Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rslnsaeoeo h ags ersra csseso at Sti ta.20) bvgon Aboveground 2005). al. et (Suttie Earth on terrestrial largest the of one are Grasslands different at operating Introduction processes biomass. grassland of stabilizing influences by in the also management disentangling but and indicate communities, conservation local findings improve exclusion among may Our contrast, dynamics scales asynchronous In richness. spatial decreasing species evenness. changes by and local mainly causing herbivore richness scale decreasing by species while larger weakly primarily local the communities), stability reducing at reduced local by stability and addition reduced (aggregated time Nutrient nutrient weakly scales over Moreover, effects. composition spatial scales. additive excluding larger local these and had and nutrients in at mainly adding stability local experiment reduced and the an weakly nutrients however, In at exclusion that stability grasslands; scales. found spatial in reduced we on consistently biomass grasslands, depend aboveground addition distributed also of globally may and 34 stability additive in temporal be herbivores the not may on effects effects joint independent their have herbivores and Nutrients Abstract 2021 16, April 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Alberti Juan Risch Anita Crawley Michael Bakker Jonathan Chen Q. Q. pathways different through scales across spatial stability multiple grassland impact herbivores and Nutrients nvriyo ibnCnr o ple clg rfBeaNeves Baeta Prof Applied for Centre Lisbon of University College Imperial University Trobe La University Jiaotong-Liverpool Xi’an Dublin College Trinity Washington of University available not Affiliation Minnesota of University University Peking nttt eIvsiainsMrnsyCsea IMC UNMDP-CONICET) (IIMyC; Costeras y Marinas Investigaciones de Instituto Lisbon of research University Landscape and University Snow Research Forest, Lancaster Landscape for and Institute Federal Snow Forest Swiss for Institute Federal Swiss Halle-Jena-Leipzig (iDiv) Oulu Research of University Integrative for Centre German 1 12 hoegWang Shaopeng , 16 atnSchuetz Martin , n anHautier Yann and , 8 4 iulBugalho Miguel , a Donohue Ian , 1 13 rcSeabloom Eric , al Stevens Carly , 5 oansKnops Johannes , 2 9 al Power A Sally , 1 2 14 nrwMacDougall Andrew , ai Caldeira Maria , 6 3 onMorgan John , n Eskelinen Anu , 15 7 uat Bagchi Sumanta , lvrCarroll Oliver , 10 3 it Virtanen Risto , lzbt Borer Elizabeth , 3 , 3 , 11 , 2 , Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rudboasa h oa n agrsailsae ie lh n am tblt) 2 h relative the stabi- stability gamma (2) gamma and stability); alpha and gamma decreases alpha addition and of nutrient responses alpha (1) the (i.e. that mediating hypothesized scales above- in We of spatial diversity herbivores. stability plant and larger temporal nutrients of the and to facets on exclusion different local the herbivore of the and of contribution addition at (Borer understanding nutrient of (NutNet) biomass our Network effects Nutrient ground joint deepen experiment, the contribution can grassland (1) efforts. relative assess coordinated conservation stability to globally prioritize the gamma a help Assessing used and and stability. we scales alpha Here, gamma spatial to across and diversity stability alpha for plant mechanisms on of underlying herbivores facets diversity and plant different nutrient different of on of focus effects usually the studies different al. because et limited Tilman 1998; are (Grime stability across metrics dissimilarity on community evenness, space) diversity, (Koerner beta and space and time alpha and (including time diversity or plant across nutrients of dissimilarity tested, (Grman understanding community often evenness less and community diversity, Although through 2020) beta 2020). stability al. and and al. gamma et et (alpha and nutrients Liang alpha scales 2019; impact that spatial al. also larger likely et can impact and herbivores Zhang is indirectly local 2015; al. can it the et herbivores at directly, (Hautier richness or respectively) and species nutrients regulating indirectly instance, by For stability stability. stability gamma grassland impact impact can jointly biomass also (Borer herbivores and high diversity is Bakker plant or 1998; their As nutrients Mazumder when & low particularly (Proulx addition at nutrient richness by or stimulated species nutrients higher decrease at typically al. it herbivores increasing instance, while For productivity, herbivores. and Chase nutrients 1993; al. Lauenroth et & on (Milchunas herbivores biomass and aboveground nutrients of effects Chase (Hillebrand joint evenness