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Tides and Tidal Currents in Hudson Bay

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Tides and Tidal Currents in Hudson Bay Tides and tidal currents in Hudson Bay G. C. Dohler, Ottawa The rhythm of the tides can be felt in there are no harbours, in the success of beaching varying degree along the entire shoreline of operations. Hudson Bay and in every one of its harbours. To those who are responsible for navigation in The world-wide phenomena of the tides these waters or whose livelihood depends upon and the manner in which they are related to the the harvest of the sea, it would be idle to rotation of the earth and the gravitational emphasize the importance of a knowledge of tides attraction of the sun and moon have been made and tidal streams. For those of us who do not the subject of scientific investigation for make our living from the sea, it is perhaps many years and are well summarized in the worthwhile to remember that, to take his vessel Encyclopaedia Brittanica and by A.T. Doodson safely from one port to another, a ship's captain and H.D. Warburg in the Admiralty Manual of must have an intimate knowledge of tidal patterns Tides. and the direction and force of tidal currents. So also with the Eskimo whose success in To understand the tidal phenomena of providing food for his family depends upon his Hudson Bay it is necessary to have clearly in knowledge of the tides. In the open Bay, the mind two concepts. The first is the existence vertical tidal movements are of minor importance of a tidal undulation in the open ocean which and it is not until water meets land that the moves forward in a westerly direction, opposite tide is a factor in regulating the movement of to the direction of the earth's rotation. This ships into harbours and tidal rivers or, where undulation is accompanied by tidal streams. The 11 second concept concerns the modifications which oscillations above and below mean sea level occur when the tide encounters irregular dis­ while tidal streams are periodic horizontal tributions of land associated with continents oscillations over a fixed point on the earth's and islands. The best known examples of these surface, or, in open waters, an elliptical modifications are found where the tide enters movement around a fixed point. The periods of a bay which grows shallower and narrower towards these oscillations are identical to those of the its head or where the conditions are even more forces to which they respond, i.e. the rotation of the earth on its axis, the revolution of the moon around the earth and the revolution of the earth around the sun. The non-periodical horizontal movements of the sea come under the general heading of currents. Solely under the influence of currents, a particle of water will change its position over the earth's surface either progressively or seasonally or with non-periodical fluctuations. The term flow has the same meaning as horizontal water movement. as it is the combina- accentuated wnen the tide enters the estuary of a river. In the Bay of Fundy, for example, very high tides of the order of 20 to 50 feet are found in the headwaters. Seymour Narrows in British Columbia experiences strong currents of over 10 knots and in Ungava Bay near the tion, at any instant, of the tidal stream and current. Tides are nonnally semi-diurnal in character, with two high and two low waters a day. The heights of the two tides are usually similar but not necessarily identical. There are exceptions to the normal pattern, however, and as far as any particular coast is concerned the entrance to Hudson Strait, currents of consider­ following basic questions present themselves: able magnitude have been observed. Under these circumstances, the tide can often be a hindrance (a) How great is the range of the tides, or even a danger to shipping and can cause i.e., what is the difference between erosional effects of considerable magnitude. high and low water and what are the rates of the tidal streams in the ebb Tidal movements are periodic vertical and flood direction? (b) Is the tide or tidal stream diurnal considerable stretch of the shoreline between or semi-diurnal, i.e., are there one Povungnituk and Port Harrison, is represented or two cycles per day? in Figure lb. This figure shows that, while there are still two tides a day, the differences (c) What is the time of high and low between the two are considerably more marked and water and when do the strongest and these differences, as well as the average height weakest tidal streams appear? of the tides, are again strongly dependent on the relative position of the sun and moon. When we look for answers to these questions insofar as Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait are Theories governing these phenomena are 0501 )5,00 A CHURCHILL B PORT HARRISON 366 I N p E s A E N 0 ) • C LEGEND • new moon A moon in apogee ( first quarter p moon in perigee 0 full moon E moon on equator ) last quarter N moon farthest north of equator s moon farthest south of equator Figure 1. Tidal patterns for Churchill and Port Harrison. concerned, we find that for most regions the abstruse and for a complicated locality like tides are semi-diurnal as indicated by the tidal Hudson Bay have not been worked out in detail. pattern for Churchill in Figure la. Here are We deal therefore in this article not with the shown the rise and fall of the tides over a theoretical calculations but with the tides that period of a month and it is seen that the semi­ are actually observed in Hudson Bay and Hudson diurnal character is well maintained. It is Strait. also clear that the height of the two semi­ diurnal components is slightly different and that the height of the tides in general is TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON STRAIT connected by a complicated relationship with the relative positions of the sun, the moon and The tides and currents in Hudson Strait earth. were noted by the earliest navigators to enter these waters, e.g., John Davis, ship's log The general character of the tides as 1587, where to our great admiration we indicated in Figure la, however, does not hold saw the sea falling down into the Gulf with a for the Bay as a whole. The tidal rhythm for a mighty overfall and roaring and with divers 13 circular motions like whirlpools in such sort The currents in Digges Sound and its as forceable streams pass through the arches of approaches are not considered dangerous to bridges.'' Currents of this magnitude presented navigation. There is an ebb and flood rate of severe hazards to the small sailing ships of 2-3 knots between Capes· Digges and Wolstenholme. those days and it is to be inferred that the The flood approaches Digges Sound from the north- ship captains found it-necessary to study the east as an undercurrent and turns to the south­ tides carefully and to take advantage of ward on entering the strait. The ebb, flowing favourable directions of the currents and of northeastward past Cape Wolstenholme, turns periods of slack water to get through the eastward into a constantly outward current straits. starting at the west end of the Digges Islands and continuing past Erik Cove. At Erik Cove, The main tidal streams in Hudson Strait there is a 3-knot current which slackens to a are strong and definite with no cross currents low rate with flood effect. setting to either shore. Flood waters entering the strait, however, are:curved somewhat to Off Erik Cove and extending westward to southward by the indraught to Ungava Bay; Cape Wolstenholme, there is a shelf with moderate consequently the progress of the tidal undula­ depths of SO to 70 fathoms extending a half mile tions is more rapid along the south side of the or more from the shore. Beyond this shelf, strait than on the north shore. The time of soundings indicate a sharp drop to depths high water at Wakeham Bay, therefore, is only approaching 250 fathoms. This deep body of a little later than at Port Burwell, while at water, moving in one direction, causes heavy Ashe Inlet, immediately opposite Wakeham Bay, rips, swirls, and eddies over the shelf which, high water occurs considerably later. The same during strong winds, create a danger to small relation holds for the time of low water at craft. those points, but it is likely that the main ebb holds farther north across Ungava Bay than Centrally in the sound, off eastern Digges the flood. Islands and off Staffe Island, the direction of the ebb is with the channel; information on the In addition to the ordinary tidal pulsa­ direction of the flood current, however, is not tions in Hudson Strait, there are general pro­ available. Off Ivugivik Point and Nuvuk Harbour, gressive movements or circulations of water. the ebb runs with the channel; the flood is Icebergs which enter the strait can do so only variable and turns at times toward the Nuvuk around Resolution Island and through Gabriel Islands. These conditions are also found, to a Strait. In their southward journey from Davis lesser extent, south of Fairway Island. One Strait, they are drawn in by the flood and some mile south of North Skerries, flood and ebb run fail to go out with the ebb. These work west­ west and east. ward, indicating a general movement of the water in the northern part of the strait in that From the information available, it seems direction.
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