4. Enquête Sur L'espace D'une Œuvre, À Partir De L'étude D'un Tableau

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4. Enquête Sur L'espace D'une Œuvre, À Partir De L'étude D'un Tableau 4. Enquête sur l'espace d'une œuvre, à partir de l'étude d'un tableau 4. Enquête sur l'espace d'une œuvre, à partir de l'étude d'un tableau Michel Motré Lignes de fuite Page 1/16 4. Enquête sur l'espace d'une œuvre, à partir de l'étude d'un tableau L'analyse de l'"Intérieur aux aubergines" de Matisse conjointe à la lecture de "L'Espace plastique" de Michel Guérin invite à parcourir, à découvrir et à interroger des espaces, de l'espace fictif créé par le peintre aux espaces particuliers et muséaux de présentation. Pour rendre hommage à Michel Guérin, l'esthéticien, l'enseignant-chercheur, l'ami, et saluer son apport scientifique à l'appréhension de la question de l'Art, je vais proposer au lecteur de conduire une enquête portant sur une œuvre picturale. Le terme enquête est préféré à ceux d'étude, que je réserve au tableau, et d'essai (ce qui serait présomptueux). N'étant ni philosophe, ni historien de l'art, mon propos sera celui d'un pédagogue des arts plastiques, soucieux de partager une « expérience de la perception ». Outre le plaisir de poursuivre les échanges sur l'Art, dont ceux qui ont ponctué les quatre années du concours de l'agrégation d'arts plastiques, c'est animé du désir d'éprouver, avec un bagage enrichi (merci Michel Guérin), une rencontre avec une œuvre que j'amorce ce travail. Dans l'introduction de son ouvrage L'Espace plastique[1], Michel Guérin nous sensibilise à ce qu'est l'œuvre et à sa non-coïncidence avec l'objet-œuvre (par exemple un tableau). Il pointe aussi la tendance à « restreindre la question de l'espace à la démarcation entre espace réel, celui du spectateur, et l'espace interne de l'œuvre, sans trop savoir comment articuler un troisième terme, le lieu où celle-ci est exposée ». En me fondant sur ces réflexions et leur développement, je vais enquêter afin d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la question : Que nous révèle l'objet-œuvre de l'œuvre ? Le travail sur les œuvres constituant un des piliers de toute formation artistique, j'en recherche une qui pourrait constituer un riche terrain d'expérience. Mon choix se porte rapidement sur l'Intérieur aux aubergines (1911), tableau d'Henri Matisse (1869-1954). Il appartient à la collection du Musée de Grenoble (Isère) depuis 1922 et il a connu un itinéraire singulier, depuis sa conception jusqu'à son actuelle présentation. Pour cette œuvre, on pourrait parler de fortune ou de destin. Aller à WWW.MUSEE DE GRENOBLE >>> Pourquoi le choix de cette œuvre ? Quatre tableaux de grand format ayant pour sujet un intérieur ont été peints par Henri Matisse en 1911. Ce sont, énoncés dans l'ordre chronologique de leur réalisation : l'Atelier du peintre ou Atelier rose - 1,72 x 2,05 cm - (peint dans l'atelier d'Issy-les-Moulineaux), conservé au Musée Pouchkine de Moscou, La Famille du peintre - 1,43 x 1,94 cm - (peut-être peint à Issy-les-Moulineaux), visible au Musée de l'Ermitage de Saint-Pétersbourg, l'Intérieur aux aubergines - 2,10 x 2,44 cm - (peint dans l'atelier de Collioure - Pyrénées orientales), donné par la famille Matisse [2] au Musée de Grenoble et L'Atelier rouge - 1,81 x 2,19 cm - (peint dans l'atelier d'Issy-les-Moulineaux), exposé au M.O.M.A. de New York. De cette série dite des "Intérieurs symphoniques", Intérieur aux aubergines est le seul visible dans les collections françaises. Si trois grands intérieurs sont des peintures à l'huile sur toile, Intérieur aux aubergines est une tempera à la colle sur toile, choix audacieux sur lequel nous reviendrons. Lignes de fuite Page 2/16 4. Enquête sur l'espace d'une œuvre, à partir de l'étude d'un tableau Après avoir été acquise par Michael et Sarah Stein en 1912, elle a été rachetée par Matisse en 1917, quand la famille Stein quitte son appartement du 58, rue Madame à Paris pour regagner momentanément les Etats-Unis. Après cette date, elle apparaît amputée de sa large bordure. L'œuvre qui nous est maintenant donnée à voir n'est donc pas celle qui avait été initialement conçue. Intérieur aux aubergines peut être appréhendée, à bien des égards, comme une œuvre « expérimentale ». Enfin, et c'est une considération très personnelle, Intérieur aux aubergines est une composante majeure de la collection grenobloise du XXème siècle que j'ai contribué à faire découvrir aux enfants et aux adultes (enseignants et parents), dans l'exercice de ma mission pédagogique au musée de la ville (1979-1988). Que percevons-nous de l'objet-œuvre, tel qu'on peut le voir actuellement au Musée de Grenoble ? Intérieur aux aubergines est un tableau de grand format qui se présente au spectateur directement, sans encadrement. Si c'est d'abord la figuration [3] de l'atelier de Matisse à