Worm the community 1998; 2018), examined have Mazumder & studies (Proulx al. of richness range regulate species a jointly stability, grassland herbivores to and nutrients contrast how In scales. investigated (Glenn spatial has dung multiple study to across and no due stability urine knowledge, landscape grassland of our the deposition in to heterogeneity However, localized vegetation 2017). and promote trampling, usually herbivores grazing, because selective scale spatial larger studied the scales spatial and al. excluded et species herbivore the on depending (Halpern stability, grassland on effects negative (Hautier stability alpha al. decreases often addition communities; al. nutrient Wang among local ecosystems, 2016; dynamics Loreau grassland (aggregated asynchronous & (Wang In and scales stability stability gamma spatial determine alpha asynchrony) larger that (spatial standard and communities clarifies its local stability) by theory divided Metacommunity (alpha time stability). communities through gamma biomass local aboveground of in mean deviation the (Donohue as concept calculated invariability, multi-dimensional temporal a is Stability 2020). (Hautier grasslands in (Bengtsson mitigation al. climate et and such humanity storage, to (Galloway services carbon deposition essential nitrogen many livestock, providing for grasslands, in feed functions as important the of one is production 06 Hillebrand 2006; 06 Zhang 2016; 09 Hautier 2019; 07 Alberti 2007; 09 Saruul 2019; 00 01 Borer 2011; 2010, 06.Teeoe trmisucerwihpatdvriymtisaetemjrfcosmediating factors major the are metrics diversity plant which unclear remains it Therefore, 2016). 00 r leigaoerudboasadsal rvso ie tblt)o bvgon biomass aboveground of stability) (i.e. provision stable and biomass aboveground altering are 2020) tal. et tal. et 00 rlmn 02 ate icel20;Alberti 2005; Mitchell & Hartley 2002; Grellmann 2000; tal. et 05 Hautier 2005; tal. et tal. et tal. et tal. et 06 Liu 2016; tal. et 00.I otat ebvr xlso a enfudt aepstv,nurl or neutral, positive, have to found been has exclusion herbivore contrast, In 2020). 00 01 Yang 2011; 2010, tal. et 09 Liu 2019; 07 Borer 2007; 05 00 Bl¨uthgen 2020; 2015, 00.Temjrt fteesuisfudsrn neatv ffcsbetween effects interactive strong found studies these of majority The 2020). tal. et tal. et tal. et tal. et tal. et 06 Polley 2006; 04 n ceeaighrioeetrain(Ripple extirpation herbivore accelerating and 2004) 05 Bl¨uthgen2015; tal. et 09,adteeeet a rpgt ogmasaiiy(Zhang stability gamma to propagate may effects these and 2019), tal. et 01.Eet fhrioe nsaiiymyb oeaprn at apparent more be may stability on herbivores of Effects 2021). tal. et 04) ebvrsas a osm xr bvgon biomass aboveground extra consume can also Herbivores 2014b). 07,cmuiycmoiin(icua aert 1993; Lauenroth & (Milchunas composition community 2007), tal. et 03 Borer 2013; tal. et tal. et 2 07 Grman 2007; 06 Qin 2016; tal. et 06 Ren 2016; tal. et tal. et tal. et 03 Arnoldi 2013; tal. et 00 oa cede 02 Alberti 2002; Scheidler & Moran 2000; tal. et 04;Beck 2014b; 02 Bakker 2002; tal. et tal. et 09 Zhang 2019; tal. et tal. et 00 Hautier 2010; 08 Ganjurjav 2018; 07 Hodapp 2017; tal. et 06 Zhang 2016; 09.Hwvr increasing However, 2019). tal. et tal. et tal. et tal. et 09;hr eexamine we here 2019); tal. et tal. et 05 Koerner 2015; 92 Howison 1992; 2020). tal. et 06 Hillebrand 2006; tal. et 09 Borer 2019; 05 Koerner 2015; tal. et tal. et tal. et tal. et 05 Koerner 2015; 05 Atwood 2015; tal. et tal. et 00 Liang 2010; 09.Our 2019). 08,and 2018), 09 Qin 2019; 2014a) 2019). tal. et tal. et tal. et et et et et Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. 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All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ebitasrcua qainmdl(E)uigtefnto pe”fo h akg piecewiseSEM package R the from “psem” function the using (SEM) adding model but equation with models structural interaction above models. a its the the built and rerun in We we exclusion covariate herbivore increases, a intensity of as grazing effects index as herbivore the increase the whether random= stability at nut*fen, on ˜ look addition (y To nutrient lme variance. syntax: of R from homogeneity the models and using mixed-effects stability linear and used metric We diversity ˜1 plant 2020). each team, on core effects (R treatment (Pinheiro v.3.6.3 “nlme” R package in R the performed were analyses the (Wang All “var.partition” function the using analyses calculated Statistical were variables w These and i. j, al. community and local i (Hautier effects of communities treatment detrending biomass local 1/ without that between as show or 5-year biomass al. data with calculated the aboveground et same NutNet over was (Wang shown the using asynchrony were quantitatively site studies Spatial trends are each previous clear stability 2020). 