PAGE 1 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA-1 WATERSHED, TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES by D S Asmita
Submission date: 05-Aug-2020 04:41PM (UTC+0530) Submission ID: 1366175289 File name: 1NH16CV030.main.3rd.attempt.pdf (1.38M) Word count: 9031 Character count: 48223
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 2 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI-590018
2019-2020
“FINAL YEAR PROJECT” MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA-1 WATERSHED, TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR 8TH SEMESTER FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL,
USN NAME 1NH16CV030 D S ASMITA 1NH16CV037 DIVYA S KAMBALI 1NH16CV045 JENNIFER ROSE BIJU 1NH16CV062 MANIKYA H M
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. MAHESHA N ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 3 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. MOHAN MANGHNANI, Chairman of New Horizon College of Engineering for providing necessary infrastructure and creating good environment.
We would like to express our great thanks to Dr. MANJUNATHA, Principal of New Horizon College of Engineering, for granting us permission to undertake the VTU prescribed project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the Head of Civil Engineering Department Dr. NIRANJAN P.S, for providing necessary facilities and encouraging us to make this project.
We sincerely acknowledge the encouragement, timely help and guidance of Dr. MAHESHA N, Associate Professor, Department of Civil engineering.
We also express our special gratitude to staff members of the Department of Civil Engineering. Their valuable guidance in both field and office work helped us to complete the project within the prescribed time.
Finally, we express our sincere thanks to lab instructors who helped us to complete the project successful and all our friends for their kind co-operation and help for the successful completion of the project.
BATCH B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 4 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
The trust is a recipient of Prestigious Rajyotsava State Award 2012 Conferred by the Government of Karnataka.
Awarded Outstanding Technical Education Institute in Karnataka – 2016 Outer Ring Road, Near Marathahalli, Bengaluru -560103
(Department of Civil Engineering) CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA-1 WATERSHED, TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES”, is a bonafide work carried out by D S ASMITA with USN 1NH16CV030, DIVYA S KAMBALI with USN 1NH16CV037, JENNIFER ROSE BIJU with USN 1NH16CV045 and MANIKYA H M with USN 1NH16CV062 in partial fulfillment for the award Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2019-2020. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report. The project has been certified as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect of project work.
Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Examiners:
1. ………………… 2. …………………
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 5 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
ABSTRACT:
Globally the availability of fresh water is a limited resource and needs sustainable management of this resource. However, in certain area with changing water demand, there is a perceived sense of inadequate rainfall over the years and hence overall yield resulting of this precipitation. One such case is applicable for the upstream catchment (Upper Shimsha-1 watershed) of river Shimsha that originates in Tumkur district of Karnataka with changing agriculture practice and increase in population, water demand has increased that has often pushed for the need to draw water from other watersheds. Consequently, Tumkur district is fed with water drawn from river Hemavathy through human-made channels. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a known and effective tool in performing many operations like digitization, delineation of streams of a watershed and carry out a variety of spatial analysis. This tool can be efficiently used to carry out hydrological analysis and hence used for sustainable watershed management projects. Morphometric analysis is very essential and significant in all hydrological investigation for development and management of watershed. Quantitative morphometry has known to hold an important part in the hydrological processes. Watershed management is a term used to describe the process of implementing land use practices and water management practices to provide betterment in the quality of water and other natural resources within any watershed by properly utilizing the available areas of the land and also water bodies in a much profitable way. Hence from previous studies it is clear that the morphometric analysis based on GIS and remote sensing technique is very useful to understand the prevailing geo-hydrological characteristics and for watershed planning and management.
Key words: GIS, Remote Sensing, Watershed, Morphometry, Watershed management.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 6 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
CONTENT Page number
1. Introduction 7
1.1 About Shimsha river 7
1.2 Study area 8
1.3 Morphometric analysis 10-11
1.4 Morphometric parameters 11-14
1.5 GIS and Remote sensing 15
2. Statement of the problem 15
3. Objective of the study 16
4. Significance of the study 16
5. Project organization 17
6. Literature review 17-19
7. Proposed work plan 19
8. From Toposheet :
8.1 Thematic maps extraction (Geomorphology map, 20-31
Lithology map, land use /land cover Map, Structural map,
Slope Map, Soil Map)
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 7 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
9. From DEM(DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL):
9.1. Downloading DEM image from Bhuvan Website and delineation
of Drainage map using DEM and Arc GIS 10.3.1 and QGIS 3.2.1 32-33
9.2. Properties of DEM 33
9.3. Extraction of drainage network and Stream ordering 33-34
9.4. Morphometric Analysis on linear, areal and Relief Parameters
and Preparation of Morphometric table. 36-37
10. Weighted Overlay Analysis 38-43
11. Delineation of ground water potential zones. 44
12. Proposal of Ground Water Recharge Structures 45
13. Outcomes 46
14. Results 46-48
15. Conclusion 48-49
16. References 50-51
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 8 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
1. INTRODUCTION:
Water is one of the very important resources for all the living things on the earth. Without water no living organisms exists on the earth as of the other planets of the Universe. Among whole water on the earth 96.5% is concentrated in the oceans is not useful for domestic and agriculture purpose and apart from this the remaining water exists in the form of River, lakes, glaciers, water vapors, soil moisture and ground water. The water stored underneath the earth surface in aquifers is referred as groundwater. In present days groundwater becomes major source for domestic and agricultural activities apart from the places with the availability of surface water such as rivers and lakes. Groundwater is the resource which is gathered in the porous underlined subsurface rocks. In the hard rocks such as Igneous and Metamorphic terrains the porosity permeability of the rocks only restricted to the structural features such as fractures, fissures, joints, lineaments and also weathering. So, the groundwater occurrence and movements are being subsurface phenomenon in identifying groundwater potential zones amongst any terrains like even hard rock extensively depends on Geology, Lineaments, geomorphology, slope, drainages, soil and land use/land cover. Out of all the various methods for identifications and creating maps of groundwater potential zones the geophysical and remote sensing methods are the popular leading methods.
