Marine

Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts

One Hundred and Second Report for the Year 1999 One Hundred and Eleventh Year

Officers of the Corporation

Sheldon J. Segal, Chairman of the Board of Trustees Frederick Bay. Co-Vice Chair Mary J. Greer, Co-Vice Chair John E. Dowling, President of the Corporation John E. Burris, Director and Chief Executive Officer Mary B. Conrad. Treasurer Robert E. Mainer, Clerk of the Corporation Contents

Report of the Director and CEO Rl Report of the Treasurer R7 Financial Statements RN Report of the Library Director R19 Educational Programs Summer Courses R21 R25 Special Topics Courses Other Programs R32 Photo credits: Summer Research Programs B. Armstrong . . . .R5. R21, R22, R23, R24. R25, R27. R35 Principal Investigators R30, R31, R35, R36. R37. R69, R84 R3(i Other Research Personnel J. Atema R44 Library Readers R38 M. Dobbins R46 Institutions Represented R39 M. Dornblaser Rl Year-Round Research Programs R43 L. Eckelbecker R58 Honors R55 L. M. Colder R3 (bottom) Board of Trustees and Committees R62 R. Howard R55 R66 Administrative Support Staff T. Kleindinst R19 Members of the Corporation B. Liles R2 Life Members R69 G. G. Lower R7 Members R70 A. C. Malier R43 Associate Members R80 R4 P. Presley Certificate of Organisation R84 R. Silver R48 (bottom)

Articles of Amendment R84 Tsoi/Kobus R3 (top) R84 R62 Bylaws L. Amai-al Zettler .

Publications . R89 Report of the Director and Chief Executive Officer

I am pleased to share with you this report as I have biomedical and environmental sciences well into the 2P' each year for the past seven years. 1999 is especially Century. meaningful as it marks my last full year serving as Director and CEO of this wonderful institution. In August The Marine Resources Center of 2000 I will leave the Laboratory to serve as the President of Beloit College, a small liberal arts institution One of the of this was in Wisconsin. This is an exciting opportunity for my many gratifying gifts campaign made a dear friend of the Marine family and me, but leaving the MBL. the community that recently by long-time, Late in 1999. Trustee we call home, and our friends and colleagues, will be Biological Laboratory. Honorary difficult. Ellen Grass made a historic gift when she endowed the director's chair of the Marine Resources Center. This is I have been proud to serve as Director of the Marine the first time in the of the that a Biological Laboratory. The MBL is a remarkable and history Laboratory research center director's chair has been endowed. This special place, thanks largely to the dedication and far-sighted gift will enable us to expand our research commitment of its scientists and staff. Curiosity, projects in the Marine Resources Center, while ensuring camaraderie, and thoughtfulness abound here. Throughout the MBL's ability to attract high-quality leadership for my tenure I have been impressed by the innovation and this key facility in perpetuity. technical expertise at the Laboratory, which enables awe- The MRC is one of the world's most advanced inspiring advances in our knowledge. facilities for maintaining and culturing aquatic organisms 1999 was a landmark year of growth and prosperity for essential for biological, biomedical, ecological and the Marine Biological Laboratory. I am pleased to report aquacultural research. As I reported last year, the Ryan- that our finances are sound, our educational programs Dowling Program in Scientific Aquaculture has been exceptional and expanding, and our research efforts established at the Marine Resources Center. We are in the increasingly exciting and novel. More and more, public final stages of conducting a national search for a scientific awareness of the MBL's importance to biology, aquaculturist who will oversee this exciting effort. biomedicine. and environmental science is growing. The MRC is already actively culturing organisms for I am excited about what the future holds for the Marine biomedical research. Currently the MRC is host to a Biological Thanks to the of the Laboratory. generosity colony of zebrafish. These tiny freshwater fish have donors to the we have many Discovery Campaign, become an exciting and important research model used by enhanced our educational already program, strengthened embryologists, geneticists and developmental our resident and summer research made programs, major neuroscientists. Interestingly, zebrafish and humans share strides towards building a new research facility for The much of the same genetic material. These two-inch Ecosystems Center, and begun shoring up our physical natives of India may hold the key to understanding how plant. Although we have work yet to do to complete the all vertebrates including humans develop from an Campaign by December 2000, the Laboratory is now well embryo into a whole organism. What we learn from a positioned to continue its leadership role in the zebrafish ultimately may help us understand and perhaps

Rl R2 Annual Report

projects around the world in Brazil, Alaska, Sweden, Russia, and East Africa, as well as closer to home in the woods of northern New England and along coastal estuarine systems at both Plum Island, north of Boston, and here in Waquoit Bay on Cape Cod. This summer, for example. Senior Scientist Bruce Peterson will travel to Siberia to work on the Russian- American Initiative on Land-Shelf Environments

sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The goal of the project is to estimate the flux of nutrients from Eurasia to the Arctic Ocean. Nearby on Martha's Vineyard, scientists from The Ecosystems Center are working on a pilot ecosystem restoration program. Assistant Scientists Chris Neill and Mathew Williams have begun collaborating with The Nature on a of how a forest treat a wide range of birth defects, among other Conservancy 10-year study disorders. functions. The project involves large-scale cutting, and restoration on a track of land on the MRC Director Roger Hanlon and his colleagues made burning, Pre-treatment will be conducted in substantial progress in 1999 in adapting and applying Vineyard. monitoring 2000; cutting and treatments are scheduled to DNA fingerprints to test sexual selection processes in burning begin in 2001. This is a great to see how a squid. Their results are being used by fishery managers as opportunity forest works and to determine how a less forested they decide whether to continue to allow targeted fishing prior, functioned. Center scientists will concentrate on on spawning squids off Cape Cod. In another area of landscape how such treatments influence water research at the MRC, studies have progressed on understanding balance, soil and the retention and understanding the mechanisms and function of nitrogen cycling, movement of to coastal The polarization vision in cephalopods. MRC investigators nitrogen adjacent ponds. will also The Nature with recently found that cuttlefish are able to overcome the project provide Conservancy information on restoration and counter-shading camouflage of silvery fishes by detecting practical design as well as a to polarization patterns that are reflected by fish scales. The techniques, provide place bring people who are interested in and its result is that cuttlefish and squid can easily detect and biodiversity preservation connection with functions. Center scientists see prey upon species that are otherwise camouflaged to most ecosystem this as a for how predators. pilot project they might eventually restore larger areas of fire-adapted ecosystems in the Vineyard State Forest and at the Massachusetts Military The Ecosystems Center Reservation.

Because of the need to identify and confront real and One of the most crucial objectives remaining to be met present worldwide threats to the environment, it is not in our Discovery Campaign is building the new surprising that The Ecosystems Center has grown so Environmental Sciences Building to house the MBL's dramatically in size, scope, and reputation. The staff has Ecosystems Center. Founded 25 years ago, the Center is increased six-fold and the budget has more than doubled home to an interdisciplinary group of scientists whose in recent years, making the Center's office and laboratory expertise covers the fields of terrestrial and aquatic space inadequate, and forcing researchers to work at ecology, microbiology, chemistry, botany, zoology, scattered locations around the MBL campus. physiology, hydrology, mathematics, and genetics. Their Soon, Ecosystems Center scientists will be in the goal is to study the impact of humankind on the Environmental Sciences Building on Albatross Street. environment and discover what must be done to sustain This new building will have a cutting-edge geographic and manage the earth's resources. information systems facility, state-of-the-art laboratories Among key environmental issues being examined are for plant and soil sample analysis, a stable isotope the ecological consequences of global warming, the laboratory, offices, teaching facilities, a effects of tropical deforestation, how trees in northeast classroom/conference room for the Semester in forests are handling excess nitrogen, and how pollution Environmental Science Program, ample storage areas for and habitat destruction are damaging coastal ecosystems. all equipment, and field staging areas. The problems are global and so are the Center's research To that end, the MBL has received an important sites. MBL scientists have been conducting more than 30 challenge grant of $500.000 from The Kresge Foundation. Report of the Director and CEO R3

Other Research Initiatives

Elsewhere at the MBL, scientists are working on a variety of biological and biomedical problems. Dr. David Keefe has developed a new method of non-invasively imaging the meiotic spindle of eggs during human in vitro fertilization at his clinic at Women and Infants Hospital in Rhode Island. This technique was developed at the MBL using the polscope designed by Dr. Rudolf Oldenbourg. Application of this exciting technology has doubled the pregnancy rates during intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and improved clinicians' ability to predict fertilization. Dr. Keefe has also been working with Dr. Peter Smith, Director of the BioCurrents Research Payment of that grant is conditional upon the MBL Program at the MBL. They have developed a novel raising an additional $2. 1 million for the project. With approach to measuring oxygen uptake by individual further fundraising success, we hope to break ground for mammalian embryos using a non-invasive, self- the $8 million building this spring. What a fitting way to referencing oxygen sensor. This work was recognized as celebrate The Ecosystem Center's 25th anniversary. one of the 50 most important biotechnology breakthroughs at a special program at the National

Institutes of Health. It was also a semi-finalist for the Christopher Columbus Science Innovation Award Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative sponsored by Discover magazine. Molecular Biology and Evolution MBL Distinguished Scientist Shinya Inoue was awarded two patents in 1999 for the Slit Scan Centrifuge Microscope and the Centrifuge Microscope Capable of At the Paul Center, 35 scientists and support staff Bay Realizing Polarized Light Observation. These instruments continue to a number of of molecular explore aspects were developed in collaboration with Olympus Optical evolution and molecular Their comparative biology. and Hamamatsu Photonics Co. Dr. Inoue has been using efforts to the of a water-borne sequence genome Giardia, these and other microscopes that he has developed over human that attacks the intestinal tract, is now pathogen the years to study several unexplored attributes of living than Paul more 50 percent complete. Bay Center Director cells. Over the past year he has taken the first Mitchell Sogin is the principal investigator on that study, measurements of crawling forces of a cell, shown how which is sponsored by a major grant from the National mammalian cells can be separated into fractions that only Institutes of Health. contain certain types of organelles, and recorded thin In 1998 the Center welcomed Dr. Michael Cummings to the scientific staff. He is currently investigating ways to accurately predict drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis by examining specific gene sequences. With a recent grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, he is also developing novel computer-based analytical procedures to study color vision. In January 2000, Dr. Jennifer Wernegreen joined the staff as an Assistant Scientist. Dr. Wernegreen comes to the MBL from the University of Arizona where she was an NIH postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Wernegreen uses comparative approaches to explore the molecular evolution of certain species of bacteria that live symbiotically with specific insects. These bacteria are thought to supplement nutritionally unbalanced diets of their hosts by providing essential amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. R4 Annual Report

sodium/potassium exchange pump, works. Because this pump is essential to the health of virtually every cell in all animals, including humans, scientists at the MBL have spent years studying the molecular mechanisms by which this pump transports sodium and potassium ions across cellular membranes. They use the giant nerve cell of the Woods Hole squid as a model system for their research. These investigators already knew that this pump, which is a single protein molecule, transports three sodium ions across the cell membrane at once. In the Nature paper they showed that three separate changes in the shape of the pump protein release the three sodium ions from the pump one at a time, in a fixed sequence. This new information will help scientists understand in greater detail how these, and other, essential ion optical slices of rapid molecular changes in living cells pumps perform hitherto unseen. He's been able to trace the assembly of the crucial work that keeps all our cells alive. Another cellular the protein filaments that move chromosomes in yeast cells important pump, sarcoplasmic + reticulum-Ca~ is studied Dr. and track the movement of individual protein molecules pump, being by Larry within those filaments something thought impossible Rome and his colleagues from the University of only a few years ago. Pennsylvania. They are interested in learning more about Two new resident scientists joined the MBL in 1999. how muscle design influences an organism's behavior. Dr. Paul Colinvaux, an Adjunct Scientist, reconstructs This past summer at the MBL they developed a new way Pleistocene climatic and environmental histories of the to measure, in real time, calcium pumping and continents from the sediments of ancient lakes, sarcoplasmic reticulum function in muscle fibers a particularly those found in the Amazon basin. Research necessary first step in understanding the biological basis has shown that the lowland Amazon forests persisted of behavior. As their model, they used the swimbladder through glacial cycles, with some re-assortment of species muscle of the toadfish, the fastest known of all vertebrate as temperatures fluctuated from the last glacial maximum fast muscle tissues. The muscles that envelop the to the present. Although Colinvaux's research now is swimbladder contract and relax at a remarkable 200 times concentrated in the Neotropics, he maintains sites in per second, creating the animal's distinctive "boatwhistle" Alaska and Russia for continued study of the mating call. These muscles operate almost 100 times paleoecology of the Arctic. faster than the fish's locomotory muscles, which function Dr. Ayse Dosemeci came to the MBL in October from just adequately to get the rather sluggish creature where it the National Institutes of Health as an Adjunct Scientist. needs to go. She is a neurobiologist who studies synaptic plasticity, a Among the principal summer investigators at the biological phenomenon that may be involved in learning Laboratory last summer, 1 2 were awarded Grass and memory and other central nervous system functions. Fellowships in neurobiology and 19 were awarded other named MBL Fellowships to conduct research on a variety of at the MBL. These scientists come Summer Research biological topics from around the country and the world to work in Woods Hole for the summer. For example. Pavel Balaban of the Last summer as has been the case for more than a Russian Academy of Sciences used the mollusc Helix to century investigators from around the world came to the study putative command neurons that modulate Marine Biological Laboratory to do research. As always, the excitement of study, scientific exchange, and discinery was great. The 126 principal investigators came from 12 countries and represented more than 100 institution--

One of the many highlights from last summer's research was the ivf-nt publication of a paper in Nature magazine by Drs. Miuuel Holmgren, Jonathan Wagg. Francisco Bezanilla, Robert Rakowski, Paul De Weer, and David Gadsby. In that paper they describe their latest findings about how a specialized cellular machine, the Report of the Director and CEO R5

withdrawal behavior and the activities of neurons underlying this behavior. Elizabeth Jonas of Yale University School of Medicine measured ionic currents on membranes of mitochondria during neurotransmission in squid. Anthony DePass of Long Island University used sea urchins to study how calcium enters heart and nerve cells when a cell is stimulated. And David Ogden of the National Institute for Medical Research in London studied

how the skate senses small electric potentials in surrounding seawater to locate prey.

Joining the annual gathering of scientists were 19 print and broadcast journalists who had been awarded MBL Science Writing Fellowships. This program offers writers the chance to step into the shoes of people they cover, to study basic biomedical and environmental science and small liberal arts colleges and universities around the for some to spend additional time doing course work in country were immersed in a 15-week program of lectures, Woods Hole or research at Ecosystems Center field sites laboratory and fieldwork and research, all of in Alaska and Brazil. independent this under the sponsorship of the MBL's Ecosystems Center. Students explored how human activity, such as Education deforestation, fisheries exploitation, changes in biodiversity, eutrophication and fossil fuel combustion alter ecological processes and ecosystem structure locally, It is my great pleasure to tell you that in 1999 the regionally, and globally. Howard Hughes Medical Institute awarded a new grant of $2.2 million to the MBL. The four-year award will support many of our advanced courses for laboratory Trustees graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and university faculty members. The MBL has received $8.2 million in The Board of Trustees elected three new members at HHMI grants since 1988 for which we are extremely November's Nobel Dr. I. grateful. In that time, more than 4900 students have meeting. Laureate Torsten Wiesel is President Emeritus and Vincent and Brooke participated in courses taught by the best faculty in the world. Astor Professor Emeritus of The Rockefeller University. Dr. M. is the Ernest Everett Just Last summer, the MBL offered 20 courses, involving George Langford Professor of Natural Sciences and Professor of 579 faculty and guest lecturers and 427 students. Biological Sciences at Dartmouth and Molecular Biology of Aging and a second session of College Adjunct Professor of at Medical Informatics were added to the course list in Physiology Dartmouth Medical School. M. Howard 1999. Also in 1999 we welcomed David Garbers (HHMI, Jacobson has been a Senior Advisor at Bankers Trust Private University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center) and Bank since 1991. Current Board members G. William Miller, Frank Press, and M. Weld Randall Reed (HHMI, Johns Hopkins University School Christopher were to the Board as members of the class of Medicine) as new directors of the Physiology course. re-appointed of 2004. Trustee and stalwart of This past summer was also the final year in the tenures of Longtime supporter the MBL Ellen was an the directors of the Neurobiology, Neural Systems & Mary Cunningham appointed honorary member of the board. The Board also the Behavior, and Microbial Diversity courses. My special recognized efforts of members Alexander W. Clowes. thanks to retiring directors Gary Banker and Dan retiring Story Madison, Janis Weeks and Harold Zakon, and Ed C. Landis, and Irwin B. Levitan. Leadbetter and Abigail Salyers. Last fall, the Semester in Environmental Science The Program was held at the MBL for the third time, and Discovery Campaign results again were impressive. In 1999 four new schools Beloit Lawrence College, University, The Discovery Campaign, now in its final year, was Southwestern University, and Trinity University joined remarkably successful in 1999, thanks to the tireless the consortium of institutions that participate in the efforts of our volunteers and the generosity of donors. the total program, bringing number of colleges and More than $9.9 million in private support was raised the universities to 37. Undergraduates from a number of these most ever in a single year. Our Annual Fund surpassed R6 Annual Report

the half-million dollar mark last year as well, raising /// Conclusion nearly 12 percent more than the year before. This record support pushed the Discovery Campaign past its $25 million goal in August of 1999, an astonishing 16 As was noted many years ago in Life Science in months ahead of schedule. By January 1. 2000, we had Woods Hole, science is more than the accumulation of raised $30 million in support of research, education, and facts and findings and more than their interpretation. facilities at the MBL. As I write this report, some key Science is, most of all, a grand collective curiosity. At objectives still remain to be funded before the Campaign the MBL, that collective curiosity is alive and well, ends in December 2000. I am confident that we will meet, if and everyone who is touched by this place, who not exceed, these important goals. investigates, studies, learns and wonders is looking into With many important gifts and the efforts of the Board's the new century with hope and great expectations. I Investment Committee, the Laboratory's endowment has know that this place has touched me, and I will always also grown dramatically from $ 1 6 million when I came in be grateful for having been a part of it. I will miss this 1992 to $47 million at the end of 1999. special institution and the many friends that I have I thank all Campaign donors and volunteers for making made here. Thank you for making my tenure at the 1999 such a successful year. Your strong support is a MBL such a pleasure. testimony to your belief in the special mission of the Marine Biological Laboratory. John E. Burris Report of the Treasurer

During 1999 the Marine Biological Laboratory had an $11.2 million represents a very healthy 16.7% return on outstanding year. This was the result of favorable growth average net assets. in all the areas of operating support and auspicious A review of the 1 999 balance sheet further demonstrates investment results that further strengthened the balance the positive trends and our continued strong liquidity. The sheet. increase in Pledges and Other Receivables reflects $3 million All six areas of Operating Support grew by at least 6%, in increased pledge receivables. The Endowment and Similar with double-digit growth in Government Grants (11.9%), Investments increased 21.4%. Also Property. Plant and

Private 1 Contracts ( 1.7%), and Fees for Conferences and Equipment (net) increased (3%) for the first time in five Services (10.2%). The biggest change was from years. Total Net Assets increased 18.3% during the year, Contributions, which increased $3.8 million (78.8%) from with Unrestricted Net Assets increasing 7.8%. 1998 levels as the Discovery Campaign hit full stride. A subsequent event, which will have a major impact on These increases in Operating Support combined with the balance sheet, occurred on March 8, 2000, when the restraining expense growth to 8% resulted in an almost Massachusetts Development Finance Agency issued on sevenfold increase in the Change in Net Assets before behalf of the Laboratory $10.2 million in variable rate Non-operating Activity. Also note that this included an revenue bonds. A portion was used to refinance the underlying positive change in unrestricted net assets from Laboratory's long-term debt at a lower interest cost. The of operations $138 thousand, the first surplus since 1994. balance of the proceeds will be used to finance capital This is particularly favorable considering these results improvements of the Laboratory's educational, research, include coverage of $1.56 million in depreciation. and administrative facilities, including the Environmental Reviewing our Non-operating Activities further Sciences Building. The leverage ratio (unrestricted & demonstrates positive trends. New to our presentation this temporarily restricted net assets-to-debt) on a pro forma year is a breakout of the Contributions to Plant, which basis is an acceptable 521% and represents suitable almost tripled. We have taken this step in light of our leverage of the financial strength of the Laboratory. extensive capital improvement plans for the next few In summary, the Laboratory had a very successful year years. By pulling this out of the ongoing operations we of operations, fundraising, and investment performance have a much more informative display that gives a better that has greatly enhanced the financial strength of the indication of how we are doing in both areas. Total Laboratory. The success of the Discovery Campaign and Investment Income and Earnings increased sixfold and the bond financing will facilitate the upgrading of the enabled us to reinvest over $4.6 million after using MBL's physical plant and the continued expansion of our roughly one-fifth for Operations. research and educational activities in the new millennium. As a result, we reported for the fifth year in a row a positive Total Change in Net Assets. The increase of Mary B. Conrad

R7 Financial Statements

PricewaterhonseCoopers LLP One International Place Boston MA 02 110 Telephone (hi 7) 478 5000 f.ii .mule ((,17) 478 3900 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS

To the Board of Trustees of

Marine Biological Laboratory:

In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet of Marine Biological Laboratory (the "Laboratory") as of December 31, 1999 and the related statements of activities and of cash flows for the year then ended present

fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Laboratory as of December 31, 1999, and the changes in its net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Laboratory's management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above.

Our audit was conducted for the purpose of forming an opinion on the basic financial statements taken as a whole. The supplemental schedule of functional expenses as of December 31, 1999 is presented for the purpose of additional analysis and is not a required part of the basic financial statements. Such information has been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in the audit of the basic financial statements and. in our opinion, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole.

April 7, 2000

R8 MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

BALANCE SHEET

As of December 31. 1999

(with comparative totals as of December 31, 1998)

ASSETS 1999 1998

Cash and cash equivalents $ 1.942,285 $ 1.187,954 Short-term at investments, market (Note 3) 3.182.537 3.56 1. 544 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $59,978 in 1999 and $34.195 in 1998 1.158,073 1,242.530 Current portion of pledges receivable (Note 8) 3.974.385 1.607.664 Receivables due for costs incurred on grants and contracts 1,380,766 1.531.083 Other assets 306.518 557,908

Total current assets I | .944.564 9.688.683

Long-term investments, at market (Notes 3 and 4) 45.001,493 37,054.120 Pledges receivable, net of current portion (Note 8) 3,498.787 2.855.352 Plant assets, net (Notes 2. 5 and 6) 20.118.725 19.536.171

Total long-term assets 68.619.005 59.445.643

Total assets $80.563.569 $69,134.326

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS

Current portion of long-term debt (Note 5) 267,404 243.274 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1.957,508 2,057.741 Deferred income and advances on contracts 656.745 462.873

Total current liabilities 2.881,657 2.763.888

Annuities and unitrusts payable 1.460.94X 1.412.200 Long-term debt, net of current portion (Note 5) 2,056.692 2,324.096 Advances on contracts 1.574.758 1.272.390

Total long-term liabilities 5.0 C )2.39S 5.008.686

Total liabilities 7.974,055 7.772.574

Commitments and contingencies (Notes 5, 7, 9 and 10)

Net assets: Unrestricted 19.887.437 1 8.45 1 ,865 Temporarily restricted 33,349,244 25,635,237 Permanently restricted 19.352.833 17.274.650

Total net assets (Note 2] 72,589.514 61.361.752

Total liabilities and net assets $80,563.569 $69,134.326

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial \tiiicnifiii.\.

R9 MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES

for the year ended December 31, 1999

(with comparative totals for the year ended December 31, 1998)

Operating support and revenues: Government grants Private contracts

Laboratory rental income Tuition Fees for conferences and services Contributions Investment income Miscellaneous revenue Present value adjustment to annuities Net assets released from restrictions

Total operating support and revenues

Expenses: Research Instruction Conferences and services Other programs (Note 2)

Total expenses

Change in net assets before nonoperating activity

Nonoperating revenue:

Contributions to plant: Private Government Release from restriction

Invested in plant

Total investment income and earnings Less: investment earnings used for operations

Reinvested (utilized) investment earnings

Total change in net assets

Net assets, beginning of year

Net assets, end of year MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

for the year ended December 31. 1999

(with comparative totals for the year ended December 31, 1998)

1999 1998

Cash flows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 11.227,762 $ 678,1 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash provided hy (used in) operating activities: Depreciation 1,562.487 1,505,696 Unrealized (gain) loss on investments (3,544.380) 2,755.079 Realized gain on investments (1,639.795) (2,805.560) Present value adjustment to annuities and unitrusts payable 30.533 76,702 Contributions restricted for long-term investment and annuities (2,485,624) (682,817) Provision for bad debt 36,968 15.771 Provision for uncollectible pledges 250.000 Change in certain balance sheet accounts: Accounts receivable 47.489 (36,520) Pledges receivable (3,010.156) (255.134) Grants and contracts receivable 150,317 (373.918) Other assets 25 1 .390 2.361 Accounts payable and accrued expenses (100,233) 562.793 Deferred income and advances on contracts 193.872 78,615 Annuities and unitrusts payable 68,112 163.700 Advances on contracts 302.368 (160.818)

Net cash provided by operating activities 3,091.110 1,774,051

Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of property and equipment (2,145.041) (1.015.287) Proceeds from sale of investments 63.101.047 18,935.050 Purchase of investments (65.485.238) (19.478.036)

Net cash used in activities investing (4,529. 232 1 (1.558,273)

Cash flows from financing activities: Payments on annuities and unitrusts payable (49.897) (41,785) Receipt of permanently restricted gifts 2,438,148 653.152 Annuity and unitrusts donations received 47,476 29,665 Payments on long-term debt (243.274) (229.657)

Net cash provided by financing activities 2.192.453 411.375

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 754.33 1 627,153

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1.187.954 560.801

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 1.942,285 $ 1,187.954

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Rll R12 Annual Report

Marine Biological Laboratory

Notes to Financial Statements

1. Background:

The Marine Biological Laboratory (the "Laboratory") is a private, independent not-for-profit research and educational institution dedicated to establishing and maintaining a laboratory or station for scientific study and investigation, and a school for instruction in biology and natural history. The Laboratory was founded in 1888 and is located in Woods Hole. Massachusetts.

2. Significant Accounting Policies:

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting and in accordance with the principles outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Audit Guide, "Not-For-Profit Organizations." The financial statements include certain prior-year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Laboratory's financial statements for the year ended December 31, 1998, from which the summarized information was derived.

The Laboratory classifies net assets, revenues, and realized and unrealized gains and losses based on the existence or absence ol donor-imposed as follows: restrictions and legal restrictions imposed under Massachusetts State law. Accordingly, net assets and changes therein are classified

Unrestricted

Unrestricted net assets are not subject to donor-imposed restrictions of a more specific nature than the furtherance of the Laboratory's mission Revenues from sources other than contributions are generally reported as increases in unrestricted net assets. Expenses are reported as decreases in unrestricted net assets. Gains and losses on investments and other assets or liabilities are reported as increases or decreases in unrestricted net asset-, unless their use is restricted by explicit donor stipulations or law. Expirations of temporary restrictions on net assets, that is, the donor-imposed are as reclassirications the classes stipulated purpose has been accomplished and or the stipulated time period has elapsed, reported between applicable of net assets and titled "Net assets released from restrictions."

Temporarily Restricted

of the Temporarily restricted net assets are subject to legal or donor-imposed stipulations that will be satisfied either by the actions the Laboratory, passage of time, or both. These assets include contributions for which the specific, donor-imposed restrictions have not been met and pledges, annuities, and unitrusts for which the ultimate purpose of the proceeds is not permanently restricted. As the restrictions are met, the assets are released to unrestricted net assets. Also, rcali/cd/unrealized gains/losses associated with permanently restricted gifts which are not required to be added to for principal by the donor are classified as temporarily restricted but maintain the donor requirements expenditure.

Permanently Restricted

Permanently restricted net assets are subject to donor-imposed stipulations that they be invested to provide a permanent source of income to the in be Laboratory. These assets include contributions, pledges and trusts which require that the corpus be invested perpetuity and only the income made available for program operations in accordance with donor restrictions.

Nonoperating revenues include realized and unrealized gains on investments during the year as well as investment income on the master pooled short-tenn investments and investments and revenues that are specifically for the acquisition or construction of plant assets. Investment income from investments held in trust by others are included in operating support and revenues. To the extent that nonoperating investment income and gains are "Investment used for operations as determined by the Laboratory's total return utilization policy (see below), they are reclassilied from nonoperating as is revenue. earnings used for operations" to operating as "Investment income" on the statement of activities. All other activity classified as operating The Laboratory recorded net realized gains of $1.639.795. net unrealized gains of $3.544.380 and dividend and interest income of $1.533.579 in 1999.

Cash anil Cash Equivalents

maturities of three Cash equivalents consist of resources invested in overnight repurchase agreements and other highly liquid investments with original months or less.

of investments. The Financial instruments which potentially subject the Laboratory to concentrations of risk consist primarily cash and Laboratory maintains cash accounts with one hankini; institution.

at For Investments purchased by the Laboratory are carried at market value. Donated investments are recorded at fair market value the date of the gift. information available from the Limited closely held non-publicly traded investments, management determines the fair value, based upon the most recent first-out method. Investments with Partnership. For determination of gain or loss upon disposal of investments, cost is determined based on the first-in, fiscal are classified as short-term. All an original maturity of three months to one year, or those that are available for operations within the next year, other investments are considered long-term. Investments are maintained primarily with three institutions.

are held in trust others. In 1424, the Laboratory became the beneficiary of certain investments, included in permanently restricted net assets, which by the contractual restrictions on the use of such The Laboratory has the continuing rights to the income produced by these funds in perpetuity, subject to Financial Statements R13

funds. Accordingly, the trust has established a process to conduct a review every ten years by an independent committee to ensure the Laboratory continues to perform valuable services in biological research in accordance with the restrictions placed on the funds by the agreement. The committee met in 1994 and determined that the Laboratory has continued to meet the contractual requirements. The market values of such investments are $7,275,488 and $7,673,828 at December 31, 1999 and 1998. respectively. The dividend and interest income on these investments, included in unrestricted support and revenues, totaled $221.882 and $260.80? in 1999 and 1998. respectively.

Investment Income ami Distribution

For me master pooled investments, the Laboratory employs a total return utilization policy that establishes the amount of the investment return made available for spending each year. The Finance Committee of the Board of Trustees has approved a standing policy that the withdrawal will be based on a percentage of the 12 quarter average ending market values of the funds. The market value includes the principal plus reinvested income, realized and unrealized gains and losses. Spending rates in excess of 5%, but not exceeding 7%. can be utilized if approved in advance by the Finance Committee of the Board of Trustees. For fiscal 1999 and 1998, the Laboratory obtained approval to expend 6% of the latest 12 quarter average ending market values of the investments.

The net appreciation on permanently and temporarily restricted net assets is reported together with temporarily restricted net assets until such time as all or a portion of the appreciation is distributed for spending in accordance with the total return utilization policy and applicable state law.

Investment income on the pooled investment account is allocated to the participating funds using the market value unit method (Note 4).

Plum Assets

at cost. at fair at Buildings and equipment are recorded Donated facility assets are recorded market value the date of the gift. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the asset's estimated useful life. Estimated useful lives are generally three to five years for equipment and 20 to 40 years for buildings and improvements. Depreciation is not recorded for those assets classified as construction-in-process as they have not yet been placed into service. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31. 1999 and 1998 amounted to $1.562.487 and $1,505.696. respectively, and has been recorded in the statement of activities in the appropriate functionalized categories. When assets are sold or retired, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in unrestricted income for the period.

Annuities and Unitrnsts Payable

Amounts due to donors in connection with gift annuities and unitrusts are determined based on remainder value calculations, with varied assumptions of rates of return and payout terms.

Deferred Income and Advances on Contracts

Deferred income includes prepayments received on Laboratory publications and advances on contracts to be spent within the next year. Advances on contracts includes funding received for grants and contracts before it is earned. Long-term advances are invested in the master pooled account until they are expended.

Revenue Recognition

Sources of revenue include grant payments from governmental agencies, contracts from private organizations, and income from the rental of laboratories and classrooms for research and educational programs. The laboratory recognizes revenue associated with grants and contracts at the time the related direct costs are incurred or expanded. Recovery of related indirect costs is recorded at predetermined fixed rates negotiated with the government. Revenue related to conferences and services is recognized at the time the service is provided, while tuition revenue is recognized as classes are offered. The tuition income is net of student financial aid of $527.258 and $523,190 in 1999 and 1998. respectively. Fees for conferences and other services include the following activities: housing, dining, library, scientific journals, aquatic resources and research services.

Contributions

Contribution revenue includes gifts and pledges. Gifts are recognized as revenue upon receipt. Pledges are recognized as temporarily or permanently restricted revenue in the year pledged and are recorded at the present value of expected future cash flows, net of allowance for unfulfilled pledges. Gifts and pledges, other than cash, are recorded at fair market value at the date of contribution.

Expenses

Expenses are recognized when incurred and charged to the functions to which they are directly related. Expenses that relate to more than one function are allocated among functions based upon either modified total direct cost or square footage allocations.

Other programs expense consists primarily of fundraising, year-round labs and library room rentals, costs associated with aquatic resource sales and scientific journals. Total fundraising expense for 1999 and 1998 is $1.008,920 and $1.037.495. respectively.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Tax-Exempt Status

The Laboratory is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Reclassification

Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. R14 Annual Report

3. Investments: Financial Statements R15

4. Accounting for Pooled Investments:

Certain net assets are pooled for investment purposes. Investment income from the pooled investment account is allocated on the market value unit basis, and each fund subscribes to or disposes of units on the basis of the market value per unit at the beginning of the calendar quarter within which the transaction takes place. The unit participation of the funds at December 31, 1999 and 1998 is as follows:

1999

Unrestricted 8.573 4.001 Temporarily restricted 42.351 44.455 Permanently restricted 65.789 65.016 Advances on contracts 5.557 d.437

122.270 119,909

Pooled investment activity on a per-unit basis was as follows:

1999 1998

Unit value at beginning of year $ 225.51 $ 220.30 Unit value at end of year 2X3.37 225.51

Total return on pooled investments $ 57.86 $ 5.21

5. Long-Term Debt:

Long-term debt consisted of the following at December 31:

1999 /99.S'

Variable rate (6.3% at December 31, 1999) Massachusetts Industrial Finance Authority Series 1992A Bonds payable in annual installments through 2012 $ 890.1 $ 925,000 6.63% Massachusetts Industrial Finance Authority Series 1992B Bonds.

in annual installments 2012 1 1 payable through , 75,000 1,230,000 5.8% The University Financing Foundation. Inc.. payable in monthly installments through 2000 120,929 226,024 5.8% The University Financing Foundation. Inc., payable in monthly installments through 2002 138.167 186,346

$2,324.096

Subsequent to year-end, all existing debt was extinguished and new debt was issued (Note 10).

In 1992, the Laboratory issued $1,100,000 Massachusetts Industrial Finance Authority (MIFA) Series 1992A Bonds with a variable interest rate and $1,500,000 MIFA Series 1992B with an interest rate of 6.63%'. Interest expense totaled $142,545 for the year ended December 31. 1999. The Series 1992 A and B Bonds mature on December 1. 2012 and are collateralized by a first mortgage on certain Laboratory property.

On March 17. 1998. the Laboratory entered into a ten-year interest rate swap contract in connection with the Series 1992 A Bonds. This contract effectively fixes the interest rate at 6.30% through December 17, 2008. This contract was canceled as part of the extinguishment of debt and new debt issuance.

The agreements related to these bonds subject the Laboratory to certain covenants and restrictions. Under the most restrictive covenant of this debt, the Laboratory's operating surplus, exclusive of interest expense and depreciation expense, must he greater than or equal to 1.2 times all debt service payments, as defined by the agreement.

In 1996. the Laboratory borrowed $500.000 with an interest rate of 5.8% per annum from the University Financing Foundation, Inc. The interest expense for the year ended December 31, 1999 was $10.345. The loan matures in 2000 and is collateralized by 50,000 shares of a fixed income fund with a fair value of $576,000 at December 31, 1999.

In 1997, the MBL borrowed $2.50,000 with an interest rate of 5.8%^ per annum from the University Financing Foundation, Inc. The interest expense

for the 1 year ended December 3 , 1999 was $9,541. This loan matures in 2002 and is collateralized by 19,440 shares of a fixed income mutual fund with a fair value of $223,949 at December 31, 1999.

The Laboratory has a line of credit agreement with a commercial bank from which it may draw up to $1,000,000. This line of credit has an interest rate of prime plus V? percent. The line has no expiration date but is reviewed periodically by the hank for renewal. No amounts were outstanding under this agreement as of December 31, 1999 and 1998. R16 Annual Report

6. Plant Assets:

Plant assets consist of the following at December 3 1 :

7999 /99.S'

Land $ 702,908 $ 702,908 Buildings 33,702,485 33,082.164 Equipment 4,667,026 4.401.1X4 Construction in process 1.510.821 251.943

Total 40,583,240 38,438,199

Less: Accumulated depreciation (20.464,515) (18.902.028)

Plant assets, net $20.118.725 $19,536.171

7. Retirement Pliin:

The Laboratory participates in the defined contribution pension plan of TIAA-CREF (the "Plan"). The Plan is available to permanent employees who have completed two years of service. Under the Plan, the Laboratory contributes 10% of total compensation for each participant. Contributions amounted to $785,509 and $737,156 for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively.

8. Pledges:

Unconditional promises to give are included in the financial statements as pledges receivable and the related revenue is recorded in the appropriate net asset category. Unconditional promises to give are expected to be realized in the following periods:

1999 J99.S

In one year or less $3.974,385 $1,607,664 Between one year and five years 3.632,683 3.110.354 After five years 202.948 146.586

Total 7.810.016 4.864.604

Less: discount of $236,844 in 1999 and $301,588 in 1998 and allowance of $100.000 in 1999 and $100,000 in 1998 (336.844) (401.588)

$7,473.172 $4.463.016 Financial Statements R17

9. Postretiremen! Benefits:

The Laboratory accounts for its postretiremen! benefits under Statement No. 106. "Employers' Accounting for Postretiremen! Benefits Other than Pensions," which requires employers to accrue, during the years that the employee renders the necessary service, the expected cost of benefits to be retirement the provided during As permitted, Laboratory has elected to amortize the transition obligation over 20 years commencing on January I. 1994.

The Laboratory's policy is that all current retirees and certain eligible employees who retired prior to June 1. 1994 will continue to receive postretiremen! health benefits. The remaining current employees will receive benefits; however, those benefits will be limited as defined by the Plan. Employees hired on or after January 1, 1995 will not be eligible to participate in the postretiremen! medical benefit plan.

The following tables set forth the Plan's funded status as of December 31:

799*

Benefit obligation at December 31 $ 2,091,057 $ 2.171.1 19

Fair value of plan assets at December 3 1 935.257 820,645

Funded status $(1.155.8(10) S( 1.350.474)

Accrued benefit cost $ (26.654) $ (2h.h54i

Weighted-average assumptions as of December 31: Discount rate 6.75% 6.75% Expected return on plan assets 7.25% 7.25% Compensation increase rate N/A N/A Benefit cost 209,430 210.339 Employer contribution 190.090 192,082 Benefits paid 129,589 109.404

For measurement purposes a 6.75% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for 2000. The rate was assumed to decrease by half of 1.00% per year to 4.25% in 2006 and remain at that level thereafter. Pension plan assets consist of investment in a money market fund.

10. Subsequent Event:

On March 8. 2000, the Massachusetts Development Finance Agency issued on behalf of the Laboratory a series of Variable Rate Revenue Bonds (the "Bonds") in the amount of $10.200,000. The initial interest rate on the issue was 3.65% and the interest rate will be reset weekly. The bonds are

scheduled to mature on 1 , February 2030. The Laboratory is required to make interest payments only for the first five years. The first principal payment

is due 1 , 2006 with incremental increases February through maturity. The proceeds of these bonds are to be used to finance the capital improvements of the Laboratory's educational, research and administrative facilities, specifically the construction and equipping of the Environmental Sciences building. A portion of the proceeds were used to extinguish all of the Laboratory's capital obligations (Note 51.

