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Here Was Vinland : the Great Lakes Region of America Author: Curran, James Watson, 1865- Publisher, Year: Sault Ste

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Here Was Vinland : the Great Lakes Region of America Author: Curran, James Watson, 1865- Publisher, Year: Sault Ste taaaammmataaaita iiiu iciumuMniim j.'> ^jiimi iuuiMimniiRuim'jiinmLijnjLi.,1 LHHIIPIWMI I »» VINLAND JAMES W. CURRAN This is a reproduction of a book from the McGill University Library collection. Title: Here was Vinland : the Great Lakes region of America Author: Curran, James Watson, 1865- Publisher, year: Sault Ste. Marie : Sault Daily Star, [1939] The pages were digitized as they were. The original book may have contained pages with poor print. Marks, notations, and other marginalia present in the original volume may also appear. For wider or heavier books, a slight curvature to the text on the inside of pages may be noticeable. ISBN of reproduction: 978-1-926846-83-5 This reproduction is intended for personal use only, and may not be reproduced, re-published, or re-distributed commercially. For further information on permission regarding the use of this reproduction contact McGill University Library. McGill University Library www.mcgill.ca/library HERE WAS VINLAND A 1000 YEAR OLD MYSTERY SOLVED It needs no ghost, my lord, come from the grave to tell us this. —Shakespeare: Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 5. AMERICA'S STRANGEST STORY HERE WAS VI N LAN D THE GREAT LAKES REGION OF AMERICA BY JAMES W. CURRAN Editor, The Sault Daily Star Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario THE SAULT DAILY STAR SAULT STE. MARIE CANADA (Copyright) TO MY CHILDREN who have always set me a good example MARY BOB NAN JOHN JANE JAMES DOROTHY MARIANNE CATHARINE THE CONTENTS FIRST PART—EXPLANATORY DOCUMENTS PAGE Dates in the Viking Record xii How This Book Came to Be Written .... 1 Norse Case Summed Up for the Jury ... 14 DOCUMENT 1. Where Norse Relics Have Been Found . 25 2. Michigan's Helmet Smashing Axe . 38 3. Pointing to a Great Lakes Location . 47 4. Ottawa Confirms the Terrors of Ginnungagap 50 (See "Document" 20; "Articles" 18 and 21) 5. Can the Birds Help Us? 61 (See Page 333 in Appendix) 6. How Hudson Bay Fits the Sagas ... 65 7. Eskimo, Cree and Wooden Boat Men . 72 8. Who Made These Copper Tools? ... 89 (See "Articles" 23, 24 and 26) 9. Were Norsemen the "Prehistoric Indians?" 101 10. Are Our Axes Based on Norse Models? . 106 11. Puzzling Over Vinland Tales .... 119 12. Did the Children Just Cry for Home? . 126 13. Was America Known Before Leif? . 130 14. How Norsemen Reached Vinland . 134 CONTENTS (Continued) 15. Did the Norsemen Find the Mandans? 144 16. The Norse-Spanish Ventures .... 157 17. Norse Knew How to Build Ships . 160 18. Norsemen Vigorous from 850 to 1100 . 165 19. The Affidavits in the Dodd Case ... 174 (See "Articles" 4, 5 and 6) 20. "Helluland" of 1000 A.D. in Hudson Strait? 185 (See "Document" 5, and Cape Wolstenholme Photos) SECOND PART—THE ORIGINAL ARTICLES (Reprinted from the Sault Daily Star from Aug. 13, 1938, to February 28, 1939) ARTICLE PAGE 1. Who Were the Strange "Wooden Boat" Men? 192 2. "White" Indians of James Bay Have Legend 198 3. Tragic Story of the Greenland Castaways 204 4. Beardmore Norse Relics Tale Proven True 211 5. How Doubt Was Cast on Dodd's Relics . 217 6. "Boss" of Shield Broke Under Shovel . 230 7. Was James Bay the Norse Vinland? . 235 8. Dodd's Norseman Not So Important Now . 242 10. Did Norsemen All Leave Greenland? . 249 11. Did Poul Knutson Go West by Albany River? 254 12. Address at Empire Club, Toronto, Nov. 10, 1938 258 13. Norsemen Find Mississippi River . 269 14. Did Europe Just "Forget" Vinland to Save Strife? 272 Vll CONTENTS (Continued) 15. For 700 Years Sagas Have Shouted "Interior" 279 16. "Mississippi" a Cree Word .... 284 18. "Ginnungagap," the Terrible Rock Gorge 287 19. Norse Spear Found on Lake Ontario . 294 20. Did Greenland Send Cows to Vinland? . 299 21. Proof Vikings Knew Hudson Strait as "Ginnungagap" 307 23. Mystery of the Copper Tools .... 314 24. The Brantford Bronze Axe the Prize Puzzle 318 25. Norse Case Summed Up for the Jury (Appears in This Book on Page 14) 26. Experts Discuss the Brantford Axe . 326 APPENDIX 333 Birds in Hudson Strait Swords Like Dodd's Breton Fishermen Found New­ A Large Pot Found foundland Why Norway? Northern Vinland Today Druid (?) Mounds in America The Western Prairies Sault Ste. Marie The Norse Cargoes of Wood What Is a "Daegr"? Indians and Corn Souriquois and Their "Country" Greasy Fur Best Iroquois and "Indians" Black Death and Bu(bonic Plague The Hayes River Route Disease in the West Former Great Lakes Levels A Story from Spokane Types of Norse Axes, (London Where Is tine "Salmon" River? Museum, Cat. No. 1.) Routes to Southern Vinland Affidavit re Gros Cap Spear Whites Liked by the Crees BOOKS CONSULTED AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 350 INDEX 356 viii ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PAGE 1. Beach on James Bay, near Albany River (Facing title page) 2. Map: Where Norse Relics have been found ix 3. Map: Ginnungagap, (Hudson Strait) . x 4. Map: Greenland to Moose River . xi Cambridge, Wis., relic .... 