1.1 About Shimsha river: The river Cauvery has been one of the major rivers of South India and Shimsha is a river which flows through the state of Karnataka, India. It is one among all the tributaries of river Cauvery. The river’s origination is in the southern parts of the Devarayanadurga hill in the Tumkur district of Karnataka and it flows for about 221km before joining the river Cauvery. For our case study we are considering only the upper portion of river Shimsha with definite boundary lines.
The Shimsha has a number of small tributaries – Chikkahole, Hebbahalla, Kanihalla, Kanva, Mullahalla, and Veeravaishnavi. However, the riverbed was dry for three years until the monsoon of 2013, when the abundant rain in the catchment areas allowed the river to flow again.
1.2 Study area:
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 9 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
The upper Shimsha-1 watershed (Map. 1), which is a tributary of Cauvery river located in the Tumkur district of Karnataka state, covering an area of 1220.77km2. It extends from 130 8’ 10”N to 130 33’ 9” N latitude and 760 46’ 43” E to 770 16’ 33” E longitude. This watershed covers major parts of Tumkur and Gubbi taluks of Tumkur district covers in the SOI toposheets numbers 57C/15, 57C/16, 57G/02, 57G/03 and 57G/04 of scale 1:50,000. It consists of nearly 23 sub-watersheds (Map-2) and 49 mini-watersheds.(See Table 1).
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 10 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Table 1. List of sub-watersheds and mini-watershed of Upper Shimsha-1 watershed Table-1. List of Sub-watersheds and mini-watersheds of Upper Shimsha-1 watershed.
Sl Sub Area in Mini Sl Area in No. watersheds Sq. Km watersheds No. Sub watersheds Sq. Km Mini watersheds 1 Adagur 44.18 Adagur 13 Kuppuru 66.44 Bugadanahalli Galigenahalli Hebbaka 2 Bangihalli 49.33 Bangihalli 14 Madenahalli 80.93 Haruvesandra Chelur Hosahalli 3 Bommenahalli 72.58 Bommenahalli Madenahalli Somalapura 15 Madirahatti 62.11 Belavatta Syagaranahalli Madirahatti 4 Byadagere 47.61 Mallenahalli 16 Maidalakere 44.42 Byata Yalachihallipalya Madagandanahalli Dodda 5 Naravangala 45.64 Bellari 17 Mallasandra 36.92 Kambatanahalli Dodda Naravangala Mallasandra 6 Gauripura 33.95 Gauripura 18 Mallenahalli 35.54 Mallenhalli Hale Nijagal Tirumalapalya Mukanahalli Mukanahalli 7 Guddadahalli 51.33 Guddadahalli 19 Patna 38.60 Patna Nandihalli Vakkode 8 Guluru 69.46 Guluru 20 Prabhuvanahalli 60.05 Chokkanahalli Kyatsandra Prabhuvanahalli 9 Haranahalli 44.73 Haranahalli 21 Siddappanapalya 43.37 Ariyur Nittur Siddappanapalya 10 Kallur 66.51 Daslampurahatti 22 Tumkur 68.05 Kunduru Kallur Tumkur 11 Kesturu 46.69 Dasalakunte Upparahalli Kesturu 23 Tyagatur 53.80 Alalaghatta 12 Kora 58.52 Bachchandra Tyagatur Kora
1.3 Morphometric analysis:
It involves the measurements using mathematical analysis of all the configurations of the surface of earth which include dimension of various landforms. These were initiated first by Horton in 1940 and Strahler in 1950. For understanding the geo-hydrological behavior of drainage basin, the analysis of the drainage basin and channel network play an important role, and provides a clear idea about the climate, geology, geomorphology, structural properties with respect to the catchment. Various drainage parameters and their relationships have been well recognized by many workers like Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1957; Melton, 1958; Pakhmode et al., 2003; Gangalakunta et al., 2004. The analysis of drainage basin plays an important role in all kinds of hydrological investigation which includes assessment of groundwater potential, groundwater management, pedology and environmental assessment.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 11 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Certain co relations are most important between runoff characteristics, and geographic and geomorphic characteristics of drainage basin systems. Many important hydrologic phenomena are correlated with the physiographic characteristics of drainage basins such as size, shape, slope of drainage area, drainage density, size and length of the contributories etc. as studied by Hydrologists and geomorphologists. For understanding the influence of drainage morphometric network on landforms and their characteristics detailed morphometric analysis of a basin have proved to be of great help. In river basin evaluation, watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation and natural resources management, the quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be of immense utility. Also in understanding the landform processes, soil physical properties and erosion features the influence of drainage morphometric system is very important. Conventional methods are used in different parts of the globe to study drainage characteristics of many river basins and sub basins.
