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Evaluation of Organic Heirloom Tomato Varieties Shubin K Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2013 Evaluation of Organic Heirloom Tomato Varieties Shubin K. Saha1, Dan Egel2, Maria Restrepo3, Valerie Clingerman3, Scott Monroe3, Hans Schmitz3, Larry Sutterer4, and Dennis Nowaskie5 1Assistant Professor, Vegetable Extension Specialist, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091 2Vegetable Pathologist, Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Purdue University, Southwest Purdue Agriculture Program, Vincennes, IN, 47591 3County Educators, Pike, Knox, Davies, and Gibson Counties, Purdue Extension, Purdue University 4Agriculture Technician, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, Purdue University, Southwest Purdue Agriculture Program, Vincennes, IN, 47591 5Superintendent, Purdue University, Southwest Purdue Agriculture Center, Vincennes, IN, 47591 Introduction The production and consumption of organically produced vegetables has steadily increased over the past 20 years (Organic Trade Association, 2011). Within organic production over the past few years, a new niche has developed to support the interest and demand for heirloom vegetables (Jordan, 2007). There is an increasing demand for practical information regarding heirlooms of which very little is available. In particular, varietal information is of interest to farmers producing heirloom tomatoes and vegetables in general. Recent searches reveal only a few scientific articles regarding this topic. In 2012, a few articles were published focusing on disease management and grafting (Barrett et al., 2012a; Barrett et al., 2012b; Francis and Stark, 2012; O'Connell et al., 2012; Rogers and Wszelaki, 2012). However, none of the studies were conducted on certified organic land. There is a need for practical production information for a growing industry. The objective of this project was to obtain a second year of data to replicate the experiment conducted in 2012. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted on certified organic land at the Southwest Purdue Agriculture Center in Vincennes, Indiana. Hairy vetch was the cover crop utilized as green manure prior to field preparation for the experiment. A banded fertilizer application was applied preplant at a rate of 40 pounds of nitrogen per acre using a commercially available organic fertilizer material (Nature-Safe, 10-2-8, Cold Spring, KY). Then, raised beds were formed and covered in black plastic mulch (4 ft x 2 mil, AEP Industries, Mountain Top, PA). During the plastic mulch installation, trickle tape (12-inch emitter spacing, 24 gph/100 ft, RO-Drip, Roberts Irrigation, San Marcos, CA) was also installed on the top of the soil, underneath the mulch for in-season irrigation. The seeds of 10 organic tomato varieties were sown in 50-cell black seedling flats (Myers Industries Lawn and Garden Group, Middlefield, OH) on April 9, 2013. Johnny’s Select 512 Organic Mix (Johnny’s Seed, St. Fairfield, ME) was the media used for seedling production. Varieties were selected based on different fruit traits including market demand, appearance, and perceived quality. The heirloom varieties selected included: Pruden’s Purple, Cherokee Purple, Great White, Moskvich, Rose, Brandywine, Striped German, Valencia, and Green Zebra. Martha Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2013 Washington was also utilized as it is a hybrid heirloom-type, to use as a comparison of vigor and productivity. There were 15 plants per plot while rows were placed on 6-foot centers and an in-row spacing of 2 feet. Field planting occurred on May 18, 2013, in the designated plots. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with four replicates. There were nine harvests over the course of the season from July 29 to August 23, 2013. Fruit number, weight, and average fruit weight were all collected during harvest. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and main effects means were separated by Fisher’s least significant difference test using SAS statistical programs (SAS Institute, Cary, NC.) Results and Discussion There were nine harvests in the 2013 season compared with six during the 2012 season. Extreme heat in 2012 could have caused reduced fruit set and general stress on the plants. Martha Washington had statistically greater marketable yield (44,092 lbs/acre) and marketable fruit number (110,183 fruit/acre) over the course of the season compared to any of the heirloom varieties (Table 1). Average marketable fruit weight of Martha Washington was less than six of the nine heirloom of the varieties in the trial (Table 1). Pruden’s Purple had greater marketable yield (28,024 lbs/acre) than all other