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Front Standard V 3.5.1 RestoringRestoring thethe GreatGreat LakesLakes DOI Stories of Success and Partnership in Implementing the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Restoring the Great Lakes DOI Stories of Success and Partnership in Implementing the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative U.S. Department of the Interior Credit: Darnell, NOAA GLERL Dear Reader, The Great Lakes are a monumentally unique national treasure containing nearly ninety-five percent of the United States’ fresh surface water. Formed by receding glaciers, the Great Lakes support a thriving, resilient ecosystem rich with fish, wildlife, and abundant natural resources. The Great Lakes also support an array of commercial uses, including shipping, and provide a source of recreation, drinking water, and other critical services that drive the economy of the region and the Nation. Regrettably, activities such as clear cutting of mature forests, over-harvesting of fish populations, industrial pollution, invasive species, and agricultural runoff have degraded these treasured lakes over the decades creating long-term impacts to the surrounding watershed. Fortunately, the people who live, work, and recreate in the region recognize the critical importance of a healthy Great Lakes ecosystem, and have come together to support comprehensive restoration. To stimulate and promote the goal of a healthy Great Lakes region, President Obama and Congress created the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) in 2009. This program provides the seed money to clean up legacy pollution, restore habitats, protect wildlife, combat invasive species, and address agricultural runoff in the Great Lakes watershed. At the same time GLRI promotes public outreach, education, accountability, and partnerships As the steward of many of the spectacular and ecologically significant places that comprise the Great Lakes basin, the Department of the Interior (Interior) is committed to achieving a healthy Great Lakes ecosystem. It is therefore with great pleasure that I present these GLRI success stories, which highlight some of the ways Interior works in concert with our partners for effective, lasting restoration of the Great Lakes region. We use cutting edge science to help resource managers better understand the stressors on the ecosystem and select the right tools to manage those stressors. Our work with peers in academia advances the understanding of sensitive, rare, threatened, and endangered species; improves fisheries management practices; and helps mitigate the effects of pollution, invasive species and climate change. We collaborate with the Great Lakes Tribes to restore fisheries, wetlands, wild rice, waterfowl, and other resources important to the culture and life of tribal communities. And finally, our work with State agencies, non-profit organizations, and other Federal agencies, is making large strides to improve water quality and restore wetlands and dunes. GLRI investments have helped the Interior family develop these essential partnerships and implement key restoration efforts. Although we have a long way to go, we are starting to see results of those investments in the form of a healthier Great Lakes ecosystem. In the pages that follow, I invite you to share in just a few of the many success stories that have been made possible by the GLRI and the partnerships which benefit the Great Lakes region. Sincerely, Sally Jewell Four years of restoration actions have resulted in the removal of most invasive cattail and common reed, and the establishment of many native plant species. Credit: Dan Mason iv Letter from the Secretary Map: DOI Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Projects / vi DOI GLRI Funding Information / vii Feature Story: Tackling Avian Botulism / 1 USGS–Getting to Know Asian Carp / 6 Innovation-at-Work: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Mobile eDNA Lab / 7 USGS Science Reveals New Information about Mercury Cycling and Methylation / 8 National Park Service Wetlands are a-Changing… / 9 Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Design Restoration for Dowagiac River / 10 Sokaogon Chippewa Restore Subsistence Walleye Fishery in Lake Lucerne / 12 Building a Nursery for Lake Sturgeon / 14 National Park Service Combats Invasive Species through Education / 16 GLRI Interagency Task Force and Regional Workgroup Points of Contact / 19 v vi GreatGreat LakesLakes RestorationRestoration InitiativeInitiative ONTARIO QUEBEC MICHIGAN MINNESOTA NEW YORK WISCONSIN MICHIGAN PENNSYLVANIA Bureau OHIO ILLINOIS Bureau of Indian Affairs INDIANA U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Park Service ² U.S. Geological Survey 0 37.5 75 150 Disclaimer:Department of the Interior Mapped project locations may be based on the originating office location or the approximate project