1.4 Morphometric parameters: Linear aspects: 1. Stream order (u): A measurement giving the position of a stream in the hierarchy or order of tributaries. The stream which has no tributaries are considered as first order streams. Two first order streams join to form second order streams and so on.
2. Stream length ratio (Rl): Total stream length of the one order to the next lower order of stream segment. If there is an increase in this ratio from lower to higher order it indicates a mature geomorphic stage.
3. Bifurcation ratio (Rb): the ratio which gives the number of the stream segments of particular order and a number of streams in the next higher order. It has no dimension. The two main classes of Rb value are low and high. Low meaning the drainage pattern is not affected by the geologic structures, and the high class indicates that the drainage pattern is controlled by the geologic structures.
ARIAL ASPECTS
4. Drainage density (Dd): Drainage density is defined as the total length of streams of all orders (km) per drainage area (km2). Based on some statements about D classes, it can be said that there are two main classes, low/coarse and high/fine class. Poorly drained basin and a slow hydrologic response represents Low class of D. Surface runoff is not able to remove fast from the watershed making it highly susceptible to flooding, gully erosion, etc. Quick hydrological response to rainfall events represents a High class of D. Due to either low or high D value the flooding/high runoff and erosion are threatening the watershed . This is because of the watershed with high D value
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 12 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35 has mountainous relief and sparse vegetation. Because of this condition it is susceptible to erosion and flood.
5. Stream frequency (Fs): Stream frequency is defined as the total number of channel segments of all stream orders per unit area. Total numbers of the channel segments are dimension-less. Generally, in a research area there are the high and the low classes of stream frequency which are relative among the investigated watersheds.
6. Circularity ratio (Rc): Circularity ratio is defined as the ratio between the areas of a watershed to area of the circle having the circumference as same as the perimeter of the watershed. Circularity ratio is also a dimension-less property. There is a relationship between the existence of structural disturbances and circularity ratio value.
7. Form factor (Rf): Form factor is defined as a ratio of watershed area to the square of the length of the watershed. Form factor ranges some different value. The range values of form factor are >0.78(circular) and <0.78 (elongated). Other range values for Form factor classification are ,i.e circular (1) and elongated (0 or low value). Low peak flows for longer duration represents elongated watershed while high peak flows for a shorter duration represents acircular watershed.
Relief Aspects
8. Relief ratio (Rh): The elevation of the highest and lowest points in a watershed their difference is relief ratio. Low Value refers to lower relief and high refers to steep slope.
9. Slope: Slope is one of the most important parameters for understanding the physiography of a region and is defined as an angular inclination of a plane expressed in degrees or percent. According to Jones Slope is the rate of change of elevation in both X and Y directions and is used to identify the direction and magnitude of steepest gradient. The information about settlement planning, Agricultural possibilities, Afforestation and deforestation, etc. can be obtained by proper understanding of the slope distribution.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 13 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Table 2. Formulae adopted for computation of morphometric parameters
Sl. Morphometric Formula Reference No Parameters 1 Stream order Hierarchical rank Strahler (1964) 2 Stream length (Lu) Length of the stream Horton (1945) 3 Mean stream length Lsm = Lu / Nu, Where Lsm = Mean stream length, Strahler (1964) (Lsm) Lu = Total stream length of order 'u', Nu = Total no. of stream segments of order 'u'
4 Stream length ratio RL = Lu / Lu – 1, Where, RL = Stream length ratio, Horton (1945) (RL) Lu = The total stream length of the order 'u', Lu – 1 = The total stream length of its next lower order
5 Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Rb = Nu / Nu + 1, Where, Rb = Bifurcation ratio, Schumn (1956) Nu = Total no. of stream segments of order 'u', Nu + 1 = Number of segments of the next higher order
6 Mean bifurcation ratio Rbm = Average of bifurcation ratios of all orders Strahler (1957) (Rbm)
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 14 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
7 Relief ratio (Rh) Rh = H / Lb, Where, Rh = Relief ratio, H = Total relief Schumm (1956) (Relative relief) of the basin (km), Lb = Basin length 8 Drainage density (D) D = Lu / A, Where, D = Drainage density, Lu = Total Horton (1932) stream length of all orders, A = Area of the basin (km2) 9 Stream frequency (Fs) Fs = Nu / A, Where, Fs = Stream frequency, Horton (1932) Nu = Total no. of streams of all orders, A = Area of the basin (km2)
10 Drainage texture (Rt) Rt = Nu / P, Where, Rt = Drainage texture, Nu = Total no. Horton (1945) of streams of all orders, P = Perimeter (km) 11 Form factor (Rf) Rf = A / Lb², Where, Rf = Form factor, A = Area of the Horton (1932) basin (km2), Lb² = Square of basin length 12 Circularity ratio (Rc) Rc = 4 * Pi * A / P², Where, Rc = Circularity ratio, Miller (1953) Pi = 'Pi' value i.e., 3.14, A = Area of the basin (km2), P² = Square of the perimeter (km)
13 Elongation ratio (Re) Re = 2(√A/π) / Lb, Where, Re = Elongation ratio, Schumn (1956) A = Area of the basin (km2), Pi = 'Pi' value i.e., 3.14, Lb = Basin length
14 Length of overland Lg = 1 / D * 2, Where, Lg = Length of overland flow, Horton (1945) flow (Lg) D = Drainage density 15 Basin Length (Lb) Lb=1.312 * A 0.568 Nooka Ratnam et al (2005) 16 Compactness Cc=0.2821*P/A 0.5 Horton (1945) coefficient (Cc) 1.5 GIS and Remote sensing:
For assessment of various terrain and morphometric parameters of the drainage basins and watersheds Geographical Information System techniques are effectively used, they are useful in providing flexible environment and have been a powerful tool for all the manipulation including analysis of spatial informations. The various geo- hydrological characteristics of the drainage basin have helped in the management of the water and other natural resources.
