serves to identify the major knowledge, skills, and training areas which the Computer Service Technician needs in order to perform the job of servicing the hardware and the systems software for personal computers (PCs). The present CST COMPETENCIES only address operating systems for Windows current version, plus three older. Included also are general common Linux and Apple competency information, as proprietary service contracts still keep most details specific to in-house service. The Competency is written so that it can be used as a course syllabus, or the study directed towards the education of individuals, who are expected to have basic computer hardware electronics knowledge and skills. Computer Service Technicians must be knowledgeable in the following technical areas: 1.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES / HANDLING / ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS 1.1 Explain the need for physical safety: 1.1.1 Lifting hardware 1.1.2 Electrical shock hazard 1.1.3 Fire hazard 1.1.4 Chemical hazard 1.2 Explain the purpose for Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 1.3 Summarize work area safety and efficiency 1.4 Define first aid procedures 1.5 Describe potential hazards in both in-shop and in-home environments 1.6 Describe proper recycling and disposal procedures 2.0 COMPUTER ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY 2.1 List the tools required for removal and installation of all computer system components 2.2 Describe the proper removal and installation of a CPU 2.2.1 Describe proper use of Electrostatic Discharge -
Kontron Design Guide ®
® Kontron Design Guide ® ETX® Document Revision 2.4 This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 User Information ........................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Objective ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Target Audience ................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Assumptions .................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Scope.............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 About This Document ......................................................................................... 6 1.6 Copyright Notice ............................................................................................... 7 1.7 Trademarks ...................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Standards ........................................................................................................ 7 1.9 Warranty ......................................................................................................... 7 1.10 Technical Support .............................................................................................. 8 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. -
~ ARTISAN® with Experienced Engineers and Technicians on Staff
Full-service, independent repair center -~ ARTISAN® with experienced engineers and technicians on staff. TECHNOLOGY GROUP ~I We buy your excess, underutilized, and idle equipment along with credit for buybacks and trade-ins. Custom engineering Your definitive source so your equipment works exactly as you specify. for quality pre-owned • Critical and expedited services • Leasing / Rentals/ Demos equipment. • In stock/ Ready-to-ship • !TAR-certified secure asset solutions Expert team I Trust guarantee I 100% satisfaction Artisan Technology Group (217) 352-9330 | [email protected] | artisantg.com All trademarks, brand names, and brands appearing herein are the property o f their respective owners. Find the Measurement Computing / CEC PC-488 at our website: Click HERE Program and documentation copyrighted 1986, 1998, 2003 by Capital Equipment Corporation (CEC). The software interpreter contained in EPROM/ROM is copyrighted and all rights are reserved by Capital Equipment Corporation. Copying or duplicating this product is a violation of law. Application software libraries provided on disk are copyrighted by Capital Equipment Corporation. The purchaser is granted the right to include portions of this software in products which use one of CEC's IEEE-488 interface boards (including those sold through resellers such as Keithley Instruments, etc.). The software may not be distributed other than for the application just mentioned. Purchasers of this product may copy and use the programming examples contained in this book. No other parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, optical, or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Capital Equipment Corporation. -
A4000/A3000 Hardware
A4000/A3000 H ardware D eveloper N otes P art I: T he Z orro III Bus S pecification P art II: T he A miga Local B us Slot P art III: T he A miga V ideo S lot Document Revision 1.11 December 1992 by Dave Haynie with Scott Schaeffer, Scott Hood and Dan Baker Copyright © 1990,1991,1992 Commodore-Amiga, Inc. Important Information "A life spent maJäng mistakes is not onty more honorable but more usefuljhan a life spent doing nothing." -George Bernard Shaw This Pocument Contains Preliminarv Information The Information contained here is preliminary in nature and subject to possible errors and omissions. Few Zorro ID cards have yet been designed, so some features described here have not actually been tested in a System, or in some cases, actuaUy implemented as of this wridng. That, of course, is one major reason for having a specification in the first place. Commodore Technology reserves the right to correct any mistake, error, omission (or viscious lie). Corrections will be published as Updates to this document, which will be released as necessary. Revisions will be tracked via the revison number that appears on the front cover. New revisions will always list the conections up front, and developers will be kept up to date on released revisions via the normal CATS channels. All Information herein is Copyright © 1990,1991,1992 by Commodore-Amiga, Inc., and may not be reproduced in any form without permission. A cknowledgements "Art is I; Science is we." -Claude Bernard I’d like to acknowledge the following people and groups, without whom this new stuff would have been impossible: • The original Amiga designers, for designing the first microcomputer bus with support for multiple masters, Software board configuration, and room to grow. -
Position Paper:Defending Direct Memory Access with CHERI