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Hautier Following all across for stability values and importance metrics herbivore diversity of Plant sum the as site each for | ie.Apasaiiy pta snhoy n am tblt eelgtasomdt mrv normality improve to log-transformed were stability gamma and asynchrony, spatial stability, Alpha site). 2019). tal. et 07 oacutfrtense tutr ftedt.W okda the at looked We data. the of structure nested the for account to 2017) ,φ φ, 2 4 upo sa“omnt”adterpiae subplots replicated the and “community” a as subplot = ( P P i i,j √ w w ii ij ) 2 ii hr w where , stetmoa aineo aboveground of variance temporal the is σ µ where , ij stetmoa oaineof covariance temporal the is tal. et μ and 08 onls2014). Dornelas 2008; σ r h enand mean the are tal. et et Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eentmdae ybt iest rsailcmuiydsiiaiy eut eegnrlyrbs othe S6). to Fig. robust and generally text were asynchrony supplementary Results spatial dissimilarity. (see on herbi- community factors exclusion of spatial environmental herbivore or effects of and diversity The addition inclusion beta was nutrient dissimilarity. by asynchrony community of mediated Spatial effects spatial not herbi- interactive were with with addition. the asynchrony not nutrient and spatial but negative with exclusion in diversity weak interaction vore decrease beta a positive A with its had 2). correlated by also positively exclusion (Fig. counteracted diversity it herbivore was contrast, alpha although exclusion In decreasing asynchrony, by stability. vore spatial stability in decreasing alpha decline on by the of effect stability % gamma 50 decreased decreased addition alpha ca. nutrient weakly which contributing on stability, by addition dissimilar- factor gamma community primary nutrient and the temporal of alpha was increased dissimilarity effect exclusion and community negative evenness, temporal herbivore diversity, Moreover, The stability and alpha ity. asynchrony. gamma decreased addition by spatial Nutrient inter- decreased mediated not addition their 2). was but Nutrient stability and stability, (Fig. pathways. exclusion, alpha scales different herbivore decreasing spatial through addition, by larger stability nutrient and gamma of local influenced effects the alone indirect at see stability and 1; on direct (Fig. action the asynchrony clarified spatial SEM had reduced not The exclusion marginally Herbivore but did spatial statistics). stability, variation. test it increasing gamma for balanced and by but S3 temporal alpha dissimilarity Table evenness, on increased community effects marginally and spatial significant also diversity no increased it alpha exclusion and variation, decreased Herbivore balanced exclusion diversity. decreased herbivore beta marginally Similarly, and affect stability alpha and stability. dissimilarity decreased diversity decreased community addition it gamma alpha nutrient temporal whereas Moreover, decreased gradients, increased abundance gradients. alone addition temporal abundance Nutrient addition decreasing spatial apparent and diversity. Nutrient variation more beta balanced S5). be temporal affect increasing to not (Fig. by tended did higher stability it was ambient gamma but the index and evenness, under herbivore asynchrony Additionally, where spatial conditions. on sites ambient under herbivores at the asynchrony of under % control 11 effects spatial exclusion by the the stability herbivore of decreased gamma conditions, that and reduced exclusion with exclusion addition herbivore compared herbivore nutrient stability, average gamma measured Although is, on on variables effects conditions. That interactive any significant fertilized no on under 1). had effects not interactive but (Fig. conditions significant asynchrony ambient no spatial had for exclusion except herbivore and addition Nutrient the marginally as is treatments effect an with Results that interaction define variable, We its asynchrony. response and spatial 0.05 the for components), was when models significant stability its similar alpha fitted of We where each variables. models explanatory (or was “lm” dissimilarity dissimilarity fitted community community We spatial asynchrony. community of temporal spatial component temporal which to of and related variation) stability alpha balanced more to or related gradients more (abundance was dissimilarity component which analyzed further We details. more for Gilbert text following supplementary chemistry soil in variability al. knowledge prior on based built was S4) (Fig. model their initial and An exclusion, herbivore