Nowadays Remote sensing and GIS are providing easier and accurate platforms for evaluating morphometric parameter and its analysis of watershed at different terrain. Spatial deviations in characterization of drainage provides hydrologic conditions required for developing basin management strategies, satellite data and GIS tools are fruitfully employed to produce such data. Remote sensing has been a most efficient tool for the hydrogeological studies than that of the geophysical methods. Geographical information system are using for the purpose of hydrogeological studies and delineation of groundwater potential zones. GIS techniques provide the
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 15 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35 facilities for the analysis of larger data sets and ground truth check is helpful for the further validation of results.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The present investigation is to study morphometric analysis and watershed management of Upper Shimsha-1 watershed of Tumkur district, Karnataka state with the help of innovative remote sensing and GIS techniques involving the spatial variation of groundwater potential zones.
The main reason for overexploitation of groundwater resources are due to depletion and improper distribution of the rainfall, absence of sufficient surface water and lack of water management techniques and the speedy progressive activities of the society growth.
By identifying the potential groundwater zones we could benefit by correct and proper utilization of both available groundwater and surface water thus reducing water scarcity problems and helps in improvements in field of agricultural and irrigation thereby increasing the income for typical living conditions of the public. Therefore, the ecological development of the basin needs cost efficient exploration and balanced groundwater resources exploitation.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. Delineation of Upper Shimsha-1 watershed using Toposheets and CARTOSAT DEM satellite images by GIS and remote sensing techniques. 2. Demarcation of Sub-watersheds within Upper Shimsha-1 watershed. 3. Preparation of the thematic maps like Drainage Map, contour map, Land Use/Land Cover, Lineament density, Geomorphology, Soil, Lithology, Slope and drainage density using GIS and Remote sensing techniques 4. Morphometric analysis of upper Shimsha-1 watershed at sub-watershed level. 5. Comparison of morphometric analysis of all sub-watersheds. 6. Delineation of Ground water potential zones by using Weightage Sum Raster Overlay Analysis and Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). 7. Proper watershed management through proposing ground water recharge structures like water tanks, check
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 16 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
dams, percolation tanks, trenches, pits etc in very poor to poor Ground water potential zones. 8. To control soil erosion and thereby conservation of soil and water.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Hydrological investigations like evaluation of groundwater potential zones, management of ground water and assessing the environment are the areas having scope for morphometric analysis. .Distinguishing between drainage area and watershed becomes easier with the analysis.
Identification, analysis and integration of different geospatial information such as Geology, Lineament, Geomorphology, Slope, Drainage, Soil and Land use or Land cover and particularly for delineation of groundwater potential zone map the methodology of Remote sensing and (GIS) has proved to be very beneficial.
To explore the relationship between the drainage morphometry and properties of landforms, also of soils and eroded lands, GIS approach has been of immense utility.
5. PROJECT ORGANIZATION : The SOI toposheets of scale 1:50,000 are first georeferenced and UTM projection system is given to them. This is followed by delineation of Upper Shimsha-1 watershed and its subwatersheds using Arc GIS 10.3.1 and AGIS 3.2.1softwares. 1. CARTOSAT-1 DEM and Arc GIS 10.3.1 are using in preparation of drainage map by taking SOI toposheets as reference. 2. The morphometric analysis of drainage network is carried out according to Horton law (1945) and stream ordering is done by following Strahler’s method (1964). Digitization of drainage network will be carried out using ArcMap-10.3.1.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 17 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
3. The various morphometric parameters can be computed by using the formulae of different workers mentioned in Table-2. 4. Preparation of other thematic maps such as lithology, geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover, lineament etc on GIS platform and also verified by ground truth check. 5. Delineation and extraction of Ground water potential zones by using weighted overlay analysis in GIS environment. 6. Proposal of groundwater recharge structures at poor and very poor ground water potential zone areas. 7. Proposal of soil erosion control measures.
6. LITERATURE REVIEW: 1. Morphometric analysis of a Shakkar river catchment using RS and GIS by Sarita Gajbhiye. In this paper the river catchment area was found to be 2220 sq.kms, with the help of topographic maps of scale 1:50,000 the drainage characteristics are determined and found to be dentrtitic with drainage density varying from 2.84 to 3.67 km/sq.km showing area is highly permeable.