As collateral for the bonds, the Laboratory has entered into a Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement which is set to expire on March 15. 2007. Letter of is The Credit in an amount sufficient to pay the aggregate principal amount of the bonds and up to forty-six days' interest. -f rj Report of the Library Director

The Library has been on the move since the fall of Books and journals continue to be printed in numbers 1999. thanks to a long-overdue and welcome project to inconceivable even a half century ago. While the MBL/ install air conditioning in the Library offices, reading WHOI Library is providing new services and creating rooms, and stacks. During the construction, each volume greater access to digital collections worldwide, we have in the front stack was moved, alphabetized, and cleaned. not outlived print. Therefore, we must store it, preserve it, When Library staff and patrons felt the first cool breezes and make it available to our patrons. of air conditioning in the stacks in early March, we about the inconveniences we encountered quickly forgot Special Collections during this complex and time-consuming project. The construction was well worth the effort, and I am pleased The Library completed the inventory of several Special to that this summer will find a report Library patrons Collections in 1999. These include Charles Wilkes and clean, organized, and cool environment, which will be a his U.S. Exploring Expedition, Memoirs of the Museum comfort to them as well as a benefit to the collection. of Comparative Zoology (Harvard) from 1865 to 1899, and the Harriman Alaska Expedition, the re-creation of The Traditional Library which will become the basis of a public television special. Science historian Dr. Garland Allen has also At the brink of a new millennium we are focusing on recently us with the final installment of a much-needed the Library's traditional mission: acquiring, preserving, provided of valuable stored on the conserving, and distributing volumes in our collection. An survey journals currently open shelves of the stacks that and secure article published recently in the Library Journal titled require preservation storage. "Farewell to Alexandria: Not Yet!" reports on the number of publications that flow from an individual institution in The relation to its library holdings, including citation Journals productivity. The latter provides a rough measure of the scholarship quality of an individual institution. The The Library solicited bids for a new serials vendor in statistics support the conclusion that the size of library 1999 and awarded the contract to RoweCom/Faxon. Our holdings and institutional scholarly productivity go hand- electronic resources were improved with the purchase of in-hand. In this new era we need to continue to support Science Direct from Elsevier. This product provides full- acquisitions and preservation and conservation efforts as text access to the 107 titles that the Library subscribes to well as provide leadership in the creation of the new, plus a transactional allowance for staff-limited access to technology-driven, scholarly environment. all 1 100 titles provided by Elsevier. Combined with the R19 R20 Annual Report

addition of 400 electronic journals published by Springer- Cooperating Libraries our Verlag, digital library has increased substantially. We have also recently purchased The Procatyotes. an on-line The Boston version of the book series; Marine Mammal Science, Library Consortium has received funding for a volumes 1 to 13 virtual and loan direct distance- on CD-ROM; and Cambridge Scientific catalog interlibrary Abstracts Our is an Biological Sciences, an interdisciplinary borrowing project. Library early participant in database the which will make it for offering abstracts and citations to a wide range project, eventually possible of in to ascertain which of the 16 research biomedicine, biotechnology, zoology, patrons easily BLC Libraries has the desired material and then order it ecology, and some aspects of agriculture and veterinary directly from science. that Library. The National Library of Medicine's Medical Informatics Harvard Depositorv course, sponsored by the Library, has expanded to two sessions, one in June and the other in October. The course By early 1999, the space remaining to accommodate continues to be very popular and successful with a future growth of the journal collection in the stacks had focus on medical database design. been Internet and web exhausted. This problem was further exacerbated by interfacing, page design. The MBLAVHOI the installation of air conditioning ductwork in the area. Library hosted the 25th Anniversary Conference of IAMSLIC Therefore, we needed to find remote storage for (International Association of and approximately 8000 journal volumes. Because room for Aquatic Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers) in October. The collection growth was needed in the active stacks, it was group was organized and held decided that volumes of cancelled series in that section its first meetings in Woods Hole in 1975. Over the years it has from the 25 East Coast were prime candidates for storage. Holding records of the grown original Marine Science Librarians to the selected series were created for display in the on-line international organization of 295 members it is catalog, and an in-house inventory of each series and today. The a new volume was created. By the end of the year, 5038 Library signed five-year contract with NOAA for the volumes had been prepared and shipped to the Harvard continuing operation and support of the at the Depository for storage. An additional 3000 volumes, NMFS Library Northeast Fisheries Center in Woods Hole and of consisting of series for which we have purchased an support their serial and monograph collection held at online counteipart, were subsequently sent to the the MBL. Depository. Although these volumes are no longer in Woods Hole, they may be retrieved within 24 hours from Volunteers the Harvard Depository.

Document Delivery Once again we thank Carol Winn and Millie and Bob Huettner for their tireless help and support with Rare A major accomplishment in Document was Delivery Books and Special Collections. During 1999, more than the creation and implementation of the web-based Inter- 150 volumes were sent out for preservation under the Library Loan (ILL) request form. Members of the Woods Huettner' s tutelage. Carol has provided cataloging support Hole scientific community now ILLs with may request for esoteric material in languages from Old German to this form rather than the traditional form. using paper 19"' century Swedish. with Also, the addition of full text electronic journals, of desktop delivery information is now a reality. Catherine Norton Educational Programs

Summer Courses Englund, Paul, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Finkelman, Fred, Veterans Administration Medical Center

Frevert, Ute, New York University Medical Center Biology of Parasitism: Modern Approaches Goldberg, Daniel, Washington University Medical School Grencis, Richard K., University of Manchester. United Kingdom (June 10-August 13) Gull. Keith. University of Manchester, United Kingdom Hajduk, Steve, University of Alabama, Birmingham Directors Hedstrom, Liz, Brandeis University Pearce, Edward. Cornell University Hunter, Christopher, University of Pennsylvania Tsehudi, Christian. Yale University School of Medicine Johnson, Patricia. University of California, Los Angeles Komuniecki. Richard, University of Toledo Kopf, Manfred, Basel Institute for Immunology. Switzerland Faculty Langhorne. Jean. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Phillips, Meg, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas Medicine, United Kingdom Russell. David, Washington University Medical School Long, Carol, National Institutes of Health Scott, Phillip. University of Pennsylvania Matthews, Keith. University of Manchester, United Kingdom Selkirk. Murray. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Mottram. Jeremy. University of Glasgow. United Kingdom Medicine, United Kingdom Pearlman. Eric, Case Western Reserve University Sibley, David. Washington University Medical School Rathod, Pradip, Catholic University of America Ullu, Elisabetta. Yale University School of Medicine Roos, David, University of Pennsylvania Waters. Andrew P., University of Leiden. The Netherlands Sacks, David, National Institutes of Health Scherf, Artur. Institut Pasteur, France Teaching Assistants Sher, Alan, National Institutes of Health Appleby. Todd. Cornell University Sollner-Webb, Barbara, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Beatty, Wandy, Washington University Medical School Tarlelon, Rick, University of Georgia Giddings, Olivia, Washington University Medical School Turco, Sam, University of Kentucky Medical Center Hussein. Ayman. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Ullman, Buddy, Oregon Health Sciences University Medicine. United Kingdom Wirth, Dyann. Harvard School of Public Health Kinch, Lisa, University of Texas Southwest La Flamme, Anne Camille. Cornell University Workshop Coordinators Mair, Gunnar, Yale University School of Medicine Cooper, Peter, National Institutes of Health Mordue, Dana, Washington University Medical School Ealich, Steve. Cornell University van der Wei. Annemarie, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, LoVerde, State of New York, Buffalo The Netherlands Philip. University

Zaph. Colby, University of Pennsylvania Course Assistants Boston Lecturers Chappie. Taylor, University Chipperfield, Caitlin Nadine, Cornell University Andrews, Norma, Yale University School of Medicine Bangs. James, University of Wisconsin, Madison Beckers. Cornelis, University of Alabama. Birmingham Students Beverley, Stephen, Washington University Medical School Angeli, Ve'ronique. Pasteur Institute, France Carucci, Daniel. Naval Medical Research Institute Aviles, Hernan, Indiana State University Clark, Theodore. Cornell University Barragan. Antonio, Karolinska Institute. Sweden Cully, Dons, Merck & Co. Batchelor, Adrian, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia Day, Karen. Oxford University, United Kingdom Bishop, Joseph, University of Alabama. Birmingham Dell, Anne. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Djimde, Abdoulaye, University of Maryland United Kingdom Dobbin. Caroline, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Doolan, Denise, Naval Medical Research Institute Falcone, Franco, University of Edinburgh. United Kingdom

R21 R22 Annual Report

Lartillot. Nicholas, Universite Paris-Sud, France Maduro. Morris, University of California. Santa Barbara Muriani, Francesca, University of California. Berkeley Micchelli, Craig. University of Wisconsin, Madison Ober. Hike. Max-Planck-Institute. Germany Pepicelli, Carmen. Harvard University Pizette. Sandrine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Trainor, Paul, Medical Research Council, United Kingdom Wallingford. John, University of California, Berkeley Walsh, Emily. University of California. San Francisco Wilson. Valerie, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Lecturers Davidson. Eric. California Institute of Technology Heasman-Wylie. Janet, University of Minnesota School of Medicine Holland. Linda, University of California. San Diego Gavrilescu. Cristina, Cornell University Hopkins, Nancy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jones, Stacy, University of Virginia Levine, Michael, University of California, Berkeley Montgomery, Jacqui, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia Rosenthal, Nadia, Massachusetts General Hospital-East Santori, Isabel, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Rothenberg, Ellen, California Institute of Technology Sodre, Catia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Soriano. Philippe, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Stem, Leah, University of California, San Francisco Stem. Claudio. Columbia University Toe, Laurent, World Health Organization, West Africa Tabin, Clifford, Harvard University Medical School Wang. Zefeng, Johns Hopkins University Wylie, Christopher C., University of Minnesota Medical School

Embryology: Concepts and Techniques in Course Assistant.* Modern Developmental Biology Stringer. Kristen. Marine Biological Laboratory Wylie, Matthew, Marine Biological Laboratory (June 13-July 24)

Directors Lab Assistant

Bronner-Fraser. Marianne, California Institute of Technology Wylie, Sara, Marine Biological Laboratory Fraser, Scott, California Institute of Technology

Students Faculty Basch. Martin, California Institute of Technology Adoutte, Andre. University of Paris-Sud, France Casanueva, Olivia. University of Chicago Blair, Seth S., University of Wisconsin, Madison Clements, Wilson, University of Carroll, Sean, University of Wisconsin, Madison Washington Corson, Laura, Institute for Cancer Research Collazo, Andres. House Ear Institute Ludwig Ewald. Andrew. California Institute of Technology Eltensohn. Charles. Carnegie Mellon University Freistadt, Marion, Louisiana State University Medical Center Harland, Richard, University of California, Berkeley Glavic, Alvaro, University of Chile. Chile Hartenstein. Volker, University of California. Los Angeles Gould, Thomas. Wake Forest University Medical School Henry, Jonathan. University of Illinois Benno, of Krumlauf, Robb, National Institute for Medical Research, Junghlut, University Tubingen, Germany Li, of Texas. Austin United Kingdom Dongling. University Lwigale. Peter, Kansas State University Martindale, Mark. Kewalo Marine Laboratory Meyers, Jason, University of Virginia Niswander, Lee, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Mui, Stina, University of California, San Diego Rothman, Joel. University of California. Santa Barbara Nance. Jeremy. University of Arizona Saunders. John Jr.. Marine Biological Laboratory Panopoulou. Georgia, Max-Planck-Inslitute, Germany Shankland. Martin, University of Texas, Austin Paul, Angelika, University of Otago, New Zealand Wray, Gregory. State University of New York, Stony Brook Pfeiffer, Sven, National Institute for Medical Research. Zeller, Robert, University of California, San Diego United Kingdom Pizer, Margaret. State University of New York, Stony Brook Assistant.* Teaching Ragusa, Maria, Alberto Monroy Foundation. Italy California Baker, Clare. Institute of Technology Robertson. Christie. University of Washington Baker, Julie. University of California. Berkeley Saiide, Leonor, National Institute for Medical Research. Georgopoulos, Katia. Harvard University United Kingdom Hartenstein. Amelia, University of California. Berkeley Spengler. Tatjana, Universite Paris. France Matlhew. Kourakis, University of Chicago Sumanas. Saulius, University of Minnesota Kuhlman, Julie, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Vukovich. Wolfgang, Max-Planck-Institute, Germany Lane. Ellen. of Mary University Massachusetts Medical Center Zigler. Kirk. Duke University Educational Programs R23

Students

Aislabie, Jacqueline. Landcare Research, New Zealand Bedard, Donna, General Electric Corporate Research Center Casillas. Lilliam. Autonomous University of the State of Puebla. Mexico

Christner, Brent, Ohio State University Chyba. Christopher. SETI Institute Dollhopf, Sherry, Michigan State University Gaidos. Eric. California Institute of Technology Gillor. Osnat, The Hebrew University, Israel Gregory. Kelvin, University of Iowa Niggemyer. Allison. University of Idaho Norris, Tracy, University of Oregon Nyholm, Spencer, University of Hawaii Pomper, Barbara, Max-Planck-Institute. Germany Rukayadi, Yaya, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia Salmassi. Tina, California Institute of Technology of Illinois, Urbana Microbial Diversity (June 13-july 29) Shipman. Joseph, University Tuit. Caroline, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Van Lith. Yvonne. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Directors Warren, Lesley, McMaster University, Canada Zopfi. Jakob, Max-Planck-Institute. Germany Leadbetter, Edward, University of Connecticut Salyers, Abigail, University of Illinois, Urbana Neural Systems & Behavior (June 13-August 6)

Faculty Dawson, Scott, University of California. Berkeley Directors Hanselmann. Kurt, University of Zurich. Switzerland Weeks, Janis, University of Oregon Holmes, Dawn, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Zakon, Harold, University of Texas, Austin Kenyon, Sarah, Forsyth Dental Center Klappenhach. Joel. Michigan State University Faculty Plugge. Caroline M.. Wageningen Agricultural University, Barnes, Carol, University of Arizona, Tucson The Netherlands Calabrese, Ronald L.. Emory University Schauder, Rolf, Frankfurt. Germany Carr, Catherine, University of Maryland French, Kathleen, University of California, San Diego Glanzman, David, of California, Los Angeles Lecturers University Hooper, Scott, Ohio University Blake. Ruth, Yale University Hyson, Richard, Florida State University Emerson. David. ATCC Kristan. William, University of California. San Diego Farrand. Stephen, University of Illinois, Urbana Levine. Richard, University of Arizona. Tucson Fouke, Bruce, University of Illinois. Urbana McNaughton. Bruce, University of Arizona, Tucson Hayes, John, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Muir, Gillian, University of Saskatchewan, Canada Leadbetter, Jared. University of Iowa Nadim, Farzan, Rutgers University Lovely, Derek, University of Massachusetts Nusbaum, Michael, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Metcalf, William, University of Illinois Prusky, Glen, University of Lethbridge, Canada Newman. Dianne. Harvard University Roberts. William, University of Oregon O'Neill, Scott, Yale University Wenning-Erxleben. Angela, Universitat Konstanz, Germany Paster, Bruce, Forsyth Dental Center Wood, Emma, University of Edinburgh, Scotland Ruby. Ned. University of Hawaii Runimel, John, NASA Schmidt. Thomas. Michigan State University Teaching Assistants Shoemaker, Nadja, University of Illinois, Urbana Armstrong. Cecilia, University of Oregon Sogin. Mitchell. Marine Biological Laboratory Blitz, Dawn Marie, University of Chicago Stein, Jeffrey, Quorum Pharmaceuticals Bower, Mark, University of Arizona. Tucson Teske, Andreas. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Chitwood, Raymond. University of Texas. San Antonio Visscher, Pieter, University of Connecticut. Avery Point Few. Preston. University of Texas, Austin Waterbury, John, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Gamkrelidze. Georgi, Lucent Technology Whitman, William. University of Georgia Gerrard, Jason, University of Arizona, Tucson

Young. Lily, Rutgers University Golowasch. Jorge, Brandeis University Hill, Andrew, Emory University Lenzi, David, University of Oregon Course Assistants McAnclly, Lynne, University of Texas Ament, Nell, Marine Biological Laboratory Melville, Johnathan. Oregon State University White. Kalina, University of Connecticut Murphy, Geoffrey. Lmiversity of California. Los Angeles R24 Annual Report

Rut, Jason. Boston University Suadicani, Sylvia, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Wainger. Brian, Columbia University Wissman, Anne Marie. University of Washington

Neurobiology (June 13-Angust 14)

Directors

Banker, Gary, Oregon Health Sciences University Madison, Daniel. Stanford University Medical Center

Section Directors

Greenberg. Michael, Children's Hospital Smith. Stephen, Stanford University School of Medicine

I

Faculty Sandstrom, David, University of Arizona, Tucson Delaney, Kerry, Simon Fraser University. Canada Shaw, Brian, The Neurosciences Institute Edmonds, Brian, Universily of California. Los Angeles Villareal. Greg, University of California, Los Angeles Feller, Maria, National Institutes of Health Yong. Rocio, University of California, Los Angeles Ginty. David, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Zee, Michelle. University of Oregon Griffith, Leslie. Brandeis University Zirpel. Lance. University of Utah School of Medicine Hanson, Phyllis, Washington University School of Medicine Hart, Anne, Massachusetts General Hospital

Lecturers Haydon, Philip, Iowa State University Augustine, George, Duke University Medical Center Khodakhah, Kamran, University of Colorado School of Medicine Barlow, Robert, State University of New York Health Science Center Reese, Thomas, National Institutes of Health Beer, Randall, Case Western Reserve University Schweizer. Felix, University of California, Los Angeles Bodznick, David, Wesleyan University Shamah, Steven, Children's Hospital Cohen, Avis, University of Maryland Smith, Carolyn. National Institutes of Health Davis, Graeme, University of California, San Francisco Terasaki. Mark, University of Connecticut Health Center Katz, Paul, Georgia State University Thompson, Stuart. Stanford University Van Vactor, David, Harvard University Medical School

Scholar-ill -Resilience

Abbott, Lawrence. Brandeis University Teaching Assistants Nishikawa, Kiisa C., Northern Arizona University Boies. Sarah, Brandeis University Wilson. Martin, University of California, Davis Brinkhaus, Heike. Friedrich Miescher Institute, Switzerland Imani, Farzin, University of Colorado School of Medicine Duke Medical Center Lab Technician McQuiston, Rory. University Pereda, Alberto. Allegheny University of the Health Sciences Stengel. Keith. Neuralynx Inc. Winters, Christine. National Institutes of Health

Course Assistants Lecturers Aimers, Lucy, Marine Biological Laboratory Barres, Ben. Stanford University School of Medicine Stell. Brandon. Marine Biological Laboratory Birren, Bruce. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Burden. Steven, New York University Students Ehrlich, Barbara. Yale University School of Medicine Baca, Serapio, University of California, San Diego Ellisman. Mark. University of California. San Diego Beenhakker. Mark. University of Pennsylvania Faber, Donald, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences Cain. Shaun, University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Flanagan, John, Harvard University Medical School Chance. Frances. Brandeis University Greene. Lloyd, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Coddington, Emma, Oregon State University Hanson, Roland, Arizona State University Crisp, Kevin, University of Minnesota Heuser, John. Washington University Medical School Franks. Kevin, University of California. San Diego Lipscombe. Diane, Brown University Greenwood, Anna, Stanford University Llinas, Rudolfo, New York University Hausrath, Cassandra, University of Virginia Nicoll, Roger. University of California, San Francisco Kao, Mimi, University of California, San Francisco Ogden, David, National Institute tor Medical Research. Knittel, Laura, Oregon Health Sciences University LInited Kingdom Kricger. Patrik. Karolinska Institute!, Sweden Rosenberg, Robert, LIniversity of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Maravall. Miguel. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Li-Huei, Tsai. Harvard University Medical School Maruska, Karen, Florida Institute of Technology Ziff, Edward, New York University Medical Center Paradis. Suzanne. University of California, San Francisco Zimmerberg. Joshua, National Institutes of Health Rao, Shankaranar. National Centre for Biological Sciences, India Zimmerman, Anita, Brown University Educational Programs R25

Course Assistants

Baughman, Kenneth, Boston University Chiu, Delia. Stanford University

Students

Abenavoli, Allesandra, Scientific Institute San Raffael. Italy Diana, Marco, Max-Planck-Institute, Germany Haapasalo, Annakaisa, A.I. Virtanen Institute. Finland Hrahetova, Sahina, New York University Medical Center Matsui. Ko, University of Tokyo, Japan Samuel. Aravinthan, Harvard University Schmolesky, Matthew, University of Utah Smith, Gregory, Princeton University Spotts, James, Children's Hospital Vollrath, Melissa. Baylor College of Medicine Yoon. Miri. Northwestern University Yu. Xiang. Medical Research Council. United Kingdom Students Chen, of North The Biochemical and Molecular Lihong, University Carolina, Chapel Hill Physiology: D'Souza, Jacinta. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. India Basis of Cell Signaling (June 13-July 24) van Drogen. Frank, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Switzerland Directors Duncan. Tod, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, United Kingdom Fort, Alfredo, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Garbers. David, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Franco, Peter, Harvard University Medical School Reed, Randall, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Ganguly, Anindita. University of Utah Han, Qin. University of California, San Francisco Faculty Holdaway-Clarke. Terena, University of Massachusetts. Amherst Beuve, Annie, of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University Horn. Erik, University of California. San Francisco Steven. Johns School of Medicine Munger. Hopkins University Jessani, Nadim. Scripps Research Institute Prasad, Brinda. Johns School of Medicine Hopkins University Kimbell, Jennifer, University of Hawaii Quill. A., of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Timothy University Macias. Chanda. Howard University Robinson, Susan W.. of Texas Southwestern University March. Tony, University of Idaho Medical Center Mazzatenta, Andrea, University of Pisa, Italy S., Johns School of Medicine Wang, Song Hopkins University Narayan. Sujatha, Bryn Mawr College Wedel, Barbara, of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University Nzambi. Eduardo, Howard University Zhao, Johns School of Medicine Haiqing, Hopkins University O'Neill, Forest, University of California, Santa Barbara Zielinski, of Illinois. Urbana Raymond. University Purves, Dianne. California State University. Sacramento Rao. Anita. University of Maryland Lecturers Sawai, Satoshi. Tohoku University, Japan Sutton, Indiana Brady, Scott, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Timothy, University Tefft, Denise. of Southern California Buck, Linda, Harvard University Medical School University Tidwell, Wake Forest Clapham. David. Harvard University Medical School Judy, University National Centre for Sciences, India Corey. David, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Varshney, Anurag, Biological Welman, Arkadiusz. Friedrich Miescher Institute, Switzerland Devreotes, Peter, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Wen. of North Carolina, Hill Dixon, Jack. University of Michigan Medical School Ying, University Chapel Woo, Caroline, Albert Einstein of Medicine Flanagan, John, Harvard University Medical School College Furlow. John. University of California. Davis Ginty. David. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Courses Huganir, Richard. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Special Topics Hurley, James, National Institutes of Health Kirschner, Marc. Harvard University Medical School and Li. Min, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Analytical Quantitative Light Microscopy Ranganathan. Rama, University of Texas Southwestern (May 6 -May 14) Medical Center Masashi. of Texas Yanagisawa, University Southwestern Directors Medical Center Sluder, Greenfield, University of Massachusetts Medical School Wolf. David. University of Massachusetts Medical School Course Coordinator

Rossi. Kristen. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Faculty Amos, William B., Medical Research Council. United Kingdom Course Assistant Cardullo, Richard, University of California. Riverside Melissa, Marine Kirby, Biological Laboratory Chaisson, Eric, Tufts University R26 Annual Report

Gelles, Jeff, Brandeis University Faculty Hinchcliffe, Edward. University of Massachusetts Medical School Ascoli. Mario, University of Iowa of Kansas Medical Center Inoue. Shinya, Marine Biological Laboratory Bowen, Jeffery A.. University National Institutes of Health of Medical School Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. Camper. Sally. University Michigan of Canada Oldenbourg. Rudolf, Marine Biological Laboratory Croy, Barbara Anne, University Guelph. Silver, Randi, Cornell University Medical College Handel, Mary Ann, University of Tennessee Institutes of Health John of School of Medicine Spring. Kenneth. National Herr. C., University Virginia Swedlow, Jason. University of Dundee, Scotland Hunt, Patricia A.. Case Western Reserve University Health Center Tuft, Richard, University of Massachusetts Medical School Jaffe, Laurinda, University of Connecticut Petroff, Margaret. University of Kansas Medical Center Sciences Center Shupnik, Margaret. University of Virginia Health Primate Research Center Teaching Assistant Simerly. Calvin, Oregon Regional School Terasaki, Mark, of Connecticut Health Center Thompson, Christine, University of Massachusetts Medical University Tnmarchi, James, Marine Biological Laboratory Weigel, Nancy. Baylor College of Medicine Course Coordinator Miller, Frederick, University of Massachusetts Medical School Teaching Assistants Aldrich. Carrie, University of Chicago Students Berard, Mark, University of Michigan Bearman, Gregory. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cunningham. Meghan, Georgetown University San Botvinick. Elliot. University of California, Diego Diekman. Alan, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center Bowden. Emma. Georgetown University Giusti, Andrew. University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center Brooks. John. Bio-Rad Microscience Greenwood. Janice, University of Guelph, Canada Medical School Bulseco. Dylan. University of Massachusetts Hinkle, Beth Anne, University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center U.S., Inc. Carrero. Jenny. Unilever Research Hodees, Craig, Case Western Reserve University of Switzerland Danuser, Gaudenz. Swiss Federal Institute Technology, Mukherjee, Abir. Northwestern University Medical School Faulkner, Nicole, University of Massachusetts Nakamura, Kazuto, University of Iowa Medical School of California, San of Kansas Medical Center Heynen, Susanne, University Diego Phillips. Teresa. University United Hochegger, Helfrid, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Kingdom Resnick. Eileen, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center of Health Holbrook, Pamela, National Institutes Rowan. Brian. Baylor College of Medicine Holz. Ronald. University of Michigan Runt't. Linda, University of Connecticut Health Center San Francisco Center Hughes Fulford, Millie, University of California, Westbrook. Anne. University of Virginia Health Sciences Keating, Christine, Penn State University Koehler. Julia. Whitehead Institute Kreitzer. Geri. Cornell University Medical College Lecturers Kwan. Kristen, Harvard University Medical School Behringer. Richard. University of Texas Levin. Max, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Keith. PPL Scotland Sweden Campbell. Therapeutics, Carroll. David. University of California. Santa Barbara Lmdberg, Seth. Procter & Gamble Co. William. Massachusetts General Hospital McDonald, John. Clinic Scoltsdale Crowley. Mayo Center Dominko, Tanja. Oregon Regional Primate Research Novoradovskaya, Natalia. Stratagenc Fazleabas. Asgi, University of Illinois Pfister. Kevin. University of Virginia Handyside. Alan, St. Thomas' Hospital, United Kingdom Reichelt. Stefanie, University of London. United Kingdom Hennighausen, Lothar, National Institutes of Health Roberts, Theresa, National Institutes of Health Primate Research Center School Hewitson. Laura. Oregon Regional Rohatgi, Rajat, Harvard University Medical Johnson. Peter M.. University of Liverpool Medical School, Shirani. Jamshid, Albert Einstein College of Medicine United Kingdom Shonn, Marion, University of California, San Francisco Keefe, David, Marine Biological Laboratory Nongnuj, Loeb Health Research Institute, Canada Tanphaichitr. Medical Center Kopf, Greg, University of Pennsylvania Tse. William, Children's Hospital Ober. Carole, University of Chicago Van Dover, Cindy Lee, College of William and Mary Orth, Joanne, Temple University School of Medicine Yarovoi, University of Massachusetts Medical School Serge, Francisco Pederson. Roger, University of California, San of Medicine Pollard, Jeffrey W., Albert Einstein College Richards. JoAnne, Baylor College of Medicine Frontiers in Reproduction: Molecular and Ruderman. Joan. Harvard University Medical School Memorial Cellular Concepts and Applications Shenker. Andrew. Children's Hospital General Tilly, Jonathan L., Massachusetts Hospital 4) (May 24-July Wessel, Gary, Brown University Woodruff. Teresa. Northwestern University

Directors Hunt, Joan, University of Kansas Medical Center Course Administrator Mayo, Kelly, Northwestern University Emme. Michelle, Health Sciences University Schatten, Gerald, Oregon Health Sciences University Oregon Educational Programs R27

Students

Adams. Martha. Duke University Babbitt, Patricia, University of California, San Francisco Barclay. Donald, Houston Academy of Medicine Bernhard, Jeffrey, University of Massachusetts Medical School Finley, Allen, Dalhousie University. Canada Goldstein, Cynthia, Tulane University Medical Library Lin. Chen-Tan, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Lindherg, Don. Regenstrief Institute Lyons, Amy, University of Buffalo Health Sciences Library Mahoney, Diane, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Markovitz, Barry, Washington University McGrath, St. John, Tufts University School of Medicine Meyers, Arlen, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Mulluly-Quijas, Peggy, University of Missouri, Kansas City Pelok, Scott, University of Michigan Pifer, Eric, University of Pennsylvania Health System Robinson, Judith, Eastern Virginia Medical School Rosnian. Alan, Bronx Veteran's Administration Medical Center Chief Course Coordinator Sack, Jean, Johns Hopkins University Payne, Christopher, Oregon Health Sciences University Sarchet, Patricia, University of Buffalo Health Sciences Library Seago, Brenda, Virginia Commonwealth University Course Coordinators Siblcy. Deborah. University of Massachusetts Medical School Daggett, Melissa, University of Kansas Medical Center Stroman, Rosalie. National Institutes of Health Library McMullen. Michelle. Northwestern University Swanson. Sandra. Cook Institute of Research and Education Thompson, Laurie, State University of New York Health Science Center. Syracuse Students Tomlinson, Louise, Morehouse School of Medicine Akhmedkhanov, Arslan, New York University School of Medicine Travers. Robin, Boston University School of Medicine Belts, Dean, University of Guelph. Canada Tunnan, Lynne, Virginia Commonwealth University Bos-Mikich, Adriana, Fundaijao Universitaria de Endocrinologia e Volpp, Bryan, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Fcrtilidade, Brazil Warlick, Becky, Duke University Medical Center Buhimschi, Irina, University of Maryland El Guiziry. Dalai, Alexandria University, Egypt All India Institute of Medical Johanputra, Vaidehi, Sciences, India Medical Informatics (October 3-October 9) Johnson, Quinton, University of the Western Cape Lue, Yanhe, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center Director Cimino, James, Columbia Man'n Bivens, Carrie, University of Massachusetts, Amherst University Mendeluk, Gabriela, University of Buenos Aires. Argentina Sekar, of Natesampillai, University Virginia Faculty Ollero, Mario, Harvard University Medical School Bakken, Suzanne, Columbia University Paidas. Michael, New York University School of Medicine Canese, Kathi, National Library of Medicine Pritts. Elizabeth, Yale University School of Medicine Cimino, Chris, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Sprague, David, Texas A&M University Friedman. Charles. University of Pittsburgh Witlin, Andrea, University of Texas Medical Branch. Galveston Hightower, Allen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Jenders, Robert, Columbia University Lindberg, Donald, National Library of Medicine Medical Informatics (May 30-june 5) Masys. Daniel, University of California, San Diego Safran, Charles. Center for Clinical Computing Director Starren, Justin, Columbia University Masys. Daniel, University of California, San Diego Wheeler, David. National Library of Medicine

Faculty Students Cimino. James. Columbia University Beidas, Sary, Prince George's Hospital Center Friedman, Charles, University of Pittsburgh Boyle, Marian, University of Florida Hightower, Allen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Calarco. Pascal, Virginia Commonwealth University Hripcsak, George, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Chong. Lisa, Science magazine Kingsland, Lawrence, National Library of Medicine Cohen, Arlene, University of Guam Landsman, David, National Library of Medicine Coster, Trinka, US Army Medical Research Institute Lindberg, Donald D.A.B., National Library of Medicine Delia. Catherine, George Washington University Safran, Charles. Center for Clinical Computing Dimitroff, Alexandra. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Sengupta. Soumitra, Columbia University Doyle. Jacqueline, Samaritan Health Systems, Phoenix Starren, Justin, Columbia University Eaton, Elizabeth, Tufts University Health Sciences Library R28 Annual Report

Feldman, Marc, University of Alabama. Birmingham Lecturers Marcia. Idaho Slate Francis, University Baylor. Denis. Stanford University Medical Center Fuller. Howard. of California. San Francisco University Laughlin. Simon Barry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Linda, of Hogan, University Pittsburgh Logothetis, Nikos. Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics. Hornby. Kathryn. University of British Columbia. Canada Germany of North Dakota Knight, Barbara, University Srinivasan, Mandyam V.. Australian National University, Australia Kufreja. Neera. Cook County Hospital Linton. Anne. George Washington University Course Coordinator Livingston, Jill, University of Connecticut Health Center Stogryn. Krista, Marine Biological Laboratory Massanari. Mike. Wayne State University Miller. Stephen, Massachusetts General Hospital/Martha's Vineyard Hospital Students Parada. Jorge. Cook County Hospital Borisyuk. Alia, New York University Reilly. James, State University of New York Health Science Center, Buss, Robert. McGill University, Canada Brooklyn Gang, Jianhua, University of Virginia Strassner. Howard, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chechik. Gal. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Swanton, James, Harlem Hospital Center Cowen, Stephen, University of Arizona Swiatek-Kelley. Janice. Bridgeport Hospital Dumont. Sophie, Princeton University Teal. Janis, University of New Mexico Garcia de Polavieja. Gonzulo. University of Cambridge, Walker. James. Penn State College of Medicine United Kingdom Wu, Carol, New York University School of Medicine Jacobson, Gilad, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Wulff, Judith, University of Louisville Karbowski. Jan. Boston University Yue, Cheung. MetroHealth Medical Center Kefalov. Vladimir, Boston University School of Medicine Kozloski, James. Columbia University Carlo, of Methods in Computational Neuroscience Laing, University Pittsburgh Mayraz. Guy. University College London. United Kingdom 1 (August -August 28) Mazurek, Mark. University of Washington Naylor, David, University of California, Los Angeles

Directors Petersen, Ras. International School of Advanced Studies, Italy Bialek, William. NEC Research Institute Prescott, Steven, McGill University, Canada van Steveninck. Rob de Ruyter. NEC Research Institute Rubin. Jonathan. Ohio State University Spence. Andrew, Cornell University Susanne, of Zurich, Switzerland Faculty Still, University Wittenberg. Gayle. Princeton University Abbott. Lawrence. Brandeis University Zeddies, David. Northwestern University Colby. Carol, University of Pittsburgh Dan, Yang, University of California. Berkeley Simon Fraser Canada Delaney. Kerry. University. Microinjection Techniques in Cell Biology Doupe, Allison, University of California, San Francisco 25) Ermentrout, Bard, University ol Pittsburgh (May 18-May Hoplield, John, Princeton University Johnston. Daniel, Baylor College of Medicine Director

Kelley, Darcy, Columbia University Silver. Robert B.. Marine Biological Laboratory Klemleld, David, University of California, San Diego Kopell. Nancy. Boston University Faculty Marder. Eve, Brandeis University Cousins, Susan, Cornell University Meister. Markus. Harvard University Klaessig. Suzanne, Cornell University Miller. K. D.. University of California. San Francisco Kline, Douglas, Kent State University Mitra. Partha. AT&T Bell Laboratories Mehlmann. Lisa. University of Connecticut Health Center Rieke. Fred, University of Washington Shelden. Eric. University of Michigan Seung, H. Sebastian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sigvardt, Karen, University of California, Davis Solla, Sara A.. Northwestern University Teaching Assistant

Sompi'linsk\ . Haim. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Israel Warnke. Honey, University of Maine Tank, David. AT&T Bell Laboratories Nattali. Hebrew of Israel Tishby. University Jerusalem. Students " Zucker. Sie\ni. il>- University Araujo, Loraine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Cohen. David, Oregon Health Sciences University Teaching Asv/.vMm.s Dabrowski, Konrad. Ohio State University

Aguera y Areas. B . r,i!u.;-u>ii 1 'niversity James. Marianne. Massachusetts General Hospital

Jensen. Roderick. \Visk-\.,n I HUCIM!) Koulen. Peter, Yale University Koberle. Roland. Universidade ih Sac Paulo, Brazil Kozek, Wieslaw, University of Puerto Rico Lewen. Geoffrey David. NEC Research Institute Kuan, Chia-Yi, Yale University

Nemenman. I., Princeton University Lahti. Jill. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital White. John. Boston University Larkin. Janet. Barnard College Educational Programs R29

Li. Bin, University of California. San Francisco Course Assistant McGowan. Francis. Harvard Medical School University Abisla, Richard. University of Chicago Nemoto, Yasuo, Yale University Nusser. Kevin. Oregon Regional Primate Research Center Students Pai. Vinay, Florida Slate University Ayala-Torres. Sylvette. University of Texas Medical Branch Rueda. Angelica, Centre de Investigation y de Estudios Avanzados Brown. Roslin Institute, Scotland del I.P.N.. Mexico Jeremy. Brown-Borg, Holly, University of North Dakota Wentz-Hunter, Kelly, University of Illinois, Chicago Chen. Yaohui. Yale Medical School Yu, Han-Gang, State University of New York. Stony Brook University Chung. Namjm, Duke University Medical Center Crawford. Douglas, University of California, San Francisco de Lacalle, Sonsoles. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Molecular Biology of Aging Eshoo, Mark. Buck Center for Research in Aging (August 10 -August 27) Ford. Carolyn. Northwestern University Goto, Joy, University of California. Los Angeles Henning. Karla, National Institutes of Health Directors Kennell, John, Southern Methodist University Guarente, Leonard P.. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kukull. Walter, University of Washington Wallace, Douglas, Emory University School of Medicine Martin, Kareen, Biological Gerontology Group. Manchester, LInited Kingdom McChesney, Patricia, University of Texas Southwestern Faculty Medical Center Aiken, Judd M., University of Wisconsin-Madison Merker. Robert, New York University Medical Center Austad. Steven. University of Idaho Squier. Thomas. University of Kansas Bohr, Vilhelm A.. National Institutes of Health Torres-Ramos. Carlos. University of Texas Medical Branch Campisi, Judith, Berkeley National Laboratory Finch. Celeb. University of Southern California Molecular Current to Grossman. Lawrence, Johns Hopkins University Mycology: Approaches Harley. Calvin, Geron Corporation Fungal Pathogenesis (August 8-August 27) Hekimi. Siegfried, McGill University. Canada Johnson, Thomas, of Colorado University Directors Jones. Dean P.. Emory University Edwards, John Jr., Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Kenyon. Cynthia, University of California. San Francisco Magee, Paul T.. University of Minnesota Kim. Stuart. Stanford University of Medicine Mitchell. Aaron P.. Columbia University Kirkwood. Tomas, University of Manchester. United Kingdom de Lange. Titia, The Rockefeller University Lithgow, Gordon J.. University of Manchester, United Kingdom Faculty Longo. Valter, University of Southern California Casadevall. Arturo, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Martin, George, University of Washington School of Medicine Cole, Gary T., Medical College of Ohio Melov. Simon. Buck Center for Research in Aging Davidson. Robert, Duke University Medical Center Richardson, Arlan, University of Texas Health Science Center Davis, Dana, Columbia University Ruvkun, Gary. Massachusetts General Hospital Filler. Scott. Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Sohal, Rajindar. Southern Methodist University Fonzi. William, Georgetown University Medical Center Tanzi, Rudolph E., Harvard University Medical School Heitman, Joseph. Duke University Medical Center Tower. John, University of Southern California Keath, Elizabeth, St. Louis University School of Medicine Van Voorhies. Wayne. University of Arizona. Tucson Klein. Bruce. University of Wisconsin-Madison Wright. Woodring E.. University of Texas Southwestern Kurtz, Myra. Merck Research Lab Medical Center Kwon-Chung, June, National Institutes of Health Lodge. Jennifer. St. Louis University School of Medicine Murphy. Juneann, University of Oklahoma Teaching Assistants Oliver, Brian. University of Cincinnati Bilger. Johannes, Emory University Rhodes, Judith, University of Cincinnati Pinar, Elif. Emory University White. Theodore, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute Cottrell, Barbara. Emory University Whiteway, Malcolm. National Research Council, Canada Esposito, Luke. Emory University Beatrice, Massachusetts Institute of Jegalian. Technology Course Assistant Johnson, Brad. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sandri, Brian. Marine Biological Laboratory Kokoszka. Jason. Emory University Levy. Shawn, Emory LIniversity McNabb. David. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Students Murdock. Deborah, Emory University Bammert, Gary, Pharmacia & Upjohn Cowen. Leah, University of Toronto, Canada Cruz, Cristina, Duke University Medical Center Course Coordinator de Jesus-Bem'os, Marisol, University of Puerto Rico Burke, Rhonda E.. Emory University School of Medicine Devasamavam, Gina, Wadsworth Center R30 Annual Report