heirloom varieties with the exception of Cherokee Purple (Table 1). Among the heirloom varieties, yields of Rose and Valencia did not differ significantly from Cherokee Purple. Valencia had greater early season marketable fruit weight (1,815 lbs/acre) compared to seven of the other eight heirloom varieties (Table 2). However, the hybrid, Martha Washington, had greater early yield (2,493 lbs/acre) than all other varieties, following the same trend for the entire season (Table 2). This was not unexpected as hybrids generally produce more fruit than heirloom varieties. Heirloom varieties are chosen more for eating quality as opposed to total yield. Having a diverse selection of tomatoes to sell as a commercial producer might be a better marketing option. It seems that variety selection is partially determined by the buyers and what varieties they prefer to consume. In order to justify production of heirloom varieties, considering the reduction in yield, it becomes a necessity to obtain a higher price to ensure economic sustainability. Further, market trends indicate that the current demand for heirloom tomatoes exceeds the supply in most locations (UK CES, 2009). Acknowledgements Partial funding for this project was provided by the Organic Farming Research Foundation. The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the following individuals for all their help and assistance with the completion of this variety trial: Bill Davis, Angie Thompson, Sara Hoke, and the summer 2013 farm crew. Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2013 Table 1. Organic tomato harvest, July 29-August 23, 2013 — nine harvests. Average Marketable Marketable Marketable Variety Marketable Fruit Fruit Weight Fruit Number Weight (lb) Weight (lb) (lb) per Acre per Acre per Plant Martha Washington 0.40 efz 44,092 a 110,183 a 12.2 a Pruden’s Purple 0.97 abc 28,024 b 29,161 cde 7.7 b Cherokee Purple 0.61 d 24,781 bc 41,987 bc 6.8 bc Rose 0.83 c 20,546 cd 26,499 de 5.7 cd Valencia 0.46 de 19,312 cde 42,665 bc 5.3 cde Great White 1.02 ab 15,827 de 15,125 ef 4.4 de Brandywine 0.87 bc 15,561 de 17,739 ef 4.3 de Green Zebra 0.27 f 15,101 def 56,144 b 4.2 def Moskvich 0.35 ef 13,262 ef 37,510 cd 3.7 ef Striped German 1.06 a 8,373 f 7,817 f 2.3 f zMeans in columns separated by Fisher’s least significant test (P ≤ 0.05), means with same letter are not significantly different. Table 2. Early organic tomato harvest, July 29-August 2, 2013 — three harvests. Average Marketable Marketable Fruit Marketable Fruit Variety Fruit Weight (lb) Weight (lb) per Acre Number per Acre Martha Washington 0.34 2,493 az 7,381 a Valencia 0.35 1,815 b 5,155 b Pruden’s Purple 0.81 1,355 bc 1,694 d Moskvich 0.31 1,065 cd 3,340 c Brandywine 0.74 944 cd 1,283 de Great White 0.71 799 cde 1,041 de Rose 0.62 557 de 1,525 de Cherokee Purple 0.51 460 de 847 de Green Zebra 0.23 218 e 1,041 de Striped German 0.72 169 e 121 e zMeans in columns separated by Fisher’s least significant test (P ≤ 0.05), means with same letter are not significantly different. Literature Cited Barrett, C.E., X. Zhao, and R. McSorley. 2012a. Grafting for Root-knot Nematode Control and Yield Improvement in Organic Heirloom Tomato Production. Hortscience 47:614-620. Barrett, C.E., X. Zhao, and A.W. Hodges. 2012b. Cost Benefit Analysis of Using Grafted Transplants for Root-knot Nematode Management in Organic Heirloom Tomato Production. Horttechnology 22:252-257. Francis, P.B., and C.R. Stark. 2012. Heirloom Tomato Production in Conventional and Transitional-organic Managed Systems. Hortscience 47:1034-1037. Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2013 Jordan, J.A. 2007. The heirloom tomato as cultural object: Investigating taste and space. Sociologia Ruralis 47:20-41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00424.x. O'Connell, S., C. Rivard, M.M. Peet, C. Harlow, and F. Louws. 2012. High Tunnel and Field Production of Organic Heirloom Tomatoes: Yield, Fruit Quality, Disease, and Microclimate. Hortscience 47:1283-1290. Organic Trade Association. 2011. 2011 Organic Industry Survey [Online]. Available from Organic Trade Association http://www.ota.com/pics/documents/2011OrganicIndustrySurvey.pdf (verified December 16, 2012). Rogers, M.A., and A.L. Wszelaki. 2012. Influence of High Tunnel Production and Planting Date on Yield, Growth, and Early Blight Development on Organically Grown Heirloom and Hybrid Tomato. Horttechnology 22:452-462. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. 2009. Heirloom Vegetables. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 4 pp. Available from http://www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/introsheets/heirloom.pdf (verified December 28, 2012). .
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