2. ASTER DEM data and GIS are utilized for the Morphometric analysis of a lower wardha river sub basin of Maharashtra carried out by B.S Manjare, M.A Padhye and S.S Girhe. In this paper the concerned area is part of lower portion of river Wardha having an overall area about 781.84 km2 has been further divided into sub- watersheds for the study. The drainage network exhibits dendritic to subdendritic pattern and is non- perennial in nature. Bad soil cover, sparse vegetation, variable rainfall and absence of soil moisture characterize the area for major part of the year. Re occurrence of drought coupled with increased groundwater exploitation will result in decline of the groundwater level.
3. Morphometric analysis of Vishav basin using geospatial methods by University of Kashmir. In this paper the analysis revealed that Vishav drainage basin is characterized by dendritic to sub- dendritic drainage pattern. Rainfall and snow melt off affects the development of stream segments in the basin area . The total number as well as total length of stream segments is highest for first order streams and a reduction is observed as the stream order increases. The bifurcation ratio (Rb) is almost constant revealing the partial structural control. The stream frequency (Fs) value of 2.44 exhibits positive correlation with the drainage density value of 2.03. The drainage density (Dd) shows that area is rich in permeable soil with minimum vegetation.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 18 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
4. Morphometric analysis and prioritization of Vashisthithi Watershed by Sahil Sanjeev Salvi, Suvasish Mukhopadhyay, Anuja Rajgopalan , S. D. Ranade P.G. Student, Environment and Water Resource Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune. The study involves the morphometric analysis of the four sub catchments of Vashishthi basin located between Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra state, India. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are employed using satellite imageries and topographic maps on a scale map of 1:50000. Vashishthi watershed shows a dendritic drainage pattern. The morphometric parameters are discussed about Linear, Aerial and Relief aspect. The area has high permeable sub-soil with drainage denisity varying fro 0.73 to 0.74km/km2. The bifurcation ratio varies from 1.9 to 2.6 which indicate geology is reasonable homogeneous and no structural disturbances.
5. Morphometric principles are used in the Analysis of East Liddar Watershed, Northwestern Himalayas by Syed Umer Latief, Hasan Raja Naqvi et al 1888, in their paper they East Liddar watershed is a difficult place to study being diversified in terms of varying altitude, slope and terrain. GIS and RS techniques have proven to be best in analysisng the parameters. East Liddar Sub-Watershed predominantly exhibits dendritic pattern. Drainage pattern is however,influenced by rock type and structure. These factors become particularly important as the drainage pattern evolves with time.Detailed study provided useful information about the surface configuration of the watershed which is an indirect indicator of various qualitative and quantitative aspects of Glacio-fluvial process.
7.PROPOSED WORK PLAN
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 19 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Satellite Data from Ground water Cart sat - Existing maps, SOI Rainfall information Characteristics DEM Data Toposheets with
Field works
Slope Geometric GGeomorphology Correction and Soil,
Enhancement Lineament, Land Use /land Cover, LLithology
Interpretation and
Classification
Slope and drainage
Maps using Arc GIS & QGIS (Thematic maps)
Study of rocks and DRAINAGE Lineament Soil and its Slope LULC network Geomorphology Texture features
Re- Classification Drainage density
- Weighted overlay analysis in GIS environment
Ground water Potential indicating Zones
8. FROM TOPOSHEET:
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 20 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
8.1. THEMATIC MAP EXTRACTION:
1. GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP: The study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures.
DENUDATIONAL HILLS: The process which results in the wearing of surface of earth due to motion of air water or ice.
PEDIPLAIN: A pediplain is an extensive plain formed by the coalescence of pediments.
SRUCTURAL HILLS: A structural hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 21 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
2. LITHOLOGICAL MAP: It is the branch of geology that studies rocks, their origin, formation, mineral
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 22 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
composition and classification.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism.
PLUTONIC ROCKS: Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that are solidified from a melt at greater depth.
VOLCANICS: It is a rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano. In other words, it differs from other igneous rock by being of volcanic origin.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 23 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 24 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
3. LAND USE LAND COVER MAP: The land which is available for carrying out different functions is called land cover and the utilization of this land for activities like agriculture industries or residential purposes refers to land use.
BUILT UP LAND: Built-up and related land, in land use and agriculture statistics, it also includes residentiary land, industrial area, quarry areas, pits and mines, commercial land etc.
FOREST: A forest is a piece of land with many trees. Many animals need forests to live and survive.
WASTE LAND: An unused area of land that has become barren or overgrown.
WET LANDS: A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 25 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 26 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
4. STRUCTURAL MAP: Structural mapping can be defined as identifying and characterizing of structural expressions. Structures like faults, folds, synclines and anticlines and lineaments.
ESCARPMENT: a long, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land different heights.
LINEAMENT: a linear feature in landscapes which indicates the expression of an underlying geological structure like fault.
THRUST FAULT: It is a crack or break in the Earth's crust, across which older rocks are pushed above younger rocks.
TREND LINE: trend line: a horizontal vector directly above the linear feature of interest in the down plunge direction.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 27 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 28 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
5. SLOPE MAP:A map indicating the topography of an area along with an analysis of topographic features as they have influenced and may continue to influence land development.
