1910. Charles Perry Lecture. 2010. Ridley
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EVANGELICALISM IN VICTORIA – 1910. Charles Perry Lecture. 2010. Ridley Melbourne. 19th July, 2010. ****** The purpose of this lecture is to look at the overall evangelical situation in Victoria in 1910, when Ridley Melbourne was founded. Ridley College has from its beginning had an avowedly evangelical charter. Although students would be taught Christian theology, and prepared for Christian service, without requiring them to be evangelicals, yet the purpose of the College was openly declared to be to serve the Church of Christ from within what we might call the Evangelical Party of the Church of England. Firstly, we need to look at the history of the Evangelical Party, which had such a formative influence on what happened here. The Early History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England. G. R. Balleine has given us an excellent history of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England,1 starting with the Oxford Methodists, led by the Rev. John Wesley, but including a very small number of other evangelical clergy in the Eighteenth Century, such as John Newton, John Berridge and William Grimshaw, who mainly served in country parishes. This was the first generation of people in the Evangelical Party of the Church of England. There was also an American wing to this great movement, with the Rev. George Whitefield being involved in both British and American aspects. There were also important Scottish and Welsh components of the Movement which had far-reaching effects. It also included the rise of Methodism in Britain and America. Whitefield was involved in all of these, as well. This highly significant movement is now called the Great Awakening. The Second and Third Generations of the Evangelical Party. Balleine describes how the Evangelical Party developed dramatically, through such people as Isaac Milner and Charles Simeon, and through such groups as the Clapham Sect. Extremely important in this period were the parliamentary careers of William Wilberforce and others in his group, the business and benevolence of John Thornton, the writings of Hannah More, and the birth of the so-called “Great Societies” – such as the London Missionary Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Religious Tract Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society. This, roughly speaking, was the second generation of the Evangelical Party. The Evangelical Party also had a marvellous third generation of growth and power, including many notable leaders, but who were all overshadowed by the towering figure of Lord Ashley, the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury. Here we have been looking at it all simply from the viewpoint of the Church of England. The growth and 2 impact of the Evangelical Party in that period was simply phenomenal. 1 G. R. Balleine. A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England. London. Church Book Room Press. New edition, 1951. 2 Other very important histories of the Evangelical Movement in the Church of England include Leonard Elliott Binns, The Evangelical Movement in the English Church. London.. Methuen.. 1928, 1 A Wider Perspective, Involving the Other Denominations. In this lecture we need a wider perspective than simply considering Anglican Evangelical history. So we will adopt the framework provided by the history of the Great Awakenings, and of revival movements since about 1738. The expert historian on this subject through the later parts of the Twentieth Century was the Irish/American scholar and evangelist, Dr. James Edwin Orr, and a very substantial literature now exists on this wide and diverse subject. The beginnings of the Great Awakening in Britain can be seen as part of God’s answers to the prayers offered at the Moravian missionary prayer meeting on Count Zinzendorf’s estates at Herrnhut. This prayer meeting went on continuously, 24 hours a day, for a hundred years, following the day when the Holy Spirit was poured out on that congregation at worship in 1727.3 The one hundred years prayer meeting was called the “Hourly Intercession,” and involved relays of men, women and children, when “prayer without ceasing was made to God for all the work and wants of His Church.” The spirit of prayer came especially upon the children in the Herrnhut congregation. Although it was only a small village, over 100 of the people who lived in that village went to the mission field within the next 25 years.4 After John Wesley’s heart was “strangely warmed” at the Moravian meeting in Aldersgate Street, London, on 24th May, 1738, the powerful growth of the Methodist class meetings in England was strengthened by the many hours spent in prayer by Wesley and his preachers through the following years. These times of prayer were recorded extensively by Wesley in his Journals. The Concert of Prayer. The history of