Lecturers

Astrosfky. Keith, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fraser, Scott. California Institute of Technology

Laboratory Technicians Linnon, Beth, Marine Biological Laboratory Mazanec, April, LIniversity of Oregon

Course Coordinator

Schmitt. Ellen. Harvard University

Course Assistant

Sweeney, Neal, Marine Biological Laboratory

Efimov, Vladimir, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Students Giles, Steven, University of Wisconsin-Madison Ashworth. Rachel. University College London, United Kingdom Goldstein, Alan, Duke University Belletroid, Enc. Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Belgium

Inglis, Diane, University of California, San Francisco Bishop, Charles, Baylor College of Dentistry Kellog. Christina, Georgetown University Chan. Joanne. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Latouche, Nicholas. Westmead Hospital Sydney University, Australia Endres. James, University of California. San Diego Miller, Nancy. Johns Hopkins Medical Institution Glanzman, David, University of California, Los Angeles Niekerson, Ken, University of Nebraska Levandoski, Mark. Brown University Smith, Christina, State University of New York. Buffalo Lightfoot. Kurt, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Warenda, Amy, State University of New York, Stony Brook Lunde, Karen, University of California, San Diego Wormley, Floyd. Louisiana State University Medical Center Poznanski, Ann, Midwestern University Rmkwitz, Silke. New York University Medical Center Tong, Betty. Whitehead Institute Neural Development and Genetics of Zebrafish Vlachakis, Nikolaos. University of Massachusetts Medical Center Waterbury. Julie. University of Pennsylvania (August 15-Augiist 27) Wiemelt, Anthony, University of Pennsylvania Williams, Fred, University of Toledo Directors

Dowling, John E., Harvard University Hopkins, Nancy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Optical Microscopy and Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences (October 6-October 14) Faculty Baker, Robert, New York University Medical Center Director Collazo, Andres, House Ear Institute Iz/ard, Colin. State University of New York, Albany Eisen, Judith S., University of Oregon Fetcho. Joseph, State University of New York, Stony Brook Fricke, Cornelia, University of Utah Medical Center Faculty Marine Hanlon, Roger, Biological Laboratory DePasquale, Joseph. New York Stale Department of Health of Kimmel, Charles, University Oregon Dunn, Kenneth, Indiana University Medical Center Lin. Shuo. Medical of College Georgia 1 laid, Robert, State University of New York, Buffalo Neuhauss, Max-PIanck-Institut fur Stephan, Entwicklungsbiologie, Herman, Brian, University of Texas Health Science Center Germany Murray, John, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Talhot. William Stanford S., University Piston, David M., Vanderbilt University Wilson. United Stephen, University College London, Kingdom Snyder, Kenneth, State University of New York, Buffalo Spring, Kenneth, National Institutes of Health Swedlow. Jason. University of Dundee, Scotland Teaching Assi 'ants

' Clarke, .lon.iih.m, niversity College London. United Kingdom Fadool. James Hi l.i State University Teaching Assistants

' Granato. Michiu , of Pennsylvania Pierini, Lynda, Cornell University Medical College

Kainz, Pamela, Harvard i 'Diversity Sigurdson, Wade, State University of New York, Buffalo Link, Brian, Harvard Uimvrsity Lorent, Kristin, Um\cisii\ i,l Pennsylvania School of Medicine Moens, Cecilia, Fred Hulchmson Cancer Research Center Lecturers Mullins, Mary, University of Pennsylvania Hinsch, Jan, Leica, Inc. Sirotkin, Howard. New York Universiiv School of Medicine Inoue, Shinya. Marine Biological Laboratory Walker-Durchanck, Charline, Universiiv of Oregon Keller, H. Ernst, Zeiss Optical Systems Educational Programs R31

Students

Bhalla, Needhi, University of California, San Francisco Biggins, Sue, University of California. San Francisco Brotz, Tilmann. National Cancer Institute

Chien, Edward, University of Chicago Combs, Christopher, National Institutes of Health Cromey. Douglas. University of Arizona Duca, Karen, University of Wisconsin Fletcher, Tara, Albany Medical College Gustashaw, Karen. Case Western Reserve University Hoja, Mary-Rose. Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden Holt. Matthew. Medical Research Council. United Kingdom Hudson, Emma, University of Dundee, Scotland Kaplan, David, Food and Drug Administration Lin, Keng-hui, University of Pennsylvania Love, Dona, National Institutes of Health Martini, Lene, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Peter. University of Rochester Medical Center Murnion. Mairead, University of Dundee. Scotland Shrager, Solimena. Michele, Yale University Reilly, Thomas, Johns Hopkins LIniversity School of Medicine Sontheimer, Harald, University of Alabama, Birmingham Saslowsky. David. Virginia Tech Steinberg. Esther. National Institutes of Health Shestopalov, Valery, Washington University Waksman, Byron. Foundation for Microbiology Silverman. Michael, Oregon Health Sciences University Weiner. Howard, Harvard University Medical School Sossick, Alex, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Tang, Cha-Mei, Creative MicroTech. Inc. Wallace, Wes. Brown University Course Coordinator

Stogryn. Krista, Marine Biological Laboratory Pathogenesis of Neuroiinmiinologic Diseases

(August 16-August 27) Students

Andjelkovic. Anuska, University of Connecticut Directors Brundula. Veronika, University of Calgary, Canada Albert Einstein of Medicine Brosnan, Celia F., Albert Einstein College of Medicine D'Aversa, Teresa, College Rosenbluth, Jack. New York University School of Medicine DeFeo, Anthony. Mercy College Dzenko. Kirk, University of Connecticut Health Center Fischer. Falko. Harvard University Medical School Faculty Hillert. Jan, Karolinska Institute, Sweden Benveniste, of Alabama, Etty. University Birmingham Hjelmstrom, Peter, Yale University Berman. Joan, Albert Einstein of Medicine College Janson, Christopher, Thomas Jefferson University Milton W., National Institutes of Health Brightman, Kuljis. Rodrigo, University of Miami Burden, Steven, New York School of Medicine University Lu, Weiquan, State University of New York, Stony Brook Patricia, State of New York, Brook Coyle, University Stony Luedtke, Robert. University of North Texas Darnell, Robert, Rockefeller University O'Brien, Niklci. Australian National University, Australia Drachman. Daniel, Johns School of Medicine Hopkins University Odyniec, Artur, Medical Academy of Lodz, Poland Felten, David, Loma Linda School of Medicine University Regardsoe. Emma, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Gould, Robert M., New York State Institute of Basic Research Reis, Donald, Cornell Medical College Griffin. Diane, Johns Hopkins University Robichaud, Lillian. Parke-Davis Research Griffin, John, Johns Hopkins University Salzberg, Heather, Rutgers University William. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Hickey, Sivakumar, M. R.. Apollo Hospitals. India Itescu, Silviu, Medical Center Columbia/Presbyterian Troncoso. Juan, Johns Hopkins University Gilla. Rockefeller Kaplan. University Vari, Gabor. Brown University Paul, Brown Knopf. University Vijayan, Shrijay. City University of New York Kocsis. D.. Yale School of Medicine Jeffery University Woodman, Scott. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Kuchroo. and Women's Vijay, Brigham Hospital Wu, Dona. Alberl Einstein College of Medicine Stuart, The Burnham Institute Lipton, Yates, Jennifer. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Martiney, James, Picower Institute for Medical Research McKinnon, Randall D., R. W. Johnson Medical School of North Hill Popko. Brian, University Carolina, Chapel on Molecular Evolution Price. Donald L.. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Workshop Ransohoff. Richard. Cleveland Clinic Foundation (August 1-Aiigust 13) Ransom. Bruce, University of Washington School of Medicine Reder, Anthony, University of Chicago Salzer, James, New York University Medical Center Directors Saper, Clifford, Beth Israel Hospital Davison, Daniel B.. Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI Shin, Moon, University of Maryland School of Medicine Sogin, Mitchell, Marine Biological Laboratory R32 Annual Report

Faculn Harbmski, Fred, Harvard University Ho, Hoi Chinese of Cummings, Michael, Marine Biological Laboratory Yan, University Hong Kong. Hong Kong Hurtado, Luis. Eddy, Sean, Washington University Rutgers University Dalhousie Edwards, Scott, University of Washington Inagaki. Yuji. University. Canada Eisen. Jonathan, Institute for Genomic Research Klingbeil. Michele. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Felsenstein, Joseph. University of Washington Lawrence. Carolyn, University of Georgia of Fitch. David H.A., New York University Liebert, Cynthia. University Georgia Fraser, Claire M.. Institute for Genomic Research Maiwald. Matthias, Stanford University Yale Kuhner. Mary, University of Washington McGraw, Beth, University of Maddison. David, University of Arizona, Tucson Mead, Louise, University Massachusetts Moore, Jon. National Marine Fisheries Miyamoto, Michael, University of Florida Service Muse, Spencer, North Carolina State University Pilcher, Carl. NASA Headquarters Florida Slate Olsen, Gary, University of Illinois, Urbana Pineda, Augustin, University David. Pace, Norman, University of Colorado, Boulder Posada, Brigham Young University Pntham. Ellen, of Boston Pearson, William, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center Universily Massachusetls, Rice. Ken. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Reed. David. Louisiana State Universin Yale Riley, Margaret. Yale University Richardson. Susan, University/Woods Hole Oceanographic Swofford, David, Smithsonian Institution Institution Rinke De Wit, Tobias. Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Institute. The Netherlands Teaching Assistants Sabo, Aniko, Purdue University Edgcomb. Virginia, Marine Biological Laboratory Salamin, Nicolas. Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland Mac-Arthur, Andrew, Marine Biological Laboratory Schreiber, Edgar. PE Applied Biosystems Thompson, Steven, Florida State University Seffemick. Jennifer. University of Minnesota Sellers. Holly. United States Department of Agriculture Technician Laboratoiy Sinclair, Elizabeth. Brigham Young University Holder. of Houston Michael. University Skirnisdottir, Sigurlaug. IceTherm Inc.. Iceland Stockley. Bruce. Southampton Oceanography Centre. United Kingdom Course Coordinator Worapong, Jeerapun, Montana State University Zmasek. Christian, Medical School Hams, Marian. Marine Biological Laboratory Washington University

Students Other Programs Ariey. Frederic, Inslitut Pasteur, France Babm. Josephine. Louisiana State University Baumgarlner. Manuela. University Regensburg. Germany Marine Models in Biological Research Beati. Lorenza. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention Undergraduate Program (June 8-August 6, 1999) Becker, Jennifer. Lehigh University Best, Aaron, University of Illinois Directors Blatter. Robert, University of Basel, Switzerland Browne. Carole L.. Wake Forest Bond, Philip, University of Wisconsin University Michael. Wake Forest School of Medicine Bouchet. Valerie. Boston University School of Medicine Tytell. University Bouzat, Juan, University of Illinois Brazeau, Dan, University of Florida Course Assistant Brinkmann, Anna, of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University Begley. Gail. Marine Biological Laboratory Bnones. Marcelo. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Brazil Carrigan. Matthew. University of Florida Faculty Chaturvedi, Vishnu, New York State Department of Health Allen. Nina S., North Carolina State University Chyba, Christopher, SETI Institute Borst, David, Illinois State University Clark. Ann Marie. University of Florida Furie, Barbara. Harvard University Craven, Kelly, University of Kentucky Furie, Bruce. Harvard University Dacks, Joel, Dalhousie University, Canada Hanlon. Roger. Marine Biological Laboratory Dennis, Paige, University of Massachusetts, Boston Jonas, Elizabeth. Yale University Di Meo, Carol, University of Delaware Laufer. Hans, University of Connecticut Dimsoski, Pero, United Slates Environmental Protection Agency Malchow, R. Paul, University of Illinois Fitzpatrick, Jennifer, Tufts University School of Medicine Mensinger, Allen. Washington University Fleming. Melissa. University of Alaska Museum Wainwright, Norman. Marine Biological Laboratory Franck, Jens. Occidental College Freire. Nicole. University of Florida Gasparich. Gail. Towson University Seminar Speakers Gaudier, Eric. University of Florida Frank. Tammy. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Gribaldo, Simonetta. Universita "La Sapienza," Italy Inoue, Shinya, Marine Biological Laboratory Gueneau-Novoa, Pulchene, Instituto Venezolano Investigaciones Kuzirian, Alan. Marine Biological Laboratory Cientih'cas, Venezuela Reinisch, Carol. Marine Biological Laboratory Hansen, Jan, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Silver. Robert. Marine Biological Laboratory Kducutional Programs R33

Students Neill, Christopher

Peterson. Bruce J. Baliga, Meghan. Wake Forest University Edward B. Clifton. Christine. Mount Holyoke College Rastetter, Shaver. Gams R. Harris!. Alexia. Yale University Vallino, J. Helm, Jessica, Washington and Lee University Joseph Williams, Mathew Lassen, Kara. Wake Forest University Mitchell, Michael. Wake Forest University 7999 Research and Teaching Assistants Peck, Reed Raphaela. College Bahr, Michelle Price. Nichole, Connecticut College Kelsey, Sam David, Harvard Ramsey, University Kwiatkowski. Bonnie Rankin, Ellen, Colgate University Micks. Patricia Tang, Kathleen, Washington University Parker, Sophie Kevin, Wake Forest Taylor, University Tholke. Kris Vasse, Aimee, Williams College 7999 SES Students

Arling, Jeremy. Bowdoin NASA Planetary Biology Internship College Avery, Jennifer. Brandeis University (June-September 1999) Butman, David. Connecticut College Glueck, Lara. Claremont McKenna College Directors Greenbaum, Adena, Wellesley College of Massachusetts Margulis, Lynn, University Hinckley, Eve-Lyn, Middlebury College Dolan, Michael F., of Massachusetts University Horowitz. Julie, Hampshire College Kirkby, Ryan, Harvey Mudd College Interns Mathrani, Vandana, Scripps College of Caylor, Kelly, University Virginia Mathrani. Varsha, Scripps College Chacon, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mifflin. Amanda. Wellesley College Franklin. Rima, of University Virginia Morrisseau, Sarah, Connecticut College French, Jason, of Alberta. Canada University Peterson, G. Gregory. Wesleyan University Gauci. The United Vincent, Open University, Kingdom Romagnano. Joseph. Worcester Polytechnic Marx, G., International France Joseph Space University, Sohm, Jill, Harvey Mudd College Omelon, McGill Canada Christopher, University, Spivak, Amanda, Bryn Mawr College de Oliver, of United Peyer, University Reading, Kingdom Williams, Samantha. Mount Holyoke College Radu, of Cincinnati Popa. University Ziemann, Tori. Beloit College de Vera Gomez. Alvin. University of the Philippines Wilson, Cindy, University of Montana SPINES Summer Program in Neuroscience, Ethics and Survival Sponsors (June 12-July 10) Portland State Cady. Sherry L., University Directors Des Marais, David, NASA Ames Research Center Martinez, Joe L. Jr. Joyce, Gerald, Scripps Research Institute Townsel, James Knoll, Andrew, Harvard University Mancmelli. Roco, NASA Ames Research Center Fellows

Matthews. Elaine, Goddard Institute for Space Studies Herne. Moss, Boston University School of Medicine Nealson, Ken. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Hubbard. Aida, University of Texas, San Antonio Privette, Jeff, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center McCrery. Karen, Texas Women's University Rothschild, Lynn. NASA Ames Research Center Meadows, Adimika, Boston University Teske, Andreas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mohamed, Somaia, University of Iowa Wheeler, Raymond, NASA Kennedy Space Center Nelson, Rhonda, Meharry Medical College Orfila, James, University of Texas, San Antonio Semester in Environmental Science Simples. James. University of Pittsburgh Villarreal. Julissa, University of Texas. San Antonio 17, 1999) (Septembers-December Zayas, Ricardo, Tufts University

Administration Hobbie, John E., Director Teachers' Workshop: Living in the Microbial Foreman, Kenneth H., Associate Director World (August 15-21) Moniz, Polly C., Administrative Assistant Course Directors Faculty Olendzenski, Lorraine, University of Connecticut, Storrs Deegan, Linda A. Dugas, Jeff, University of Connecticut, Storrs Giblin, Anne E. Hopkinson. Charles S. Jr. Hughes, Jeffrey Curriculum Specialist Liles, George Dorritie, Barbara, Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Nadelhoffer, Knute J. Cambridge, MA R34 Annual Report

Course Assistant Muscatell. Gina, Bellingham Jr./Sr. High School, Bellingham. MA Wier, Andrew. University of Massachusetts, Amherst Bennett. Tara, Norwell High School, Norwell, MA Webber. Alan. Norwell High School. Norwell. MA Presenters Yuhas, Joseph. Kennebunk High School. Kennebunk. ME Johnston, Ross B.. Nauset N. Margulis, Lynn. University of Massachusetts. Amherst Regional High School. Eastham, MA Lori, Nauset N. Guerrero. Ricardo, University of Barcelona. Spain Albright, Regional High School. Eastham, MA Knoll. Andrew, Harvard University Carotenuto, Sheila, Quashnet River School. Mashpee. MA Edgcomb. Virginia. Marine Biological Laboratory Rocio, Zamaria. Horace Mann Middle School. San Diego. CA Cast. Rebecca. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Conn, Kathleen. West Chester Area School District, West Chester, PA Runimel. John. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Carty, Susan, West Chester Area School District, West Chester, PA

Rutland. Susan, West Chester Area School District. West Chester. PA Teacher Participants Settertield. Elena. King Ethelbert School, Kent, England Molyneaux, Leslie, Hanover Middle School, Hanover, MA Scales, Sacha, King Ethelbert School, Kent, England Buckley, Kalhryn. Mashpee High School, Mashpee, MA Cronin, Maureen. Nonington C.E.P. School, Kent. England Henderson, Forest, Bellingham Jr./Sr. High School, Bellinghain, MA Scott. Nyree. Nonington C.E.P. School. Kent, England Summer Research Programs

Principal Investigators Giuditta. Antonio, University of Naples, Italy Goldman, Robert D., Northwestern University Medical School Gould, Robert, New York State Institute for Basic Research Adamo, Shelley, Dalhousie Canada University, Groden. Joanna, University of Cincinnati Armstrong, Clay, University of Pennsylvania Armstrong, Peter B.. University of California, Davis Haimo, Leah, University of California, Riverside Augustine, George J., Duke University Medical Center Han. Yi. Baylor College of Medicine Heck. Diane. Rutgers University Balaban, Pavel. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Hershko, Avram, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Barlow. Robert B. Jr.. State University of New York Health Science Highstein, Steven M., Washington University School of Medicine Center Hill, Susan Douglas. Michigan State University Beauge, Luis, Institute de Investigation Medica "Mercedes y Martin Hines, Michael, Yale University School of Medicine Ferreyra," Argentina Hoskin. Francis, US Army Natick RD&E Center Beckman, Matthew, University of Alabama. Birmingham Ben-Jonathan, Nira, University of Cincinnati Innocenti. Barbara. Iowa State University Bennett. Michael V. L., Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bodznick. David, Wesleyan University Boron, Walter, Yale University Medical School Johnston. Daniel, Baylor College of Medicine Borst, David, Illinois State University Jonas, Elizabeth, Yale University School of Medicine Boyer, Barbara, Union College Jones, Teresa, National Institutes of Health Boyle. Richard. Oregon Health Sciences University Joye, Samantha, University of Georgia Brady. Scott T. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Dallas Kaczmarek, Leonard, Yale University School of Medicine Brock, Matthew, Stanford University Kaplan, Barry, National Institutes of Mental Health Browne, Carole, Wake Forest School of Medicine University Kaplan, Ilene M., Union College Max M.. Friedrich Miescher Switzerland Burger, Institut, Kier, William. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Kirschner, Marc, Harvard University Medical School Cardullo, Richard, University of California, Riverside Koulen, Peter, Yale University School of Medicine Carvan, Michael, University of Cincinnati Kuhns, William, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada Chappell. Richard L., Hunter College, City University of New York Cohen, Lawrence B., Yale University School of Medicine Later. Eileen M., University of Texas Health Science Center Cohen, William D., Hunter College, City University of New York Landowne, David, University of Miami School of Medicine Crespi. Marco, Scientific Institute S. Raffaele, Italy Langford, George, Dartmouth College Laskin, Jeffrey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey De Weer, Paul, of School of Medicine University Pennsylvania Laufer, Hans. University of Connecticut DePass. Island Anthony, Long University, Brooklyn LaVail. Jennifer, University of California, San Francisco DePina, Ana S., Dartmouth College Lipicky, Raymond J.. Food and Drug Administration DiPolo, Reinaldo. Instituto Venezolano Investigaciones Cientificas, Llinas, Rodolfo R., New York University Medical Center Venezula

Dodge, Frederick, State University of New York Health Science Center Magee, Jeff, Louisiana State University Medical Center Doussau, Frederic, Duke University Medical Center Major, Guy, Lucent Technologies Malgaroli, Antonio. University of Milan. Italy Edds-Walton, Peggy. Institute Parmly Hearing Martinez. Joe, University of Texas. San Antonio Ehrlich, Barbara, Yale University School of Medicine McAllister. A. Kimberly, Salk Institute of Biological Studies McNeil. Paul, Medical College of Georgia Richard, of Fay, Loyola University Chicago Mensinger, Allen. Washington University School of Medicine Field, Christine, Harvard Medical School University Metuzals. Janis, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Canada Fishman, M., of Texas Medical Galveston Harvey University Branch, Mitchison, Timothy, Harvard University Medical School of Canada Flamarique, Inigo Novales, University Victoria. Miyakawa. Hiroyoshi, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan Gadsby, David. Rockefeller University Moore, John W., Duke University Medical Center Gerhart, John, University of California. Berkeley Mooseker, Mark, Yale University

R35 R36 Annual Report

Nasi, Ennco. Boston University School of Medicine

Ogden, David. National Institute for Medical Research Ogunseitan. Oladele A.. University of California, Irvine

Palazzo, Robert, University of Kansas Pant, Harish, National Institutes of Health

Parysek. Linda, University of Cincinnati Paydarfar, David, University of Massachusetts Medical School

Quigley, James P., State University of New York, Stony Brook

Rabhitt, Richard, University of Utah Rakowski. Robert F.. Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School

Ramus. Seth. Boston University Ratner. Nancy, University of Cincinnati National Reese, Thomas S., Institutes of Health Baliga, Meghna. Wake Forest University Rieder, Conly, Wadsworth Center Banini, Bubu. Swarthmore College Ripps, Harris, University of Illinois College of Medicine Bashi, Esther. Yale University Rome, Larry, University of Pennsylvania Bearer, Elaine, Brown University John Russell. M., Hahnemann University Benjamins. Steven, Groningen University. The Netherlands Bergamaschi, Andrea, Fondazione Centra San Raffaele del Moute Salmon, Edward, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Tabor. Italy Siwicki. Kathleen. Swarthmore College Berger-Sweeney. Joanne. Wellesley College Sloboda. Roger D.. Dartmouth College Bertetto. Lisa, Wesleyan University Spiegel, Evelyn, Dartmouth College Bezanilla, Francisco. University of California, Los Angeles Spiegel. Melvin, Dartmouth College Billack. Blase. Rutgers University Srinivas, Miduturu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bingham. Eula. University of Cincinnati Medical School Standart, Nancy, University of Cambridge. United Kingdom Bonacci. Lisa, Hunter College Steinacker, Antoinette, University of Puerto Rico Bronner-Fraser, Marianne. California Institute of Technology Sugimon, Mutsuyuki, New York University Medical Center Brown. Joel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Suszkjw, Janusz, University of Cincinnati Bucior, Inona, Friedrich Miescher Institute, Switzerland Burris, Jennifer, Northwestern University Medical School Telzer, Bruce, Pomona College Tilney, Lewis, University of Pennsylvania Chan, Sena. Long Island University Trinkaus. John P.. Yale University Cho, Myoung-Soon. National Institutes of Health Troll, Walter, New York University Medical Center Clarkson, Melissa, University of Kansas Tytell, Michael. Wake Forest University School of Medicine Clifton. Christine. Mount Holyoke College Crawford, Karen, St. Mary's College of Maryland Walters. Edgar, University of Texas. Houston

Weidner, Earl. Louisiana State University Davis, Bruce. Yale University Debowy, Owen, New York University School of Medicine Yamaguchi, Ayako. Columbia University Desai. Arshad. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany Yamoah, Ebenezer, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Detrait. Eric. University of Texas Medical Branch Devlin, Leah. Penn State University Zecevic, Dejan P.. Yale University School of Medicine Doherty. Ann, Connecticut College Zimmerberg, Joshua, National Institutes of Health Dou. Hongwei, University of Cincinnati Zito, Karen, University of California, Berkeley Dumollard, Remi, Station Zoologique de Ville-Franche Sur Mer. France Zochowski, Michal. Yale University School of Medicine Zottoli. Steven, Williams College Eddleman. Christopher. University of Texas Medical Branch. Austin R. Zukin. Suzanne. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Escalona de Motta. Gladys. University of Puerto Rico

Eyman, Maria. University of Naples, Italy Other Research Personnel Fakhrzadeh, Ladan. Rutgers University Felke. Erin, University of Illinois Adams, Curt, University of California, Riverside Femandez-Busguets. Xavier. Friedrich Miescher Institute. Switzerland Akanki. Feyisara, Williams College Fraser, Scott. California Institute of Technology Allen. Nina. North Carolina State University Fukui. Yoshio. Northwestern University Medical School Antic, Srdjan Henry, Yale University School of Medicine Anton. Roberto, Hunter College Gainer. Harold. National Institutes of Health April, liana, Connecticut College Galanis, Jennifer. National Institutes of Health Armstrong, Clara. University of Pennsylvania Galbraith. James A., National Institutes of Health

Asokan. R., Universitv of California, Davis Gallant, Paul E.. National Institutes of Health Summer Research R37

Gallo. Michael, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Gerosa-Erni, Daniela, Friedrich Miescher Institute. Switzerland Gioio, Anthony, National Institutes of Mental Health Gleeson. Richard, University of Florida Goldman, Anne E., Northwestern University Medical School Gomez, Maria del Pilar, Boston University School of Medicine Gonzalez-Lima, Francisco, University of Texas, Austin

Grant, Philip, National Institutes of Health Grassi, Daniel, Food and Drug Administration Gyoeva, Fatima K., Institute of Protein Research. Russia

Hagar, Robert, Yale University School of Medicine Harrington, John, University of South Alabama, Mobile Nguyen, Michael P., University of Texas Medical Branch Harrist, Alexia, Yale University Harrow, Faith, Hunter College Oegema. Karen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Germany Harwood, Claire, University of Pennsylvania Ogan, Jeff, Illinois State University Helfand, Brian, Northwestern University Medical School Orfila, James, University of Texas, San Antonio Helm. Jessica, Washington and Lee University Hernandez, Carlos, New York University School of Medicine Peck, Reed Herrick, Scott, University of California, Riverside Raphaela, College Petersen, Jennifer. National Institutes of Health Hitt, James, State University of New York Health Science Center Powers, Maureen. Vanderbilt Hiza, Nicholas, Williams College University Prahcad, Veena, Northwestern Medical School Ho-Sang. Dwight, Williams College University Prasad, of Texas Health Science Center Hogan. Emilia, Yale University Medical School Kondury. University Price, Nichole, Connecticut Holford, Kenneth, Illinois State University College Holmgren, Miguel, Harvard University Medical School Hoof, Laura, University of Chicago Quinn, Kerry, Yale University School of Medicine

Ramsey, David, Harvard University Ingrassia. Rosaria, University of Milan, Italy Rankin, Ellen, Colgate University Inoue, Masashi, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan Reinsch, Sigrid, NASA Ames Research Center Intravaiu. Anthony, NASA Ames Research Center Rhodes, Paul, New York University Medical School Ring, Sabine, University of Frankfurt. Germany Rosenstein. Fred, Hunter College Janowitz, Tobias, University Hannover, Germany Ruta, Vanessa, Hunter College

Kamino, Kohtaro, Tokyo University School of Medical and Dental, Schuette. Etha, Hunter College Japan Schwartz. William, University of Massachusetts Medical School

Kannenberg, Kai. University of Milan, Italy Simpson, Tracy, University of Hartford Kapoor, Turun, Harvard University Medical School Steffen, Walter. University of Rostock, Germany Kifaieh, Nidal. Long Island University Steinacker, Antoinette. University of Puerto Rico King. Alison Jane, Dalhousie University, Canada Stockbridge, Norman, Food and Drug Administration Klimov, Andrei, University of Pennsylvania Szalisznyo, Krisztina, Hungarian Academy of Science. Hungary Koroleva, Zoya, Hunter College Kuner, Thomas, Duke Medical Center University Tamse, Catherine, University of Rhode Island Tan, Xiao, Williams College Tang, Kathleen. Washington University Lassen, Kara G., Wake Forest University Taylor, Kevin, Wake Forest University Lee, Kyeng Gea, Hunter College Thorn, George, University of Cambridge. United Kingdom Lee, Rosalynn, University of Georgia Tokumaru. Hiroshi. Duke University Medical Center Lesher, Sarah. University of Maryland Tokumaru. Keiko, Duke University Medical Center Leznik, Elena, New York University School of Medicine Townsel, James G.. Meharry Medical College Loboda. Andrey, University of Pennsylvania Tran. Phong. Columbia University Lowe. Christopher, University of California, Berkeley Twersky. Laura, Saint Peter's College

Vasse. Aimee, Williams Maddox, Paul. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill College Villa-Komaro. Northwestern Malchow. Robert Paul, University of Illinois, Chicago Lydia. University Melishchuk. Alexey. University of Pennsylvania Mitchell, Michael, Wake Forest University Wachowiak, Matt, Yale University School of Medicine Miyake, Katsuya, Fukushima Medical College, Japan Ward, Rita. National Institutes of Health Mohan, Nishal, Hunter College Watts. Kisha, Williams College Moir, Robert. Northwestern University Wen, Huajie, National Institutes of Mental Health Motta. Melissa, Williams College Wisniewski, Rachel. University of Georgia R38 Annual Report

Woellert, Torsten, University of Rostock, Germany Haimo. Leah, University of California Wu, Samuel, Baylor College of Medicine Harrington, John, University of South Alabama Hays, Thomas, University of Minnesota Hernandez, Mari-Luz, of Nice Yancey. Sadiga, Mass Bay Community College University Herskovits. Theodore, Fordham Yang, Stacy. University of California, Irvine University Hunter. Robert, Gartnaval Young, Iain, University of Pennsylvania Royal Hospital

McGill Zakevicius, Jane M., University of Illinois College of Medicine Inoue, Sadayuki, University Zavilowitz, Joe, Yale University Jacobson, Allan, University of Massachusetts Josephson, Robert, University of California Library Readers Kaltenbach, Jane, Mount Holyoke College Abbott, Jayne, Marine Research, Inc. Kamino, Kohtaro, Tokyo Medical and Dental School of Medicine Adelberg. Edward, Yale University Karlin, Arthur, Columbia University Ahmadjian. Vernon, Clark University King, Kenneth, Falmouth, MA Allen. Garland, Washington University Klein, Donald, Colorado State University Allen, Nina, North Carolina State University Kornberg. Hans, Boston University Alliegro, Mark, Louisiana State University Krane, Stephen M., Harvard Medical School Alsup, Peggy, Tennessee Department of Health Harvard Medical School Anderson. Everett. Laster, Leonard, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Lee, John, City College of CUNY Barrett, Dennis, University of Denver Levy, Arthur, St. Vincents Hospital Barry. Susan, Mount Holyoke College Lorand, Laszlo, Northwestern University Medical School Bedard, Andre, York University Luckenbill, Louise, Ohio University Benjamin, Thomas, Harvard Medical School Bcrnhard, of Massachusetts Medical School Jeffery, University MacNichol. Edward, Boston University School of Medicine Bernheimer, Alan, New York School of Medicine University Masland. Richard, Massachusetts General Hospital Thomas, Lehman Borgese, College-CUNY Mauzerall, David, Rockefeller University John, Union Boyer. College Mitchell. Ralph, Harvard University/DEAS Mizell, Merle, Tulane University Campos, Ana, McMaster University Candelas. Graciela. University of Puerto Rico Nagel, Ronald. Albert Einstein College of Medicine Donald, Chang. Hong Kong University Narahashi, Toshio, Northwestern University Medical School Child, Frank. Woods Hole. MA Naugle, John. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Clark, John Douglas, Hopkins University Nicaise, Ghislain, University of Nice Clarkson, Kenneth, Lucent Technologies Nickerson. Peter. State University of New York. Buffalo Cobb, Jewel, California State University Cohen, Seymour. Woods Hole, MA Olds, James, George Mason University Colinvaux, Paul. Marine Biological Laboratory Collier, Marjorie, University of Louisiana University of Illinois, Chicago Cooperstein. Sherwin, University of Connecticut Health Center Pappas. George, Pollen, Dan, of Massachusetts Medical Center Copeland, Eugene, Woods Hole, MA University Porter, Mary, University of Minnesota Corwin, Jeffery, University of Virginia Couch, Ernest, Texas Christian University Cowling, Vincent, University of Florida Schippers, Jay, The HNG Foundation Schuel, Herbert, University of Buffalo, SUNY David, Boston Duncan, Thomas K., Nichols College Shepro. University Shriftman, Molly, Woods Hole, MA Spector, Abraham, Columbia University Epstein, Herman. Brandeis University Spotte, Stephen, University of Connecticut Sundquist, Eric, U.S. Geological Survey Farmant'armaian, A. Verdi, Rutgers University Sweet, Frederick, Washington University School of Medicine Fee, Michale, Bell Laboratories

Frenkel. Krystyna. New York University School of Medicine Trager, William, Rockefeller University Tweedell, Kenyon, University of Notre Dame Gabriel, Mordecai, Brooklyn College Tykocinski. Mark. University of Pennsylvania Galatzer-Levy. Robert. University of Chicago German, James, Cornell University Van Holde, Kensal, State Ginsberg, Harold, National Institutes of Health Oregon University Goldstein, Moise, Johns Hopkins University Grossman, Albert, New York University School of Medicine Walton. Alan, University of Cambridge Gruner, John, Cephalon, Inc. Warren, Leonard, Wistar Institute Guttenplan. Joseph, New York University Dental and Medical School Wennger, Elora, Pfizer Central Research 1999 Library Room Readers

Dan Alkon National Institute of Health

Lucio Cariello Stazione Zoologica A. Dohm

Giuseppe D'Alessio University of Naples

Robert Goldman Northwestern University Medical School

Roberto GonzalezPalaza Northwest Indian College

Harlyn Halvorson Marine Biological Laboratory

Michael Hines Yale Univ. School of Medicine

Andres Kanner Rush University

Alex Keynan Israel Academy of Science

Kamino Kohtaro Tokyo Medical and Dental

John W. Moore Duke University Medical Center

Leyla Morrel Rush University

Michael Rabinowitz

Marine Biological Laboratory

George Reynolds Princeton University

Ann Stuart UNC Chapel Hill

Gerald Weissmann NYU School of Medicine

Summer Research

Whillaker, J. Richard, University of New Brunswick Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Wolken, Jerome J., University of Pittsburgh Connecticut College Connecticut Health Center, University of Yevick, George, Stevens Institute of Technology Connecticut, University of Cook County Hospital Cook Institute for Research and Education Domestic Institutions Represented Cornell University Cornell University Medical Center Cornell University Medical College Acorda Therapeutics Creative Micro Tech. Inc. Alabama. University of. Birmingham Alaska Museum, University of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Albany Medical College Dartmouth College Albert Einstein College of Medicine Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Allegheny University of the Health Sciences Delaware, University of Arizona State University Duke University Arizona, University of, Tucson Duke University Medical Center

Barnard College Eastern Virginia Medical School Baylor College of Dentistry Emory University Baylor College of Medicine School of Medicine Bell Laboratories Emory University

Berkeley National Laboratory Finch of Health Sciences Beth Israel Hospital University Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center Florida Institute of Technology Florida State Boston University University Florida, of Boston University School of Medicine University Food and Administration Brandeis University Drug Dental Center Bridgeport Hospital Forsyth Foundation of Brigham and Women's Hospital Microbiology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Brigham Young University Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI Bronx Veterans Administration Medical Center General Electric Corporate Research Center

Brown University George Washington University Bryn Mawr College Georgetown University Buck Center for Research in Aging Georgetown University Medical Center Buffalo, University of Georgia State University Burnham Institute Georgia, University of Geron Corporation Guam. of California Institute of Technology University California State University. Sacramento California, University of, Berkeley Hahnemann University California, University of, Davis Harbor-UCLA Medical Center California, University of, Irvine Harlem Hospital Center California, University of, Los Angeles Hartford, University of California, University of. Riverside Harvard University Medical School Harvard of Public Health California, University of, San Diego School California, University of, San Francisco Harvard University California, University of, Santa Barbara Hawaii, University of Carl Zeiss, Inc. Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged

Carnegie Mellon University House Ear Institute Houston of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Academy Catholic University of America Houston, University of Center for Clinical Computing Howard University Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hunter College Chicago, University of Children's Hospital, Boston Idaho State University Cincinnati, University of Idaho, University of Cleveland Clinic Foundation Illinois State University Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Illinois. University of, Chicago Colgate University Illinois, University of, Urbana-Champaign Colorado Health Science Center, University of Indiana State University Colorado School of Medicine, University of Indiana University Colorado, University of. Boulder Indiana University School of Medicine Columbia University Institute for Genomic Research R40 Annual Report

Iowa State University New York and Presbyterian Hospital Iowa, of University New York Health Science Center. State University of New York State Department of Health Jet Propulsion Laboratory New York State Institute for Basic Research Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine New York University Medical Center New York University School of Medicine New of Kansas Medical Center. University of York, City University State Kansas, University of New York, University of, Albany State Kent State University New York, University of. Buffalo State Kentucky. University of New York, University of. Stony Brook North Carolina State Kewalo Marine Laboratory University North Carolina, University of, Chapel Hill North Dakota. of Lehigh University University North of Leica. Inc. Texas, University Northern Arizona Loma Linda University School of Medicine University Northwest Indian Long Island University College Northwestern Louisiana State University LIniversity Northwestern University Medical School Louisiana State University Medical Center Louisville. University of Occidental Loyola University of Chicago College Ohio Lucent Technologies State University Ohio Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. San Diego University Ohio, Medical College of Oklahoma, of Marine Biological Laboratory University Oregon Health Science University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Oregon Regional Primate Research Center Maryland. University of Oregon State Mass Bay Community College University Oregon, University of Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts Institute of Technology Parke-Davis Research Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts. University of Parmly Hearing Institute Mayo Clinic Scottsdale PE Applied Biosystems Penn Medical College of Georgia State University Health Meharry Medical College Pennsylvania System, University of Memorial Sloan-Kettermg Cancer Center Pennsylvania LIniversity School of Medicine Merck & Co. Pennsylvania. University of Pharmacia Merck Research Laboratory & Upjohn Mercy College Pittsburgh, University of MetroHealth Medical Center Pomona College Prince Miami. University of George's Hospital Center Princeton Michigan Medical School, University of LIniversity Procter Michigan State University & Gamble Puerto of Michigan. University of Rico, University Purdue Midwestern University University Minnesota School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, University of Quorum Pharmaceuticals Missouri, University of Montana State University Reed College Morehouse School of Medicine Rhode Island, University of Mount Holyoke College Rochester Medical Center, University of Rockefeller University NASA Ames Research Center Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center National Cancer Institute Rutgers University National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health Library Saint Peter's College National Institutes of Mental Health Samaritan Health System. Phoenix National of Medicine Library Scnpps Institution of Oceanography National Marine Fisheries Service Seattle Biomedical Research Institute Naval Medical Research Institute SETI Institute Nebraska. University of SmithKlme Beecham Pharmaceuticals Neuralynx Inc. Smithsonian Institution Neurosciences Institute South Alabama, University of. Mobile New of Medicine and Jersey. University Dentistry Southern California, University of New Mexico. of University Southern Methodist University Summer Research R-ll