GENTLE SLOPE: When contour lines are further apart from each other, then slope is gentle slope.
NEARLY LEVEL: Nearly level is produced as by streams, wind or ocean currents.
VERY STEEP SLOPE: Areas that exceed a certain percent slope. Steep slopes are often associated with environmental features like shallow soil, bedrock fractures and groundwater seeps.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 29 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 30 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
6.SOIL MAP: the different types of soil and properties of soil like soil pH, textures, organic matter, are depicted in a soil map. Soil maps are commonly used for evaluation of land, spatial planning, extension of agricultural area, protection of environment and similar project works.
CLAY: A fine grained earth that can be molded when wet.
CLAY LOAM: Clay loam is a soil mixture that contains more clay than other types of rocks or minerals.
DYKE RIDGES: A wall like ridge created when erosion removes softer material from alongside of a dike.
GRAVELLY SAND: Major component sand with gravel. May contain small amount of fines.
LOAMY SAND: Loamy sand contains 50% or more of very fine sand.
ROCK OUTCROP: It is a visible exposure of bedrock deposits on the surface of earth.
SANDY CLAY: 35% or more clay and 45% or more sand is called sandy clay.
SANDY LOAM: It is a type of soil used for gardening. It is normally mixture of sand and varying amount of silt and clay.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 31 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 32 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
9. FROM DEM:
9.1. Downloading DEM image from Bhuvan Website and delineating drainages from DEM:
The satellite image or DEM which is the digtal elevation model has been obtained from the satellite Cartosat 1 which was launched in May 2005
Satellite image was downloaded from Bhuvan India which is a Geo Platform of ISRO.
By specifying the limits of Longitude and Latitude we can derive the tile for the respective area.
9.2. PROPERTIES OF DEM:
1. Name of the Satellite -Cartosat-1
2. Sensor used - PAN (2.5m) Data is stereo
3. Format of file - Geo tiff
4. Bits per Pixel -16bit
5. Spatial Resolution -1arc sec
6. Spatial Resolution Unit - m
7. Data Prepared by - NRSC
8. Receiving Source - Cartosat-1 PAN (2.5m)
9. Geographic location - Spheroid / Datum - GCS, WGS-1984
9.3. DELINEATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK AND STREAM ORDERING
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 33 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Hydrology tool from spatial analyst in the Arc toolbox and Eight Direction (D8) Flow Model are used to obtain the stream orders using Arc GIS 10.3.1 and QGIS 3.2.1Softwares.
The input data required for the delineation function are the Cartosat-1 Satellite image and the pour point. To obtain watershed and stream orders using satellite image from Cartosat-1 DEM we follow these steps:
1. Fill option is used to fill the sinks or imperfections in the Cartosat-1 image.
2. Flow direction option is applied to the bled Car-tosat:1 image.
3. Flow accumulation option is then applied on the flow direction image obtained in the previous step.
4. The logarithmic accumulation function from raster calculator is used.
5. Conditional function from raster calculator is applied.
6. We get drainage map using raster to polyline to increase the thickness of drainage.
7. Using stream order tool by STRAHLER METHOD, we get the stream order for the area.
8. For our area it ranges from 1-6 as shown in Map.5
FLOW CHART
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 34 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
FILL FLOWDIRECTION
DRAINAGES FLOWACCUMULATION
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 35 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
MAP 5
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 36 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Area In Sq. km 1220.77 Stream order 1 2 3 4 5 6 No of streams 1384 537 375 371 37 60 2764 Stream length in km 6.143 2.752 1.771 0.784 0.109 0.281 11.84 Average or Mean Stream length 0.004439 0.005125 0.004723 0.002113208 0.002946 0.004683 0.024029 Stream length ratio 0.44798 0.64353 0.44268 0.13903 2.5779 Bifurcation ratio 2.577281 1.432 1.010782 10.02702703 0.616667 Mean bifurcation ratio 3.132751 Perimeter 214.52 Drainage texture 12.88458
9.4. MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS CALCULATED TABLE :
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 37 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Texture ratio 6.451613 Stream frequency 2.264145 Drainage density 0.009699 Length of overland flow 51.55279 Basin length 74.32619 Elongation ratio 0.530326 Form factor 0.220979 Circulatory ratio 3.3333 Compactness coefficient 1.732 Shape factor 4.525 Constant Channel Maintenance 103.106 Infiltration Number 0.022 Lemniscates Ratio (K) 1.131
Basin relief (Bh) 190.000 Vertical distance between the lowest and highest point of watershed
Relief ratio (Rh) 2.556
Ruggedness number (Rn) 1.843
10.WEIGHTED OVERLAY ANALYSIS: 10.1.MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS (MCDA) The optimum solution to the uncertainties associated with evaluation criteria can be obtained using the Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) process which ranks on the basis of overall performance of various objectives, for complex, fuzzy and linguistic characteristics which are the different input decision options. Multi- objective or multi-attribute methods are the two categories of MCDA and their primary concern are ways of joining several criteria to form a single evaluation index. Weightage method is followed in MCDA by giving weightage to each criterion which shows its genuine importance. Powerful spatial analysis functions are obtaines using GIS and MCDA. The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method which is based on approach that involves assigning weightages by pair wise comparison of all the criterias that are obtained through policies by decision makers. The weights required are calculated depending on the respective criterion map layers with the use of a preference matrix using AHP method. All relevant criterias are identified and compared on the basis of preference factors and then the weights are assigned suitably. Because of its capacity to combine and incorporate a large quantity of heterogeneous data and also since it can obtain the required weights in a relative straight forward way even for large number of criterias, GIS-based AHP has gained popularity
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 38 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
10.1.1 Assigning of Rates to the Classified Thematic Layers According to the order of the influence of the class rates are allocated to each class of groundwater storage potential. Ranges of groundwater storage potentiality within each factor are indicated by rates. Groundwater storage potential indicated by rates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 represent very low, low, medium, high and very high respectively. Deriving the Weights by using AHP For decision making Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) used in which a problem is divided into various parameters, they are arranged in a hierarchical structure and judgments are made onof pairs elements and synthesizing the results on the relative importance (Saaty, 1999; Agarwal et al. 2013). Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) the relationship between these ten thematic layers has been derived. The methodology using AHP for to deriving the weights to the thematic layers and their corresponding classes involves following steps.). Pair wise Comparison Matrices Generation Saaty's 1-9 scale determines the relative importance values where a score 1 represents same importance between the two themes and a score of 9 represents the more importance of one theme than the other one (Saaty 1980).