32 Ontario County, N.Y., axe .... 33 5. Dodd's Norse relics found at Beardmore 32-33 6. Republic, Mich., Helmet Smashing Axe " " 7. Spears, Gros Cap and Sodus Bay; Port Arthur Vase 8. Two Minnesota axes " " 9. Kensington, Minn., rune stone . " 10. London Museum's axes .... " " 11A Cape Wolstenholme's gigantic rock cliffs with flocks of murres . 60-61 11B How the murres crowd on Hudson Strait cliffs .... " " 12A Moose Factory, on Moose River . 64-65 12B Cormorant Lake, north of L. Winnipeg " " 13. Brantford, Ont, bronze axe . 88-89 14. Portlock, Ontario, cast copper "spud" " " 15. Red Rock "spear" " " 16. Echo Bay "spear" " " Marquette, Michigan, copper axe . 93 17. Five Algoma Axes 108-109 18. Two Algoma axes, end view; Pt. Arthur axe 109 19. Two Norse axes found in Britain . Ill 19A. Types of Norse axes 112-113 20. Map: Norway to Hudson Bay . 138 Toronto Globe and Mail's picture of Dodd Relics, Oct. 12, 1938 . 175 21. Photo of Dodd's trench and dike . 217 Map of Beardmore area .... 219 Toronto Star's cartoon 341 »^» P CD ICO B P e P era P CTQ P p CD o P CQ r*- •1 P 3 P4 6J* •i CD CD D* P P crq CD •1 N o p CD 3 P -t p? CD > 5 ow o X5 P re <p O DATES IN THE NORSE RECORD (Most of these dates are approximate. Some are just guesses) 700-800. Irish refugees land in Iceland. 789. First accepted date for a Viking fleet's raid on England. 825. Dicuil, Irish priest, first mentions Iceland in literature as discovered 'by Irishmen. 870. Arrival of Norsemen in Iceland. 908. Norwegian Gunnbjorn saw rocky islands off the coast of Greenland. 950. Eric the Red left Norway for Iceland with his father who was exiled for murder. 982. Eric banished from Iceland for three years for murder. 985. Eric returns to Iceland from Greenland. 986. Greenland colony started by Eric. Of 25 ships leaving Ice­ land 14 reach Greenland. 986. Bjarni discovers America. 992. England first pays tribute to Viking invaders. 999. Leif, (Eric's son) arrives in Norway from Greenland: \**+*u*** %£• 1000. Leif introduces Christianity in Greenland. Discovers Vin­ land. 1003. Thorvald, Eric's son, makes voyage to Vinland. 1005. Thorvald's death after being wounded by Indians. The first European burial in America. 1007. Thorstein, (Eric's son) makes unsuccessful voyage. His death. 1008. Karlsefne marries Gudrid, Thorstein's widow. 1010. Karlsefne sails for Vinland. His son iSnorri first white child 'born in America. DATES IN THE NORSE RECORD (Continued)*^ 1013. Karlsefne returns to Greenland. He seems to have made other trips to Vinland. 1017. Canute, Danish King, rules Britain. 1028. Canute conquers Norway. 1042. Edward, the Confessor, succeeds Hardicanute, Danish King, in England. 1050. Lake Nipigon Norseman 'buried. 1066. Norman conquest of England. 1070. Adam of Bremen makes first written mention of Wineland, (Vinland). 1120-30. Are Frode's "Islendingabok" says Iceland discovered 870; skraeljngs indicated as Eskimos. 1121. EricTi^h'op of Greenland and Vinland, sailed for Vinland and is believed never to have returned though the Green­ land Chronicle says he "planted colonists and the faith." 1150. Viking era draws to a close. 1180-90. "Historia Norwegiae" by unknown author. 1205-15. Original "Landnamabok," source of Sturle, etc. 1230-40. Snorri Sturlason wrote "Saga of the Kings." 1240. "The King's Mirror" written. 1261. Greenland "republic" accepts the suzerainty of Norway. 1270-1310. Saga of Eric the Red written. 1294. Norwegian King makes Greenland trade a royal monopoly. Nobody else allowed to sail or trade there without royal license. 1310-15. Hauk's "Landnamabok" written. 1341. Western Greenland colony disappears. 1342. Greenlanders "turned to the people of America" (emigrated?) (Oddsson, 1635). 1347. Markland ship wrecked in Iceland. 1354. King Magnus of Norway sends Poul Knutson to restore Chris­ tianity in the Greenland colonies. 1362. Ten men of Knutson's force killed in Minnesota by Indians. 1367. Norwegian king's last monopoly ship lost. 1370. Final collapse of Norway's trade under misgovernment and the Hanseatic League's hostility. 1408. Marriage in Greenland (documented). 1410. Last definite news from Greenland. 1425-60. Reports of Bristol, England, traders visiting Greenland. 1440-70. Vague news from Greenland, XIV DATES IN THE NORSE RECORD (Continued) 1454. French fishermen on coasts of Newfoundland (Records of Beaufort Monastery, Brittany). 1477. Columbus visits Iceland. 1492. Pope in letter says there has been no news from Greenland for 80 years. 1492. Columbus discovered America. 1497. John Cabot's voyage to America. 1542. Jon Greenlander, of Iceland, finds last Greenland settler's body on shore. 1576-7-8.
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