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India St. Louis University School of Medicine Apollo Hospitals, India St. Mary's College of Maryland Australian National University. Australia Stanford University Autonomous University of the State of Puebla, Mexico Stanford University Medical Center Stratagene Basel Institute for Immunology. Switzerland Swarthmore College Basel, University of. Switzerland Bio-Rad Microscience. United Kingdom School of Medicine Temple University Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia Tennessee. of University British Columbia, University of, Canada Texas A&M University Bruxelles, Universite Libre de, Belgium Texas Health Science Center. of University Buenos Aires, University of, Argentina Texas Medical Branch. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Calgary, University of. Canada Texas Southwestern, University of Cambridge, University of. United Kingdom Texas, University of Centre de Investigation y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico Thomas Jefferson University Chile, University of. Chile Toledo, University of Copenhagen, University of. Denmark Towson University Tufts University Dalhousie University. Canada Tufts University Health Sciences Library Denmark. Technical University of. Denmark Tufts University School of Medicine Dundee. University of. Scotland Tulane University Medical Library

Unilever Research Edinburgh. University of. Scotland Health and Nutrition Institute. The Netherlands Union College Ethiopian Molecular United States Army Medical Research Institute European Biology Laboratory. Germany United States Army Natick RD&E Center United States Department of Agriculture Fondazione Centre San Raffaele del Moute Tabor, Italy United States Environmental Protection Agency Frankfurt. University of, Germany Utah Medical Center, University of Friedrich Meischer Institute. Switzerland Utah, University of Fukushima Medical College. Japan Fundacao Universitaria de Endocrinologia e Fertilidade, Brazil Vanderbilt University Veterans Administration Medical Center Glasgow, University of. United Kingdom Commonwealth Virginia University Gromngen University, The Netherlands Health Sciences Center. of Virginia University Guelph, University of. Canada Virginia School of Medicine. University of Virginia Tech Hannover. University of, Germany Virginia. University of Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Hong Kong, The Chinese University of. Hong Kong Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research Hospital for Sick Children. Canada Wake Forest University Hungarian Academy of Science. Hungary Wake Forest University School of Medicine Washington and Lee University IceTherm Inc., Iceland Washington University School of Medicine Imperial Cancer Research Fund, United Kingdom Washington, University of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Wayne State University United Kingdom Wellesley College Institute of Protein Research. Russia Wesleyan University Instituto de Investigacion Medica "Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra.' Western Cape, University of the Argentina Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Instituto Venezolano Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela William and Mary, College of International School of Advanced Studies. Italy Williams College Wisconsin, University of, Madison Karolmska Institute Stockholm. Sweden Wisconsin. University of, Milwaukee Konstanz, of. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University Germany Kuopio. University of, Finland

Yale University Landcare Research, New Zealand Lausanne. University of, Switzerland Institutions Foreign Represented Leiden, University of. The Netherlands Lethhridge, University of, Canada

Alberto Monroy Foundation Palermo, Italy Liverpool Medical School, University of. United Kingdom Alexandria University, Egypt Lodz, Medical Academy of. Poland R42 Annual Report

Loeh Health Research Institute. Canada Sao Paulo, University of. Brazil London, University of. United Kingdom Saskatchewan, University of. Canada

Scientific Institute San Raffaele. Italy Manchester, University of. United Kingdom Simon Fraser University, Canada Max-Planck-Institut, Germany Southampton Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom McGill University, Canada St. Thomas' Hospital London. United Kingdom McMaster University, Canada Station Zoologique de Ville-Franche Sur Mer. France Medical Research Council. United Kingdom Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Melbourne. University of, Australia Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research. Switzerland Milan, University of, Italy Sydney, University of Technology, Australia Sydney, University of. Australia

Naples. University of, Italy Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India National Centre for Biological Sciences, India Technion-Israel Institute National Institute for Medical Research. United Kingdom of Technology, Israel National Research Council, Canada Tohoku University, Japan Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan School of Medical and Dental. Otago, University of. New Zealand Tokyo University Japan of, Ottawa, University of, Canada Tokyo. University Japan Toronto, Canada Oxford, University of. United Kingdom University of, Tubingen, University of. Germany

Paris, University of, France Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Pasteur Institute-Lille, France Universita "La Sapienza," Italy Palerson Institute for Cancer Research, United Kingdom Universite Paris-Sud, France Pisa. University of, Italy University College London. United Kingdom PPL Therapeutics, Scotland

Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands of, Regensburg, University Germany Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardio Research, Sweden Rio de Janeiro, Federal of, Brazil University Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia Rio de Janeiro, State University of, Brazil Witwatersrand, University of the. South Africa Roslin Institute, Scotland World Health Organization. West Africa Rostock. University of, Germany Russian Academy of Sciences. Russia Zurich, University of, Switzerland Year-Round Research Programs

Architectural Dynamics in Living Cells The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Program Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution

Established in 1992, this program focuses on architectural dynamics Major emphasis in the Josephine Bay Paul Center in Comparative in cells the and of living timely and coordinated assembly disassembly Molecular Biology and Evolution is placed upon comparative/ macromolecular structures essential for the proper functioning, division, phylogenetic studies of genes and genomes, molecular microbial and differentiation of and motility. cells; the spatial temporal ecology/biodiversity and evolution of host defense mechanisms in of these and their and organization structures; physiological genetic marine invertebrates. The Center encourages studies of genotypic control. The is also devoted to the and program development application diversity across all phyla and promotes the use of modern molecular of new and devices that such powerful imaging manipulation permit genetics and phylogeny to gain insights into the evolution of molecular studies in cells and functional cell-free extracts. The directly living structure and function. The Josephine Bay Paul Center is a member of Architectural in Cells Dynamics Living Program promotes NASA's Virtual Institute for Astrobiology. research carried out resident core and interdisciplinary by visiting Other major research programs include Mitchell Sogin's studies of investigators. molecular evolution in eukaryotes and studies of genome sequences from parasitic microorganisms, Monica Riley's metabolic database and evolutionary studies of protein sequences, Neal Cornell's comparative Resident Core Investigators molecular studies of genes critical to heme biosynthesis, and Michael Cummings' studies of evolution of pathogenetic microorganisms. Danuser, Gaudenz, Postdoctoral Fellow Other collaborative projects include studies of P450 evolution (M. Inoue, Shinya. Distinguished Scientist Sogin and John Stegeman's laboratory at Woods Hole Oceanographic Katoh, Kaoru. Postdoctoral Scientist Institution [WHOI] ). a molecular ecology component of the Long Term Oldenbourg, Rudolf. Associate Scientist Ecological Research project (M. Sogin's laboratory and John Hobbie of The Ecosystems Center), and studies of molecular diversity among marine and bacteria (with marine at Staff protists microbiologists WHOI). Future recruiting efforts will focus upon molecular evolution in Geer, Thomas. Research Assistant developmental biology and genome sciences. Knudson, Robert. Instrumental Development Engineer The Center has excellent resources for studies of molecular evolution: Baraby. Diane. Laboratory Assistant automated DNA sequencing, well-equipped research laboratories, and MacNeil. Jane. Executive Assistant powerful computational facilities. In addition to participating in the Parasitology and Microbial Diversity courses, the Center sponsors the Workshop in Molecular Evolution at the MBL, which has gained an Staff international reputation for excellence. This Workshop offers 60 students a series of lectures and minisymposia that are complemented by a state- Arimoto. Rieko, Washington University School of Medicine of-the-art computational facility. Biggs. David, AutoQuant Imaging Inc. The Josephine Bay Paul Center in Comparative Molecular Biology Desai. Arshad. EMBL. Heidelburg. Germany and Evolution includes the laboratories of Neal Cornell. Michael Fukui, Yoshio, Northwestern University Medical School Cummings. Monica Riley. and Mitchell Sogin. Goda, Makoto. Kyoto University. Japan Inoue. Theodore D., Universal Imaging Corporation Keefe, David, Rhode Island Women and Infants Hospital Resident Core Liu. Lin. Rhode Island Women and Infants Hospital Investigators Maddox, Paul, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Matsurnoto, Brian. University of California-Santa Barbara Sogin. Mitchell, Director and Senior Scientist Milchison, Timothy J.. Harvard Medical School Cornell, Neal, Senior Scientist Murray. John M., University of Pennsylvania Cummings. Michael. Assistant Scientist Salmon, Edward D., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Riley. Monica. Senior Scientist Tran. Phong, Columbia University Wainwrieht, Norman, Senior Scientist

R43 R44 Annual Report

Visiting Scientist

Fox, T.O., Harvard Medical School

Laboratory of Michael P. Cummings

The research is in the area of molecular evolutionary genetics and includes the study of the mechanisms of molecular genetic processes, and uses methods from molecular biology, statistics, computer science, molecular systematics, and population genetics. The basis for much of the research is comparative, across several levels of biological organization, and involves both computer-based and empirical studies. The major focus of research is using novel statistical methods to study relationships between genotype and phenotype. Current investigations in this area examine how gene sequence data can be used to understand and predict drug resistance in tuberculosis, variation in color vision, and basic immune system functions at the molecular level. For example, using drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a model system, we are investigating how well phenotype (level of drug resistance) can be predicted with genotype information (DNA sequence data). Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. Understanding evolution of drug resistance, and developing accurate methods for its prediction using DNA sequence data can help in assessing potential resistance in a more timely fashion and circumvent the need for culturing bacteria, which takes several weeks in the case of tuberculosis. More generally, the relationship of genotype to phenotype Adjunct Scientists is a fundamental problem in genetics, and through these investigations we hope to gain insight. The primary empirical work in the laboratory Halanych. Ken, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution involves examination of opsins, proteins involved in color vision, from Teske, Andreas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution local species of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). Research on evolution of pathogenic bacteria also examines species within the genus Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium provides an excellent Laboratory of Neal Cornell model system for studying evolution of pathogenicity and emergent pathogens; it is a large and widely distributed group that occupies a of habitats soil, water, skin), and exhibits a broad of Research in this laboratory is concerned with the comparative range (e.g., range with other commensal, molecular biology of genes that encode the enzymes for heme relationships organisms (e.g., free-living, the contains a number of human biosynthesis, with particular emphasis on 5-ammolevulinate synthase, parasitic). Importantly, group major pathogens (e.g., those that cause tuberculosis and leprosy), including the first enzyme in the pathway. Because the ability to produce heme We are of from common metabolic materials is a near universal requirement for recently emerged pathogens. using phylogenetic analysis DNA data to study the evolutionary patterns of pathogenicity living organisms, these genes provide useful indicators of molecular sequence within Mycobacterium to discern in the emergence of new aspects of evolution. For example, 5-aminolevulinate synthase in patterns pathogens. The goal of this work is to understand the origins of new vertebrate animals and simple eukaryotes such as yeast and Plasmodium pathogens and provide information that may aid in diagnosis and ftili'iparum have high sequence similarity to the enzyme from the alpha- treatment efforts. purple subgroup of eubacteria. This supports the suggestion that alpha- purple bacteria are the closest contemporary relatives of the ancestor of eukaryotic mitochondria. The analysis also raises the possibility that Staff plant and animal mitochondria had different origins. Aminolevulinate Cummings, Michael P., Assistant Scientist synthase genes in mitochondria-containing protists are currently being Mclnerney, Laura A., Research Assistant analyzed to obtain additional insight into endosymbiotic events. Also, genes of primitive chordates are being sequenced to gain information about the large-scale gene duplication that played a very important role Visiting Scientist in the evolution of higher vertebrates. Other studies in the laboratory Neel, Maile C., University of California. Riverside have been concerned with the effects of environmental pollutants on heme biosynthesis in marine fish, and it has been shown that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enhance the expression of the gene for Laboratory of Monica Ri/ey aminolevulinate synthase. The genome of the bacterium Escheric/iia call contains all of the information required for a free-living chemoautotrophic organism to live, adapt, and multiply. The information content of the genome can be Staff dissected from the point of view of understanding the role of each gene and gene product in achieving these ends. The many functions of E. coli Cornell. Neal W., Senior Scientist have been organized in a hierarchical system representing the complex Faggart. Maura A., Research Assistant physiology and structure of the cell. In collaboration with Dr. Peter Foster, Martin, Laboratory Assistant Karp of SRI International, an electronic encyclopedia of information is Frisbee, Cameran. Laboratory Assistant being constructed on the genes, enzymes, metabolism, transport Year-Round Research R45

processes, regulation, and cell structure of E. coli. The interactive sudden evolutionary radiations that cannot be resolved by rRNA EcoCyc program is now publicly available and has graphical hypertext comparisons and will provide insights into the presence or absence of displays, including literature citations, on nearly all of E. coli important biochemical properties in the earliest ancestors common to all metabolism, all genes and their locations, a hierarchical system of cell eukaryotic species. functions and some regulation processes. This work is continuing. More recently, we initiated a study of the complete genome of In addition, the E. coli genome contains valuable information on Giardia lamblia. molecular evolution. We are analyzing the sequences of proteins of E. coli in terms of their evolutionary origins. By grouping like sequences Staff and tracing back to their common ancestors, we learn not only about the paths of evolution for all contemporary E. coli proteins, but we extend Sogin, Mitchell L., Director and Senior Scientist even further back before E. coli, traversing millennia to the earliest Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Postdoctoral Scientist evolutionary times when a relatively few ancestral proteins served as Beaudoin, David, Research Assistant ancestors to all contemporary proteins of all living organisms. The Bressoud, Scott, Laboratory Technician complete genome sequence of E. coli and sophisticated sequence Eakin, Nora, Research Assistant analysis programs permit us to identify evolutionary related protein Edgcomb, Virginia, Postdoctoral Scientist families, determining ultimately what kinds of unique ancestral Fair. Rebecca, Research Assistant sequences generated all of present-day proteins. The data developed in Gao, Lingqui, Research Assistant II the work has proven to be valuable to the community of scientists Harris. Marian, Executive Assistant sequencing microbial genomes. E. coli data serve as needed reference Holder, Greg, Research Assistant points. Kim, Ulandt, Research Assistant

Kysela, David, Research Assistant

Research Assistant II Staff Laan. Maris, Lim. Pauline. Executive Assistant Riley. Monica, Senior Scientist Luders, Bruce. Research Assistant Kerr. Alastair, Postdoctoral Scientist McArthur, Andrew, Postdoctoral Scientist Liang, Ping, Postdoctoral Scientist Medina, Monica, Postdoctoral Scientist Clerk MacGregor, Alicia, Laboratory Morrison, Hilary G., Postdoctoral Scientist Nalium, Laila, Postdoctoral Scientist Nixon, Julie. Postdoctoral Scientist Research Assistant II Pelegrini-Toole, Alida, Roger, Andrew, Postdoctoral Scientist Porterfield, Pamela, Clerk Laboratory Shakir, Muhhamed Afaq, Postdoctoral Scientist Serres. Postdoctoral Scientist Margerethe, Silberman. Jeffrey. Postdoctoral Scientist

in Molecular and Evolution: Program Comparative Biologv Visiting Investigators Laboratory of Mitchell L. Sogin Bahr, Michele, The Ecosystems Center This in molecular evolution laboratory employs comparative Campbell, Robert, Serono Laboratories, Inc. studies of and to define of phylogenetic genes genomes patterns Crump. Byron. The Ecosystems Center that rise on the evolution gave to contemporary biodiversity planet Weil. Jennifer. Joslin Diabetes Center Earth. The laboratory is especially interested in discerning how the eukaryotic cell was invented as well as the identity of microbial groups that were ancestral to animals, plants, and fungi. The lab takes Adjunct Scientists advantage of the extraordinary conservation of ribosomal RNAs to Kenneth, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution define phylogenetic relationships that span the largest of evolutionary Halanych. Teske, Andreas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution distances. These studies have overhauled traditional eukaryotic microbial classifications systems. The laboratory has discovered new evolutionary assemblages that are as genetically diverse and complex as plants, fungi, and animals. The nearly simultaneous separation of these eukaryotic groups (described as the eukaryotic "Crown") occurred approximately one billion years ago and was preceded by a succession of earlier diverging protist lineages, some as ancient as the separation of the prokaryotic domains. At the same time, this data base provides a powerful tool for the newly emerging discipline of molecular ecology. Using the ribosomal RNA data base and nucleic acid-based probe technology, it is possible to detect and monitor microorganisms, including those that cannot be cultivated in the laboratory. This strategy has uncovered new habitats and major revelations about geographical distribution of microorganisms. The laboratory has initiated a program to sample genomic diversity from eukaryotic microorganisms that do not have mitochondria. The lab previously demonstrated that these taxa represent some of the earliest diverging lineages in the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. The objective is to develop a set of additional molecular markers for studying molecular evolution. These will be invaluable in unraveling R46 Annual Report

research and a list of BioCurrents Research Center transport, and homeostasis. Details of our program publications can be found at . MBL year-round laboratories with which BRC is in active collaboration are the Laboratory of Rudolf Oldenbourg and the The Biocurrents Research Center (BRCl. one of the NIH National Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, headed by David Keefe. Dr. for Research methods in the of Centers Resources, pioneers study Keefe and Dr. Peter Smith. BRC Director, are Co-Investigators on a transmembrane currents and hosts numerous research pursuits. The project to support the development of new technology to assess the Center access to a of provides visiting investigators variety unique developmental potential of preimplantation embryos and to study the as well as new to in the technologies approaches experimentation pathophysiology of oocyte dysfunction. hiomedical sciences. Four systems are available at the BRC. All these probe technologies Staff are based on the principle of a self-referencing electrode, maximizing noise and drift reduction. All the are non-invasive sensitivity by probes Smith. Peter J.S., Director and Senior Scientist and in close to the membrane of cells or generally placed proximity Baikie. Iain D., Associate Scientist in some cases at sub-micron distances. The two older tissues, techniques Danuser. Gaudenz M.. Postdoctoral Fellow are to measure the movement of ions across the membranes ot designed Hammar. Katherine, Research Assistant 111 tissues or cells with the minimum of disturbance. The current living McLaughlin. Jane A., Research Assistant III in 1974, is still available for the study of external probe, developed Porterfield. D. Marshall, Staff Scientist I current densities resulting from the general net balance ot ion transport. Sanger, Richard H., Research Assistant III Most use is made of the ion-selective probes (Sens), which measure and follow the transmembrane transport of specific ions such as calcium, Part Time and potassium and protons. This system also can detect non-electrogenic Temporary Staff' transporters. Two newer techniques are also available: the BioKelvin Jaffe. Lionel F.. Senior Scientist probe and the non-invasive electrochemical or polarographic probe Moore. Laurel. Science Reference Librarian (Serp). The BioKelvin probe measures voltages around living tissues in Pepperell. John R., Staff Scientist I air. A radically different approach is being taken to the measurements of biocurrents using the electrochemical microprobes. Presently applied to molecular oxygen, such a technique offers opportunity for the study of Graduate Student molecular transport by using the chemical redox potential. This probe Tamse, Catherine T.. University of Rhode Island has been applied to single neurons. |8-pancreatic cells, damaged neural tissues, developing embryos, and others. We are currently developing of the to measure nitric oxide, ascorbic further applications Serp probes Visiting Scientists and Publications acid, and insulin as well as the production of biosensors. This the Research Center hosted 47 visitors. Scientific A state-of-the-art system offers non-invasive ion probes coupled with year publications the numbered 25. current and voltage clamp (both single, two electrode, and patch) along during year with ratio imaging via a Zeiss Attofluor system, all of which are finding uses in the hosted biomedical studies, as well as BRC research and development. Boston University Marine Program As in previous years, a wide variety of biological and biomedical subjects have been studied by BRC staff and visitors. In R&D we have Faculty continued developing the application of ion-selective and electrochemical microsensors. all to single cells with square applicable Atema, Jelle, Professor of Biology, Director micron resolution. We are to combine spatial currently exploring ways Dionne, Vincent, Professor of Biology these sensors with a variety of techniques known collectively as near Golubic, Stjepko. Professor of Biology field In an context we have advanced optical microscopy. experimental Humes, Arthur, Professor of Biology Emeritus our into several fields, technology including reproductive physiology, Kaufman, Les, Associate Professor of Biology diabetes research, neuroscience, development, gravitropic responses, ion Lohel, Phillip. Associate Professor of Biology Voigt. Rainer, Research Associate Professor Ward, Nathalie, Lecturer

Staff

Decarie. Linette, Senior Staff Coordinator DiNunno. Paul, Research Assistant. Dionne Lab Hall. Sheri, Program Manager McCafferty. Michelle. Administrative Assistant Olson, Nancy, Program Assistant Tomasky. Gabrielle. Research Assistant, Valiela Lab Wheatlev, MaryJo, Information Officer

Postdoctoral Investigators

Basil. Jenny. Atema Laboratory Cehrian. Just. Valiela Laboratory Year-Round Research R47

Grasso, Frank, Atema Laboratory Levine, Michael Trott, Thomas, Atema Laboratory McKenna. Ian Neviackas. Justin Ramon. Marina Visiting Faculty and Investigators Smith, Spence Hanlon, Roger, Marine Biological Laboratory Watson. Elise Hecker. Barbara, Meeker Consulting Wright. Dana Margulis, Lynn, University of Massachusetts, Amherst McFall-Ngai, Margaret, Kewalo Marine Laboratory New Hole Institution Moore, Michael. Woods Oceanographic Casper, Brandon Mote Marine Nowacek, Douglas, Laboratory Errigo, Michael Ruby, Edward, Kewalo Marine Laboratory Frenz, Christopher Simmons, Bill, Sandia National Laboratory Grable, Melissa Wainvvright. Norman, Marine Biological Laboratory Grebner, Dawn Kollaros, Maria Other Lever, Mark Malley, Vanessa Dolan, Mike. Visiting Teaching Assistant Martel, David Weir. Andrew. Visiting Teaching Assistant Oweke, Ojwang William Perez, Edmundo Graduate Students Pugh, Tracy Ripley, Jennifer PhD Students Roycroft, Karen Stueckle, Todd Existing Sweeny. Melissa Cole. Marci Tuohy-Sheen, Elizabeth Dale. Jonathon Weiss, Erica Economakis. Alistair Hauxwell. Jennifer Herrold, Ruth Undergraduate Students Kroeger, Kevin 99 Lindholm, James Spring Ma, Diana Champagne, Jaimie Preto, Luca Miller. Carolyn Cari Oliver, Steven Watkins, Dolores Sloan. Kevin Weisbaum. Stieve, Erica

Zettler, Erik Fall 99

Zhao, Jing Burgess, Robyn New Gottlieb, Jennifer Dooley, Brad Griggs, Ryan Tomasky, Gabrielle Kwong, Grace York. Joanna Loewensteiner. David Matsumoto, Rae Masters Students Muhlm. Jessica O'Connell. Existing Timmy Allen, Christel Peyton, Scott Atkinson. Abby Pytel. Julie Sarno, Jillian Barlas. Margaret Silverston, Jennifer Bentis, Christopher Bowen. Jennifer von Kampen. Marie Walker. Andrew Cavanaugh, Joseph Chichester. Heather Williams. Jade D'Ambrosio. Alison Wingert, Sarah Woods. Pamela Evgenidou, Angeliki Ferland. Amy Fern. Sophie Summer 1999 Interns Fredland, Inga Griffin, Martin Berkey, Cristin Homkow, Laura Cantield, Susannah Keith, Lucy Cubbage, Andrea Koenig, Eduardo Hanna. John Konkle, Anne Komarow, Sharon Lamb. Amy McLaughlin, Leslie Lawrence. David Mijos. Katnn R48 Annual Report

Walters. Jennifer Wai M in, Amy Wolfe. Felisa Young. Talia

Summer 1W9 Volunteers

Hancock. Amy Qumn, Elizabeth

Laboratory of Jvile Atenui

Many organisms and cellular processes use chemical signals as their main channel of information about the environment. All environments are noisy and require some form of filtering to detect important signals Chemical signals are transported by turbulent currents, viscous flow, and molecular diffusion. Receptor cells extract chemical signals from the earned neurons but each neuron environment through various filtering processes. In our laboratory, fish, by many olfactory simultaneously, to of the Thus of odor marine snails, and Crustacea have been investigated for their ability to appears carry only part message. encoding information is a multicellular and different neurons use chemical signals under water. Currently, we use the lobster and its process, olfactory can different of the code. exquisite senses of smell and taste as our major model to study the carry pieces are the cellular that underlie odor transduction signal-filtering capabilities of the whole animal and its narrowly tuned We studying processes and in salamanders and in mice. chemoreceptor cells. encoding aquatic Using and our is to Research in our laboratory focuses on amino acids, which represent electrophysiological, imaging, pharmacological tools, goal learn how these most fundamental actions work, for an important food signals for the lobster, and on the function and chemistry they represent and ancient solution to a of neural of pheromones used in lobster courtship. We examine animal behavior elegant very complex problem in the sea and in the lab. This includes social interactions and function. chemotaxis. To understand the role of chemical signals in the sea we use real lobsters and untelhered small robots. Our research includes Laboratory of Arthur G. Humes measuring and computer modeling odor plumes and the water currents lobsters to receive chemical Other research generate send and signals. Research interests include systematics, development, host specificity, anatomical interests include neurophysiology of receptor cells and and geographical distribution of copepods associated with marine studies of receptor organs and pheromone glands. invertebrates. Current research is on taxonomic studies of copepods from invertebrates in the tropical Indo-Pacific area, and poecilostomatoid and copepods from deep-sea hydrothemial vents and Liibomton' of Vincent Dionne siphonostomatoid cold seeps. How does the brain learn about an odor? This simple question frames a complex problem about how information is transferred into and within Laboratory of Lex Kuufniuii the brain. Odors are powerful stimuli. They can focus the attention, elicit behaviors, and resurrect forgotten memories. These actions depend Current research projects m the laboratory deal with speciation and on the initial transduction and of odor encoding signals by olfactory extinction dynamics of haplochromine fishes in Lake Victoria. We are neurons located in the nasal Odor transduction sensory deep passages. studying the systematics. evolution, and conservation genetics of a involves a number of intracellular wherein odor receptors on processes species flock encompassing approximately 700 very recently evolved the surfaces of neurons are to ion channels in olfactory receptor coupled taxa in the dynamic and heavily impacted landscape of northern East the neuronal membrane G and other intracellular through proteins Africa. In the lab we are studying evolutionary morphology, behavior, elements. Odors activate the transduction machinery, the neuron causing and systematics of these small, brightly colored cichlid fishes. to fire a coded carrying information that the brain is able to message Another area of study is developmental and skeletal plasticity in interpret. The information encoded after just one sniff of odor is actually fishes. We are studying the diversity of bone tissue types in fishes, differential response to mineral and mechanical challenge, and matrophic versus environmental effects in the development of coral reef fishes.

We also study the biological basis for marine reserves in the New England fisheries. We are involved in collaborative research with NURC. NMFS, and others studying the relative impact on groundfish stocks of juvenile habitat destruction rtr.vii.v fishing pressure.

Luhorator\ of Phi/lip Lobe/

Fishes are the most diverse vertebrate group and provide opportunities to study many aspects of behavior, ecology and evolution. We primarily study how fish are adapted to different habitats and behavioral ecology of species interactions. Current research focuses on fish acoustic communications. We are also conducting a long-term study of (he marine biology of Year-Round Research R49

Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Johnston Atoll has been occupied The Ecosystems Center continuously by the military since the 1930s and proved a unique opportunity for assessing the biological impacts of island industrialization and its effects on reefs. Johnston Atoll is the site of the The Center carries out research and education in ecosystems ecology. Terrestrial and scientists work in a wide of US Army's chemical weapons demilitarization facility. JACADS. aquatic variety ecosystems from the lakes Ongoing projects also include fish faunal studies in the African ranging streams, and tundra of the Alaskan Arctic (limits Congo, Belize Central America, and Wake Atoll, Pacific. on plant primary production) to sediments of Massachusetts Bay (controls of nitrogen cycling), to forests in New England (effects of soil warming on carbon and nitrogen cycling), and South America (effects Laboratory of Ivan Valiela on greenhouse gas fluxes of conversion of rain forest to pasture) and to estuaries in A focus of our work is the link between land use on watersheds and large the Gulf of Maine (effects on plankton and benthos of nutrients and matter in stream such as consequences in the receiving estuarine ecosystems. The work examines organic runoff). Many projects, those with carbon and in and how landscape use and urbanization increase nutrient loading to dealing nitrogen cycling forests, streams, 15 use the stable and to natural groundwater and streams. Nutrients in groundwater are transported to estuaries, isotopes "C N investigate mass the sea, and, after biogeochemical transformation, enter coastal waters. processes. A spectrometer facility is available. Data from field and research are used to construct mathematical of whole- There, increased nutrients bring about a series of changes on the laboratory models to Some of these are with ecological components. To understand the coupling of land use and system responses change. models combined referenced data to estimates of consequences to receiving waters, we study the processes involved, geographically produce how environmental affect such as net assess ecological consequences, and define opportunities for coastal changes key ecosystem indexes, management. primary productivity and carbon storage, throughout the world's terrestrial A second long-term research topic is the structure and function of salt biosphere. The results of the Center's research are wherever to marsh ecosystems, including the processes of predation, herbivory. applied, possible, the of the successful of the natural resources of decomposition, and nutrient cycles. questions management the earth. In addition, the ecological expertise of the staff is made available to public affairs groups and governmental agencies who deal Center for Advanced Studies in the with problems such as acid rain, coastal eutrophication, and possible carbon dioxide-caused climate change. Space Life Sciences The Semester in Environmental Science was offered again in Fall 1999. Eighteen students from 14 colleges participated in the program. In 1995, the NASA Life Sciences Division and the Marine Biological There are opportunities for postdoctoral fellows. Laboratory established a cooperative agreement with the formation of the Center for Advanced Studies in the Space Life Sciences (CASSLS) Administrative at MBL. The Center's overall goals are to increase awareness of the Staff NASA Life Sciences Program within the basic science community, and Hobbie. John E., Co-Director to examine and discuss potential uses of microgravity and other aspects Melillo, Jerry M., Co-Director of spaceflight as probes to provide new insights to fundamental Foreman, Kenneth H.. Associate Director. Semester in Environmental processes of basic biology and medicine. Studies Through symposia, workshops and seminars. CASSLS advises NASA Berthel, Dorothy J.. Administrative Assistant and the biological science community on a wide variety of topics. Donovan, Suzanne J., Executive Assistant Through fellowships. CASSLS supports summer research for Moniz, Priscilla C., Administrative Assistant. Semester in Environmental investigators in areas pertinent to the aims of NASA life sciences. Studies Since the Center began its operations in July 1995, more than 300 Nunez, Guillermo, Research Administrator people have attended the seven CASSLS workshops. Typically these Seifert, Mary Ann, Administrative Assistant workshops last for two to four days and feature an international array of Scanlon, Deborah G.. Executive Assistant, LMER Coordination Office scientists and NASA/International space agency staff. In many cases, workshop chairs have a long-time association with the MBL. Workshop schedules incorporate many opportunities for interaction and discussion. Scientific Staff A major outcome for workshops is the publication of proceedings in a peer-reviewed journal. Moreover, our meetings introduce outstanding Hobbie, John E.. Senior Scientist to research to biologists questions and prominent scientists involved in Melillo, Jerry M., Senior Scientist gravitational biology and the NASA Life Sciences Program. Deegan, Linda A.. Associate Scientist The Center sponsored two workshops in 1999: Microgravity's Effects Giblin, Anne E., Associate Scientist on Biological Systems and Behavior: An Integrative Approach, chaired Herbert. Darrell A., Staff Scientist by Richard Wassersug, Dalhousie University; and Cells in Spaceflight: Holmes, Robert M.. Staff Scientist Past, Present and Future, chaired by Dihp Kondepudi, Wake Forest Hopkinson, Charles S., Senior Scientist University. The Center sponsored one Fellow during the summer of Hughes, Jeffrey E., Staff Scientist 1999: Dr. Paul McNeil of the Medical College of Georgia. Dr. McNeil Nadelhoffer. Knute J., Associate Scientist used sea urchin eggs as a model system to study the subcellular and Neill. Christopher. Assistant Scientist molecular basis of the cell's response to a temporary disruption in Peterson, Bruce J., Senior Scientist plasma membrane integrity. Rastetter, Edward B., Associate Scientist Shaver, Gaius R., Senior Scientist Steudler, Paul A., Senior Research Staff Specialist Tian, Hanqin, Staff Scientist Blazis. Diana E.J., Administrator Vallino. Joseph J.. Assistant Scientist Oldham. Pamela A., Administrative Assistant Williams, Mathew, Assistant Scientist R50 Annual Report

Roskilde Denmark Educational Staff Appointments Mondrup. Thomas. University. Roskilde. Moore. Marianne, SES Faculty Fellow, Wellesley College Bovard. Brian. Postdoctoral Research Associate Buzby. Karen. Postdoctoral Research Associate Cieri. Matthew D.. Postdoctoral Research Associate Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine Crump, Byron. Postdoctoral Research Associate Garcia-Montiel. Diana C.. Postdoctoral Research Associate Work in this laboratory centers on comparative immunopathology and Hartley, Anne E., Postdoctoral Research Associate molecular biology using marine invertebrates as experimental models. Kappel-Schmidt, Inger, Postdoctoral Research Associate Examples of current research include determining the prevalence of Nordin, Annika. Postdoctoral Research Associate leukemia in M\a arenaria (the soft shell clam) in Massachusetts. Raymond. Peter. Postdoctoral Research Associate Monoclonal antibodies developed by this laboratory are being used to Tobias, Craig R., Postdoctoral Research Associate diagnose clam leukemia, identify and characterize a tumor-specific protein, and differentiate other leukemias in bivalve molluscs. Technical Staff Development and chemically induced changes in gene expression and neuronal growth are also being studied in the surf clam. Spisula Ahrens, Toby. Research Assistant solidissima. Work in molecular biology is creating a clearer Bahr. Michele P., Research Assistant understanding of the comparative etiology and pathogenesis of tumors, Bettez, Neil D., Research Assistant particularly in environmentally impacted aquatic animals. Byun, James P., Research Assistant Carpino, Elizabeth, Research Assistant Claessens, Lodevicus H. J. M., Research Assistant Staff Colman, Ben, Research Assistant Reinisch, Carol L.. Senior Scientist Downs, Martha R.. Research Assistant Jessen-Eller, Kathryn, Postdoctoral Scientist Fox, MaryKay, Research Assistant Kreiling. Jill. Postdoctoral Scientist Garritt. Robert H., Senior Research Assistant

Holland. Keri J.. Research Assistant

Hrywna. Yarek. Research Assistant Visiting Scientists Jablonski. Sarah A., Research Assistant Stephens. Raymond, Boston University Jillson, Tracy A., Research Assistant Walker, Charles, Professor of Zoology, University of New Hampshire Kelsey, Samuel, Research Assistant Kicklighter, David W., Senior Research Assistant Klcmhenz. Andrew, Research Assistant Student Kwiatkowski, Bonnie L., Research Assistant Daniel, Tufts School of Medicine Laundre, James A., Senior Research Assistant Steiger. University Veterinary Lux. Heidi, Research Assistant Micks, Patricia, Research Assistant Cell Communication Newkirk. Kathleen M., Research Assistant Laboratory of Nolin, Amy L., Research Assistant Nowicki. Genevieve, Research Assistant Established in 1994, this laboratory is devoted to the study of Pan, Shufen, Research Assistant intercellular communication. The research focuses on the cell-to-cell Regan. Kathleen M., Research Assistant channel, a membrane channel built into the junctions between cells. This Ricca, Andrea, Research Assistant channel provides one of the most basic forms of intercellular Schwamb. Carol, Research Assistant communication in organs and tissues. The work is aimed at the Slavik, Karie A., Research Assistant molecular physiology of this channel, in particular, at the mechanisms Thieler, Kama K., Research Assistant that regulate the communication. The channel is the conduit of growth-

Tholke, Kristin S., Research Assistant regulating signals. It is instrumental in a basic feedback loop whereby Thomas, Suzanne M.. Research Assistant cells in organs and tissues control their number; in a variety of cancer Tucker, Jane, Senior Research Assistant forms it is crippled. Vasiliou, David S., Research Assistant This laboratory has shown that transformed cells lacking Weston, Nathaniel B., Research Assistant communication channels lost the characteristics of cancer cells, such as Wollheim. Wilfred M., Research Assistant unregulated growth and Himorigenicity, when their communication was Wright, Amos, Research Assistant restored by insertion of a gene that codes for the channel protein. Work Wyda, Jason C. Research Assistant is now in progress to track the channel protein within the cells from its point of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum. to its functional destination in the membrane, the cell-to-cell junction, by Consultants plasma expressing a fluorescent variant of the channel protein in the cells. Bowles, Francis P., Research Systems Consultant Knowledge about the cellular regulation of this process will aid our Bowles, Margaret C., Administrative Consultant understanding of what goes awry when a cell loses the ability to torm cell-to-cell channels and thus to communicate with its neighbors, thereby taking the path towards becoming cancerous. Visiting Scientists and Scholars Another line of work is taking the first steps at applying information Banta, Gary. Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark theory to the biology of cell communications. Here, the intercellular Duncan, Thomas, Nichols College information spoor is tracked to its source: the macromolecular Fleischer. Dirk. Friedrich-Alexander Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg. intracellular information core. The outlines of a coherent information Germany network inside and between the cells are beginning to emerge. Year-Round Research R51

Staff primary laboratory is the synthesis and function of y-carboxyglutamic acid in blood clotting proteins and the role of vitamin K. Loewenstein, Werner, Senior Scientist Cone snails are obtained from the South Pacific and maintained in the Rose, Birgit, Senior Scientist Marine Resources Center. Until recently, the marine cone snail had been Jillson, Tracy, Research Assistant the sole invertebrate known to synthesize y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). The venomous cone snail produces neurotoxic conopeptides. some rich

in Gla, which it injects into its prey to immobilize it. To examine the Paul Colinvaux Laboratory of biosynthetic pathway for Gla, we have studied the Conns carboxylase

which converts glutamic acid to y-carboxyglutamic acid. This activity has an absolute for vitamin K. The Conus The research of this laboratory reconstructs Pleistocene climatic and requirement carboxylase substrates contain environmental histories of the continents from the sediments of ancient a carboxylation recognition site on the conotoxin Given the functional of mammalian vitamin In- lakes, particularly in the Amazon basin. The team has raised sediment precursor. similarity and (he vitamin from cores from lakes in the lowland Amazon forests that span the last dependent carboxylases K-dependent carboxylase Conus textile, we that conserved would 30,000 years, including records of the last glacial maximum (LGM). hypothesized structurally regions critical to this common Furthermore, Several of these sites were extremely remote. We use pollen analysis to identify sequences functionality. we examined the of animal that maintain vitamin K- reconstruct the history of vegetation around the lakes, an undertaking diversity species to acid. We have that required us to produce a pollen taxonomy for the diverse Amazon dependent carboxylation generate y-carboxyglutamic cloned in full or form from the forests (published this year as an Amazon Pollen Manual and Alias). carboxylase homologs length partial whale leucas), toadfish chicken The research has shown that the lowland Amazon forests persisted beluga (Delphinapterus (Opsanus tau), (Callus horseshoe crab (Limulus through glacial cycles, with some reassortment of species as temperature gallus), hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), and cone snail (Conns in order to these fluctuated from the LGM to the present. These data are useful for the polyphemus) textile} compare structures to the known bovine, human, rat and mouse cDNA calibration of global climate models and in understanding how the great sequences. of the amino acid identified a diversity of the Amazon biota is maintained. Because of the variety of Comparison predicted sequences highly conserved 32-amino acid residue in all of these analytical techniques other than pollen analysis used, we organize the region putative In addition, this amino acid motif is also in the research in collaboration with specialized laboratories at other carboxylases. present and identified a of the institutions. Although our research is now concentrated in the Drosophila genome Drosophila homolog y- of liver and demonstrated Neotropics we also have a continued interest in the paleoecology of the carboxylase. Assay hagfish Drosophila in arctic, with sites in Alaska and Russia. carboxylase activity these non-vertebrates. These results demonstrate the broad distribution of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase gene, including a highly conserved motif that is likely critical for enzyme Staff function. The vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of -y-carboxyglutamic acid appears to be a highly conserved function in the animal kingdom. Colinvaux, Paul, Adjunct Scientist Novel y-carboxyglutamic acid-containing conopeptides have been isolated from the venom of Conus textile. The amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, and molecular weights of these peptides have Laboratory of Ayse Dosemeci been determined. For several peptides, the cDNA encoding the precursor conotoxin has been cloned. The three-dimensional structure of some of

The laboratory investigates molecular processes that underlie synaptic these Gla-containing conopeptides as well as conantokin G have been modification. The current project is aimed at clarifying how the determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy. Complete resonance assignments activation a frequency of at synapse can determine whether the synapse were made from 2D 'H NMR spectra via identification of intraresidue will be potentiated (strengthened) or depressed (weakened) through the spin systems using 'H-'H through-bond connectivities. NOESY spectra of an called CaM kinase II. d d participation enzyme Self-regulatory provided aN , NN and dpN NOE connectivities and vicinal spin-spin 3 of this are to that it can to constants J were used to calculate torsion properties enzyme investigated prove respond coupling HNa <$> angles. the temporal pattern of calcium, the intracellular signal generated upon Structure generation based on interproton distance restraints and torsion synaptic activation. Related projects in collaboration with Dr. Thomas angle measurements yield convergent structures generated using distance Reese (NIH, NINDS) involve tracing changes in the distribution of geometry and simulated annealing methods. The goal of this project is CaMKII in cultured hippocampal neurons in response to sustained to determine the structural role of y-carboxyglutamic acid in the Gla- glutamate receptor activation and investigating the structural plasticity of containing conotoxins and other y-carboxyglutamic acid-containing the postsynaptic density under these conditions. proteins.