stability. addition, nutrient gamma of (Grman and effects alpha indirect and on direct interaction the evaluate to 2016) (Lefcheck aine eea tde ugs htaitcvralssc srifl,tmeaue n olparameters soil and temperature, of rainfall, homogeneity as and such stability, variables normality and (Zelikova Alpha abiotic improve treatments stability sites. that to grassland both among suggest log-transformed gradient impact of studies diversity we were contribution Several the and stability relative account effects, gamma variance. into the treatment take and the tested function to asynchrony, only the models stability tested used spatial we component to models SEM, metrics component the the diversity the fit when plant To when “lm” effect S2. Table random function in the summarized used as are SEM site initial with the “lme” in link each for Rationales 00.W,teeoe efre nte E nldn eprlvraiiyi ae aac n spatial and balance water in variability temporal including SEM another performed therefore, We, 2020). tal. et 00 Wilcox 2010; < p < .,wiesgicn hnp[?]0.05. when significant while 0.1, tal. et 07 Zhang 2017; tal. et 04 Garc´ıa-Palacios2014; tal. et tal. et 22)t etterbsns forrsls e online See results. our of robustness the test to (2020) 5 09 Hodapp 2019; tal. et 08 Zhang 2018; tal. et 08 Gilbert 2018; tal. et 08 Gilbert 2018; tal. et 2020). et Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. diinly uretadto erae lh n am tblt i nraigtmoa aacdvari- balanced temporal increasing via scales. stability spatial gamma across and alpha processes different decreased on addition larger nutrient focus Additionally, the (Glenn to at biomass needs apparent grasslands aboveground more in in be exclusion particularly may herbivore heterogeneity, herbivores vegetation of al. impacting effects et by the that probably temporal suggests scale weakly of It and spatial decreasing asynchrony, diversity. contribution spatial of (Koerner alpha decreasing stronger diversity by effects decreasing a primarily alpha by combined stability showing gamma to the decreased results compared weakly as exclusion dissimi- stability previous much herbivore community alpha confirms as to This temporal stability evenness, dissimilarity increased gamma community in evenness. Moreover, decrease and and a diversity alpha dissimilarity. diversity, alpha decreased community alpha to inter- in temporal contributed pathways. intensified decline in larity addition different a increase nutrient causing via because an sites communities, stability probably many and local gamma stability at within impacted gamma intensity and herbivores grazing specific alpha and low reduced nutrients to addition due 2, Nutrient be hypothesis may our this Confirming Again, effects negative weak investigated. had scales alone two S1). exclusion (Table Herbivore the with at scales. Consistent spatial stability larger nutrients paragraph). on influences to next of cascaded addition alone nutrient (see effects addition where heterogeneities the nutrient in scales, (Zhang spatial Third, spatial changes analyses modulate different capture data. herbivores previous at post- post-treatment to and act years years may communities enough 8-10 communities 2-4 local using long plant conditions using stronger on be ambient those became herbivores not the biomass with and aboveground may under compared on experiment intensity data exclusion treatment current gamma grazing herbivore and the and high asynchrony addition of with spatial nutrient duration on sites (Chen herbivores Second, communities at of plant apparent effects grazing S5). low more the aboveground relatively that be First, and (Fig. found here. to richness we found tended Indeed, species herbivores and stability on of nutrients sites. of herbivores subsets many effects different at and interactive intensity the using nutrient of (Borer analyses of lack effects Previous the effects interactive explain joint and weak asynchrony). nutrients found the spatial also of at for biomass effects diversity looking interactive effect plant for for data synergistic (additive support a NetNut properties community weak but plant provides other stability and analysis and scales our spatial of across 1, importance stability hypothesis on the abundance herbivores at our relative pointing stability. to in space), grassland contrast or determining change In time in across spatial replacement (i.e. communities and species in variation Temporal by abundance driven balanced richness. total turnover not to species mainly but local stability attributed species decreasing gamma both mainly among by reduced at was weakly exclusion stability also dissimilarity herbivore reduced but community and contrast, asynchrony, weakly dissimilarity In spatial community nutrient exclusion reducing temporal evenness. herbivore (1) by increasing and reducing while by that richness consistently primarily scales, species stability demonstrates addition spatial decreasing reduced nutrient analysis addition larger with nutrient our and (2) effects, local scales; additive grasslands, the had in at mainly experiment stability exclusion coordinated herbivore and globally addition a on asynchrony Based spatial with for correlated accounted negatively only were gradients Discussion but abundance -0.01]). dissimilarity spatial [-1.71, community in contrast, = with variation spatial In CI unrelated The of (-0.86, was 0.21]). which portion 0.77]). 