By Saaty's nine point importance scale a pair wise comparison matrix is classified based on groundwater potential zone determined by ten thematic layers la. hrough the principle eigen value and the consistency index the AHP captures the idea of uncertainty in judgments (Saaty, 2004) Measure of consistency given by Saaty (2004), is said to be Consistency Index (CD) and calculation is done by using following formula. CI=
Where n =number of factors (i.e. 10) and = average value of the consistency vector Equal Importance Consistency Ratio (CR) is a measure of consistency of pair wise comparison matrix Where RI is the ratio index. CR= , Where RI is the ratio index.
10.2 OVERLAY ANALYSIS The extraction of groundwater potential zones of our area is based upon overlay analysis of seven thematic maps obtained from Arc GIS such as Lithology (N1), Soil (N2), Geomorphology (Types of rocks) (N3), Land use and Land cover (N4), Slope (N5), Drainage density (N6) and Lineament density(N7). After careful study of each and
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 39 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35 every layer parameters, suitable weightages have been assigned (Table 11.7) keeping in view of their contribution or role in occurrence or presence and movement of groundwater. Later all of the thematic layers/parameters have been systematically integrated one after using QGIS-2.14.11/ARC GIS 10.3.1 software to get ground water potential zones. The obtained integrated map has been classified on their total weightages to obtain the groundwater potential map (Map. 4.9) of our study area. Higher numerical values indicate increased favorability of ground water.
Those areas possessing very poor to poor groundwater potential zones, groundwater recharge structures are proposed as per the detail given in the Table. 10.6.
Measures for water table improvisations are proposed as mentioned in Table 10.8 TABLE 10.1
DESCRIPTION RATINGS
Very steep slope 1 Moderate steep slope 1 Effectively strong slope 3 Moderate slope 3 Gentle slope 4 Very gentle slope 4 Nearly level 5
TABLE 10.2
DESCRIPTION RATINGS
Structural hills 1 Structural hills(small) 1 Pediment-Inselberg complex 2 Denudational hills 2 Residual hill 3
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 40 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Pediplains weathered/buried 4 Water Body mask 5
TABLE 10.3
DESCRIPTION RATING Built-up 1
Wastelands 2
Agriculture 3 Wetlands 3
Forest 4 Water bodies 4
TABLE 10.4
DESCRIPTION RATINGS Granodiorite and Granite 1
Pink and Grey Granite 1 Quartzite 1 Iron stone 1 Greywacke/Argillite 2 Metabasalt/Tuff 2 Sillimanite-Kyanite-Staurolite Schist 3
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU Overlay Rating
PAGE 41 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Geomorphology 21
Soil 10
LULC 12
TABLE 10.5 TABLE 10.6 Slope 15
Drainage 12 DESCRIPTION RATINGS
Lineaments 16 Clay 1 Clay loam 1 Lithology 14
Dyke ridges 1 Rock outcrops 1 Habitation mask 1 Loamy sand 2
Sand clay 2 Sand clay loam 2 Sandy loam 2
Gravelly loam 3
Gravelly loamy sand 3 Gravelly sandy loam 4
Gravelly sand 4
Water body Mask 4
TABLE 10.7
Influencing Category Potentiality for Rating Normalized factors groundwater storage weight
Geomorphology Water Body mask Very good 5 0.119 Pediplane weathered/buried Good 4 Residual hill Moderate 3 Denudational hills Poor 2 Pediment-Inselberg complex Poor 2 Structural hills (small) Very poor 1 Settlement Very poor 1
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 42 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
Lithology Water Body mask Very good 5 0.127 Pediplane weathered/buried Good 4 Residual hill Moderate 3 Denudational hills Poor 2 Pediment-Inselberg complex Poor 2 Structural hills (small) Very poor 1 Settlement Very poor 1
Lineament buffer 0-50 METER Very good 5 0.109 50-100 Meter Good 4 100-150 Meter Moderate 3 150-200 Meter Poor 2 200-250 Meter Very poor 1
Slope 0-1% Very good 5 0.061 1-3% Good 4 3-5% Good 4 5-10% Moderate 3 10-15% Moderate 3 15-35% Poor 2 35-50% Very poor 1
LULC Agriculture Good 3 0.021 Build-up Very poor 1 Waste lands Poor 2 Water bodies Very good 4
Soil texture Clay Very poor 1 0.089 Gravelly loamy sand Moderate 3 Gravelly sandy loam Good 4 Habitation mask Very poor 1 Rock outcrops Very poor 1
10. DELENEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES:
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 43 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
MAP 6
12.PROPOSALOF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE STRUCTURES
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 44 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
TABLE 11.8
le le preferred near
ure ure zones should be
Drainage
hment hment area should be around 25
Catc ha presence of irrigation wells in the downstream of the proposed structure preferable in the areas water table fluctuations areas closer having to high lineaments Stream bed can also used if sufficient catchment is availab the zones preferable lineaments/fracture perennial Preferable in thickness of river bed is the greater than streams 5m sandy and areas gravel bed across streams the where which flow distance considerable linearly for a Lineament/fract avoided