Staff Staff

Dosemeci, Ayse, Adjunct Scientist Furie. Barbara C. Adjunct Scientist Furie. Bruce, Adjunct Scientist Stenflo, Johan, Visiting Scientist Laboratory of Barbara Furie and Bruce Furie Czerwiec, Eva, Postdoctoral Fellow Begley. Gail. Scientist I Rigby, Alan. Adjunct Scientist y-Carboxyglutamic acid is a calcium-binding amino acid that is found in the conopeptides of the predatory marine cone snail, Conus. This has been the of this amino in laboratory investigating biosynthesis acid Hanlon Conus and the structural role of y-carboxyglutamic acid in the Laboratory of Roger conopeptides. This satellite laboratory relates closely to the main laboratory, the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, on the This laboratory investigates the behavior and neurobiology of Harvard Medical School campus in Boston; the main focus of the cephalopods. Studies of various learning capabilities are currently being R52 Annual Report conducted, as are studies on reproductive strategies that include includes mariculture of the nudibranch, Hennissenda crassicomis. with agonistic behavior, female mate choice, and sperm competition. The emphasis on developing reliable culture methods for rearing and latter studies involve DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity and help maintaining the animal as a research resource. The process of assess alternative mating tactics. Currently we are studying sensory metamorphic induction by natural and artificial inducers is being mechanisms and functions of polarization vision in cephalopods. explored in an effort to understand the processes involved and as a Complementary field studies are conducted locally and on coral reefs. means to increase the yield of cultured animals. Morphologic studies The functional morphology and neurobiology of the chromatophore stress the ontogeny of neural and sensory structures associated with the system of cephalopods are also studied on a variety of cephalopod photic and vcstibular systems which have been the focus of learning and species, and image analysis techniques are being developed to study memory studies, as well as the spatial and temporal occurrence of crypsis and the mechanisms that enable cryptic body patterns to be regulatory and transmitter neurochemicals. Concurrent studies detailing neurally regulated by visual input. the toxic effects of lead on Hennis.iendti learning and memory, feeding, and the physiology of cultured neurons are also being conducted. New 2+ studies include cytochemical investigations of the Ca /GTP binding Staff protein, calexcitin, and its modulation with learning and lead exposure. Hanlon, Roger, Senior Scientist Collaborative research includes histochemical investigations on Buresch, Kendra, Research Assistant strontium's role in initiating calcification in molluscan embryos (shell Maxwell. Michael. Postdoctoral Scientist and statoliths). immunocytochemical labelling of cell-surface antigens, Rummel, John, Visiting Scientist neurosecretory products, second messenger proteins involved with Shashar, Nadav, Postdoctoral Scientist learning and memory, as well as intracellular transport organelles using SusMnan. Raquel. Investigator mono- and polyclonal antibodies on squid (Loligo pealei) giant axons and Herniixxcndu sensory and neurosecretory neurons. Additional collaborations involve studying neuronal development of myelin, Visiting Investigators myelination defects, as well as nerve regeneration and repair in Adamo, Shelley. Dalhousie University phylogenetically conserved nervous systems. Baker, Robert, New York University Additional collaborative research includes DNA fingerprinting using Benjamins, Steven. Graduate Student, University of Groningen RAPD-PCR techniques in preparation for isogenic strain development of Boal, Jean, Adjunct Scientist laboratory-reared Hermissenda and hatchery produced bay scallops Cavanaugh. Joseph. Graduate Student. Boston University Marine (Argopectin irradians) with distinct phenotypic markers for the rapid Program field identification and stock assessments. Recently obtained funding Fern. Sophie, Graduate Student. Boston University Marine Program will expand this research to perform population genetic analyses of Hatfield, Emma. Postdoctoral Fellow currently designated yellowtail flounder (Limanda f'erruginea) stocks Kier. William, University of North Carolina occurring in the Northeast Fisheries Region. King, Alison. Graduate Student. Dalhousie University Systematic and taxonomic studies of nudibranch molluscs, to include Milbury, Coren, Research Assistant molecular phylogenetics, are also of interest. Ring. Sabine, Graduate Student, University of Frankfurt Saidel, William, Rutgers University Spotte, Stephen, University of Connecticut Scientific Stuff

Ku/inan. Alan M.. Associate Scientist Laboratory of Shinya Inoue

Scientists in this laboratory study the molecular mechanism and Visiting Investigators control of mitosis, cell division, cell motility, and cell morphogenesis, with emphasis on biophysical studies made directly on single living Chikarmane. Hemant, Investigator cells, especially developing eggs in marine invertebrates. Development Clay, John R., NINDS/N1H of biophysical instrumentation and methodology, such as the centrifuge Gould. Robert, NYS Institute of Basic Research polarizing microscope, high-extinction polarization optical and video microscopy, digital image processing techniques including dynamic stereoscopic imaging, and exploration of their underlying optical theory are an integral part of the laboratory's efforts. Laboratory of Rudolf Oldenbourg

Staff The laboratory investigates the molecular architecture of living cells Inoue, Shinya, Distinguished Scientist and of biological model systems using optical methods for imaging and Coda, Makoto. Visiting Scientist manipulating these structures. For imaging cell architecture non- Baraby, Diane. Laboratory Assistant invasively and non-destructively, dynamically and at high resolution, we Knudson, Robert. Instrument Development Engineer have developed a new polarized light microscope (Pol-Scope). The Pol- MacNcil, Jane, Executive Assistant Scope combines microscope optics with new electro-optical components,

video, and digital image processing for fast analysis of specimen birefringence over the entire viewing field. Examples of biological Alan M. Kuzirian Laboratory of systems currently investigated with the Pol-Scope are microtubule-based structures (asters, mitotic spindles, single microtubules); actin-based Research in the laboratory explores the functional morphology and structures (acrosomal process, stress fibers, nerve growth cones); zona ultrastructurc of various organ systems in molluscs. The program pellucida of vertebrate oocytes; and biopolymer liquid crystals. Year-Round Research R53

various forms of bioluminescent and chemiluminesccnt Staff improved probes are designed and produced for the measurements of intracellular free Rudolf, Associate Scientist Oldenbourg, calcium and superoxide anion. Knudson, Robert, Instrument Development Engineer Baraby. Diane, Laboratory Assistant Staff

Shimomura, Osamu, Senior Scientist, MBL, and Boston University Laboratory of Michael Rabinowitz School of Medicine Shimomura, Akemi. Research Assistant

This laboratory investigates environmental geochemistry and epidemiology. Areas of recent activity include modeling lead a B. Silver bioavailability, writing a history of lead biokinetic models, performing Laboratory of Robert case control survey of tea drinking and oral cancer in Taiwan, the and fate of various sources of residential lead quantifying transport The members of this laboratory study how living cells make and on several boards of research exposure, serving advisory Superfund decisions. The focus of the research, typically using marine models, is in Boston and New York. Current focuses on projects activity on two main areas: the role of calcium in the regulation of mitotic cell lead characterizing paints and pigments. division (sea urchins, sand dollars, etc.) and structure and function

relationships of hair cell stereociliary movements in vestibular toadfish). Other related areas of study, i.e. synaptic Staff physiology (oyster, transmission (squid), are also, at times, pursued. Tools include video Associate Scientist Rabinowitz, Michael, light microscopy, multispectral, subwavelength, and very high speed (sub-millisecond frame rate) photon counting video light microscopy, telemanipulation of living cells and tissues, and modeling of decision Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Brown processes. A cornerstone of the laboratory's analytical efforts is high and of video University and Women and Infants Hospital, performance computational processing analysis light images and modeling. With luminescent, fluorescent, and Providence microscopy absorptive probes, both empirical observation and computational modeling of cellular, biochemical, and biophysical processes permit of intracellular Work in this laboratory centers on investigating cellular mechanisms interpretation and mapping of space-time patterns in cells. A of I'M underlying female infertility. Particular emphasis is placed on the chemical reactions and calcium signaling living variety are used. In physiology of the oocyte and early embryo, with the aim of assessing vitro biochemical, biophysical, and immunological methods the staff and developmental potential and mitochondria dysfunction arising from addition to fundamental biological studies, designs video mtDNA deletions. The studies taking place at the MBL branch of the fabricates optical hardware, and designs software for large image Brown Laboratory use some of the unique instrumentation available data processing, analysis, and modeling. through the resident programs directed by Rudolf Oldenbourg and Peter J.S. Smith. Most particularly, non-invasive methods for oocyte and Staff embryo study are being sought. Of several specific aims, one is to use the Pol-Scope to analyze the dynamic birefringence of meiotic spindles. Silver, Robert. Associate Scientist An additional aim is to study transmembrane ion transport using non- invasive electro-physiological techniques available at the BioCurrents Visiting Investigators Research Center. The newly developed oxygen probe offers the

possibility of looking directly at abnormalities in the mitochondria Crawford, Karen. St. Mary's College arising from accumulated mtDNA damage. Our laboratory has also Hummel. John, Argonne National Laboratory focused on studying the mechanism underlying age-associated infertility Pearson, John, Los Alamos National Laboratory in terms of oocyte quality and has attempted to rescue developmentally compromised oocytes or embryos through nuclear-cytoplasmic transfer Intern technology. We have characterized oxidative stress-induced mitochondria! dysfunctions, developmental arrest and cell death in early Deming, Nicole A., REU Intern, St. Mary's College embryos using animal models. Ultimately, this laboratory aims to produce clinical methods for assessing preimplantation embryo viability, an advance that will significantly contribute to the health of women and Laboratory of Norman Wainwright children.

The mission of the laboratory is to understand the molecular defense marine invertebrates in to invasion Staff mechanisms exhibited by response by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The primitive immune systems Keefe, David, Director demonstrate unique and powerful strategies for survival in diverse Research Scientist Liu, Lin, marine environments. The key model has been the horseshoe crab Trimarchi, James, Staff Scientist LJmulus [>ol\phenn/s. Limulus hemocytes exhibit a very sensitive LPS- triggered protease cascade which results in blood coagulation. Several proteins found in the hemocyte and hemolymph display microbial Osamu Shimomura or Laboratory of binding proteins that contribute to antimicrobial defense. Commensal symbiotic microorganisms may also augment the antimicrobial Biochemical mechanisms involved in the biolurrunescence of various mechanisms of macroscopic marine species. Secondary metabolites are isolated diverse marine microbial strains in an to luminescent organisms are investigated. Based on the results obtained. being from attempt R54 Annual Report

understand their role. Microhial participation in oxidation of the toxic Service and education also play an important and complementary role in

gas hydrogen sulfide is also being studied. the modern, 32,000-square-foot facility. The MRC and its life support systems have already increased the ability of MBL scientists to conduct research and have inspired new Staff concepts in scientific experiments. Vigorous research programs focusing Wainwright, Norman, Senior Scientist on basic biological and biomedical aquatic models are currently being Child, Alice, Research Assistant developed at the Center. The Program in Scientific Aquaculture was initiated in 1998.

In addition to research, the MRC provides a variety of services to the Visiting Investigator MBL community through its Aquatic Resources Division, the Water Anderson, Porter. University of Rochester Quality and System Engineering Division, and the Administrative Division.

Research and educational opportunities are available at the facility to Laboratory of Seymour Zigman established investigators, postdoctoral fellows, graduate, and undergraduate students. Investigators and students will find that the MRC's life and seawater make this This laboratory is investigating basic mechanisms of photooxidative unique support engineering systems a favorable environment in which to conduct research and stress to the ocular lens due to environmentally compatible UVA independent masters and doctoral theses a of and radiation. This type of oxidative stress contributes to human cataract using variety aquatic organisms formation. Other studies are the search for and use of chemical flexible tank space for customized experimentation on live animals. and students should the of antioxidants to retard the damage that occurs. Cultured mammalian lens Prospective investigators contact Director the MRC for further information. epithelial cells and whole lenses in vitro are exposed to environmentally compatible UVA radiation with or without previous antioxidant feeding. The following parameters of lens damage are examined: molecular Staff excitation to singlet states via NADPH (the absorber); cell growth inhibition and cell death; catalase inactivation; cytoskeletal description Hanlon, Roger, Director and Senior Scientist

(of actin, tubulin. integrins); and cell membrane damage (lipid oxidation, Buresch, Kendra, Research Assistant loss of gap junction integrity and intercellular chemical Kuzirian, Alan, Associate Scientist communications). Thus far, the most successful antioxidant to reduce Maxwell, Michael, Postdoctoral Scientist tea these deficiencies is alpha-tocopherol ( 10 fig/ml) and polyphenols Santore, Gabrielle. Executive Assistant (especially from green tea). The preliminary phases of the research are Shashar, Nadav, Postdoctoral Scientist usually carried out using marine animal eyes (i.e., smooth dogfish) as Smolowitz, Roxanna, MBL Veterinarian models. Our goal is to provide information that will suggest means to Sussman, Raquel, Investigator retard human cataract formation.

Visiting Investigators Staff Adamo, Shelley. Dalhousie University Director, Professor of Seymour Zigman, Laboratory Ophthalmology, Baker, Robert, New York University Boston Medical School University Benjamins, Steven, Graduate Student. University of Groningen Keen Research Boston Medical School Rafferty, Associate, University Boal, Jean, Adjunct Scientist S. Research Associate, Boston Nancy Rafferty, University Cavanaugh, Joseph. Graduate Student. Boston University Marine Medical School Program Bunnie R. Boston Zigman, Laboratory Manager. University Fern, Sophie, Graduate Student, Boston University Marine Program Medical School Gilland. Edwin, Staff Scientist Hatfield, Emma, Postdoctoral Fellow

Kier, William, University of North Carolina The Marine Resources Center King, Alison. Graduate Student. Dalhousie University Milbury. Coren. Research Assistant The Marine Resources Center (MRC) is one of the world's most Ring, Sabine, Graduate Student, University of Frankfurt advanced facilities for maintaining and culturmg aquatic organisms Saidel. William. Rutgers University essential to advanced biological, biomedical, and ecological research. Spotte. Stephen, University of Connecticut Honors

Friday Evening Lectures

June 18 Barbara and Bruce Furie, Harvard Medical School

"Of Molluscs and Men: Vitamin K-dependent Synthesis of Gla, a Novel Amino Acid" June 25 Roderick MacKinnon. Rockefeller University "Potassium Channels"

July 2 Nancy Kanwisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Functional Specialization in Human Visual Cortex: Faces and Places" July 9 Judith Kimble. University of Wisconsin. Madison "Regulation of Development of C. elegans Lessons from the Gonad" (Classman Lecture) July 16 Eric Chivian, Harvard Medical School "The Value of Plants, Animals, and Microbes to Human Health"

July 22, 23 Marianne Bronner-Fraser and Scott E. Fraser, California Institute of Technology 1. "Formation of the Neural Crest" 2. "Working with the Wiring of the Developing Brain" (Forbes Lectures) July 30 Dr. Bernd U. Budelmann. Marine Biomedical Institute. University of Texas "The Sensory World of Cephalopods" (Lang Lecture) August 6 Dr. Gerald Fischbach, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke "Neuroscience at the New Millennium"

August 13 Dr. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Stanford University School of Medicine "Crucial Times in Human Evolution"

Fellowships and Scholarships

In 1999. the MBL swarded research fellowships to 20 scientists from around the world. These fellows' research topics ranged from a study of how calcium enters heart and nen'e cells when a cell is stimulated to research on how the skate senses small electric potentials in surrounding seawater to locate prey. The MBL awarded scholarships to 65 students in the MBL's summer courses as well as 1 1 post course research awards.

In 1999, donors provided gifts for endowed and expendable funds amounting to $103.309 in support of the research fellowships program and an additional $233,884 to provide scholarships to students im MBL courses. The individuals who received fellowships and scholarships are listed beginning on p. R56.

Robert Day Allen Fellowship Fund Bernard Davis Fellowship Fund Fred Karush Endowed Library

Mrs. Elizabeth M. Davis Readership Drs. Joseph and Jean Sanger Dr. and Mrs. Laszlo Lorand Fries Fellowship Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Silverstein American Society for Cell Biology Trust of Anna B. Fries Scholarships S. O. Mast Founders Endowed Aline D. Gross Fund Scholarship Fund American Society for Cell Biology Scholarship

Dr. and Mrs. Paul R. Gross Dr. and Mrs. John B. Buck

Technic, Inc. Mrs. Louise M. Specht Frederick B. Bang Fellowship Fund Keffer Hartline Fellowship Fund Mrs. Betsy G. Bang James A. And Faith Miller Dr. Max Snodderly Fellowship Fund

Jean and Katsuma Dan Drs. David and Virginia Miller Fellowship E. E. Just Research Fellowship Fund Fund Frank Morrell Scholarship Fund Drs. Joseph and Jean Sanger Ayco Charitable Foundation Mrs. Eleanor Steinbach William Townsend Porter Foundation Dr. Leyla de Toledo-Morrell

R55 R56 Annual Report

Emily Hartshorne Mudd Phillip H. Presley Scholarship Selman A. Waksman Endowed Scholarship Fund Fund Scholarship in Microbial Diversity

World Academy of Art and Science Carl Zeiss, Inc. Foundation for Microbiology

Mountain Memorial Fund William Townsend Porter Fund for Minority Walter L. Wilson Endowed Dr. and Mrs. Dean C. Allard, Jr. Scholarship Students Dr. and Mrs. R. Walter Schlesinger Scholarship

William Townsend Porter Foundation Dr. Paul N. Chervin Neural Systems & Behavior Mrs. Rigaumont Fund Scholarship The Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. Wilson

Dr. and Mrs. Alan Gelperin Fellowship Fund Josephine Bay Paul and C. Michael Paul Drs. Joseph and Jean Sanger Foundation Young Scholars/Fellows Program The Sprague Foundation Drs. Harold Zakon and Lynne McAnelly Mr. and Mrs. David Bakalar H. B. Steinbach Fellowship Fund Mrs. LeRoy Clark Nikon Fellowship Fund Mrs. George H. A. Clowes Mrs. Eleanor Steinhach Nikon, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Daniel D. Federman Dr. and Mrs. Harold S. Ginsberg Horace W. Stunkard Dr. and Mrs. Robert Haselkorn The Ann Osterhout Scholarship Fund Mr. and Mrs. Gary G. Hayward Edison/Theodore Miller Edison and Dr. and Mrs. John E. Hobbie

Olga Osterhout Sears/Harold Dr. Albert Stunkard and Dr. Margaret Maurin Dr. and Mrs. Edward F. MacNichol, Jr. Bright Sears Endowed Scholarship Mr. and Mrs. William J. Pechilis Mrs. Atholie K. Rosett Fund Eva Szent-Gyorgyi Scholarship Fund Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Spiegel Ms. Nancy Miller Arnn Dr. and Mrs. Laszlo Lorand Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Alan K. Karplus Dr. Andrew Szent-Gyorgyi and Ms. Ursula Rowan Drs. Jonathan and Beatrice Wittenberg

Fellowships Awarded

2+ MBL Summer Research Fellows Specifically, he studies receptors that mediate Ca release from intracellular stores and the second messenger pathways involved in Pavel Balaban, Ph.D.. is a Professor at the Institute of Higher signal transduction. Dr. DePass was a Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Research Fellow. Sciences in Moscow. He is interested in the mechanism of post- Ana S. DePina is a graduate student at Dartmouth College. Her synaptic activation potentials in connection with synaptic plasticity, research project this summer was titled "Actin-based movement in clam using the terrestrial mollusc. Helix, as a model organism. Dr. Balaban oocyte extracts." She studies vesicle transport on actin filaments in studies the putative command neurons, a group of serotonin-containing clam oocyte extracts. She wants to determine the types of inyosins that cells, which modulate withdrawal behavior and the activity of neurons function as molecular motors for vesicle transport. Ms. DePina was underlying this behavior. Spikes in these neurons do not elicit behavior, sponsored by the Mi/ton L. Shifman Endowed Scholarship and the yet behavioral responses evoked by noxious stimuli are changed. Dr. William Townsend Porter Fellowship. Balaban was funded by the Herbert W. Rand Fellowship. Inigo Novales Flamarique, Ph.D., is a post-doctoral fellow in Richard Cardullo, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the the Department of Biology at the University of Victoria, British Department of Biology at the University of California, Riverside. His Columbia. His summer's research project was "Optical recordings of research project was titled: "Microscopic evaluation and functional UV sensitivity in the optic tectum of rainbow trout using voltage analysis of the egg extracellular matrix." Dr. Cardullo is interested in sensitive dyes." His research focuses on the chromatic organization of the molecular determinants in fertilization. He uses advanced imaging neural pathways in the visual systems of vertebrates. The ultraviolet technologies along with biochemical and biophysical methodologies to sensitive cones in the retinas of some fishes disappear and are determine both the molecules involved in fertilization and the precise reincorporated in the photoreceptor layer at specific stages during the sequence of molecular events ultimately leading to the fusion of animal's life. As such, the ultraviolet neural pathway is a good model mammalian sperm and egg. Dr. Cardullo was supported by the Lucy B. to study the cellular mechanisms behind cell apoptosis and Lemann Fellowship Fund, the Robert Day Allen Fellowship, the regeneration. Dr. Novales Flamanque was funded by the Stephen W. Charles R. Crane Fellowship, the John O. Crane Fellowship, and an Huffier Fellowship. MBL Research Fellowship. Elizabeth A. Jonas, MD. is in the Department of Pharmacology Anthony DePass. Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the at the Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven. Connecticut. Biology Department at Lung Island University in Brooklyn. NY. His Her research project was titled "Activation of conductances on research focuses on how caiaurr enters heart and nerve cells when a intracellular organelles during synaptic transmission." She is interested cell is stimulated. He uses Lytechus pictus, Arbacia puncntlata (sea in measuring ionic currents on membranes of mitochondria during urchins), and Raja arinacius (skate) as biomedical models in this work. neurotransmission in squid. She has found that, in addition to their role Honors R57

in calcium management in cells, mitochondria! ion channels maintain large plasma membrane disruptions. He uses the sea urchin egg as a electrochemical gradients that are essential to mitochondria! function as model system to define the mechanistic basis of this fundamental cell

well as the regulation of the transport of peptides and metabolites survival response. Specifically, he investigates the calcium flows that between the cytosol and the inner mitochondria! matrix. Dr. Jonas was regulate the fusion of intracellular vesicles that, in turn, fuse with the supported by the Frank R. Li/lie Fellowship Fund. plasma membrane to reseal the disruption. Dr. McNeil was sponsored * Samantha Joye, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the by the NASA Life Science Program Fellowship and the Baxter Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Georgia in Athens. Postdoctoral Fellowship.

Her research project was titled "Denitritication of coastal marshes; David Ogden. Ph.D.. is a Principal Investigator at the National relationship to nitrogen loading." Dr. Joye's research focuses on Institute for Medical Research in London. His research project was biogeochemical cycling in coastal environments and on understanding titled "Central electrosensory processing in the skate." This summer he how humans impact coastal ecosystems. She examines how nitrogen studied how the skate senses small electric potentials in surrounding and phosphorus cycles are altered by human activities, with a focus on seawater to locate prey. Specifically, he investigated the area of developing critical new tools for evaluating how pristine environments electroreceptors in the skin of the skate that generate sensory might be affected by nitrogen loading. Dr. Joye was supported by the information that is relayed to the dorsal nucleus of the brain stem. The Lucy B. Lemann Fellowship, an MBL Associates Fellowship, and an dorsal nucleus shows organization and structural features similar to the

MBL Research Fellowship. cerebellum and it is likely that mechanisms of plasticity will prove to * Eileen M. Lafer, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at the Institute of be similar to mammalian cerebellar learning mechanisms. Dr. Ogden Biotechnology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San was an M.G.F. Fuones Memorial Fellow and an H.B. Steinbach Antonio. At the MBL she studied the molecular mechanisms thai Fellow.

regulate neurotransmission. Her research focuses on the biochemical Oladele A. Ogunseitan. Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the studies of various peptides. specifically the significance of the clathrin Department of Environmental Analysis and Design at the University of pathway at the squid giant synapse in an effort to understand California, Irvine. Dr. Ogunseitan studies bacterial populations in neurotransmission in synaptic vesicles. Dr. Lafer was funded by the aquatic systems because they are highly sensitive indicators of the Ann E. Kammer Memorial Fellowship, the Frederick B. Bang phyiological consequences of toxic compounds, including trace metals. Fellowship, the Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Fellowship, and an MBL Molecular analyses of these natural microbial communities provide Research Fellowship. valuable ecotoxicological information, especially when coastal habitats * Jennifer LaVail. Ph.D.. is a Professor of Anatomy/Ophthalmology have been affected by human habitation resulting in dynamic shifts in at the University of California, San Francisco. She investigated the chemical speciation and concentration fluxes. Dr. Ogunseitan was genetic and molecular regulation of Herpes simplex virus transport supported by the Jositili Mac\. Jr. Foundation Research Fund. using GFP-labeled virus injected into squid axons. This movement was David Paydarfar. Ph.D.. is Associate Professor at the monitored by confocal microscopy. It is hypothesized that studying the Department of Neurobiology at the University of Massachusetts

virus transport mechanisms will shed light on transport in other classes medical School in Worcester. The title of his research project was "Can 1 of neurotropic viruses, and on organelle trafficking in general. Dr. noise regulate oscillatory state' In ni/mero and in vitro analysis of

LaVail was funded by the Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Fellowship and squid axon membrane." He studies how electrical nerve activity is the Frederick B. Bang Fellowship. controlled and has found that a variety of neural oscillators can exhibit * Jeff Magee, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Department abrupt and lasting transformation of activity from an oscillatory to an of Neuroscience at the Louisiana State University in New Orleans. arrhythmic state. Dr. Paydarfar was funded by the M.G.F. Fuones 2+ Louisiana. His research project was titled "Mechanisms of Ca entry Memorial Fellowship Fund and the H. Keller Hanline Fellowship. into neurons." He uses optical imaging to study varying concentrations Edward Salmon, Ph.D., is Professor in the Department of of calcium ions in hippocampal neurons. Changes in the strength of Biology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. synaptic connections are thought to form the basis of memory because Salmon and members of the Cell Division Group investigated the they ultimately lead to changes in the firing patterns of neurons. Dr. protein assemblies that achieve accurate chromosome segregation in Magee was supported by an MBL Associates Fellowship. cell division using sand dollars and frogs as model systems. Using * Guy Major. Ph.D.. is a Research Fellow at Lucent advanced imaging technology. Dr. Salmon and his colleagues Technologies/Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ. His research project was studied mechanisms of chromosome segregation during meiosis and titled "Voltage-sensitive dye recordings from cortical neurons." He mitosis, pronuclear movement during fertilization, and cytokinesis at studies how single neurons function by means of voltage-sensitive dyes cell division. They were especially interested in developing and imaging. He has been successful in measuring the spread of the experimental approaches to directly measure the magnitude and action potential through the axodendntic tree of the injected cell. Dr. direction of forces associated with microtubule flux in mitosis in Major was an MBL Associates Fellow. living cells. Dr. Salmon and the Cell Division Group were * Antonio Malgoroii. Ph.D.. is a Professor in the Neurobiology sponsored by the Nikon Fellowship. of Learning Unit in the Department of Biological and Technological Edgar T. Walters, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of

Research at the Scientific Institute of San Raffaele in Milan, Italy. Dr. Integrative Biology at the University of Texas in Houston, Texas. His Malgoroii studies the cellular and molecular events that form the basis research project was titled "Network representation of nociceptive of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, especially as it relates to memory in Aplysia." He studies the primitive neural mechanisms learning and memory. He investigates changes in calcium concentration underlying central memory of peripheral injury, using simple molluscan in the postsynaptic neuron as a function of long-term potentiation preparations. He uses optical recording with voltage-sensitive dyes to (LTP). Dr. Malgaroli is pursuing research on the nature of pre- compare spike activity in the neurons in the abdominal ganglion of synaptically silent synapses that are recruited into active Apl\sia californica before, during, and afer intense noxious stimulation neurotransmission during LTP. Dr. Malgoroii was supported by the of the siphon. Dr. Walters was funded by the James A. and Faith Herbert W. Rand Fellowship. Miller Fellowship Fund. * Paul McNeil, Ph.D.. is a Professor in the Department of Ebenezer Yamoah, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor in the Department Cellular Biology and Anatomy at the Medical College of Georgia in of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the University of Cincinnati College of Augusta. Dr. McNeil studies resealing mechanisms used in the repair of Medicine in Cincinnati. Ohio. Dr. Yamoah's research focuses on R58 Annual Report

characterizing the role of the plasma membrane calcium pump in hair cell calcium homeostasis. This work is important because the perception of

sound and the ability to balance in relation to head position depend on the proper function of hair cells in the inner ear. A better understanding of the

functional determinants of hair-cell sensitivity will provide rational

strategies for treating hearing and vestibular disorders. Dr. Yamoah was a Josiah Macy. Jr. Foundation Research Fellow.

Grass Fellows

Matthew L. Beckman. Ph.D., University of Alabama at Birmingham. Project: "Analysis of lobster serotonin transporter expression and function in Homarus americanua." Mathew Brock, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University. Project: "Block of squid axon Ik by S-nitrosidithiothreitol."

Marco Crespie, Scientific Institute S. Raffaele, Italy. Project: "Expression of LTP at CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses: A dendritic- synaptic model to reveal contributions from recruitment of silent synapses and address spread of changes." Beeman, Perry, The Des Moines Register Frederic Doussau, Ph.D.. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Burns, Michael K., The Baltimore Sun Cellulaire, France. Project: "Control of synaptic vesicle traffic by the Cohen, Nancy, Freelance reporter action cytoskeleton." Cuthbert, Lori, Discovery Channel Online Yi Han, Ph.D.. Baylor College of Medicine. Project: "Electrophysiology Eckelbecker, Lisa, Worcester & Ga-ette studies of zebrafish retinal mutants with an abnormal b-wave." Telegram Erickson, James, Ari-ona Daily Star Barbara Innocenti, Ph.D., Iowa State University. Project: Grossman. Daniel, NPR's Living on Earth "Imaging of calcium-dependent glutamate release from Miiller cells." Hogue, Cheryl, Bureau of National Affairs. Inc. Peter Koulen, Ph.D., Yale University School of Medicine. Lesser, Carolyn. Author of children's books Project: "Differential localization of ryanodine receptor and inositol Miller, John, Freelance medical and science reporter/producer 1 ,4,5-trisphospate receptor isofornis in neurons and its relationship to Moran, Barbara. Freelance science writer/producer the regulations of intracellular calcium. Parks. Noreen, Freelance science writer Seth J. Ramus, Ph.D., Boston University. Project: "Learning in Pennybucker. Mindy, The Green Guide the Eocene ocean: The first systemic examination of learning and Potera, Carol. Freelance writer/editor memory in the Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius)." Rogerio, Graciela. WABC-TV Eyewitness News ' Miduturu Srinivas, Ph.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Schueller. Gretel, Audubon magazine Project: "Biophysical characterization of gap junction channels in Witze. Alexandra. The Dallas News marine invertebrates." Morning

Ayako Yamaguchi, Ph.D.. Columbia University. Project: "Neuronal coding of sexually differentiated behavior by motoneurons." Karen Zito. Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Project: Program Directors '7;i vitrn analysis of Drosophila neuromuscular development" and "Role of the Fascilin in function." adhesion molecule, II, synaptic Goldman. Robert D.. Northwestern University Michal Zochowski. Yale School of Medicine. Ph.D., University Rensberger. Boyce. Knight Science Journalism Program Project: "Investigating physiological, functional and dynamical properties of synchronous oscillatory signal in turtle olfactory system using optical techniques." Hands-On Laboratory Course Directors

MBL Science Writing Fellowships Program Chisholm. Rex, Director. Northwestern University (Biomedical) Hobbie, John E., Co-Director. Marine Biological Laboratory Fellows (Environment) Mclillo, Jerry, Co-Director, Marine Biological Laboratory Ballingrud, David, St. Petersburg Times (Environment) Bates, Todd, Asburv Park Press Palazzo. Robert, Associate Director, University of Kansas (Biomedical)

Scholarships Awarded

American Society for Cell Biology Nzambi, Eduardo, Howard University Purves, Dianne, California State University. Sacramento

Baca. Serapio, University of California, San Diego Casillas. Lilliam. Autonomous University of the State of Pueblo Jones. Stacy. University of Virginia Biology Club of the College of the City of New York Macias. Chanda. Howard University Marin Bivens. Carrie. University of Massachusetts. Amherst Suadicani. Sylvia, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Honors R59

C. Lalor-Burdick Scholarship Caswell Grave Scholarship Fund

Buhimschi. Irina, University of Maryland at Baltimore Pfeiffer. Sven, National Institute for Medical Research Lwigale. Peter, Kansas State University

Daniel S. Grosch Scholarship Fund Burroughs Wellcome Fund Van Lith, Yvonne, ETH Zurich Biology of Parasitism Course Zopfi, Jakob. Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology

Angeli, Veronique. Pasteur Institute-Lille Aviles. Hernan. Indiana State University Aline D. Gross Scholarship Fund Barragan. Antonio, Karolinska Institute Universite Paris XI Dobbin, Caroline, University of Technology, Sydney Spengler. Tatjana. Falcone, Franco, University of Edinburgh Gavrilescu. Cristina, Cornell University William Randolph Hearst Foundation Scholarships Sodre. Catia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Stem, Leah, University of California, San Francisco Jessani, Nadium, Scripps Research Institute Wang, Zefeng, Johns Hopkins University Kimbell, Jennifer, University of Hawaii March, Tony, University of Idaho

Burroughs Wellcome Fund International Brain Research Frontiers in Reproduction Course Organization

Ashworth, Rachel. University College. London Belts, Dean, University of Guelph Bellefroid, Eric. Universite Libre de Bruxelles Bos-Mich. Adriana. FUEFE-Porto Alegre-Brazil Lightfoot, Kurt. University of Witwaterstand Buhimschi. Irina, University of Maryland, Baltimore Rinkwitz. Silke. New York University Medical Center Jobanputra, Vaidehi, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Lue. Yanhe, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Marin Bivens. Carrie, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Arthur Klorfein Scholarship and Fellowship Fund Mendeluk, Gabriela, University of Buenos Aires Junghlut. Benno. University of Tubingen Natesampillai. Sekar, University of Virginia Max-Planck-Institute fiir Molekulare Ollero. Mario, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Panopoulou. Georgia. Genetik Paul, Angelika, University of Pritts, Elizabeth, Yale University Otago Saiide, Leonor, National Institute for Medical Research Sprague, David, Texas A&M

Frank R. Lillie and Fund Burroughs Wellcome Fund Fellowship Scholarship

Molecular Mycology Course Chen. Lihong. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill March Tony. University of Idaho Cowen, Leah, of Toronto University van Drogen, Frank. ISREC Devasamayam. Gina. Wadsworth Center Varshney. Anurag. National Centre for Biological Sciences Giles, Steven. University of Wisconsin. Madison Goldstein. Alan, Duke University Medical Center Loeb Founders' Fund de Jesus-Bem'os, Marisol. University of Puerto Rico Jacques Scholarship Latouche. Nicholas. Sydney University van Drogen. Frank. ISREC Miller. Nancy. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Wormley. Floyd, Louisiana State University Medical Center Massachusetts Space Grant Consortium

Gary N. Calkins Memorial Scholarship Fund Best. Aaron A.. University of Illinois-Urbana Bouchet, Valerie B.. Boston University Li, of Texas Dongling. University DiMeo. Carol A., University of Delaware Harbinski, Fred M.. Harvard University Edwin Grant Conklin Memorial Fund Hurtado, Luis A.. Rutgers University Mead. Louise A.. University of Massachusetts

D'Souza, Jacinta. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Richardson. Susan L.. Yale University Worapong. Jeerapun. Montana State University

Contraceptive Research and Development Program S. O. Mast Memorial Fund

Mendeluk, Gabriela, University of Buenos Aires Jungblut, Benno. University of Tubingen Spengler, Tatjana, Universite Paris XI William F. and Irene C. Diller Memorial Scholarship Fund MBL Associates Endowed Scholarship Fund

Vukovich, Wolfgang, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Rao, Anita. University of Maryland, College Park R60 Annual Report

MBL Pioneers Scholarship Fund Mazzatenta, Andrea, University of Pisa Sawai, Satoshi, Tohoku University Glavic, Alvaro, University of Chile Tefft, Denise. University of Southern California Lwigale. Peter, Kansas State University Tidwell, Judy, Wake Forest University Pierdra. Elisa. Universidad de Cantabria, Spain Vukovich, Wolfgang, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Ruth Sager Memorial Scholarship

of Merck & Company, Inc. Scholarships Haapasalo, Annakaisa. University Kuopio

Batchelor, Adrian, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Society for Developmental Biology Scholarships Bishop, Joseph, University of Alabama at Birmingham Clements. Wilson, of Montgomery, Jacqui, University of Melbourne University Washington Mui, Stina, of California. San Santori, Isabel, University of Buenos Aires University Diego Pizer. State of New York at Brook Stem, Leah, University of California, San Francisco Margaret. University Stony Robertson. of Toe, Laurent. World Health Organization Christie, University Washington Kirk. Duke Wang, Zefeng, Johns Hopkins University Zigler, University

Charles Baker Metz and William Metz Society of General Physiologists' Scholarships