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Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aaavailability Data interests. competing no declare authors The Loveland, Services, Production interests Crop discussion. Network by helpful Competing Network hosting for for Nutrient Liang Environment the Maowei the to thank Minnesota on We donated the Institute CO. thank was the also fertilizer and We Nitrogen Cedar data (DG-0001-13). project to meetings. Environment hosting (NSF- the NSF-DEB-1831944 Network for on and Institute Coordination Institute funding Supercomputer Research (NSF-DEB-1234162 the by Foundation and Research Science work supported programs, Ecological LTER) National This been Term Creek the the have Long from at management (31988102). Seabloom and funded data E. China DEB-1042132) experiment, and and of (http://www.nutnet.org) Borer Coordination Foundation Network E. to Science Nutrient researchers. the individual Natural by from National site-scale data the using by generated supported was was work practices. management This and conservation guide the to disentangle face scales to the Acknowledgments different framework in multi-scale at to stability a operating grassland requires need of processes extirpation maintaining provisioning the of herbivore that stable to influences and highlight the addition point results ensure nutrient results our increasing to Our importantly, of herbivores More reintroducing stability. or is biomass. grassland preserving replacement grassland determining while species in deposition by richness driven nitrogen turnover reduce species wherein than stability pathways, impact different important herbivores through and more and nutrients scales nutrients (2) (1) spatial grasslands; that in multiple in stability across knowledge on This effects our continents—advance additive NPK+fence). have four and mainly assembly. across herbivores NPK, community grasslands fence, plant 34 on control, for results—based for filter Our 0.57 dominant belonging 0.53, the those 0.58, are than (0.55, treatments sites) blocks that across across suggests average the treatments (0.61 bias same dissimilarity the community may spread spatial to typically dispersal higher blocks and relatively m First, had 1000 here reasons. blocks (around used two site (Zhang for may scale each results dispersal at dispersal spatial our by area thus influence larger small scale), not relatively the spatial may a than dispersal larger within compared that blocks (i.e. other argue within We blocks each subplots across to results. treatments closer for same are stronger blocks the spatial be within to “larger treatments belonging as different subplots blocks to with across considered. belonging treatments subplots be However, within to its communities 2020). need (Chalcraft (and local scales analyses previous spatial dissimilarity aggregated following but community regarded scale” stability, we said, biomass study, total That predict this their to In S7). overestimate when index (in may even useful stability communities (Fig. a replacement of two counterpart metric as species cover-based serves biomass-based instance, a to partitioning) its For result, due a to biomass As relative variation. S2E). in stability balanced markedly (Fig. Beck same by differ the 2013; can induced remains Post cover places) changes e.g. or deviation; capture years standard to on different its by fail based divided stability may time evaluate stability through researchers cover many total harvesting, of al. biomass mean necessitates with (i.e. This cover compared considered. total destructive scale less spatial and (Donohue the field stability on (Allan multidimensional depend stability may at biomass stability looking higher biomass and to stability lead compositional to suggested related been not were has stability (Wilcox analyses gamma previous and (Hillebrand stability. with asynchrony in consistent spatial changes is on into which al. translate exclusion dissimilarity, not community herbivore does spatial of gradients to effects abundance the temporal contrast, on effect In negative its while ation, 05 Bluthgen 2015; 09.Cmuiydsiiaiyars iei omnyue sa ne fcmoiinlstability compositional of index an as used commonly is time across dissimilarity Community 2019). tal. et tal. et 08 ilbad&Kne22;White 2020; Kunze & Hillebrand 2018; tal. et 06 Wilcox 2016; 09.Scn,w on htsblt eogn odffrn ramnswithin treatments different to belonging subplots that found we Second, 2019). tal. et tal. et 07.Orrslssgetta sn oe aat calculate to data cover using that suggest results Our 2017). tal. et 08 Wilcox 2008; 7 03.A oe suulyese omauei the in measure to easier usually is cover As 2013). 