modern revivals since the time of the first Great Awakening centres very much round what was called the Concert of Prayer, although other names might have been used for it at times. The revivals in Scotland around 1744 prompted some ministers to issue a general call in the autumn of that year to the churches in Scotland proposing a scheme of united effort in public prayers for the coming of the Kingdom of God.5 One of these ministers was the Rev. John Erskine. “The ministers called upon all who would collaborate with them to set apart for the next two years some time on Saturday evening and Sunday morning for united intercession and supplication, and especially to devote all or part of the first Tuesday of each quarter to this purpose.”6 There was a very good response to this call in many of the principal towns of Scotland. After two years, the call was renewed for another seven years. Twelve ministers published a Memorial, dated August 26, 1746. It was entitled A Concert of Prayer, To Be Continued For Seven Years. Copies were distributed through Scotland and England, and five hundred copies were sent to America. The movement also and John Henry Overton, The Evangelical Revival of the Eighteenth Century. London. Longmans, Green and Co. 1886. 3 W. R. Ward. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening. Cambridge University Press. 1992. 4 John Greenfield. Power From On High. The 200th Anniversary of the Great Moravian Revival. 1727 – 1927. London. Marshall, Morgan and Scott. 1927. pages 29 – 30. 5 R. P. Beaver. “The Concert of Prayer for Missions.” An Early Venture in Ecumenical Action. In Ecumenical Review. X. 1957 – 1958. pages 420 – 427. 6 Ibid. page 421. 2 spread through Wales and Ireland. Jonathan Edwards knew all of the ministers who had signed the Memorial, and the proposed Concert of Prayer captured his imagination. He wrote to the Rev. William McCulloch, in Cambuslang, near Glasgow, “I have taken a great deal of pains to promote this Concert here in America, and shall not cease to do so, if God spares my life, if I have opportunity, in all ways I can devise.”7 The most effective thing he managed to do was to write a book, which he called An Humble Attempt To Promote Explicit Agreement And Visible Union Among God’s People, In Extraordinary Prayer For The Revival Of Religion, And The Advancement of Christ’s Kingdom On Earth, Pursuant To Scriptural Promises, And Prophecies Concerning The Last Times. The contents of this book were first preached to his congregation in Northampton, Massachusetts. It contained a long exposition of Zechariah 8:20 – 22. This chapter in Zechariah contains a prophecy about the future glorious advancement of the Church which has not yet come to pass. Edwards’s book called Christians to make common purpose in express and visible agreement, in extraordinary prayer in seeking that God would come and “grant the tokens and fruits of His gracious Presence.” It must not be a vague effort, but it must be a visible union, according to the Scriptures, formed by an explicit agreement and demonstrated publicly. In the 1780s, the Lord stirred up a new movement of prayer in parts of England, and some local revivals began to appear. Forty years after its first issue, John Erskine re-issued his Memorial. He sent copies to many people, including Andrew Fuller and John Rylands, two Northamptonshire Baptist ministers, reinforced with a copy of Jonathan Edwards’s book, An Humble Attempt. These Baptists shared their burden with a colleague, John Sutcliff of Olney. It was Sutcliff who got the Baptist Associations in Northampton and Leicester counties to devote the first Monday evening of each month to “prayer for the general revival and spread of religion.” Andrew Fuller published a sermon on the subject, called A Few Persuasives to a General Union in Prayer for the Revival of Religion. This arrangement of “the first Monday evening of the month” was the form which the Concert of Prayer took in the coming years. By 1786, the Baptist Association of the Midlands adopted the challenge for a concert of prayer. Other Free Church Associations joined in as well. The Methodists recognised the importance of prayer meetings in reviving their work. They published an article entitled Thoughts on the Revival of Religion in the Prayer Meetings in the Present Revival. The scattered Evangelical Anglicans showed interest in it also. In this way, there arose a renewed interest in the Concert of Prayer in England in the 1780s, and local revivals began to appear in some of the Baptist and Congregational churches. The number of Baptist churches in the English countryside began to mushroom. Edwin Orr says, “By the year 1789, the general union in prayer was operating over a very wide network of prayer meetings for revival.”8 The Second Great Awakening. The new floodtide of blessing in answer to these prayers in England first appeared in 1792, just after the death of John Wesley.