Scholarship Fund in Reproductive Biology Diana. Marco. Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Duncan. Tod, Imperial Cancer Research Laboratory Belts, Dean, University of Guelph Greenwood, Anna, Stanford University Ollero. Mario. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Paul, Angelika. University of Otago Sprague. David. Texas A&M

Howard A. Schneiderman Endowed Scholarship Frank Morrell Endowed Memorial Scholarship Yu, Xiang, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Matsui. Ko, University of Tokyo Moshe Shilo Memorial Scholarship Fund Mountain Memorial Fund Scholarship Gillor. Osnat. The Hebrew University Chen, Lihong. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Teresa. of Massachusetts, Amherst Holdaway-Clarke. University Marjorie W. Stetten Scholarship Fund Mazzatenta. Andrea, University of Pisa Yoon, Miri. Northwestern Medical School Tefft, Denise, University of Southern California University Varshney, Anurag, National Centre for Biological Sciences. Bangalore Horace W. Stunkard Scholarship Fund Osterhout Edison/Theodore Miller Edison Ann Bos-Mikich. Adriana, FUEFE-Porto Alegre-Brazil and Olga Osterhout Sears/Harold Bright Sears Endowed Scholarship Fund Surdna Foundation Scholarship

Abenavoli, Alessandra, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Avery, Jennifer. Brandeis University Diana. Marco, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Annakaisa, of Pfizer Inc. Endowed Scholarship Fund Haapasalo. University Kuopio Matsui, Ko, University of Tokyo Ragusa. Maria, Alberto Monroy Foundation. Palermo Rao, Anita. University of Maryland

Planetary Biology Internship Awards William Townsend Porter Fellowship For Students Van Lith, Yvonne, ETH Zurich Minority

Jones. Stacy. University of Virginia Phillip H. Presley Scholarship Award, Macias, Chanda, Howard University Funded by Carl Zeiss, Inc. Nzambi, Eduardo, Howard University

Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Batchelor, Adrian, William Morton Wheeler Family Dobbin, Caroline, University of Technology. Sydney Founders' Scholarship Franco, Peter. Harvard Medical School

Krieger. Patrik, Karolinska Institute Abenavoli, Alessandra. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Maruska. Karen. Florida Institute of Technology Yu, Xiang. MRC Lab of Molecular Biology Welman, Arkadiusz, Fnedneh Miescher Institute Walter L. Wilson Endowed Scholarship Fund Herbert W. Rand Fellowship and Scholarship Fund Tidwell. Judy. Wake Forest University Duncan. Tod. Imperial Cancer Research Laboratory Fort, Alfredo, Albert Einstein College of Medicine World Academy of Arts and Sciences Harvard Medical School Franco, Peter, Emily Mudd Scholarship Holdaway-Clarke, Terena. University of Massachusetts Junghlut, Benno. University of Tubingen el Guiziry, Dalai, Alexandria University Honors R61

Post-Course Research Awards van Drogen. Frank, ISREC (Physiology) Niggemyer. Allison, University of Idaho (Microbiul Diversity) Kimbell. Jennifer, University of Hawaii (Physiology) O'Neill. Forest, University of California. Santa Barbara (Physiology) Mactas, Chanda, Howard University (Physiology) Purves, Dianne, California State University, Sacramento (Physiology) Mazzatenta, Andrea, University of Pisa (Physiology) Tidwell. Judy, Wake Forest University (Physiology) Meyers. Jason, University of Virginia (Embryology) Varshney. Anuray. National Centre for Biological Sciences Narayan, Sujatha, Bryn Mawr College (Physiology) (Physiology) Board of Trustees and Committees

Corporation Officers and Trustees Class of 2003

Kelley, Darcy Brisbane. Columbia University Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Sheldon J. Segal, The Population Landeau, Laurie J.. Marinetics. Inc. Council Lee. Burton J. Ill, Vero Beach, FL Co-Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees, Frederick Bay. Josephine Bay O'Hanley, Ronald P.. Mellon Institutional Asset Mgt. Paul and C. Michael Paul Foundation Pierce, Jean, Boca Grande. FL Co-Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees, Mary J. Greer. New York, NY Ryan, Vincent J., Schooner Capital LLC President of the Corporation, John E. Dowling, Harvard University Director and Chief Executive Officer, John E. Burris, Marine Biological Laboratory* Honorary Trustees Treasurer of the Corporation, Mary B. Conrad, Fiduciary Trust International* Cunningham, Mary Ellen. Grosse Pointe Farms, MI Clerk of the Robert E. Mainer. The Boston Corporation. Company Ebert, James D., Baltimore, MD Chair of the Science Council, S. Bloom, of North Kerry University Golden. William T., New York. NY Carolina* Grass, Ellen R.. The Grass Foundation

Trustees Emeriti Class of 2000 Adelberg, Edward A., Yale University. New Haven. CT Clowes, Alexander W., University of Washington School of Medicine Buck. John B.. Sykesville, MD Landis, Story C., Case Western Reserve University Cohen, Seymour S.. Woods Hole, MA Levitan, Irwin B., Brandeis University Colwm, Arthur L., Key Biscayne, FL Miller. G. William. G. William Miller and Co., Inc. Colwin. Laura Hunter, Key Biscayne. FL Press, Frank, The Washington Advisory Group Copeland, Donald Eugene, Woods Hole, MA Weld, Christopher M.. Sullivan and Worcester, Boston Crowe!!, Sears Jr.. Indiana University. Bloomington, IN Hayashi, Teru, Woods Hole, MA Huhbard. Ruth, Cambridge. MA Kleinhol/., Lewis, Reed College, Portland, OR Class of 2001 Krahl, Maurice. Tucson, AZ Prosser, C. Ladd, University of Illinois. Urbana, IL Anderson. Porter W., North Miami Beach. FL Russell-Hunter, W.D.. Syracuse University. Syracuse. NY Bay, Frederick. Josephine Bay Paul and C. Michael Paul Foundation, Saunders. John W., Waquoit, MA Inc. Trigg. D. Thomas. Wellesley. MA Cox, Martha W., Hobe Sound, FL Vincent, Walter S., Woods Hole. MA

Greer. Mary J.. New York. NY

Steere. William C. Jr., Pfizer Inc. Directors Emeriti Weissmann, Gerald, New York University School of Medicine

Ebert. James D.. Baltimore. MD Gross, Paul, Falmouth, MA Class of 2002 Halvorson. Harlyn O., Woods Hole, MA

Cone, M III, Gottlieb, Steen and Hamilton Sydney Cleary, Executive Committee of the Lakian, John R.. The Fort Hill Group, Inc.

Ruderman, Joan V , lljiuiul Medical School Board of Trustees Segal. Sheldon J., The Population Council Speck. William T., New York Presbyterian Hospital Segal, Sheldon J., Chair Zeien, Alfred M.. The Gillette Company Bay, Frederick, Co-Vice Chair Greer. Mary J.. Co-Vice Chair Burris. John E.

/ \ i '/In u> Bloom. Kerry S.

R62 Trustees and Committees R63

Conrad. Mary B., Treasurer Armstrong, Peter (2000) Mainer, Robert E. Atema. Jelle (2001) Ruderman, Joan V. Barlow, Robert B. (2001) Weissmann. Gerald Dawidowicz, E.A.* Haimo, Leah (2001) Science Council Hopkinson, Charles (2000)

Jaffe, Launnda 12001 1

Smith, Peter J.S. Bloom, Kerry S., Chair (2000) (2001) Bums. John E.* Sogin. Mitchell (2000) Armstrong, Clay M. (2000)

Standing Committees of the Board of Trustees

Development Muiner, Robert E. Miller. G. William Speck, William. Chair O'Hanley. Ronald P Anderson, Porter W. Ryan, Vincent J. Barlow, Robert Segal, Sheldon J. Bay. Frederick Zeien. Alfred M. Conrad, Mary B. Cox, Martha Finance Cunningham, Mary Ellen Ebert, James D. O'Hanley, Ronald, Chair Grant, Philip Clowes, Alexander W. Lakian, John R. Cone, Sydney M. Lee, Burton J. Conrad, Mary B. Miller, G. William DeHart, Donald Pierce, Jean Kelley, Darcy Brisbane Steere. William C. Lakian, John R. Weld, Christopher M. Landeau, Laurie J. Loewenstein, Werner Facilities and Capital Equipment Mainer, Robert E. Manz, Robert Ruderman, Joan. Chair Miller, G. William

Anderson, Porter W. Ryan, Vincent J. Bay, Frederick Zeien, Alfred M. Cohen, Lawrence Cornell, Neal

Landis, Story C. Nominating Levitan, Irwin B. Weissmann. Gerald, Chair Pierce. Jean Bloom, Kerry S. Press, Frank Clowes. Alexander W. Weld. Christopher M. Cox. Martha W. Greer. Mary J. Investment Landis. Story C. Pierce, Jean

Conrad. Mary B., Chair Segal. Sheldon J. Cone, Sydney M. Speck, William T. Lakian, John R. Steere, William C.

Standing Committees of the Corporation and Science Council

Buildings and Grounds Hayes, Joe*

Cohen. Lawrence B., Chair McArthur, Andrew Boyer, Barbara C. Pelerson, Bruce J. Cutler, Richard* Tweedell. Kenyon S. Fleet, Barry* Valiela. Ivan

*v officio R64 Annual Report

Education Committee MBL/WHOI Library Joint Advisory Committee

Dione, Vincent, Chair David. Chair, MBL Bloom. S.* Shcpro, Kerry MBL Dawidowicz. E.A.* Ashmore, Judy.* Dow. David, NMFS Dunlap, Paul Fink. Rachel Fornari. Daniel. WHOI Hanlon, Roger Harbison, G. Richard. WHOI Jatfe, Laurinda Hobbie, John. MBL Mehane. Dori Chrysler* Hurter, Colleen,* WHOI Mendelsohn, Michael Kurz, Mark. WHOI Alternate Venuti, Judith Norton. Cathy,* MBL Wadsworth. Patricia Robb. James. USGS Zottoli. Steve Rose, Birgit. MBL Smith, Peter J.S.. MBL Warren. Bruce, WHOI Fellowships

Pederson, Thoru, Chair Dawidowicz, E.A.* Deegan. Linda Research Services and Space Ehrlich, Barbara Kaufmann. Sandra* (Recording Secretary) Laufer. Hans, Chair Lemos, Jose Armstrong. Peter B. Sluder. Greenfield Cornell, Neal Smith. Peter J.S. Cutler, Richard* Treistman, Steven (Guest Member) Dawidowicz, E.A.* Foreman. Kenneth Housing, Food Service and Child Care Kerr, Louis M.* Landowne. David Browne. Carole, Chair Mattox, Andrew* Bloom, Kerry S.* Melillo. Jerry King, LouAnn* Mizell, Merle Malchow. Robert P. Smith, Peter J.S. Stuart. Ann E. Steudler, Paul Weeks. Janis C. Valiela, Ivan

Assisting Browne, Robert (representing MBL Child Care) Goux, Susan (Administrator)

Hinklc, Pamela Clapp (representing the MBL Club) Cutler. Richard (representing Housing)

Discovery: The Campaign for Science at the Marine Biological Laboratory Steering Committee

Bay, Frederick, Campaign Chair Dowling, John E. Golden. William T., Honorary Chair Ebert. James D. Grass. Ellen R., Honorary Chan Fischbach. Gerald D. Clowes, Alexander W., Vice-Chair Goldman, Robert D.

Cox. Martha W., Vice-Chair Greer. Mary J. Miller, G. William. Vice-Chair Jacobson. M. Howard

Weissmann. Gerald. Vice-Chair Landeau, Laurie J. Anderson, Porter W. Langford. George M. Barlow, Robert B. Jr. Lee, Burton J. Ill Bernstein, Norman Pierce, Jean

Cobb, Jewell Plummer Prendergast, Robert A. Conrad. Mary B. Shcpro, David Cunningham, Mary Ellen Speck. William T. Steere. William C. Jr. Weld. Christopher M.

*Ex officiti Zeien, Alfred M. Trustees and Committees R65

Council of Visitors Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lambrecht. Boca Grande. FL Dr. Catherine C. Lastavica. Tufts University School of Medicine.

Norman B. Asher, Esq., Hale and Dorr. Counsellors at Law, Boston, Boston. MA MA Mr. Joel A. Leavitt, Boston, MA Mr. Stephen W. Leibholz. TechLabs, Inc., Huntingdon. PA Mr. Donald J. Bainton, Continental Can Co.. Boca Raton, FL Mrs. Margarei Lilly, West Falmouth, MA Mr. David Bakalar. Chestnut Hill, MA Mr. Richard Lipkin. ResponseLogic. Inc., New York, NY Mr. Charles A. Baker, The Inc., Princeton. NJ Liposome Company, Mr. George W. Logan, Valley Financial Corp., Roanoke, VA Dr. George P. Baker, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Dr. Sumner A. Bernard IL Barenberg. Technologies, Chicago, Mr. Michael T. Martin. SportsMark, Inc.. New York. NY Mr. Mel Burkan, The Barkan Boston, MA Companies, Mrs. Christy Swift Maxwell. Grosse Pointe Farms, MI Mr. Robert P. Beech, Software International, Inc.. Mason. Component Dr. de Menil. DM New York, NY OH Georges Foundation, Mr. Ambrose Monell, G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, Palm Beach. FL Mr. George Berkowitz, Legal Sea Foods. Allston, MA Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel J. Bickford. New York, NY Dr. Mark Novilch, Washington, DC Dr. Elkan R. Blout, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Mr. and Mrs. Philip Bogdanovitch, Lake Clear, NY Ms. Julie Packard. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Monterey, CA Mr. Malcolm K. Brachman, Northwest Oil Company, Dallas, TX Mr. David R. Palmer, David Ross Palmer & Associates, Waquoit, MA Dr. Goodwin M. Breinin, NY University Medical Center, New York, NY Dr. Roderic B. Park, Richmond. CA Mr. Santo P. Pasqualucci, Falmouth Co-Operative Bank. Falmouth, MA Mr. Robert Pierce, Jr.. Pierce Aluminum Co.. Canton, MA Mr. John Callahan, Carpenter, Sheperd & Warden, New London, NH Mrs. Elizabeth Campanella, West Falmouth, MA Mr. Richard Reston, Vineyard Ga/ette. Edgartown, MA Thomas S. Crane, Esq., Mint/ Levin Cohen Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, PC, Boston, MA Mr. Marius A. Robinson, Fundamental Investors Ltd., Key Biscayne, FL Dr. Stephen D. Crocker, Cyber Cash Inc.. Reston, Virginia Mrs. Lynn W. Piasecki Cunningham, Film and Videomaker, Piasecki John W. Rowe, M.D., Mt. Sinai School of Medicine & Mt. Sinai Productions, Brookline, MA Medical Center, New York, NY Dr. Anthony J. Cutaia, Anheuser-Busch. Inc., St. Louis, MO Mr. Edward Rowland, Tucker, Anthony, Inc., Boston, MA

Mrs. Sara Greer Dent, Chevy Chase, MD Mr. Gregory A. Sandomirsky, Mintz Levin Cohen Ferris Glovsky & Mr. D. H. Douglas-Hamilton, Hamilton Thorne Research, Beverly, MA Popeo. PC. Boston. MA Mr. Benjamin F. du Pont. Du Pont Company. Deepwater, NJ Mrs. Mary Schmidek, Marion. MA Dr. Cecily C. Selby, New York, NY Dr. A. Earle, Founder, Ocean Oakland, CA Sylvia Deep Engineering. Mr. Robert S. Shifman, St. Simon's Island. Georgia Mr. and Mrs. Ecker, Vero Beach. FL Hoyt Mr. and Mrs. Gregory Skau. Grosse Pointe Farms. Ml Mr. B. Evnin, Venrock Associates, New York, NY Anthony Mr. Malcolm B. Smith, General American Investors Co.. New York. NY Stuart Feiner, Esq.. Inco Limited, Toronto, ON, Canada Mr. John C. Stegeman, Campus Rentals, Ann Arbor. MI Mrs. Hadley Mack French, Edsel & Eleanor Ford House, Grosse Pointe Mr. Joseph T. Stewart. Jr.. Skillman, NJ Farms. MI Mr. John W. Stroh. III. The Stroh Brewery Company, Detroit, MI Mr. Gerard L. Swope, Washington, DC Mr. and Mrs. Huib Geerlings. Boston, MA Mr. John F. Swope. Concord. NH Mr. William J. Gilbane. Jr.. Gilbane Building Company, Providence, RI Dr. Michael J. Goldblatt. Intelligent Biocides, Tewksbury, MA Mr. and Mrs. Stephen E. Taylor. Milton, MA Mr. Maynard Goldman. President, Maynard Goldman & Associates, Boston, MA Mrs. Donna Vanden Bosch-Flynn. Spring Lake. NJ Mrs. W. Verbeck, Haven, MA Ms. Charlotte I. Hall, Edgartown, MA Carolyn Vineyard Drs. Linda Hirshman. Brandeis University. Waltham, MA, and David Forkosh, FMH Foundation Mr. Benjamin S. Warren III, Grosse Pointe Farms, MI B. R.N.. The Inc., Glen NJ Mr. Thomas J. Hynes, Jr., Meredith & Grew, Inc., Boston, MA Nancy Weinstein, Hospice, Ridge. Stephen S. Weinstein. Esq., Morristown, NJ Mr. M. Howard Jacobson. Bankers Trust, Westborough, MA Mr. Frederick J. Weyerhaeuser. Beverly, MA Mr. Tony L. White. The Perkin Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, CT Mrs. Elizabeth Ford Kontulis. New Canaan, CT Dr. Torslen N. Wiesel, The Rockefeller University, New York. NY 1 Administrative Support Staff

Biological Bulletin Communications Office Hinkle. Pamela Clapp, Director 2 Greenberg, Michael J.. Editor-in-Chief Cox. Sarah Hinkle, Pamela Clapp. Managing Editor Flynn, Bridget 2 Burns. Patricia Furfey. Susan Gibson. Victoria R. Joslin, Susan Schachinger. Carol H. Liles. Beth R. 2 Noonan, Ryan 2 Schanhacher, Jennifer Director's Office

Burris. John E.. Director and Chief Executive Officer Donovan. Marcia H. Financial Sen'ices Office

Equal Employment Opportunity Lane, Homer W. Jr.. Chief Financial Officer MacNeil, Jane L. Bowman, Richard, Controller Afonso, Janis

Veterinarian Sen'ices Barry, Maureen 2 Kenneth Champagne. Jaimie Crosby, Eidelman, Dana Reynolds, Martha Smolowitz, Roxanna Lancaster. Cindy Livingstone, Suzanne Stukey. Jetley McLaughlin. Rebecca Jill Ran/inger. Laura Ecosystems Center Administrative Staff Stellrecht. Lynette

Berthel. Dorothy J. Donovan, Suzanne J. Stock Room Nunez. Guillermo Schorer. Timothy M.. Supervisor Seifert, Mary Ann Brmson. Robert 2 Burnette. Donald O'Connor-Lough, Susan External Affairs

Carotenuto, Frank C.. Director Butcher. Valerie Purchasing Hall. Lionel E. Jr., Supervisor Faxon. Wendy P. Gannon, Katherine 2 Johnson. A. Kristine Shamon. Lynne R. Martin. Theresa H. Patch-Wing, Dolores Quigley. Barbara A. Shaw. Kathleen L. Housing and Conferences

Associates Pn H; liim King. LouAnn D., Director

Bohr, Kendall I! Grasso, Deborah 2 Zeida, Robert Hanlon. Arlene K. Johnson-Horman, Frances N. Masse, Todd C.

' Including persons who joined or left the staff during IW9. Perito. Diana 2 2 Summer or temporary. Ridley, Alberta

R66 Administrative Support Staff R67

Human Resources Cc/>v Center Mounttord. Rebecca J., Supervisor 2 Goux, Susan P., Director Abisla, Richard L. 2 Houser. Carmen Adams. Jessica 2 Churchill, Elizabeth Tamaru L. Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Clark. Cosgrove, Nancy Biology and Evolution Administrative Staff Kefeauver, Lee

Harris. Marian Mancini. Mary E. 2 Lini. Pauline Waterbury. Andrew

Information Systems Division Journal of Membrane Biology In/ina, Barbara, Network Manager 2 Loewenstein. Werner R.. Editor Berrios, Kelly Cohen, Alex 2 Fay, Catherine H. 2 Milliard. Howard Isenberg. Linda L. Channing 2 Lvnch. Kathleen F. Kokmeyer. Remmert Malchow, Robert 2

Mountford, Rebecca J. Marine Resources Center Moynihan, James V. 2 Purdy, Heather Hanlon. Roger T, Director Remsen. David P. Santore. Gabnelle Renna. Denis J.

Space, David B. Aquatic Resources Department Wheeler. Patrick Enos, Jr., Edward G., Superintendent 2 Bourque, Ryan M. 2 Chappell, P. Dreux NASA Center for Advanced Studies in the Space Life 2 DeGiorgis, Joseph A. Sciences Grossman, William M. 2 Gudas. Christopher N. Blazis. Diana, Administrator 2 Kilpatrick. Brian Amit, Udeni P. Klimm. Henry W. Ill Golden. Catherine 2 Reynolds. Justin Oldham. Pamela Sexton. Andrew W. Smith. 2 Gary Research Administration & Educational Programs Sullivan. Daniel A. Tassinari. Eugene Dawidowicz, Eliezar A.. Director Hamel, Carol C.

MRC Life Support System Holzworth, Kelly Mebane, William N., Systems Operator Kaul'mann, Sandra J. Carroll, James Kleinhenz, Andrea 2 Clark. Heidi Lynn. Rebecca Hanley. Janice S. Mebane, Dorianne C. Kuzirian, Alan White, Laurie Till. Geoffrey A. Central Microscopy Facility and General Use Rooms Kerr. Louis M., Supervisor MBUWHOI Library Luther, Herbert 2 Norton. Catherine N.. Director Matthews, Douglas Ashmore. Judith A. Peterson. Martha B. 2 Buckingham. Andrew Costa. Marguerite E. Sen'ices 2 Safety Crocker, Daniel Deveer. Joseph M. Mattox, Andrew H.. Environmental. Health, and Safety Manager 2 Farrar. Stephen R.L. Lingler. Nicholas 2 2 Fredericks. Julie Normand. Danielle Medeiros, Melissa Monahan. A. Jean Satellite/Periwinkle Children 's Programs Moniz. Kimberly L. 2 Moore. Laurel E. Robinson, Paulina H. 2 Nelson. Heidi Borst, Douglas 2 Person, Matthew Browne. Jennifer L. 2 Riley. Jacqueline Curran. Kelly 2 2 Shinkle. Chelsea David, Amy R68 Annual Report

Fitzelle. Annie" Hannigan. Catherine 2 Gallant, Cynthia Illgen. Robert F. 2 2 Guiftrida. Beth Joyner. Matthew 2 2 Halter. Sarah Ledwell, L. Patrick 2 Hike. Kelly Lynch. Henry L. 2 Mekelatos, Sharon MacDonald, Cynthia C. Noonan. Brendan" Malchow, Kate 2 2 Robbins, Sarah McCarthy, Michael 2 Shanley, Jennifer McDonnell. Gregory McNamara. Moreen M, 2 Sen'ice, and Facilities McQuillan. Jeffrey Projects 2 Parker, Karen Cutler. Richard D.. Director Plant, Stephen W. Enos, Joyce B. Pratt, Barry 2 Guarente, Jeffrey Stites, Clint 2 Thiele, Tod Apparatus Ware, Lynn M. Baptiste, Michael G. Barnes. Franklin D. Plnnt Openilitms untl Maintenance Haskins, William A. Fleet, Barry M., Manager Cadose, James W.. Maintenance Supervisor Building .SVrnVc.v & Grounds Barnes, John S. Hayes. Joseph H.. Superintendent Blunt. Hugh F. Anderson, Lewis B. Bourgoin. Lee E. Atwood. Paul R. Callahan, John Baker, Harrison S. Carroll, James R. Barnes, Susan M. Davis, Douglas Beernik, Daniel Fish. David L. Jr.

Berthel, Frederick Fuglister. Charles K. 2 Billings. Julia Goehl. George Boucher. Richard L. Gonsalves, Walter W. Jr. 2 Brereton, Richard S. Hathaway. Peter J.

Callahan. John J. Henderson, Jon R. 2 Cameron, Lawrence M. Kelley. Kevin Chen, Zhi Xm L'Abbe, Robert

Clayton. Daniel Langill, Richard

Collins, Paul J. Lochhead, William M. 2 Cowan. Matthew B. McAdams, Herbert M. Ill 2 Cutler. Matthew D. McHugh, Michael O. Cutillo, David Mills, Stephen A. 2 Dimond, Jay Olive, Charles W. Jr. 2 2 Doherty. Garrett Rattacasa, Frank

Dorris, John .1. Rozum. John 2 Eldridge. Myles Schoepf. Claude Elias, Michael Settlemire, Donald 2 Fernandez, Peter R. Shepherd. Denise M. 2 Foster, Martin Toner, Michael 2 Gibbons, Roberto G. Wetzel. Ernest D. Members of the Corporation

Life Members Edwards, Charles, 3429 Winding Oaks Drive, Longboat Key, FL 34228

Elliott, Gerald F., The Open University Research Unit. Foxcombe Hall, Acheson, George H., 25 Quissett Avenue. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Road, Boars Hill. Oxford OX1 United - Berkeley 5HR, Kingdom Adelberg, Edward A., 204 Prospect Street, New Haven. CT 065 1 1 2107 Failla, Patricia M., 2149 Lane. Johns Island, SC 29455 Afzelius, Bjorn, University of Stockholm, Wenner-Gven Institute. Loblolly James K. W., 56 Clarkehaven Ontario L4J Department of infrastructure Research, Stockholm, Sweden Ferguson, Street, Thomhill, 2B4, Canada Amatniek. Ernest, (address unknown) (deceased 1999)

Arnold, John M., 329 Sippewissett Road. Falmouth, MA 02540 Gabriel, Mordecai L., Brooklyn College, Department of Biology, 2900 Bedford 11210 Bang, Betsy G., 76 F. R. Lillie Road. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Avenue, Brooklyn, NY Glusman, New York State Institute, 722 W. 168th Bartlett, James H., University of Alabama, Department of Physics, Box Murray, Psychiatric 870324, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324 St.. Unit #70, New York. NY 10032 Herbert, 36 Wilson Woods 02543 Berne, Robert M., University of Virginia School of Medicine, Graham, Road, Hole, MA Department of Physiology, Box 1116, MR4, Charlottesville, VA 22903 Hamburger, Viktor, Washington University, Department of Biology, 740 Bernheimer, Alan W., New York University Medical Center. Trinity Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63130 Department of Microbiology, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY Hamilton, Howard L., University of Virginia, Department of Biology, 10016 238 Gilmer Hall. Charlottesville, VA 22901

Bertholf, Lloyd M., Westminster Village. #21 14, 2025 East Lincoln Harding, Clifford V. Jr., 54 Two Ponds Road. Falmouth. MA 02540

Street. Bloomington, IL 61701-5995 Haschemeyer, Audrey E. V., 2 1 Glendon Road, Woods Hole, MA Bosch, Herman F., 163 Elm Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-2430 02543-1406

Buck, John B., Fairhaven C-020. 7200 Third Avenue, Sykesville, MD Hauschka, Theodore S., 333 Fogler Road. Bremen. ME (deceased 21784 1999)

Burbanck, Madeline P., P.O Box 15134, Atlanta, GA 30333 Hayashi, Teru. 15 Gardiner Road. Woods Hole, MA 02543-1 1 13 Burbanck, William D., P.O. Box 15134. Atlanta. GA 30333 Hisaw, Frederick L., (address unknown) Hoskin, Francis C. G., c/o Dr. John E. Walker, U.S. Army Natick Clark, Arnold M., 53 Wilson Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 RD&E Center, SAT NC-YSM, Kansas Street. Natick. MA 01760- Clark, James M., 258 Wells Road, Palm Beach, FL 33480-3625 5020 Cohen, Seymour S., 10 Carrot Hill Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543- Hubbard, Ruth, Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, 1206 Cambridge, MA 02138 Marine Colwin, Arthur L., 320 Woodcrest Road, Key Biscayne, FL 33149- Humes. Arthur G., Biological Laboratory, Boston University 1322 Marine Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (deceased 1999) W. 305 Old Sharon Colwin, Laura Hunter, 320 Woodcrest Road, Key Biscayne, FL Hunter, Bruce, Road, Peterborough, NH 03458- 33149-1322 1736 Medical Cooperstein, Sherwin J., University of Connecticut, School of Hurwitz, Charles, Stratton VA Center, Research Service, Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Farmington, CT 06030-3405 Albany, NY 12208 Copeland, D. Eugene, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Katz, George, Merck. Sharp and Dohme. Fundamental and Corliss, John O., P.O. Box 2729, Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004-2116 Experimental Research Laboratory. PO Box 2000. Rahway, NJ 07065 Costello, Helen M., Carolina Meadows, Villa 137, Chapel Hill, NC Kingsbury, John M., Cornell University, Department of Plant Biology, 27514-8512 Plant Science Building. Ithaca, NY 14853 Crouse, Helen, Rte. 3. Box 213, Hayesville, NC 28904 Kleinholz, Lewis, Reed College. Department of Biology. 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard. Portland. OR 97202 DeHaan, Robert L., Emory University School of Medicine, Department Kusano, Kiyoshi, National Institutes of Health, Building 36, Room 4D- of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 1648 Pierce Drive, Room 108, Atlanta. 20. Bethesda. MD 20892 GA 30322

Dudley, Patricia L., 3200 Alki Avenue SW. #401, Seattle. WA 98116 Laderman, Ezra, Yale University, New Haven. CT 06520

R69 R70 Annual Report

LaMarche, Paul H., Eastern Maine Medical Center, 489 State Street, Speer, John W., 293 West Main Road. Portsmouth. RI 02871 Bangor, ME 04401 Sperelakis, Nicholas, University of Cincinnati, Department of Lauffer, Max A., Penn State University Medical Center. Department of Physiology/Biophysics. 231 Bethesda Avenue. Cincinnati, OH 45267- Biophysics and Physiology, Hershey, PA 17033 0576 Lochhead, John H., 49 Woodlawn Road, London SW6 6PS. United Spiegel. Evelyn, Dartmouth College. Department of Biological Sciences, Kingdom 204 Oilman, Hanover, NH 03755 Loewus, Frank A., Washington State University, Institute of Biological Spiegel, Melvin, Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Chemistry. Pullman. WA 99164 Sciences, 204 Oilman. Hanover, NH 03755 Loftfield, Robert B., University of New Mexico, School of Medicine. Stephens, Grover C., University of California. School of Biological 915 Stanford Drive. Albuquerque, NM 87131 Sciences. Department of Ecology and Evolution/Biology, Irvine, CA Lorand, Laszlo, Northwestern University Medical School, CMS 92717 Biology, Searle 4-555, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago. IL 60611- Strehler, Bernard L., 42903 Moulton Parkway. #248. Laguna Hills, 3008 CA 92653-6425 Sussman. Maurice, 72 Carey Lane, Falmouth, MA 02540 B., Marine Woods Hole, MA Malkiel, Saul, 174 Queen Street, #9 A. Falmouth, MA 02540 Sussman, Raquel Biological Laboratory. 02543 Marsh, Julian B., 9 Eliot Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-1407 Gwen P., 45 Nobska Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Martin, Lowell V., 10 Buzzards Bay Avenue, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Szent-Gyorgyi, Mathews, Rita W., East Hill Road. P.O. Box 237, Southfield, MA 01259-0237 Thorndike, W. Nicholas, Wellington Management Company, 200 State Moore, John A., University of California, Department of Biology. Street, Boston, MA 02109 Riverside, CA 92521 Trager, William, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue. New Moore, John W., Duke University Medical Center, Department of York, NY 10021-6399 Neurobiology, Box 3209, Durham, NC 2771(1 Trinkaus, J. Philip, 870 Moose Hill Road, Guilford, CT 06437 Moscona, Aron A., University of Chicago, Department Molecular IL 60637 Genetics and Cell Biology, Chicago, Villee, Claude A. Jr., Harvard Medical School, Carrel L. Countway X. P.O. Bella Vista, AR 72714-0054 Musacchia, J., Box 5054, Library, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 021 15 Vincent, Walter S., 16 F.R. Lillie Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543

Nasatir, Maimon, P.O. Box 379, Ojai, CA 93024

Waterman, Talbot H., Yale University. Box 208103, 912 KBT Biology Passano, Leonard M., University of Wisconsin, Department of Department, New Haven. CT 06520-8103 Zoology, Birge Hall, Madison. WI 53706 Wigley, Roland L., 35 Wilson Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Price, Carl A., 20 Maker Lane, Falmouth, MA 02540 Prosser, C. Ladd, University of Illinois, Department of Physiology, 524 Burrill Hall. Urbana, IL 61801 Members

Prytz, Margaret McDonald, (Address unknown)

Abt, Donald A., Aquavet, University of Pennsylvania, School of of Ratner, Sarah, Public Health Research Institute, Department Veterinary Medicine, 230 Mam Street, Falmouth, MA 02540 Biochemistry. 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 (deceased Adams. James A., 3481 Paces Ferry Road, Tallahassee, FL 32308 1999) Adelman, William J., 160 Locust Street, Falmouth, MA 02540 Renn, Charles E., (Address unknown) Alkon, Daniel L., National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Adaptive Reynolds, George T., Princeton University, Department of Physics, Systems, 36 Convent Drive, MSC 4124, 36/4A21, Bethesda, MD Jadwin Hall. Princeton, NJ 08544 20892-4124

Rice, Robert V., 30 Burnham Drive, Falmouth. MA 02540 Allen, Garland E., Washington University, Department of Biology. Box Rockstein, Morris, 600 Biltmore Way, Apt. 805, Coral Gables, FL 1137. One Brookings Drive, St. Louis. MO 63130-4899 33134 Allen, Nina S., North Carolina State University. Department of Botany. Ronkin, Raphael R., 3212 McKinley Street. NW. Washington. DC Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695 20015-1635 Alliegro, Mark C., Louisiana State University Medical Center, Roslansky, John D., 57 Buzzards Bay Avenue, Woods Hole, MA Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, 1901 Perdido Street. New 02543 Orleans, LA 70112 Roslansky, Priscilla F., Associates of Cape Cod. Inc.. P.O. Box 224. Anderson, Everett, Harvard Medical School. Department of Cell Woods Hole, MA 02543-0224 Biology. 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 021 15-6092 Anderson, John M., 110 Roat Street, Ithaca. NY 14850 Sanders, Howard L., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Anderson, Porter W., 100 Bayview Drive. #2224. North Miami Beach. Hole. MA 02543 FL 33160

. Dean of Science Sato, Null N igova University, 3-24-101, Oakinishi Machi, Toba Armett-Kibel, Christine, University of Massachusetts, Mie 517-0023. Japan Faculty, Boston, MA 02125 Schlesinger, R. Walter, 7 Langley Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-1809 Armstrong, Clay M., LIniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Scott, Allan C., Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901 B701 Richards Building, Department of Physiology, 3700 Hamilton Silverstein, Arthur M., Johns Hopkins University. Institute of the Walk, Philadelphia. PA 19104-6085 History of Medicine. 1900 E. Monument Street. Baltimore, MD Armstrong, Ellen Prosser, 57 Millfield Street. Woods Hole, MA 02543 21205 Arnold. William A., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biology Division, Sjodin, Raymond A., 3900 N. Charles Street, Apt. #1301. Baltimore, 102 Balsalm Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830

MD 21218-1719 Ashton, Robert W., Bay Foundation, 1 7 West 94th Street, New York,

Smith, Paul F., P.O. Box 264, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0264 NY 10025 Members of the Corporation R71

of Atema, Jelle, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Bodznick, David A., Wesleyan University, Department Biology. Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06497-0170 Boettiger, Edward G., 17 Eastwood Road, Storrs, CT 06268-2401 of Institute of 53100 Baccetti, Baccio, University Sienna. Zoology, Boolootian, Richard A., Science Software Systems, Inc., 3576 Siena, Italy Woodcliff Road, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403 Robert York Medical Center, Baker. G., New University Department Borgese, Thomas A., Lehman College. CUNY. Department of Biology. Physiology and Biophysics, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY 10016 Bedford Park Boulevard, West, Bronx, NY 10468 of Arizona, of Baldwin, Thomas O., University Department Borst, David W. Jr., Illinois State University, Department of Biological Biochemistry, P.O. Box 210088. Tucson, AZ 85721-0088 Sciences, Normal, IL 61790-4120 California Institute of 1200 East Baltimore, David, Technology. Bowles, Francis P., Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center. California Boulevard, Pasadena. CA 91 125 Woods Hole. MA 02543 Robert Health Science Center at 750 East Barlow, B., SUNY Syracuse, Boyer, Barbara C., Union College. Biology Department. Schenectady. Adams Street. Center for Vision Research, 3258 Weiskotten Hall, NY 12308 13210 Syracuse, NY Brandhorst, Bruce P., Simon Fraser University. Institute of Molecular Daniel National Aeronautics and Administration, Barry, T., Space Lyn Biology/Biochemistry. Bamaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada B. 2101 Road 1, Houston, TX 77058 Johnson Space Center, NASA Brinley, F. J. Jr., N1NCDS/NIH, Neurological Disorders Program. Susan Mount of Barry, R., Holyoke College. Department Biological Room 812 Federal Building, Bethesda, MD 20892 01075 Sciences. South Hadley, MA Bronner-Fraser, Marianne, California Institute of Technology. Cornell of and Bass, Andrew H., University, Department Neurobiology Beckman Institute Division of Biology. 139-74, Pasadena, CA 91125 Mudd Hall. Ithaca. NY 14853 Behavior, Seely Brown, Stephen C., SUNY. Department of Biological Sciences, of Battelle, Barbara-Anne, University Florida, Whitney Laboratory. Albany, NY 12222 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, Augustine, FL 32086 Brown, William L., 80 Black Oak Road, Weston, MA 02193 Foundation. 17 W. 94th Street. First Floor, New Bay, Frederick, Bay Browne, Carole L., Wake Forest University. Department of Biology, 10025-7116 York. NY Box 7325 Reynolds Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 Martha P.O. Box 93, Woods Hole, 02543 Baylor, B., MA Browne, Robert A., Wake Forest University. Department of Biology, Bearer, Elaine L., Brown University, Division of Biology and Box 7325, Winston-Salem. NC 27109 of Box G, Providence, RI 02912 Medicine. Department Pathology. Bucklin, Anne C., University of New Hampshire. Ocean Process of Minnesota. of and Beatty, John M., University Department Ecology Analysis Laboratory, 142 Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 Behavioral 1987 Street 55108 Biology, Conner, Paul, MN Bullis. Robert A., Oceanic Institute of Applied Aquaculture, 41-202 of Beauge, Luis Alberto, Instituto de Investigacion Medica, Department Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795 Casilla de Correo Cordoba 5000. Biophysics. 389. Argentina Burger, Max M., Friedrich Miescher-Institute, P.O. Box 2543. CH- Begenisich, Ted, University of Rochester, Medical Center, Box 642, 4002 Basel, Switzerland 601 Elmwood Rochester. 14642 Avenue, NY Burgess, David R., Boston College, Bourneuf House. 84 College Road. of of Medicine, Begg, David A., University Alberta. Faculty Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3838 of Cell and Edmonton, Alberta T6G Department Biology Anatomy, Burgos, Mario H., IHEM Medical School, UNC Conicet, Casilla de 2H7. Canada Correo 56. 5500 Mendoza, Argentina 305 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 Bell, Eugene, Burky, Albert, University of Dayton, Department of Biology, Dayton, Benjamin, Thomas L., Harvard Medical School, Pathology, D2-230, OH 45469 200 021 15 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA Burris, John E., Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Bennett, Michael V. L., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Hole. MA 02543 of Neuroscience. 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx. NY Department Burstyn, Harold Lewis, United States Air Force, Air Force Materiel 10461 Command, Rome Research Site RL/JA, 26 Electronic Parkway, Bennett, Miriam F., Colby College. Department of Biology. Waterville. Rome, NY 13441-4514 04901 ME Bursztajn, Sherry, LSU Medical Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Bennett, R. Albert Einstein of Medicine, Suzanne, College Department Building BRIF 6-13, Shreveport, LA 71 130 of Neuroscience. 1300 Morris Park Avenue. Bronx, NY 10461 Berg, Carl J. Jr., P.O. Box 681, Kilauea. Kauai, HI 96754-0681 of 1510 Berlin. Suzanne T., 5 Highland Street. Gloucester, MA 01930 Calabrese, Ronald L., Emory University. Department Biology. Bernstein. Norman, Columbia Realty Venture. 5301 Wisconsin Clifton Road. Atlanta, GA 30322 Avenue, NW, #600, Washington, DC 20015-2015 Callaway, Joseph C., New York Medical College, Department of Bezanilla, Francisco, Health Science Center. Department of Physiology, Physiology. Basic Sciences Building, Valhalla, NY 10595 Institute of Division of 405 Hilgard Avenue. Los Angeles, CA 90024 Cameron, R. Andrew, California Technology, 91 125 Biggers, John D., Harvard Medical School, Department of Physiology, Biology 156-29. Pasadena. CA Boston, MA 02115 Campbell, Richard H., Bang-Campbell Associates, Eel Pond Place, 02543 Bishop, Stephen H., Iowa State University, Department of Zoology, Box 402, Woods Hole, MA Puerto of Ames, I A 50010 Candelas, Graciela C., University of Rico, Department Blaustein, Mordecai P., University of Maryland, School of Medicine. Biology. P.O. Box 23360, UPR Station, San Juan, PR 00931-3360 Department of Physiology, Baltimore, MD 21201 Cariello, Lucio, Stazione Zoologica "A. Dohrn," Villa Comunale. Blennemann, Dieter, 1117 East Putnam Avenue. Apt. #174. Riverside, 80121 Naples. Italy CT 06878-1333 Case, James F., University of California, Marine Science Institute.