2 ,tu l uposwti ie a econnected be may sites within subplots all thus ), tal. et tal. et tal. et 00 n ihrcmoiinlstability compositional higher and 2020) 01.Tu,terltosi between relationship the Thus, 2011). 07 Zhang 2017; tal. et tal. et 09 Hautier 2019; 07 Zhang 2017; tal. et et et Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. epne fpatboiest ontoe enrichment. nitrogen E., Weiher, to K.N., E.M., biodiversity Suding, plant Lind, E.E., of Cleland, H., C., responses Clark, limitation. Hillebrand, S.B., light Cox, W.S., via D.R., diversity Chalcraft, Harpole, plant grassland D.S., control Gruner, nutrients and E.W., Herbivores experiments. Seabloom, distributed E.W., E.T., globally Seabloom, Borer, for J.L., model Orrock, M.W., A E.M., Lind, Cadotte, ecology: P.B., in M.N., Adler, generality W.S., Bugalho, Harpole, C.A., E.T., herbivory. Borer, Arnillas, outpace to P.B., biomass Adler, grassland cause W.S., Nutrients Harpole, diversity. E.T., than S., rather Borer, Boch, asynchrony S.C., in Renner, changes 1–7. through D., 7, stability Prati, , community K., animal Jung, and N.K., plant T., Simons, think. 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Data may be preliminary. rdet;TV eprlblne aito naudne C:sailcmuiydsiiaiy SAG: dissimilarity; community abundance. in spatial variation SCD: balanced abundance; spatial effects: SBV: in treatment gradients; variation of abundance herbivore balanced significance spatial addition, indicate temporal nutrient Asterisks TBV: to statistics. gradients; test 34) for = P S3 (n Table * See communities interval. plant confidence of interaction. 95% their response and average fencing, by The exclusion 1. Fig. < .;* P ** 0.1; < .5 * P *** 0.05; < .0.TD eprlcmuiydsiiaiy A:tmoa abundance temporal TAG: dissimilarity; community temporal TCD: 0.001. ausso en frwdt,errbr r bootstrapped are bars error data, raw of means show Values 12 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. i.3 eainhp ewe lh tblt n eprlcmuiydsiiaiyadits and dissimilarity community temporal and stability alpha between Relationships 3. Fig. correlated show numbers and color arrows Line Grey pathways. the P * of coefficients. strength paths: path significant the (i.e. numbers indicate (red) indicates displayed Asterisks scales arrows negative The errors. the spatial (black), of variables. larger positive Width and among and represents coefficients. relationships fencing, stability) path represent by alpha standardized arrows exclusion are and herbivore (i.e. variables addition, local measured nutrient represent the of at stability). effects stability gamma indirect on and interaction Direct their 2. Fig. omlt n ooeet fvrac.TD eprlcmuiydsiiaiy C:sailcommunity spatial SCD: improve dissimilarity; to community scale temporal log the TCD: on variance. were dissimilarity. stability of gamma homogeneity and and asynchrony, spatial normality stability, Alpha model. component oe ttedt el(ihrsC=3.8 .6,df 2 3) Boxes 136). = N 32, = d.f. 0.368, = P 34.08, = C (Fisher’s well data the fit Model < .;* P ** 0.1; 13 < .5 * P *** 0.05; < .0.SeTbeS o R for S4 Table See 0.001. 2 o each for Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161857765.57235534/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ismlrt;SG pta bnac rdet;SV pta aacdvraini abundance. community in test spatial variation balanced for SCD: spatial abundance; S5 SBV: in Table gradients; variation TAG: See abundance balanced dissimilarity; spatial community temporal SAG: significant. Control.Fenced;dissimilarity; TBV: temporal not gradients; TCD: circle: is abundance Control.Control; Fertilized.Fenced). interaction temporal (square: Diamond: the treatments Fertilized.Control; different because compo- represent triangle: treatments, their shapes across Different and fits statistics. dissimilarity model community linear spatial are and asynchrony (B). nents spatial (A); components oi ie hwsgicn eainhp,dse ie hwnnsgicn eainhp.Lines relationships. non-significant show lines dashed relationships, significant show lines Solid 14