site. Projection: Continuous Albers Area Conic−USGS NAD 1983 Service Layer Credits: Source: ESRI digitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community. FY2012 GLRI Funding through DOI* FY2012 GLRI Funding through DOI* Bureau Funding BIA $4,718,840 FWS $44,651,309 NPS $3,369,509 USGS $12,848,361 Total $65,588,019 *FY2012 Actual Allocation as reported in the FY12 GLRI Report to Congress prepared by EPA FWS Support to Partners* Fish and Wildlife Service FY12 Great Lakes Funding ($87.7 million**) Cooperative Agreements and Grants to Partners Other Activities $25 million 29% $62.7 million 71% **$43.7 million from GLRI and $44 million of FWS Base Resource Funding vii USGS scientist Kevin Kenow releases a tagged common loon to study effects of botulism in the Great Lakes. Tackling Avian Botulism The Great Lakes are undergoing drastic ecosystem changes, including invasions by non-native mussels and fish, warmer water temperatures, and the growth of nuisance algae. Each of these is bad enough by themselves, but together, these changes may be causing more frequent outbreaks of type E botulism among wildlife that depend upon the lakes. In recent years, over one hundred thousand birds and fish in the Great Lakes––including the federally endangered piping plover, common loons, and lake sturgeon––have died from this form of “food poisoning” caused by toxins produced by the naturally occurring bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. With support from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Michigan beaches in areas actively monitored. Total estimates (GLRI), a Department of Interior (DOI) team that includes for dead birds for 2012 are much higher, as not all beaches the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Park Service are regularly monitored. Of these carcasses, estimates are that (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), state wildlife over 1,500 were common loons (800 were from areas actively agencies in Michigan and Wisconsin, and other organizations monitored). are working to understand more about botulism outbreaks and The GLRI botulism research team (see sidebar, p. 5) how to mitigate them. is focusing its efforts on Lake Michigan, primarily near “Botulinum toxin is considered the most toxic substance Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, where thousands on earth,” said Stephen Riley, a USGS research biologist. of bird carcasses have been found since the first documented “The anaerobic bacteria that produce the toxin live in aquatic large outbreak in 2006. The challenge is to determine what environments, and current environmental conditions within environmental and biological factors link together to trigger a the Great Lakes basin may be contributing to enhanced pro- botulism outbreak. In order to predict what triggers an duction of the toxin.” outbreak, manage environmental conditions to inhibit toxin The toxin is thought to accumulate in some species of production, and improve aquatic food chains, the team is fish, which are then eaten by birds. Using USGS bird mortal- working to uncover sites where toxin is likely to be produced, ity data for Lake Michigan from 1963 to 2008, scientists from the role of the nuisance algae Cladophora in promoting toxin the USGS and NPS found that botulism outbreaks occurred production, and the food-web pathways that promote primarily during years with lower lake levels and warmer consumption of the toxin by waterfowl and possibly fish. water temperatures. Invasion of the Great Lakes by non-native zebra and quagga mussels and by round gobies occurred at the same time as a resurgence of botulism outbreaks in the Great Lakes in the early 2000s, but the role of these invasive species in causing the outbreaks has not been fully identified. DOI scientists are exploring the role of these invasive species in botulism outbreaks and unraveling the workings of this toxic cycle. “The first time I dove in Lake Michigan, I was shocked,” said Brenda Moraska Lafrancois, a regional aquatic ecologist with the NPS. “Nearly everything I looked at was an invasive species.” Botulism outbreaks have occurred in the Great Lakes region since at least the 1960s, but they have increased in severity and frequency since the early 2000s. Most recently, botulism outbreaks have become especially troublesome in northern Lake Michigan. In 2010 and 2012, respectively, Scientists sample fish in Lake Michigan near Sleeping Bear Dunes National more than 1,300 and 2,400 dead birds were found on Lake Lakeshore. (Credit: Bryan Maitland) Identifying the culprit USGS microbiologists use a molecular testing technique to estimate the amount of toxin-producing Clostridium botuli- num bacteria in a given substrate, such as sand or mud. During the investigation of disease outbreaks, it is also necessary to identify toxin within animal
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