Bloom, George S., The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 5323 Harry Cassidy, Father Joseph D., Providence College, Priory of St. Thomas Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9039 Aquinas, Providence, RI 02918-0001 Laboratories. Bloom, Kerry S., University of North Carolina. Department of Biology. Cavanaugh, Colleen M., Harvard University, Biological 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280. Chapel Hill. NC 27599-3280 16 Divinity Avenue. Cambridge, MA 02138 R72 Annual Report

Chaet, Alfred B., University of West Florida, Department of Cell and Crowell, Sears, Indiana University. Department of Biology. IN 47405 Molecular Biology, 1 1000 University Parkway, Pensacola. FL 32514 Bloomington. Chambers, Edward L., University of Miami School of Medicine, Crowther, Robert J., Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Department of Physiology and Biophysics P.O. Box 016430, Miami, Street, Boston, MA 02114 FL 33101 Cummings, Michael P., Marine Biological Laboratory. Bay Paul 02543 Chang, Donald C., Hong Kong University, Science and Technology, Center, Woods Hole, MA 62 Road. Grosse Pointe Farms. MI Department of Biology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Cunningham, Mary-Ellen, Cleverly Chappell, Richard L., Hunter College. CUNY. Department of 48236-3313 Richard D., Marine Woods Hole. MA Biological Sciences, Box 210. 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY Cutler, Biological Laboratory. 10021 02543 Child, Frank M., 28 Lawrence Farm Road, Woods Hole. MA 02543- 1416 Davidson, Eric H., California Institute of Technology, Division of Chisholm, Rex Leslie, Northwestern University, Medical School. Biology 156-29, 391 South Holliston, Pasadena. CA 91125 Department of Cell Biology, Chicago, IL 6061 1 Davison, Daniel B., Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI. Bioinformatics Citkowitz, Elena, Hospital of St. Raphael, Lipid Disorders Clinic, 1450 Department, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492 Chapel Street, New Haven. CT 06511 Daw, Nigel W., 5 Old Pawson Road, Branford, CT 06405 Clark, Eloise E., Bowling Green State University, Biological Sciences Dawidowicz, Eliezar A., Marine Biological Laboratory, Office of Department, Bowling Green, OH 43403 Research Administration and Education, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Clark, Hays, 150 Gomez Road, Hobe Sound, FL 33455 De Weer, Paul J., University of Pennsylvania, B400 Richards Building. Clark. Wallis H. Jr., 12705 NW 1 12th Avenue, Alachua, FL 32615 Department of Physiology. 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA Claude, Philippa, University of Wisconsin, Department of Zoology, 19104-6085 Zoology Research Building 125, 1 1 17 W Johnson Street, Madison, Linda A., Marine Laboratory. The Ecosystems WI 53706 Deegan, Biological Center. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Clay, John R., National Institutes of Health, N1NDS, Building 36, DeGroof, Robert C., 145 Water Crest Drive, Doylestown, PA 18901- Room 2-CO2, Bethesda, MD 20892 3267 Clowes, Alexander W., University of Washington, School of Medicine, Denckla, Martha Bridge, Johns Hopkins University, School of Department of Surgery, Box 356410, Seattle. WA 98195-6410 Medicine, Kennedy-Kneger Institute, 707 North Broadway. Baltimore. Cobb, Jewel Plummer, California State University, 5151 University MD 21205 Drive, Health Center 205, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8500 DePhillips, Henry A., Trinity College, Department of Chemistry. 300 Cohen, Carolyn, Brandeis University, Rosenstiel Basic Medical. Summit Street, Hartford. CT 06106 Sciences Research Center, Waltham, MA 02254 DeSimone, Douglas W., University of Virginia, Department of Cell Cohen, Lawrence B., Yale University School of Medicine, Department Biology, Box 439, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908 of Physiology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 Dettbarn, Wolf-Dietrich, 4422 Wayland Drive, Nashville. TN 37215 Cohen, Maynard M., Rush Medical College, Department of Dionne, Vincent E., Boston University Marine Program, Marine Neurological Sciences, 600 South Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612 Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Cohen, William D., Hunter College, Department Biological Sciences, Dowling, John E., Harvard University. Biological Laboratories. 16 New York, NY 10021 Divinity Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 Coleman, Annette W., Brown University, Division of Biology and Drapeau, Pierre, Montreal General Hospital, Department of Neurology. Medicine, Providence, Rl 02912 1650 Cedar Avenue. Montreal. Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada Colinvaux, Paul, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA DuBois. Arthur Brooks, John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory, 290 02543 Congress Avenue. New Haven. CT 06519 Collier, Jack R., 3431 Highway, #107, P.O. Box 139, Effie, LA 71331 Duncan, Thomas K., Nichols College, Environmental Sciences Collier, Marjorie McCann, 3431 Highway 107. P.O. Box 139, Effie. Department. Dudley, MA 01571 LA 71331 Dunham. Philip B., Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 130 Cook, A., Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. 250 Park Avenue. Joseph College Place. Syracuse. NY 13244-1220 New York. NY 10177-0026 Dunlap. Paul V., University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Cornell, Neal W., Marine Woods Hole, MA Biological Laboratory, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center. Suite 236. 701 02543 (deceased, 2000) East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 2 1 202 Cornwall, Melvin C. Jr., Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Physiology L714, Boston, MA 02118 Corson, D. Wesley Jr., Storm Eye Institute, Room 537, 171 Ashley Ebert, James D., The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Avenue. Charleston. SC 29425 Biology, Homewood. 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD Corwin, Jeffrey T., University of Virginia, School of Medicine, 21218-2685 Department Otolaryngology and Neuroscience, Box 396, Eckberg, William R., Howard University. Department of Biology, P.O. Charlottesville, VA 22908 Box 887, Administration Building, Washington, DC 20059 Couch, Ernest F., Texas Christian University, Department of Biology, Edds, Kenneth T., R & D Systems, Inc., Hematology Division, 614 TCU Box 298930, Fort Worth. TX 76129 McKinley Place. NE. Minneapolis, MN 55413 Cox, Rachel Llanelly, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Biology Eder, Howard A., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Department, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Park Avenue. Bronx. NY 10461 Crane, Sylvia E., 438 Wendover Drive. Princeton, NJ 08540 Edstrom, Joan, 53 Two Ponds Road. Falmouth, MA 02540 Cremer-Bartels, Gertrud, Horstmarer Landweg 142, 48149 Muenster. Egyud, Laszlo G., Cell Research Corporation, P.O. Box 67209. Germany Chestnut Hill. MA 02167-0209 Crow, Terry J., University of Texas Medical School, Department of Khrlich, Barbara E., Yale University Medical School, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Houston, TX 77225 Pharmacology. New Haven, CT 06473 Members of the Corporation R73

Eisen, Arthur Z., Washington University, Division of Dermatology, St. Gadsby, David C., The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Cardiac- Louis, MO n3l 10 Physiology. 1230 York Avenue. New York. NY 10021-6399 Eisen, Herman N., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Gainer, Harold, National Institutes of Health. NINDS, BNP, DIR,

Cancer Research, El 7- 1 28. 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge. Neurochemistry. Building 36, Room 4D20. Bethesda, MD 20892- MA 02 1 39-4307 4130 of Elder, Hugh Young. University Glasgow. Institute of Physiology, Galatzer-Levy, Robert M., 534 Judson Avenue, Evanston, IL 60202 G 1 2 8QQ, Scotland Glasgow Gall, Joseph G., Carnegie Institution, I 15 West University Parkway. Paul Johns Englund, T., Hopkins Medical School. Department of Baltimore. MD 21210 Biological Chemistry, 725 North Wolfe Street. Baltimore. MD 21205 Garber, Sarah S.. Allegheny University of the Health Sciences. Epel, David, Stanford University. Hopkins Marine Station. Ocean View Department of Physiology, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Gascoyne, Peter, University of Texas. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Epstein, Herman T., 18 Lawrence Farm Road. Woods Hole. MA Experimental Pathology. Box 89, Houston, TX 77030 02543 Gelperin, Alan, Bell Labs Lucent. Department Biology Comp.. Rm Epstein, Ray L., 701 Winthrop Street. #311. Taunton. MA 02780-2187 1C464. 600 Mountain Avenue. Murray Hill, NJ 07974 German, James L. Ill, The New York Blood Center, Laboratory of Human Genetics. 310 East 67th Street. New York. NY 10021 Farb, David H., Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Gibbs, Martin, Brandeis University. Institute for Photobiology of Cells Pharmacology L603, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 021 18 and Organelles. Waltham, MA 02254 Farmanfarmaian, A. Verdi, Rutgers University. Department of ( .ililin. Anne E., Marine Biological The Biological Sciences. Nelson Biology Laboratory FOB 1059. Laboratory, Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Piscataway. NJ 08855 Gibson, A. Jane, Cornell University, of Feldman, Susan C., University of Medicine and Dentistry. New Jersey Department Biochemistry. Biotech Ithaca. NY 14850 Medical School. 100 Bergen Street. Newark, NJ 07103 Building. Gifford, Prosser, of Madison Festoff, Barry William. VA Medical Center, Neurology Service (151). Library Congress, Building LM605, DC 20540 4801 Linwood Boulevard. Kansas City. MO 64128 Washington Gilbert, Daniel National Institutes of Fink, Rachel D., Mount Holyoke College. Department of Biological L., Health. Biophysics Sec.. BNP, Sciences. Clapp Laboratories. South Hadley, MA 01075 Building 36. Room 5A-27. Bethesda, MD 20892 Finkelstein, Alan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Giudice, Giovanni, Universita di Palermo. Dipartimento di Biologia, Park Avenue. Bronx, NY 10461 Cellulare e Dello Sviluppo, 1-90123 Palermo. Italy Fischbach, Gerald D., National Institute of Health, Neurological Giuditta, Antonio, University of Naples. Department of General

Disorders 1 1 and Strokes, 3 Center Drive, MSC 2540, Bldg 3 , Rm Physiology. Via Mezzocannone 8. Naples. 80134, Italy 8A03. Bethesda, MD 20892-2540 Glynn, Paul, P.O. Box 6083. Brunswick, ME 04011-6083 Fishman, Harvey M., University of Texas Medical Branch, Department Golden, William T., Chairman Emeritus, American Museum of Natural of Physiology and Biophysics, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston. History, 500 Fifth Avenue, 50th Floor, New York, NY 101 10 77555-0641 TX Goldman. Robert D., Northwestern University Medical School, 12 Street, New 10014 Flanagan, Dennis, Gay York. NY Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 303 E. Chicago Avenue. Fluck, Richard Franklin and Marshall of Allen, College. Department Chicago. IL 60611-3008 Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003 Biology. Goldsmith, Paul K., National Institutes of Health. Building 10. Room Kenneth Marine Foreman, H., Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. 9C-101. Bethesda, MD 20892 MA 02543 Goldsmith, Timothy H., Yale University. Department of Biology, New Harvard Fox, Thomas Oren, Medical School, Division of Medical Haven. CT06510 Sciences, MEC 435. 260 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA 021 15 Goldstein, Jr., Moise H., The Johns Hopkins University. ECE Franzini-Armstrong, Clara, University of Pennsylvania, School of Department. Barton Hall. Baltimore, MD 2121X Medicine. 330 South 46th Street, PA 19143 Philadelphia. Gould, Robert Michael, NYS Institute of Basic Research, 1050 Forest Fraser, Scott, California Institute of Technology, Beckman Institute Hill Road. Staten Island, NY 10314-6399 139-74, 1201 East California Boulevard, Pasadena. CA 91 125 Govind, C. K., Scarborough College, Life Sciences Division. 1 265 Frazier, Donald T., University of Kentucky Medical Center. Military Trail. West Hill. Ontario MIC IA4, Canada Department of Physiology and Biophysics. MS501 Chandler Medical Grace, Dick, Doreen Grace Fund, The Brain Center, Promontory Point. Center, Lexington, KY 40536 New Seabury. MA 02649 French, Robert J., University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, Graf, Werner M., College of France, 1 1 Place Marcelin Berthelot. Alberta, T2N 4NI, CANADA 7523 1 Paris Cedex 05, France Fulton, Chandler M., Brandeis University. Department of Biology. MS Grant, Philip, National Institutes of Health, NINDS\BN\DIR- 008. Waltham. MA 02454-91 II) Neurochemistry. Building 36, Room 4D20, Bethesda. MD 20892- Furie, Barbara C.. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. BIDMC 4130 Cancer Center, Kirstein 1, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston. MA 02215 Grass, Ellen R., The Grass Foundation. 77 Reservoir Road. Furie, Bruce. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. BIDMC Cancer Quincy. MA 02170-3610 Center, Kirstein 1. 330 Brookline Avenue. Boston. MA 02215 Grassle, Judith P.. Rutgers University. Institute of Marine and Coastal Furshpan, Edwin J., Harvard Medical School. Department of Studies. Box 231. New Brunswick. NJ 08903 Neurobiology. 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston. MA 021 15 Graubard, Katherine G., of of Futrelle, Robert P., Northeastern University. College of Computer University Washington, Department NJ-15, Box 351800, Seattle, 98195-1800 Science, 360 Huntington Avenue. Boston. MA 021 15 Zoology, WA Greenberg, Everett Peter, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology. Iowa City, IA 52242 Gabr, Howaida, Sue/, Canal University, Department of Marine Science, Greenberg, Michael J., University of Florida. The Whitney Laboratory. Faculty of Science, Ismailia, Egypt 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine, FL 32086-8623 R74 Annual Report

of Greer, Mary J., 176 West 87th Street. #12A, New York, NY 10024- Hiatt, Howard H., Bngham and Women's Hospital, Department 2902 Medicine, 75 Francis Street. Boston. MA 021 15

Griffin, Donald R., Harvard University. Concord Field Station. Old Highstein, Stephen M., Washington University. Department of Causeway Road. Bedford, MA 01730 Otolaryngology. Box 8115, 4566 Scott Avenue, St. Louis. MO 63110 Gross, Paul R., 123 Perkins Street. Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 Hildebrand, John G., University of Arizona. ARL Division of Grossman, Albert, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Neurobiology, P.O. Box 210077, Tucson, AZ 85721-0077 Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Hill, Richard W., Michigan State University. Department of Zoology, Grossman, Lawrence, The Johns Hopkins University, Hygiene East Lansing. MI 48824 East Building, Room W8306, Baltimore, MD 21205 Hill, Susan D., Michigan State University. Department of Zoology. Gruner, John A., Cephalon. Inc., 145 Brandy wine Parkway, West Lansing. MI 48824 Chester, PA 19380-4245 Hillis, Llewellya W., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA Gunning, A. Robert, P. O. Box 165. Falmouth. MA 02541 02543 Gwilliam, G. Francis, Reed College, Department of Biology, Portland, Hinchcliffe, Edward H., University of Massachusetts Medical School, OR 97202 Department of Cell Biology. 377 Plantation Street. Worcester, MA 01605

Hinkle, Gregory J., Bioinformatics Group, Cereon Genomics, One Leah of California, of Haimo, T., University Department Biology, Kendall Square, Building 200. Cambridge, MA 02139 Riverside. CA 92521 Hinsch, Gertrude W., University of South Florida, Department of of Alabama. School of Hajduk, Stephen L., University Biology, Tampa. FL 33620 of Genetics, Medicine/Dentistry. Department Biochemistry/Molecular Hinsch, Jan, Leica. Inc.. 1 10 Commerce Drive, Allendale, NJ 07401 Station. AL 35294 University Birmingham. Hobbie, John E., Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Hall, Linda M., Shriners Hospital for Children, 2425 Stockton Center. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Boulevard. Sacramento, CA 95X17 Hodge, Alan J., 3843 Mount Blackburn Avenue. San Diego, CA 921 1 1 Zach of California, of San Hall, W., University Department Physiology, Hoffman, Joseph F., Yale University School of Medicine. Cellular and CA 941 14 Francisco, Molecular Physiology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8026 of Massachusetts, Center for Halvorson, Harlyn O., University Policy Hollyneld, Joe G., The Cleveland Clinic, Ophthalmic Research, 9500 Marine Biosciences and Technology. 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Euclid Avenue. Cleveland, OH 44195

Boston, MA 02 1 25-3393 Holz, George G. IV, New York Llniversity Medical Center. Medical The of Tokushima, of Haneji, Tatsuji, University Department Histology Sciences Building. Room 442, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY and Oral Histology, School of Dentistry. 18-15. 3 Kuramoto-cho. 10016 Tokushima 770-8504, Japan Hopkinson, Charles S. Jr., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. Hanlon, Roger T., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA MA 02543 02543 Houk. James C., Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East New of the USF. Division of Natural Sciences, Harosi, Ferenc, College Chicago Avenue, Ward 5-315. Chicago. IL 60611-3008 5700 North Tamiami Trail. Sarasota, FL 34243-2197 Hoy, Ronald R., Cornell University. Section of Neurobiology and Harrigan, June F., 7415 Makaa Place, Honolulu. HI 96825 Behavior. 215 Mudd Hall. Ithaca. NY 14853 Glenn Weber State of Harrington, W., University. Department Huang, Alice S., California Institute of Technology. Mail Code 1-9, Microbiology, Ogden, UT 84408 Pasadena, CA 91125 of South Alabama, of Harrington, John P., University Department Hufnagel-Zackroff, Linda A., University of Rhode Island, Department Mobile, AL 36688 Chemistry, of Microbiology, Kingston, RI 02881 Harvard of Molecular Harrison, Stephen C., University. Department Hummon, William D., Ohio University. Department of Biological and Cell Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 Sciences, Athens, OH 45701 of Molecular Haselkorn, Robert, Llniversity of Chicago, Department Humphreys, Susie H., Food and Drug Administration. HFS-308. 200 C Genetics and Cell IL 60637 Biology, Chicago, Street, SW. Washington. DC 20204-0001 Harvard The Hastings, J. Woodland, University. Biological Humphreys, Tom, University of Hawaii. Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Laboratories. 16 Divinity Avenue. Cambridge. MA 02138-2020 41 Ahui Street. Honolulu. HI 96813 Porton 2 Lowndes Place, Haydon-Baillie, Wensley G., Institute. Hunt, Richard T., ICRF. Clare Hall Laboratories. South Mimms London SW1X 8Dd. United Kingdom Potter's Bar. Herts EN6-3LD, England L. Howard of Medicine, 520 Hayes, Raymond Jr., University, College Hunter, Robert D., Oakland University, Department of Biological W Street. NW. Washington, DC 20059 Sciences, Rochester, MI 48309-4401 Heck, Diane of E., Rutgers University, Department Huxley. Hugh E., Brandeis University. Rosenstiel Center. Biology 681 Road, NJ Pharmacology/Toxicology, Frelinghuysen Piscataway, Department. Waltham, MA 02154 08855 of Henry, Jonathan Joseph, University of Illinois, Department of Cell and Ilan, Joseph, Case Western Reserve University. School Medicine,

Structural Biology. 601 South Goodwin Avenue #B107, Urbana. IL Department of Anatomy, Cleveland. OH 44 1 (Id 61801-3709 Ingoglia, Nicholas A., New Jersey Medical School. Department of

, NJ Hepler, Peter K iMiy of Massachusetts. Department of Biology. Pharmacology/Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue. Newark.

Morrill III, Amiu-i M\ 01003 07103 of 3640 Herndon, Walter K., n isiiy of Tennessee, Department of Botany, Inoue. Saduyki, McGill Llniversity. Department Anatomy. Knoxville. TN >.7'" University Street. Montreal. PQ H3A 2B2, Canada Hersliko, Avram, Technion IM:J<-| Institute of Technology, Unit of Inoue, Shinya, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Biochemistry. The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine. Haifa Isselbacher, Kurt J., Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center,

31096. Israel Charlestown. MA 02 1 29 of Herskovits, Theodore T., Fordham University. Department of Issidorides, Marietta Radovic, University of Athens. Department Chemistry. John Mulcahy Hall, Room 638. Bronx. NY 10458 Psychiatry. Monis Petraki 8. Athens. 140. Greece Members of the Corporation R75

Izzard, Colin S., SUNY-Albany, Department of Biological Sciences, Koide, Samuel S., The Rockefeller University, The Population Council. 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany. NY 12222 1230 York Avenue. New York. NY 10021 Kornberg, Hans, Boston University. The University Professors. 745 Commomveath Avenue, Boston. MA 02215 Jacobs. Neil, Hale and Dorr, 60 State Street. Boston, MA 02109 Kosower, Edward M., Tel-Aviv University. Department of Chemistry. Jaffe, Laurinda A., University of Connecticut Health Center, Ramat-Aviv. Tel Aviv. 69978, Israel Department of Physiology. Farmington Avenue. Farmington. CT Krahl. Maurice 2783 West Circle. 06032 E., Casas Tucson. AZ 85741 Krane, Stephen M., Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Jaffe. Lionel, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Bulf-165. Boston, MA 021 14 Jeffery, William R., University of Maryland. Department of Biology, Krauss, Robert, P.O. Box 291, Denton, MD 21629 College Park, MD 20742 Kravitz, Edward A., Harvard Medical School, of Johnston, Daniel, Baylor College of Medicine. Division of Department Neurobiology. 220 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA 021 15 Neuroscience. Baylor Plaza, Houston. TX 77030 Kriebel. Mahlon E., SUNY Health Science Center. Department of Josephson. Robert K., University of California. School of Biological Physiology. Syracuse. NY 13210 Science, Department of Psychobiology. Irvine. CA 92697 Kristan, William B. Jr., University of California, Department of Biology 0357, 9500 Oilman Drive. La Jolla. CA 92093-0357 Kaczmarek, Leonard K., Yale University School of Medicine, Kropin.ski, Andrew M., Queen's University. Department of Department of Pharmacology. 333 Cedar Street. New Haven. CT Microbiology/Immunology. Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6. Canada 06520 Kuffler, Damien P., Institute of Neurobiology. 201 Boulevard del New York Medical of Kaley, Gabor, College. Department Physiology. Valle, San Juan 00901. PR Basic Sciences Building. Valhalla, NY 10595 Kuhns, William J., Hospital for Sick Children. Biochemistry Research, Kaltenbach. Jane, Mount Holyoke College. Department Biological 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada Sciences. South Hadley, MA 01075 Kunkel, Joseph G., University of Massachusetts, Department of Kaminer, Boston Medical School. Benjamin, University Physiology Biology. Amherst, MA 01003 Department, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02 1 I S Kuzirian, Alan M., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA Kaneshiro, Edna S., University of Cincinnati. Biological Sciences 02543-1015 Department. JL 006. Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006

Kaplan, Ehud, Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 1 Gustave Levy Place.

Box 1 1S3. New York, NY 10029 Laderman, Ainilee D., Yale University, School of Forestry and

Karakashian, Stephen J., Apartment 16-F. 165 West 91st Street. New Environmental Studies, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 0651 1

York. NY 10024 I .mil. ;m, Laurie J., Listowel, Inc., 2 Park Avenue, Suite 1525, New Karlin, Arthur, Columbia University, Center for Molecular York. NY 10016 Recognition, 630 West 168th Street, Room 11-401. New York. NY Landis, Dennis M. D., University Hospital of Cleveland. Department

10032 Neurology, 1 1 100 Euclid Avenue. Cleveland. OH 44106 Karnovsky, Morris John, Harvard Medical School, Department of Landis, Story C.. National Institutes of Health. Building 36. Room

Pathology. 200 Longwood Avenue. Boston. MA 02 1 1 5 5A05. 36 Convent Drive. Bethesda, MD 20892-4150 Keller, Hartmut Ernst, Carl Zeiss, Inc.. One Zeiss Drive, Thornwood. Landowne, David, University of Miami Medical School, Department of NY 10594 Physiology, PO Box 016430, Miami, FL 33101 Kelley, Darcy B., Columbia University, Department of Biological Langford, George M., Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, 91 1 Fairchild, Mailcode 2432, New York. NY 10027 Sciences. 6044 Oilman Laboratory. Hanover. NH 03755 Kelly, Robert E., 5 Little Harbor Road, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Laskin, Jeffrey, University of Medical and Dentistry of New Jersey, Kemp. Norman E., University of Michigan, Department of Biology. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. 675 Hoes Lane. Piscataway, Ann Arbor. MI 48109 NJ 08854 Kendall. John P., Faneuil Hall Associates. 176 Federal Street. 2nd Lasser-Ross. Nechama, New York Medical College. Department of Floor, Boston. MA 021 10 Physiology. Valhalla, NY 10595 Kerr, Louis M., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA Laster, Leonard, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake 02543 Avenue, North, Worcester. MA 01655 Keynan, Alexander, Israel Academy of Science and Humanity, P.O. Laties, Alan, Scheie Eye Institute, Myrin Circle, 51 North 39th Street, Box 4040, Jerusalem. Israel Philadelphia. PA 19104 Khan, Shahid M. M., Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Department Laufer, Hans, University of Connecticut. Department of Molecular and

of 1 Physiology and Biophysics. 300 Morris Park Avenue. Room Cell Biology. U- 1 25. 75 North Eagleville Road Storrs. CT 06269- U273. Bronx, NY 10461 3125 Khodakhah. Kamran, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Lazarow, Paul B., Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Department of Physiology and Biophysics. 4200 East 9th Avenue, Cell Biology and Anatomy. 1190 Fifth Avenue. Box 1007, New C-240. Denver, CO 80262 York. NY 10029-6574 Kiehart, Daniel P., Duke University Medical Center. Department of Lazarus, Maurice, Federated Department Stores, Sears Crescent, City Cell Biology. Box 3709, 308 Nanaline Duke Building, Durham. NC Hall Plaza. Boston. MA 02108 27710 Leadbetter, Edward R., University of Connecticut. Department of Kleinfeld, David, University of California. Department of Physics. 0319 Molecular and Cell Biology. U-131, Beach Hall, Room 249, 354 9500 Oilman Drive. La Jolla, CA 92093 Mansfield Road, Storrs. CT 06269-2131

Klessen, Rainer, (address unknown) Lederberg, Joshua, The Rockefeller University, Suite 400 (Founders Klotz, Irving M., Northwestern University. Department of Chemistry, Hall). 1230 York Avenue. New York. NY 10021 Evanston. 1L 60201 Lee, John J., City College of CUNY, Department of Biology. Convent Knudson, Robert A., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA Avenue and 138th Street. New York. NY 10031 02543 Lehv, Donald B., 35 Willow Field Drive. North Falmouth. MA 02556 R76 Annual Report

Indiana-Purdue of Leighton, Joseph. Aeron Biotechnology, Inc.. 1933 Davis Street #310, Manalis, Richard S., University, Department San Leandro, CA 44577 (deceased 1999) Biological Science, 2101 Coliseum Boulevard East, Fort Wayne, IN Leighlon, Stephen B., National Institutes of Health. Building 13. 3W13. 46805 Bethesda, MD 20892 Manz, Robert D., 304 Adams Street. Milton. MA 02186 Lemos, Jose Ramon. University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Margulis, Lynn, University of Massachusetts. Department of Worcester Foundation Campus. 222 Maple Avenue. Shrewsbury. MA Geosciences, Morrill Science Center. Box 35820. Amherst, MA 01545-2737 01003-5820 Lerner, Aaron B., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Marinucci, Andrew C., 102 Nancy Drive, Mercerville, NJ 08619 Dermatology. P.O. Box 3333. New Haven. CT 06510 Martinez, Joe L. Jr., The University of Texas, Division of Life

Levin, Jack, Veterans Administration. Medical Center, 1 1 1 H2. 4150 Sciences, 6900 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249-0662 Clement Street. San Francisco, CA 94121 Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo, CINVESTAV-IPN, Sec. de Patologia Levine, Michael, University of California, Department MCB, 401 Experimental, 07000 Mexico, D.F.A.P. 140740, Mexico Barker Hall. Berkeley. CA 94720 Mastroianni, Luigi Jr., Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 106 of Levine, Richard B., University of Arizona, Division Neurobiology, Dulles, 3400 Spruce Street. Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283 Room 61 1. Gould Simpson Building. PO Box 210077. Tucson. AZ Mauzerall, David, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New 85721-0077 York. NY 10021 of Levinthal. Francoise, Columbia University, Department Biological McAnelly. M. Lynne, University of Texas, Section of Neurobiology,

Sciences. Broadway and 1 16th Street, New York, NY 10026 School of Life Sciences. Austin, TX 78712 Wilson Levitan, Herbert, National Science Foundation, 4201 McCann, Frances V., Dartmouth Medical School, Department of VA 22230 Boulevard. Room 835, Arlington, Physiology, Lebanon. NH 03756 Irwin of School of Medicine. 218 Levitan, B., University Pennsylvania. McLaughlin, Jane A., Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole. MA Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6074 022543 Richard of Minnesota School of Medicine, Cell Linck, VV., University McMahon, Robert F., University of Texas. Arlington, Department of and 4-135 Jackson Hall. 321 Biology Neuroanatomy Department. Biology, Box 19498. Arlington. TX 76019 Church Street. MN 55455 Minneapolis. Meedel, Thomas, Rhode Island College, Biology Department. 600 Lipicky, Raymond J., Food and Drug Administration. CDER/ODE1/ Mount Pleasant Avenue, Providence. RI 02908 HFD-1 10, 5600 Fishers Lane. Rockville. MD 20857 Meinertzhagen, Ian A., Dalhousie University. Department of Lisman, John E., Brandeis Molecular and Cell Biology. 415 University, Psychology, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada South Street. Waltham. MA 02454-91 10 Meiss, Dennis E., Immunodiagnostic Laboratories, 488 McCormick Liuzzi, 180 Beacon Street. #80. Boston. MA 021 16 Anthony, Street, San Leandro, CA 94577 Llinas, Rodolfo R., New York University Medical Center, Department Melillo, Jerry M., Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center, of 550 First Avenue. Room 442. New York. Physiology/Biophysics, Woods Hole. MA 02543 NY 10016 Mellon, DeForest Jr., University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Lohel, S., Boston Marine Marine Biological Phillip University Program, Gilmer Hall. Charlottesville. VA 22903 Laboratory, Woods Hole. MA 02543 Mellon. Richard P., P.O. Box 187, Laughlintown, PA 15655-0187 Loew, Franklin M., Becker College. 61 Sever Street, Worcester, MA Mendelsohn, Michael E., New England Medical Center, Molecular 01615-0071 Cardiology Laboratory, NEMC Box 80. 750 Washington Street, Loewenstein, Birgit Rose, Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, Boston. MA 02 1 1 I MA 02543 Mensinger, Allen F., Washington University School of Medicine. Loewenstein, Werner R., Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Department of Otolarynology. 4566 Scott Avenue. St. Louis, MO MA 02543 63110 London, Irving M., Harvard-MIT. Division. E-25-551, Cambridge. MA Merriman, Melanie Pratt, 7511 Beach View Drive. North Bay Village. 02 1 39 FL 33141 Longo, Frank J., University of Iowa, Department of Anatomy, Iowa Meselson, Matthew, Harvard University. Fairchild Biochemistry City. IA 52442 Building. 7 Divinity Avenue. Cambridge. MA 02138 Luckenhill, Louise M., Ohio University. Department of Biological Metuzals, Janis, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Department Sciences. Irvine Hall. Athens. OH 45701 of Pathology and Laboratory Medical, 45 1 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada Miledi, Ricardo, University of California, Irvine. Department of Macagno, Eduardo R., Columbia University. 109 Low Memorial 2205 Science II. Irvine, CA 92697-4550 Library, Mail Code 4306. New York. NY 10027 Psychobiology. Biology Milkman, D., of Iowa. of Biological MacNichol. Edward F. Jr., Boston University School of Medicine. Roger University Department Sciences. Room 318, Iowa IA 52242-1324 Department of Physiology, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA Biology Building, City, Thomas J., 8 Centennial Drive, MA 01960 02 1 IS Miller. Analogic. Peabody. Mills. Robert, 10315 44th Avenue, W 12 H Street, Brandenton. FL Maglott-Dultield, Donna R., American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-1776 34210 of Basel, of Maienschein, Jane Ann, Arizona State University, Department of Misevic. Gradimir, University Hospital Department

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Physiology, R-406, 80 East Concord Street. Boston. MA 02 1 1 8 Pleasure, David E., Children's Hospital. Neurology Research. 5th Neill, Christopher, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street. Floor, Ambramson Building, Philadelphia. PA 19104 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Poindexter. Jeanne S.. Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Nelson, Leonard, Medical College of Ohio, Department of Physiology, Broadway, New York, NY 10027-6598 CS 10008. Toledo. OH 43699 (deceased 1999) Pollard, Harvey B., U.S.U.H.S., 4301 Jones Bridge Road. Bethesda. Nelson, Margaret C., Cornell University, Section of Neurobiology and MD 20814 Behavior, Ithaca, NY 14850 Pollard, Thomas D., Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Nicholls, John G., SISSA. Via Beirut 2, 1-34014 Trieste. Italy Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Nickerson. Peter A., SUNY at Buffalo. Department of Pathology. Porter, Beverly H., 5542 Windysun Court, Columbia, MD 21045 Buffalo. NY 14214 Porter, Mary E., University of Minnesota, Department of Cell Biology Nicosia, Santo V., University of South Florida, College of Medicine, and Neuroanatomy. 4-135 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Box 1 1, Department of Pathology, Tampa, FL 33612 Minneapolis, MN 55455 Noe, Bryan D., Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Potter, David D., Harvard Medical School, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Atlanta, GA 30322 Neurobiology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston. MA 021 15 Norton, Catherine N., Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Potts, William T., University of Lancaster. Department of Biology, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Lancaster, England Nusbaum, Michael P., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Powers, Maureen K., University of California, Department of Department of Neuroscience, 215 Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA Molecular & Cellular Biology. Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA 19104-6074 94720 Prendergast. Robert A., 38 Pondlet Place, Falmouth. MA 02540

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Genetics, Kerklaan 30, 975 1 NN Haren, The Netherlands Department of Pharmacology, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA Spray. David C., Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Department of 01655 Park Neuroscience, 1300 Moms Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 Trigg. D. Thomas, One Federal Street, 9th Floor. Boston. MA 022 1 1 Spring. Kenneth R., National Institutes of Health. 10 Center Drive. Troll, \Valter, NYU Medical Center, Department of Environmental MSC 1598. Building 1(1. Room 6N260. Bethesda, MD 20892-1603 Medicine. 550 First Avenue. New York, NY 10016 Steele, John H., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole. Troxler, Robert F., Boston University School of Medicine. Department MA 02543 of Biochemistry. 80 East Concord Street. Boston. MA 021 18 Steinacker, Antoinette, University of Puerto Rico, Instituet of Tucker, Edward B., Baruch College. CUNY. Department of Natural Neurobiology. 201 Boulevard Del Valle. San Juan, PR 00901 Sciences, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Steinberg, Malcolm. Princeton University, Department of Molecular Turner, Ruth D., Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Biology, M-18 Moffett Laboratory, Princeton. NJ 08544-1014 Zoology. Mollusk Department, Cambridge. MA 02138 Stemmer, Andreas C., Institut fur Robotik. ETH-Sentrum. 8092 Zurich. Tweedell, Kenyon S., University of Notre Dame. Department of Switzerland Biological Sciences. Notre Dame. IN 46556-0369 Stenflo, Johan, University of Lund. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tykocinski, Mark L., Case Western Reserve University, Institute of Malmo General Hospital. S-205 02 Malmo. Sweden Pathology, 2085 Adelbert Road. Cleveland, OH 44106 Stetten, Jane Lazarow. 4701 Willurd Avenue. #1413, Chevy Chase, Tytell, Michael, Wake Forest University. Bowman Gray School of MD 20815-4627 Medicine. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology. Winston- Steudler. Paul A., Marine Biological Laboratory. The Ecosystems Salem. NC 27157 Center. Woods Hole. MA 02543 Stokes, Darrell R., Emory University. Department of Biology, 1510 Ueno, I In osln. University, AGR Chemistry, Faculty of Clifton Road NE. Atlanta, GA 30322-1 100 Kyoto Agriculture, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Stommel, Elijah W., Darmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Neurology Department, Lebanon. NH 03756 Stracher, Alfred, SUNY Health Science Center. of Department Valiela, Ivan, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological

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Ruth Ann Laster. President Kendall B. Bohr Jack Pearce. Vice President

Kitty Brown. Treasurer Associate Molly Cornell, Secretary Supporting Elizabeth Farnham, Membership Chair Mrs. George H. A. Clowes Tammy Smith Amon Dr. and Mrs. James D. Ebert Duncan Aspinwall Mr. and Mrs. David Fausch Barbara Atwood Mrs. Janet F. Gillette Brown Kitty Drs. Luigi and Elaine Mastroianni Julie Child Ms. Linda Sallop and Mr. Michael Fenlon Cohen Seymour Mrs. Anne W. Sawyer Michael Fenlon Dr. John Tochko and Mrs. Christina Myles-Tochko Sallie Giffen Mr. and Mrs. John J. Valois Alice Knowles Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. Wilson Rebecca Lash Cornelia Hanna McMurlne Joan Pearl man Sustaining Associate Virginia R. Reynolds Volker Ulbrich Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson. Jr. John Valois Mr. and Mrs. Lon Hocker Members of the Corporation R81