Collioure, c'est aussi un paysage (imaginaire) dans un intérieur où prolifèrent différents motifs végétaux qui en saturent l'espace : sur les murs et le sol, des fleurs réduites à cinq pétales ; au centre de la surface, un jeu d'arabesques en courbes et contre-courbes formé d'éléments décoratifs tels que rinceaux, palmes ou bouquets, et par les trois aubergines. Dans cette composition dont on connaît une représentation serrée (focalisée) sur la table, Nature morte aux aubergines [4] (1911), trois aubergines constituent le point central de vision. Leur font écho les palmes de la nappe rouge et les volutes du paravent vert. Aux objets de la table, aubergines, assiette avec deux poires vertes, sculpture (peut-être un écorché) et vase, le paravent forme un premier écran autour duquel s'organisent avec stabilité d'autres rectangles - porte, miroir, cheminée, cadres et fenêtre -, dans une surface initialement limitée par une bordure peinte dont subsistent, sur les bords, d'infimes traces de peinture rouge. L'ensemble affirme d'emblée son caractère frontal. Les espaces plans sont organisés pour dialoguer, ce que Thierry Raspail synthétise par la formule « le tableau est un système de relations » [5] entre éléments plastiques (formes, motifs décoratifs et couleurs) qui se répondent sur une surface rectangulaire. A la traduction volumétrique de l'atelier et de ses abords, Matisse substitue un traitement qui annihile l'effet de profondeur. Sa vision, en rupture avec celle des « peintres classiques », se fonde sur une configuration dynamique qui emporte pour les associer [ici plastiquement] espace, mouvement, image [6]. D'abord, les murs et le sol, dont les nuances de brun permettent d'en distinguer les limites. S'y superposent, selon une distribution régulière, des motifs floraux bleu pervenche (les clématites de son jardin) qui affirment la surface du tableau. Puis, de gauche à droite, la cheminée et le carton à dessin qui la jouxte sont les seules traces de représentation perspectiviste. Ils sont positionnés selon une oblique qui engage le regard du spectateur, dans une traversée de la surface du tableau, en diagonale et en escalier, jusqu'à la fenêtre. Le miroir ensuite, ajoute une note décalée en renvoyant un reflet, à la fois illusionniste dans le hors-champ qu'il révèle, mais aussi irrationnel tant dans le traitement du sujet - l'assiette avec les poires ainsi que les motifs végétaux de la nappe ont disparu - que dans le jeu des plans qui semblent basculer. Derrière le paravent, on perçoit quelques indices d'une pièce avec vue sur les alentours : Lignes de fuite Page 3/16 4. Enquête sur l'espace d'une œuvre, à partir de l'étude d'un tableau une porte ouverte, un mur bleu ciel, un rideau à carreaux et une ouverture sur une colline. Les formes de la nappe et du paravent suggèrent relief et volume, perception aussitôt contredite par le traitement en aplat de la couleur et des motifs décoratifs [7]. A l'instar de la « reprise » sur le paravent opérée à l'aide d'un rectangle ocre parsemé de bouquets, la surface de la nappe et celles du paravent apparaissent comme découpées dans des lais de papier-peint. Cela vaut aussi pour les murs et le sol « fleuris ». La fenêtre, enfin, est loin de constituer une ouverture spatiale et lumineuse, telle que le peintre hollandais Pieter de Hooch la traite dans le tableau Mère épouillant son enfant [8]. Point de boite scénique dans la peinture de Matisse. Néanmoins, l'artiste donne à percevoir des éléments colorés et contrastés de construction, de végétation et de morphologie du paysage [9]. Ensemble, ils créent un écho plastique - fragments et reprise de couleurs - avec la surface correspondant à l'image reflétée par le miroir. La fenêtre peut ainsi être perçue comme une tapisserie murale. Le traitement frontal de l'espace pictural qui caractérise les quatre « intérieurs symphoniques » de 1911 conjugue à la fois l'expérience cézanienne [10] et celle de l'utilisation de la couleur pure, posée d'abord par touches - période post-pointilliste puis « fauve » - et désormais plus en aplats. La confrontation de La Desserte rouge [11] de 1908 avec les quatre grands intérieurs de 1911 montre que cette évolution intervient quand Matisse opère la synthèse des apports de Cézanne, de Gauguin, de Seurat et de son expérience fauve. L'espace pictural d'Intérieur aux aubergines constitue une vaste composition construite par les surfaces de couleurs [12] d'où la lumière émane ; deux effets d'éclairage sont néanmoins présents, un éclat réalisé d'un coup de pinceau sur chaque aubergine et une ombre dans la cheminée. Les choix colorés de Matisse se portent sur une palette de tons purs. Différents verts à dominante émeraude côtoient, dans un affrontement direct, leur complémentaire - le rouge -, créant ainsi des effets de contraste lumineux.
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