Position Paper: Defending Direct Memory Access with CHERI Capabilities A. Theodore Markettos John Baldwin Ruslan Bukin University of Cambridge Ararat River Consulting University of Cambridge [email protected] Peter G. Neumann Simon W. Moore Robert N. M. Watson SRI International University of Cambridge University of Cambridge ABSTRACT We propose new solutions that can efficiently address the problem of malicious memory access from pluggable computer peripherals and microcontrollers embedded within a system-on-chip. This prob- lem represents a serious emerging threat to total-system computer security. Previous work has shown that existing defenses are insuf- ficient and poorly deployed, in part due to performance concerns. In this paper we explore the threat and its implications for system architecture. We propose a range of protection techniques, from lightweight to heavyweight, across different classes of systems. We consider how emerging capability architectures (and specifically the CHERI protection model) can enhance protection and provide Figure 1: A typical computer system contains multiple a convenient bridge to describe interactions among software and components with rights to directly access memory – not hardware components. Finally, we describe how new schemes may only from internal processor cores, but also from peripheral be more efficient than existing defenses. devices. Those which do not have access to DMA typically ACM Reference Format: can intermediate via a host controller that does. A. Theodore Markettos, John Baldwin, Ruslan Bukin, Peter G. Neumann, Simon W. Moore, and Robert N. M. Watson. 2020. Position Paper: Defending Direct Memory Access with CHERI Capabilities. In Proceedings of Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP’20). -
DMA, System Buses and Peripheral Buses
EECE 379 : DESIGN OF DIGITAL AND MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS 2000/2001 WINTER SESSION, TERM 1 DMA, System Buses and Peripheral Buses Direct Memory Access is a method of transferring data between peripherals and memory without using the CPU. After this lecture you should be able to: identify the advantages and disadvantages of using DMA and programmed I/O, select the most appropriate method for a particular application. System buses are the buses used to interface the CPU with memory and peripherals on separate PC cards. The ISA and PCI buses are used as examples. You should be able to state the most important specifications of both buses. Serial interfaces are typically used to connect computer systems and low-speed external peripherals such as modems and printers. Serial interfaces reduce the cost of interconnecting devices because the bits in a byte are time-multiplexed onto a single wire and connector. After this lecture you should be able to describe the operation and format of data and handshaking signals on an RS-232 interface. Parallel ports are also used to interface the CPU to I/O devices. Two common parallel port standards, the “Centron- ics” parallel printer port and the SCSI interface are described. After this lecture you should be able to design simple input and output I/O ports using address decoders, registers and tri-state buffers. Programmed I/O Approximately how many bus cycles will be required? Programmed I/O (PIO) refers to using input and out- put (or move) instructions to transfer data between Direct Memory Access (DMA) memory and the registers on a peripheral interface. -
PCI Local Bus Specification
PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.2 December 18, 1998 Revision 2.2 REVISION REVISION HISTORY DATE 1.0 Original issue 6/22/92 2.0 Incorporated connector and expansion board specification 4/30/93 2.1 Incorporated clarifications and added 66 MHz chapter 6/1/95 2.2 Incorporated ECNs and improved readability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http://www.pcisig.com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
What Is a DMA Controller?
Direct Memory Access (DMA) For the execution of a computer program, it requires the synchronous working of more than one component of a computer. For example, Processors – providing necessary control information, address etc. buses – to transfer information and data to and from memory to I/O device etc. The interesting factor of the system would be the way it handles the transfer of information among processor, memory and I/O devices. Usually, processors control all the process of transferring data, right from initiating the transfer to the storage of data at the destination. This adds load on the processor and most of the time it stays in the ideal state, thus decreasing the efficiency of the system. To speed up the transfer of data between I/O devices and memory, DMA controller acts as station master. DMA controller transfers data with minimal intervention of the processor. What is a DMA Controller? The term DMA stands for direct memory access. The hardware device used for direct memory access is called the DMA controller. DMA controller is a control unit, part of I/O device’s interface circuit, which can transfer blocks of data between I/O devices and main memory with minimal intervention from the processor. The DMA transfers the data in three modes which include the following. a) Burst Mode: In this mode DMA handover the buses to CPU only after completion of whole data transfer. Meanwhile, if the CPU requires the bus it has to stay ideal and wait for data transfer. b) Cycle Stealing Mode: In this mode, DMA gives control of buses to CPU after transfer of every byte. -
An Ieee·488 Bus Interface Using Dma
riJ0 MO"W"lOROLA c:. I t:. I ES(pm AN 831 o ·' .~Box 2944. Johannesburg 2000 • Semiconductor Products Inc. 3rd Floot, ~Ogcoas ppllcatlon Note 23 Prltenard StreetI merH0t::o. JohMMSbutV &&-285., AN IEEE·488 BUS INTERFACE USING DMA By Mike Newman Manager Technical Marketing Austin, Texas INTRODUCTION 2. The processor executes a load instruction to read the This application note provides information about using data from the peripheral device and loads it into an ac- the MC6809 processor to form a Talker/Listener IEEE-488 cumulator, which is used as a temporary holding System. An overview of a data transfer operation, the register. General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), and some direct 3. The processor executes a store instruction to write the memory access techniques are given for review purposes data from the accumulator into the appropriate prior to the actual system implementation. memory location. The Talker/Listener device consists of an MC6809 pro- cessor, an MC68488 general purpose interface adapter This sequence shows that at least two software instructions device, and an MC6844 direct memory access controller. (load and store) are required for each data transfer and that Hardware and software considerations are discussed. The additional software is required to recognize when it is time to listing of an example program is also given. transfer each data byte. In an interrupt driven system, the processor also needs to DATA TRANSFER OVERVIEW recognize the interrupt lequest, complete the current instruc- The standard method of transferring data between tion, stack the appropriate internal registers, and enter an in- memory and a peripheral device is to have the transfer con- terrupt handler routine to determine what course of action is trolled by a processor.