Mr. Robert A. Jaye Mr. and Mrs. Anthony D. Green Mr. and Mrs. Frederick S. Peters Dr. and Mrs. Edward F. MacNichol. Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Gregg Mr. and Mrs. George H. Plough Dr. Newton H. Gresser Dr. and Mrs. Aubrey Pothier, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Antoine F. O. Hadamard Dr. and Mrs. Carl A. Price Fainilv Membership Mr. and Mrs. Peter A. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Allan Putnam Dr. and Mrs. Harlyn O. Halvorson Dr. and Mrs. Lionel I. Rebhun Dr. Frederick W. Ackroyd Drs. Alexander and Carol Hannenberg Dr. and Mrs. George T. Reynolds Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Adelberg Dr. and Mrs. Richard Bennet Harvey Dr. and Mrs. Harris Ripps Dr. and Mrs. Dean C. Allard, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. J. Woodland Hastings Ms. Jean Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Allison Mr. and Mrs. Gary G. Hayward Drs. Priscilla and John Roslansky Drs. and Fred Peggy Alsup Dr. and Mrs. Howard H. Hiatt Mr. and Mrs. John D. Ross Drs. James and Helene Anderson Mr. and Mrs. David Hibbitt Dr. and Mrs. John W. Saunders, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Armstrong Dr. and Mrs. John E. Hobbie Dr. and Mrs. R. Walter Schlesinger Mr. and Mrs. Duncan P. Aspinwall Drs. Francis C. G. Hoskin and Elizabeth M. Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Sears Mr. and Mrs. Donald R. Aukamp Farnham Mr. John Seder and Ms. Frances Plough Mr. and Mrs. John M. Baitsell Dr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert J. Huettner and Mrs. Sheldon J. Segal Mrs. Mr. and David Bakalar Dr. and Mrs. David Dr. and Mrs. Shinya Inoue Shepro Mr. and Mrs. William L. Banks Mr. and R. Silver Dr. and Mrs. Kurt J. Isselbacher Mrs. Bertram Dr. and Mrs. Robert B. Barlow, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan O. Simonds Dr. and Mrs. Gary Jacobson Mr. and Mrs. John E. Barnes Drs. Frederick and Smith Mrs. Mary D. Janney Marguerite Dr. Mrs. Robert and M. Berne Dr. and Mrs. William K. Mr. and Mrs. DeWitt C. Jones. Ill Stephenson Drs. Harriet and Alan Bernheimer Mr. and Mrs. E. Kent Swift, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Kanuner Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Bigelow Mr. and Mrs. Gerard L. III Mr. and Mrs. Paul W. Knaplund Swope, Dr. and Mrs. Edward G. Boettiger Mr. Norman N. Tolkan Mr. and Mrs. A. Knowles. Jr. Mr. and Kendall Sidney Mrs. B. Bohr Dr. and Mrs. Walter Troll Sir and Lady Hans Kornberg Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Borgese Mr. and Mrs. Volker Ulbrich Dr. and Mrs. S. Andrew Kulin Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Bowen Ms. Susan Veeder Mr. and Mrs. Trevor Lambert Dr. and Mrs. Francis P. Bowles Drs. Claude and Dorothy Villee Dr. and Mrs. George M. Langford Dr. and Mrs. John B. Buck Dr. and Mrs. Gerald Weissmann Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Laster Dr. and Mrs. John E. Burns Dr. and Mrs. Paul S. Wheeler Dr. and Mrs. Hans Laufer Mrs. O. Burwell Mr. and William Dr. Martin Keister White Mr. William Lawrence and Mrs. Barbara Mr. and Mrs. G. Nathan Jr. Calkins, Mr. and Mrs. G. Jr. Buchanan Geoffrey Whitney, Mr. and Mrs. D. Bret Carlson Mr. and Mrs. Lynn H. Wilke Dr. and Mrs. Berton J. Leach Prof, and Mrs. James F. Case Dr. and Mrs. T. Hastings Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen R. Levy Dr. and Mrs. Richard L. Chappell Mr. and Mrs. Dick Yeo Mr. and Mrs. Robert Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Frank M. Child Livingstone. Dr. and Mrs. Sumner I. Zacks (Dr. Zacks Dr. and Mrs. Laszlo Lorand Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Claflin deceased. 2000) Mr. and Dr. Bernard Manuel Dr. and Mrs. Arnold Clark M. Dr. Linda and Mr. Erik Zettler Mr. and Mrs. C. Mrs. LeRoy Clark Joseph Martyna Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Mather. Ill Mr. and Mrs. James Cleary Mr. and Mrs. John E. Matthews Dr. and Mrs. Laurence P. Cloud Individual Membership Dr. and Mrs. Robert T. Mr. and Mrs. Harrington T. Collins McCluskey Mr. Paul Dr. and Mrs. Neal W. Cornell (Dr. Cornell McGonigle Mrs. Jean E. Ahearn Dr. and Mrs. M. Melillo deceased, 2000) Jerry Mr. Henry Albers Mr. Mrs. J. Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Cross and Wesley Merritt Dr. Nina S. Allen Dr. and Mrs. John M. Cummings Mr. and Mrs. Richard Meyers Mrs. Tammy Amon Mr. and Mrs. Bruce G. Daniels Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Mitchell Mr. Dean N. Arden Dr. and Mrs. Merle Mi/ell Mr. and Mrs. Joel P. Davis Mrs. Ellen Prosser Armstrong

Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Dierker Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Montgomery Mrs. Kimball C. Atwood. Ill Mr. and Mrs. A. Mr. and Mrs. F. Gerald Douglass Stephen Moore Dr. Serena Baccetti Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Brooks DuBois Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Murphy Mr. Everett E. Bagley Dr. and Mrs. Michael J. Fishbein Dr. and Mrs. John E. Naugle Dr. Millicent Bell Mr. and Mrs. Harold Frank Dr. Pamela Nelson and Mr. Christopher Mr. C. John Berg Mr. and Mrs. Howard G. Freeman Olmsted Dr. Thomas P. Bleck Dr. and Mrs. Robert A. Frosch Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Nickerson Ms. Avis Blomberg Dr. and Mrs. John J. Funkhouser Dr. and Mrs. Clifford T. O'Connell Mr. Theodore A. Bonn

Dr. and Mrs. Mordecai L. Gabriel Mr. and Mrs. James J. O'Connor Mr. James V. Bracchitta Dr. and Mrs. Sydney Gellis Mr. and Mrs. David R. Palmer Mrs. Jennie P. Brown Dr. and Mrs. James L. German. Ill Mr. and Mrs. Robert Parkinson Mrs. M. Kathryn S. Brown Dr. and Mrs. Harold S. Ginsberg Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Paulson. Jr. Dr. Robert H. Broyles Dr. and Mrs. Murray Glusman Dr. and Mrs. John B. Pearce Ms. Henriete Bull Drs. Alfred and Joan Goldberg Mr. and Mrs. William J. Pechilis Dr. Alan H. Burghauser Mrs. Mary L. Goldman Mr. and Mrs. John B. Pen Mrs. Barbara Gates Burwell Mr. and Mrs. Charles Goodwin, III Dr. and Mrs. Courtland D. Perkins Mr. Bruce E. Buxton

Dr. and Mrs. Philip Grant Dr. and Mrs. Philip Person Mr. Patrick J. Calie R82 Annual Report

Mrs. Anne M. Campbell Mrs. Marcella Katz Master Alexander Meigs Rives Dr. Graciela C. Candelas Ms. Patricia E. Keoughan Mrs. Lola E. Robertson Mr. Frank C. Camtenuto Dr. Peter N. Kivy Mrs. Ruth J. Robinson Dr. Roben H. Carrier Dr. Bruno P. Kremer Mrs. Arlene Rogers Mrs. Patricia A. Case Mr. Bernard H. Labitt Mrs. Wendy E. Rose Ms. Mia D. Champion Mrs. Janet W. Larcom Ms. Hilde Rosenthal Dr. Sallie Chisholm Dr. Marian E. LeFevre Mrs. Atholie K. Rosett Mrs. Octavia C. Clement Dr. Mortimer Levitz Dr. Virginia F. Ross Mr. Allen W. Clowes Mr. Edwin M. Libbin Dr. John D. Rummel Mrs. Margaret H. Cohurn Mr. Lennart Lindberg Mr. Raymond A. Sanborn Dr. Seymour S. Cohen Mrs. Barbara C. Little Ms. Elaine Schott

Ms. Anne S. Concannon Mrs. Sarah J. Loessel Mrs. Elsie M. Scott Prof. D. Eugene Copeland Mrs. Ermine W. Lovell Sea Education Association. Inc. Dr. Vincent Cowling Mr. Richard C. Levering Dr. Cecily C. Selby Mrs. Marilyn E. Crandall Mrs. Victoria H. Lowell Mrs. Deborah G. Senft Ms. Dorothy Crossley Mrs. Margaret M. MacLeish Mrs. Charlotte Shemin Ms. Helen M. Crossley Ms. Anne Camille Maher Ms. Enid K. Sichel Mrs. Villa B. Crowell Mrs. Annemarie E. Mahler Dr. Jeffrey D. Silberman

Mr. Mrs. J. Norman Dana Mr. Patrick J. Mahoney Phyllis Silver Dr. Morton Davidson Dr. Saul Malkiel Mrs. Cynthia C. Smith Mrs. Elizabeth M. Davis Ms. Diane Maranchie Mrs. Louise M. Specht Ms. Carol Reimann DeYoung Mr. Daniel R. Martin Dr. Guy L. Steele, Sr. Mrs. Shirley Dierolf Dr. Miriam Jacob Mauzerall Dr. Robert E. Steele Mr. David L. Donovan Mrs. Mary Hartwell Mavor Mrs. Eleanor Steinbach Mrs. Jane Lazarow Stetten Ms. Su/.anne Droban Mrs. Nella W. McElroy (deceased 1999) Mr. Roy A. Duffus Dr. Susan Gerbi Mcllwam Dr. Maurice Sussman Mr. Mrs. Charles Eastman Ms. Mary W. McKoan Albert H. Swain Mr. James K. Dr. Frank Egloff Ms. Jane A. McLaughlin Taylor Mr. Emil Mr. Raymond Eliott Ms. Louise McManus D. Tietje, Jr. Mrs. Ms. Judy Ernst Ms. Cornelia Hanna McMurtrie Alice Todd Mr. Arthur D. Traub Mrs. Ruth Alice Fitz Mrs. Ellen L. Meigs Mr. D. Thomas Mr. Robert Fitzpatrick Mr. Ted Melillo Trigg Ms. Natalie Trousof Ms. Sylvia M. Flanagan Martin Mendelson. M.D.. Ph.D. Mrs. Frances W. Mr. John W. Folino, Jr. Ms. Carmen Merryman Tytell Ms. Ciona Ulbrich Dr. Krystyna Frenkel Mrs. Grace S. Metz Dr. Kensal E. van Holde Mr. Paul J. Freyheit Mrs. Mary G. Miles Ms. Vatuk Mrs. Ruth E. Fye Mrs. Florence E. Mixer Sylvia Mr. Lee D. Vincent Mr. Joseph C. Gallagher Mr. John T. Moakley Mr. Arthur D. Voorhis Miss Eleanor Garfield Mr. Lawrence A. Monte Mrs. Eve Warren Mrs. Ruth H. Garland Mrs. Mary E. Montgomery Mr. John T. Weeks Mr. John Garnett Ms. Cynthia Moor Ms. Lillian Wendortt Ms. Sallie A. Giffen Mr. Alan F. Morrison Dr. William M. Wheeler Mr. Charles Gifford Dr. M. Patricia Morse Ms. Mabel Y. Mrs. James R. Glazebrook Mrs. Eleanor M. Nace Whelpley Mrs. Barbara Whitehead Mr. Michael P. Goldring Mr. William G. Neall Mrs. Ava Whittemore Mrs. Phyllis Goldstein Mrs. Anne Nelson Mrs. Joan R. Wickersham Mrs. DeWitt S. Goodman Mr. Edmund F. Nolan Mrs. Clare M. Wilber Ms. Muriel Gould Ms. Catherine N. Norton Ms. Nancy Woitkoski Mrs. Rose Grant Mr. John J. O'Connor (deceased 1999) Ms. Marion K. Wright Mrs. Jeanne B. Griffith Dr. Renee Bennett O'Sullivan Mrs. M. York Mrs. Dorothy Valerie A. Hall Miss Carolyn L. Parmenter Mrs. Bunnie Rose Dr. Zigman Peter J. Hamre Mrs. Dolores Patch-Wing Mrs. Donald J. Zinn Ms. Mary Eli/.aheth Hamstrom Ms. Joan Pearlman Ms. Elizabeth E. Hathaway Mr. Raymond W. Peterson Dr. Robert R. Haiilun h Ms. Victoria A. Powell MBL Gift Shop Volunteers Mrs. Jane M. Heakl Ms. Elizabeth T. Price Mrs. Nathan Hir.schfeld Ms. Dianne Purves Marion Adelberg Mr. W. Roger Hubhell Mrs. Julia S. Rankin Barabara Atwood Miss Elizabeth B. Jackson Mr. Fred J. Ravens. Jr. Caroline Banks Mr. L. Jewett Raymond Ms. Anecia Kathy Regis Harriet Bernheimer Mrs. Barbara W. Jones Ms. Mary W. Rianhard Avis Blomberg Mrs. H. Jones Megan Dr. Renato A. Ricca (deceased 1

Janet Daniels Carol De Young Fran Eastman Certificate of Organization Articles of Amendment Bylaws

Certificate of Organization Articles of Amendment

(On File in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth)

(On File in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth) We, James D. Ebert, President, and David Shepro, Clerk of the Marine Biological

Laboratory, located at Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, do hereby certify that the following amendment to the Articles of Organization of the Corporation was duly No. 3170 adopted at a meeting held on August 15, 1975, as adjourned to August 29, 1975, by

vole of 444 members, being at least two-thirds of its members legally qualified to vote We, Alpheus Hyatt, President, William Stanford Stevens, Treasurer, and William T. in the meeting of the corporation: Sedgwick, Edward G. Gardiner, Susan Mims and Charles Sedgwick Minot being a of the Trustees of the Marine in with the majority Biological Laboratory compliance Voted: That the Certificate of Organization of this corporation be and it hereby is of the fourth section of one hundred and fifteen of the Public requirements chapter amended by the addition of the following provisions: Statutes do that the is a true of the of hereby certify following copy agreement "No Officer, Trustee or Corporate Member of the corporation shall be personally association to constitute said with the names of the subscribers thereto: Corporation, liable for the payment or satisfaction of any obligation or liabilities incurred as a result of, or otherwise in connection with, any commitments, agreements, activities or affairs of the corporation. We, whose names are hereto subscribed, do. by this agreement, associate ourselves "Except as otherwise specifically provided by the Bylaws of the corporation, meet- with the intention to constitute a to the of the one Corporation according provisions ings of the Corporate Members of the corporation may be held anywhere in the United hundred and fifteenth of the Public Statutes of the Commonwealth of Mas- chapter Slates. sachusetts, and the Acts in amendment thereof and in addition thereto. "The Trustees of the corporation may make, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the

corporation in whole or in part, except with respect to any provisions thereof which shall by law, this Certificate or the bylaws of the corporation, require action by the The name by which the Corporation shall be known is Corporate Members." THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

The foregoing amendment will become effective when these articles of amendment are filed in accordance with Chapter 180, Section 7 of the General Laws unless these The purpose for which the Corporation is constituted is to establish and maintain a articles specify, in accordance with the vote adopting the amendment, a later effective laboratory or station for scientific study and investigations, and a school for instruc- date not more than thirty days after such filing, in which event the amendment will tion in biology and natural history. become effective on such later date- The place within which the Corporation is established or located is the city of Boston within said Commonwealth. In Witness whereof and Under the Penalties of Perjury, we have hereto signed our The amount of its capital stock is none. n.uiiL-s this 2nd day of September, in the year 1975, James D. Ebert, President; David In Witness Whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, this twenty seventh day of Shepro, Clerk. February in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, Alpheus Hyatt, Samuel Mills, on October 24. 1975, as follows: William T- Sedgwick, Edward G. Gardiner, Charles Sedgwick Minot. William G. (Approved I hereby approve the within articles of amendment and. the filing fee in the amount Farlow, William Stanford Stevens, Anna D. Phillips, Susan Mims, B. H. Van Vleck. of $10 been said articles are deemed to have been filed with me this 24lh That the first meeting of the subscribers to said agreemenl was held on the thirteenth having paid, day of October. 1975. day of March in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. In Witness Whereof, we have hereunto signed our names, this thirteenth day nl March Paul Guzzi in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, Alpheus Hyatt, President, William of Stanford Stevens. Treasurer. Edward G. Gardiner. William T. Sedgwick, Susan Minis, Secretary the Commonwealth) Charles Sedgwick Minot. (Approved on March 20, 1SXS as follows. I hereby certify that it appears upon an examination of the within written certificate and the records o| ihc t_i']|ioi,iliun Jul\ submitted to my inspection, that the require- Bylaws ments of sections one, two and three of chapter one hundred and fifteen, and sections eighteen, twenty and twenty-one ol chapter one hundred and six, of the Public (Revised 7. 1992 and December 1(1. IW2) Statutes, have been complied with and I hereby approve said certificate this twentieth August day of March A.D. eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. ARTICLE I THE CORPORATION

Charles Endicott A. Name anil Pnrpiise. The name of the Corporation shall he The Marine Biolog- Commissioner of Corporations) ical Laboratory. The Corporation's purpose shall be to establish anil maintain a

KS4 Bylaws of the Corporation R85

laboratory or station for scientific study and investigation and a school for instruction of Massachusetts. They shall elect Trustees-at-Large as specified in this Article IV. in biology and natural history. They shall appoint a Director of the Laboratory for a term not to exceed five years, B. Nondiscrimination. The Corporation shall not discriminate on the basis of age, provided the term shall not exceed one year if the candidate has attained the age of religion, color, race, national or ethnic origin, sex or sexual preference in its policies 65 years prior to the date of the appointment. They shall choose such other officers and in its on employment administration or educational and other programs. and agents as they shall think best. They may fix the compensation of all officers and agents of me Corporation and may remove them at any time. They may fill vacancies ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP occurring in any of the offices. The Board shall have the power to choose an Executive Committee from their own number as provided in Article V, and to A. Members. The Members of the Corporation ("Members") shall consist of delegate to such Committee such of their own powers as they may deem expedient in persons elected by the Board of Trustees (the "Board"), upon such terms and addition to those powers conferred by Article V. They shall, from time to time, elect conditions and in accordance with such procedures, not inconsistent with law or these Members to the Corporation upon such terms and conditions as they shall have Bylaws, as may be determined by the Board. At any regular or special meeting of the determined, not inconsistent with law or these Bylaws. Board, the Board may elect new Members. Members shall have no voting or other B. Composition and Election. rights with respect to the Corporation or its activities except as specified in these 1 I ) The Board shall include 24 Trustees elected by the Board as provided below: Bylaws, and any Member may vote at any meeting of the Members in person only and (a) At least six Trustees ("Corporate Trustees") shall be Members who are not by proxy. Members shall serve until their death or resignation unless earlier scientists, and the other Trustees ("Trustees-at-Large") shall be individuals who need removed with or without cause by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Trustees not be Members or otherwise affiliated with the Corporation. then in office. Any Member who has retired from his or her home institution may. (b) The 24 elected Trustees shall be divided into four classes of six Trustees upon written request to the Corporation, be designated a Life Member. Life Members each, with one class to be elected each year to serve for a term of four years, and with shall not have the right to vote and shall not be assessed for dues. each such class to include at least one Corporate Trustee. Such classes of Trustees B. Meetings. The annual meeting of the Members shall be held on the Friday shall be designated by the year of expiration of their respective terms. following the first Tuesday in August of each year, at the Laboratory of the Corpo- (2) The Board shall also include the Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer and the ration in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, at 9:30 a.m. The Chairperson of the Board shall Chairperson of the Science Council, who shall be ex officio voting members of the preside at meetings of the Corporation. If no annual meeting is held in accordance Board. with the foregoing provision, a special meeting may be held in lieu thereof with the (3) Although Members or Trustees recommend individuals for nomination same effect as the annual meeting, and in such case all references in these Bylaws, may as Trustees, nominations for Trustee elections shall be made the except in this Article II. B., to the annual meeting of the Members shall be deemed to by Nominating Committee in its sole discretion. The Board also elect Trustees who have not refer to such special meeting Members shall transact business as may properly come may been nominated by the Committee. before the meeting. Special meetings of the Members may be called by the Chair- Nominating C. A Trustee or a who has been elected to person or the Trustees, and shall be called by the Clerk, or in the case of the death, Eligibility: Corporate Trustee-at-Large an initial term or thereof, of which he/she has served at absence, incapacity or refusal by the Clerk, by any other officer, upon written four-year remaining portion least two shall be for re-election to a second term, but shall application of Members representing at least ten percent of the smallest quorum of years, eligible four-year be for re-election to term until one has after Members required for a vote upon any matter at the annual meeting of the Members, ineligible any subsequent year elapsed he/she has last served as a Trustee. to be held at such time and place as may be designated. D. Removal. Trustee be removed from office at time with or without 1 shall a C. Quorum. One hundred ( 00) Members constitute quorum at any meeting. Any may any vote of a of the Members entitled to vote in the election of Except as otherwise required by law or these Bylaws, the affirmative vote of a cause, by majority or for vote of two-thirds of the Trustees then in office. Trustee majority of the Members voting in person at a meeting attended by a quorum shall Trustees; cause, by A constitute action on behalf of the Members. may be removed for cause only if notice of such action shall have been given to all of the Trustees or entitled to as the case to the D. Notice of Meetings. Notice of any annual meeting or special meeting of Members vote, may be, prior meeting Members, if necessary, shall be given by the Clerk by mailing notice of the time and at which such action is to be taken and if the Trustee to be so removed shall have been place and purpose of such meeting at least 15 days before such meeting to each given reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard before the body proposing to Member at his or her address as shown on the records of the Corporation. remove him or her. E. Waiver of Notice. Whenever notice of a meeting is required to be given a E. Vacancies. Any vacancy in the Board may be filled by vote of a majority of the Member, under any provision of the Articles or Organization or Bylaws of the remaining Trustees present at a meeting of Trustees at which a quorum is present. Any Corporation, a written waiver thereof, executed before or after the Meeting by such vacancy in the Board resulting from the resignation or removal of a Corporate Trustee Member, or his or her duly authorized attorney, shall be deemed equivalent to such shall be filled by a Member who is a scientist. notice. F. Meetings. Meetings of the Board shall be held from time to time, not less F. Adjournments. Any meeting of the Members may be adjourned to any other frequently than twice annually, as determined by the Board. Special meetings of time and place by the vote of a majority of those Members present at the meeting, Trustees may be called by the Chairperson, or by any seven Trustees, to be held at whether or not such Members constitute a quorum, or by any officer entitled to preside such time and place as may be designated. The Chairperson of the Board, when at or to act as Clerk of such meeting, if no Member is present or represented. It shall present, shall preside over all meetings of the Trustees. Written notice shall be sent to not be necessary to notify any Members of any adjournment unless no Member is a Trustee's usual or last known place of residence at least two weeks before the present or represented at the meeting which is adjourned, in which case, notice of the meeting. Notice of a meeting need not be given to any Trustee if a written waiver of adjournment shall be given in accordance with Article II. D. Any business which could notice executed by such Trustee before or after the meeting is filed wifh the records have been transacted at of the as any meeting Members originally called may be of the meeting, or if such Trustee shall attend the meeting without protesting prior transacted at an adjournment thereof. thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice given to him or her. G. Quorum and Action b\ Trustees. A majority of all Trustees then in office shall ARTICLE III ASSOCIATES OF THE CORPORATION constitute a quorum. Any meeting of Trustees may be adjourned by vote of a majority

of Trustees present, whether or not a quorum is present, and the meeting may be held Associates of the Corporation. The Associates of the Marine Biological Laboratory as adjourned without further notice. When a quorum is present at any meeting of the shall be an unincorporated group of persons (including associations and corporations) Trustees, a majonty of the Trustees present and voting (excluding abstentions) shall interested in the Laboratory and shall be organized and operated under the general decide any question, including the election of officers, unless otherwise required by supervision and authority of the Trustees. The Associates of the Marine Biological law, the Articles of Organization or these Bylaws. Laboratory shall have no voting rights. H. Transfers of Interests in Land. There shall be no transfer of title nor long-term ARTICLE IV BOARD OF TRUSTEES lease of real property held by the Corporation without prior approval of not less than two-thirds of the Trustees. Such real property transactions shall be finally acted upon A. Powers. The Board of Trustees shall have the control and management of the at a meeting of the Board only if presented and discussed at a prior meeting of the affairs of the Corporation. The Trustees shall elect a Chairperson of the Board who Board. Either meeting may be a special meeting and no less than four weeks shall shall serve until his or her successor is elected and qualified. They shall annually elect elapse between the two meetings. Any property acquired by the Corporation after a President of the Corporation. They shall annually elect a Vice Chairperson of the December 1, 1989 may be sold, any mortgage or pledge of real property (regardless Board who shall be Vice Chairperson of the meetings of the Corporation. They shall of when acquired) to secure borrowings by the Corporation may be granted, and any annually elect a Treasurer. They shall annually elect a Clerk, who shall be a resident transfer of title or interest in real property pursuant to the foreclosure or endorsement R86 Annual Report of any such mortgage or pledge of real property may be effected by any holder of a F. Actions Without a Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any mortgage or pledge of real property of the Corporation, with the prior approval of not meeting of the Executive Committee or any other committee elected by the Trustees less than two-thirds of the Trustees (other than any Trustee or Trustees with a direct may be taken without a meeting if all members of such committees consent to the or indirect financial interest in the transaction being considered for approval) who are action in writing and such written consents are filed with the records of meetings. present at a regular or special meeting of the Board at which there is a quorum. Members of the Executive Committee or any other committee elected by the Trustees may also participate in any meeting by means of a telephone conference call, or ARTICLE V COMMITTEES otherwise take action in such a manner as may. from time to time, be permitted by law.

A. Executive Committee. There shall be an Executive Committee of the Board of G. Manual of Procedures. The Board of Trustees, on the recommendation of the Trustees which shall consist of not more than eleven (11) Trustees, including ex Executive Committee, shall establish guidelines and modifications thereof to be

Trustees, elected the Board. in a shall establish 1 officio by recorded Manual of Procedures. Guidelines procedures for: ( ) The Chairperson of the Board shall act as Chairperson of the Executive Committee Nomination and election of members of the Corporation, Board of Trustees and and the Vice Chairperson as Vice Chairperson. The Executive Committee shall meet Executive Committee; (2) Election of Officers; (3) Formation and Function of at such times and places and upon such notice and appoint such subcommittees as the Standing Committees. Committee shall determine The Executive Committee shall have and may exercise all the powers of the Board ARTICLE VI OFFICERS during the intervals between meetings of the Board except those powers specifically withheld, from time to time, by vote of the Board or by law. The Executive A Enumeration- The officers of the Corporation shall consist of a President, a Committee may also appoint such committees, including persons who are not Trust- Treasurer and a Clerk, and such other officers having the powers of President, ees, as it may, from time to time, approve to make recommendations with respect to Treasurer and Clerk as the Board may determine, and a Director of the Laboratory matters to be acted upon by the Executive Committee or the Board The Corporation may have such other officers and assistant officers as the Board may The Executive Committee shall keep appropriate minutes of its meetings, which determine, including (without limitation) a Chairperson of the Board, Vice Chairper- shall be reported to the Board. Any actions taken by the Executive Committee shall son and one or more Vice Presidents, Assistant Treasurers or Assistant Clerks. Any also be reported to the Board. two or more offices may be held by the same person. The Chairperson and Vice B. Nominating Committee. There shall be a Nominating Committee which shall Chan-person of the Board shall be elected by and from the Trustees, but other officers consist of not fewer than four nor more than six Trustees appointed by the Board in of the Corporation need not be Trustees or Members. If required by the Trustees, any a manner which shall reflect the balance between Corporate Trustees and Trustees- officer shall give the Corporation a bond for the faithful performance of his or her at-Large on the Board. The Nominating Committee shall nominate persons for duties in such amount and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the election as Corporate Trustees and Trustees-at-Large, Chairperson of the Board, Vice Trustees. Chairperson of the Board, President. Treasurer. Clerk, Director of the Laboratory and B. Tenure. Except as otherwise provided by law, by the Articles of Organization such other officers, if any, as needed, in accordance with the requirements of these or by these Bylaws, the President, Treasurer, and all other officers shall hold office Bylaws. The Nominating Committee shall also be responsible for overseeing the until the first meeting of the Board following the annual meeting of Members and training of new Trustees. The Chairperson of the Board of Trustees shall appoint the thereafter, until his or her successor is chosen and qualified. Chairperson of the Nominating Committee. The Chairperson of the Science Council C. Resignation. Any officer may resign by delivering his or her written resignation shall be an ex officio voting member of the Nominating Committee. to the Corporation at its principal office or to the President or Clerk and such C. Science Council. There shall be a Science Council (the "Council") which shall resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless it is specified to be effective at some consist of Members of the Corporation elected to the Council by vote of the Members other time or upon the happening of some other event. of the Corporation, and which shall advise the Board with respect to matters con- D. Removal. The Board may remove any officer with or without cause by a vote cerning the Corporation's mission, its scientific and instructional endeavors, and the of a majority of the entire number of Trustees then in office, at a meeting of the Board appointment and promotions of persons or committees with responsibility for matters called for that purpose and for which notice of the purpose thereof has been given, requiring scientific expertise. Unless otherwise approved by a majority of the mem- provided that an officer may be removed for cause only after having an opportunity bers of the Council, the Chairperson of the Council shall be elected annually by the to be heard by the Board at a meeting of the Board at which a quorum is personally

Council. The chief executive officer of the Corporation shall be an ex officio voting present and voting. member of the Council E. Vacancy. A vacancy in any office may be filled for the unexpired balance of the D Board of Overseers. There shall be a Board of Overseers which shall consist of term by vote of a majority of the Trustees present at any meeting of Trustees at which not fewer than rive nor more than eight scientists who have expertise concerning a quorum is present or by written consent of all of the Trustees, if less than a quorum matters with which the Corporation is involved. Members of the Board of Overseers of Trustees shall remain in office. may or may not be Members of the Corporation and may be appointed by the Board F. Chairperson. The Chairperson shall have such powers and duties as may be of Trustees on the basis of recommendations submitted from scientists and scientific determined by the Board and, unless otherwise determined by the Board, shall serve organizations or societies. The Board of Overseers shall be available to review and in that capacity for a term coterminous with his or her term as Trustee. offer recommendations to the officers. Trustees and Science Council regarding G. Vice Chairperson. The Vice Chairperson shall perform the duties and exercise scientific activities conducted or proposed by the Corporation and shall meet from the powers of the Chairperson in the absence or disability of the Chairperson, and time to time, not less frequently than annually, as determined by the Board of shall perform such other duties and possess such other powers as may be determined Trustees. by the Board. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Vice Chairperson shall E. Board Committees Generullv. The Trustees may elect or appoint one or more serve for a one-year term. other committees (including, but not limited to, an Investment Committee, a Devel- H. Director. The Director shall be the chief operating officer and. unless otherwise opment Committee, an Audit Committee, a Facilities and Capital Equipment Com- voted by the Trustees, the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The Director mittee and a Long-Range Planning Committee) and may delegate to any such shall, subject to the direction of the Trustees, have general supervision of the committee or committees any or all of their powers, except those which by law, the Laboratory and control ot the business of the Corporation. At the annual meeting, the Articles of Organization or these Bylaws the Trustees are prohibited from delegating; Director shall submit a report of the operations of the Corporation for such year and provided that any committee to which the powers of the Trustees are delegated shall a statement of its affairs, and shall, from time to time, report to the Board all matters consist solely of Trustees. The members of any such committee shall have such tenure within his or her knowledge which the interests of the Corporation may require to be and duties as the Trust a -s .lull determine. The Investment Committee, which shall brought to its notice. oversee the management of the Corporation's endowment funds and marketable I. Deputy- Dirt-dor. The Deputy Director, if any, or if there shall be more than one. securities shall include as t-.v offi ><> members, the Chairperson of the Board, the the Deputy Directors in the order determined by the Trustees, shall, in the absence or Treasurer and the Chairperson of the Audit Committee, together with such Trustees disability of the Director, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Director as may be required for not less than two-thirds of the Investment Committee to consist and shall perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Trustees of Trustees. Except as otherwise provided by these Bylaws or determined by the may. from time to time, prescribe. Trustees, any such committee may make rules for the conduct of its business, but, J. President. The President shall have the powers and duties as may be vested in unless otherwise provided by the Trustees 01 in such rules, its business shall be him or her by the Board. conducted as nearly as possible in the same manner as is provided by these Bylaws K, Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer. The Treasurer shall, subject to the direction for the Trustees. of the Trustees, have general charge of the financial affairs of the Corporation, Bylaws of the Corporation R87

including its long-range financial planning, and shall cause to be kept accurate books repay such payment if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to of account. The Treasurer shall prepare a yearly report on the financial status of the indemnification under the provisions of this Article VIII. or under any applicable law Corporation to be delivered al the annual meeting. The Treasurer shall also prepare or As used in the Article VIII, the terms "Trustee," "director," and "officer" oversee all filings required by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Internal include their respective heirs, executors, administrators and legal representatives, and Revenue Service, or other Federal and State Agencies. The account of the Treasurer an "interested" Trustee, director or officer is one against whom in such capacity the shall be audited annually by a certified public accountant proceeding in question or another proceeding on the same or similar grounds is then The Assistant Treasurer, if any, or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant pending. Treasurers in the order determined by the Trustees, shall, in the absence or disability To assure indemnification under this Article VIII of all persons who are determined of the Treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer, shall by the Corporation or otherwise to be or to have been "fiduciaries" of any employee perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Trustees may, from benefits plan of the Corporation which may exist, from time to time, this Article VIII time to time, prescribe. shall be interpreted as follows: (i) "another organization" shall be deemed to include L. Clerk and Assistant Clerk. The Clerk shall be a resident of the Commonwealth such an employee benefit plan, including without limitation, any plan of the Corpo- of Massachusetts, unless the Corporation has designated a resident agent in the ration which is governed by the Act of Congress entitled "Employee Retirement manner provided by law. The minutes or records of all meetings of the Trustees and Income Security Act of 1974," as amended, from time to time, ("ERISA"); (ii) Members shall be kept by the Clerk who shall record, upon the record books of the "Trustee" shall be deemed to include any person requested by the Corporation to Corporation, minutes of the proceedings at such meetings. He or she shall have serve as such for an employee benefit plan where the performance by such person of custody of the record books of the Corporation and shall have such other powers and his or her duties to the Corporation also imposes duties on. or otherwise involves shall perform such other duties as the Trustees may, from time to time, prescribe. services by, such person to the plan or participants or beneficiaries of the plan; (iii) The Assistant Clerk, if any, or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant Clerks "fines" shall be deemed to include any excise tax plan pursuant to ERISA; and (iv) in the order determined by the Trustees, shall, in the absence or disability of the Clerk, actions taken or omitted by a person with respect to an employee benefit plan in the perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Clerk and shall perform such other performance of such person's duties tor a purpose reasonably believed by such person duties and shall have such other powers as the Trustees may, from time to time, to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of the plan shall be deemed prescribe. to be for a purpose which is in the best interests of the Corporation. In the absence of the Clerk and an Assistant Clerk from any meeting, a temporary The right of indemnification provided in this Article VIII shall not be exclusive of Clerk shall be appointed al the meeting. or affect any other rights to which any Trustee, director or officer may be entitled M. Other Powers and Duties. Each officer shall have in addition to the duties and under any agreement, statute, vote of Members or otherwise. The Corporation's powers specifically set forth in these Bylaws, such duties and powers as are custom- obligation to provide indemnification under this Article VIII shall be offset to the arily incident to his or her office, and such duties and powers as the Trustees may, extent of any other source of indemnification of any otherwise applicable insurance from time to time, designate. coverage under a policy maintained by the Corporation or any other person. Nothing contained in the Article shall affect any rights to which employees and corporate ARTICLE VII AMENDMENTS personnel other than Trustees, directors or officers may be entitled by contract, by vote of the Board or of the Executive Committee or otherwise. These Bylaws may be amended by the affirmative vote of the Members at any meeting, provided that notice of the substance of the proposed amendment is stated ARTICLE IX DISSOLUTION in the notice of such meeting. As authorized by the Articles of Organization, the Trustees, by a majority of their number then in office, may also make, amend or repeal The consent of every Trustee shall be necessary to effect a dissolution of the Marine these Bylaws, in whole or in part, except with respect to (a) the provisions of these Biological Laboratory. In case of dissolution, the property shall be disposed of in such Bylaws governing (i) the removal of Trustees and (ii) the amendment of these Bylaws a manner and upon such terms as shall be determined by the affirmative vote of and (b) any provisions of these Bylaws which by law, the Articles of Organization or two-thirds of the Trustees then in office in accordance with the laws of the Com- these Bylaws, requires action by the Members. monwealth of Massachusetts. No later than the time of giving notice of meeting of Members next following the ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS making, amending or repealing by the Trustees of any Bylaw, notice thereof stating the substance of such change shall be given to all Members entitled to vote on A. Fiscal Year. Except as otherwise determined by the Trustees, the fiscal year of amending the Bylaws. the Corporation shall end on December 31st of each year. Any Bylaw adopted by the Trustees may be amended or repealed by the Members B. Seal. Unless otherwise determined by the Trustees, the Corporation may have entitled to vote on amending the Bylaws. a seal in such form as the Trustees may determine, from time to time. ARTICLE VIII INDEMNITY C. Execution of Instruments. All checks, deeds, leases, transfers, contracts, bonds, notes and other obligations authorized to be executed by an officer of the Corporation Except as otherwise provided below, the Corporation shall, to the extent legally in its behalf shall be signed by the Director or the Treasurer except as the Trustees permissible, indemnify each person who is, or shall have been, a Trustee, director or may generally or in particular cases otherwise determine. A certificate by the Clerk or officer of the Corporation or who is serving, or shall have served at the request of the an Assistant Clerk, or a temporary Clerk, as to any action taken by the Members. Corporation as a Trustee, director or officer of another organization in which the Board of Trustees or any officer or representative of the Corporation shall as to all

Corporation directly or indirectly has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or persons who rely thereon in good faith be conclusive evidence of such action. otherwise, against all liabilities and expenses (including judgments, fines, penalties, D. Corporate Records. The original, or attested copies, of the Articles of Organi- and reasonable attorneys' fees and all amounts paid, other than to the Corporation or zation, Bylaws and records of all meetings of the Members shall be kept in Massa- such other organization, in compromise or settlement) imposed upon or incurred by chusetts at the principal office of the Corporation, or at an office of the Corporation's any such person in connection with, or arising out of, the defense or disposition of any Clerk or resident agent. Said copies and records need not all be kept in the same office. action, suit or other proceeding, whether civil or criminal, in which he or she may be They shall be available at all reasonable times for inspection by any Member for any a defendant or with which he or she may be threatened or otherwise involved, directly proper purpose, but not to secure a list of Members for a purpose other than in the or indirectly, by reason of his or her being or having been such a Trustee, director or interest of the applicant, as a Member, relative to the affairs of the Corporation. officer. E. Articles of Organization. All references in these Bylaws to the Articles of The Corporation shall provide no indemnification with respect to any matter as to Organization shall be deemed to refer to the Articles of Organization of the Corpo- which any such Trustee, director or officer shall be finally adjudicated in such action, ration, as amended and in effect, from time to time. suit or proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that his or F. Transactions with Interested Parties. In the absence of fraud, no contract or other her action was in the best interests of the Corporation. The Corporation shall provide transaction between this Corporation and any other corporation or any firm, association, no indemnification with respect to any matter settled or comprised unless such matter partnership or person shall be affected or invalidated by the fact that any Trustee or officer shall have been approved as in the best interests of the Corporation, after notice that of this Corporation is pecuniarily or otherwise interested in or is a director, member or indemnification is involved, by (i) a disinterested majority of the Board of the officer of such other corporation or of such firm, association or partnership or in a party Executive Committee, or (ii) a majority of the Members. to or is pecuniarily or otherwise interested in such contract or other transaction or is in any

Indemnification may include payment by the Corporation of expenses in defending way connected with any person or person, firm, association, partnership, or corporation a civil or criminal action or proceeding in advance of the final disposition of such pecuniarily or otherwise interested therein; provided that the fact that he or she individ- action or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the person indemnified to ually or as a director, member or officer of such corporation, firm, association or R88 Annual Report

partnership in such a party or is so interested shall be disclosed to or shall have been authorizing any such contract or transaction with like force and effect as if he/she were not known by the Board of Trustees or a majority of such Members thereof as shall be present so interested, or were not a director, member or officer of such other corporation, firm, at a meeting of the Board of Trustees at which action upon any such contract or association or partnership, provided that any vote with respect to such contract or transaction shall be taken; any Trustee may be counted in determining the existence of a transaction must be adopted by a majority of the Trustees then in office who have no quorum and may vote at any meeting of the Board of Trustees for the purpose of interest in such contract or transaction. Publications

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