order
order
order
rd
rd
th
area
to 7 to
and 3 and
th
order/sheet wash wash order/sheet nd
4
Up to 3 to Up
2
st
Soilpermeability
1
lity
Landuse
permeable
Low permeabi Low
Moderate to highly to Moderate
High soil High permeability soil High permeability
3% 3% 3%
- - -
0 0 0
<10%
Slope(%)
dams
Check Check
specific
activity
location
Types ofTypes
Percolatio tank n Undergrou barrier nd pond Farm 13. OUTCOMES:
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 45 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
1. In river basin evaluation, watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation, and natural resources management morphometric parameters are utilized.
2. Identification of favorable groundwater potential zones in hard rock terrains.
3. Probability of groundwater concentrations are indicated by the lineaments.
4. The integrated groundwater potential map might be beneficial for different purposes such as sustainable groundwater development and emphasize the significant areas for implementing projects and managements for both surface and groundwater conservations as well as its proper utilizations.
5. Investigation provides information for selecting suitable site for ground water recharge.
6. Drainage pattern whether it is dendritic, sub dendrititc, deranged, centripetal etc. can be identified.
7. Systematic description of the geometry of a drainage basin and its stream channel.
14.RESULTS:
1. From the analysis it is clear that the total number and the total length of stream segments is highest in first order streams and lowest as the stream order increases.
2. In the river basin evaluation, the quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be utilized very much, watershed prioritization for water and soil conservation, and natural resources management at small level.
3. The areal extent is 1220.77 sq.km. and is divided into 23 sub-watersheds. Quantitative analysis gives data regarding Stream order, Stream number, Bifurcation ratio, elongation ratios, circularity of Basin, Drainage density,
Stream frequency and Texture ratio.
4. The overall number of stream segments of all orders was found to be 2764 and order of the basin is 6th order.
5. For the whole of the basin, the total stream length is 11.84 km. of which, the first order stream length is 6.143km, which accounts for about 56% of the total stream lengh of the whole basin.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 46 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
6. The low drainage density (Dd) indicates clearly that the region has relatively impermeable subsoil and dense vegetation cover.
7. Calculated Circularity Ratio (Rc) value of 3.33 and Elongation Ratio (Re) value of 0.53 shows that the drainage basin shape is cicular, has relatively permeable subsoil condition and high discharge of runoff.
8. The value of Form Factor (Rf), 0.22, represents a flat peak of flow for longer duration.
9. The bifurcation ratio varies from 0.61 to 10.01 which indicate geology is reasonable homogeneous and no structural disturbances. The higher value indicates the strong control of the structure in a drainage basin and vice versa.
10. The drainage pattern is subdendritic to dendritic type throughout. Mostly the basin is dominated by the streams of lower order
11. Ground water Potential Zones:
Based on various factors affecting Infiltration and Runoff the basin area is divided based on areas with good ground water potentiality and poor or nill ground water potentiality as shown in MAP 6 , where body masks indicates natural surface water bodies.
The areas with poor to nill or nill ground water potentiality can be suitably made useful with the help of certain ground water recharge structures like Check dams, Percolation tanks, Underground barriers and Farm ponds depending upon soil permeability, slope and stream order as depicted in Table 11.8.
This stands as one of the important outcome of the project whereby the available water can be utilized effectively minimizing wastage.
15. CONCLUSION:
1. In delineation of drainage patterns of river basin, its planning and management the geographical information system (GIS) has emerged as an efficient and very effective tool.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 47 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
2 In evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters by using GIS based approach at river basin level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. And also for analysis of the Linear, areal morphometric aspects of the drainage basins GIS softwares have resulted to be of immense utility.
3. Different morphometric parameters are analysed by using GIS based approach for to explore the relationship between the properties of landforms, soils and eroded lands and the the drainage morphometry.
4. In morphometric analysis GIS technique is a competent tool (in geo-hydrological studies). For planning and drainage basin management these studies are very useful.
5. Ground water potential zones are identified will be highly useful in utilizing the available water within the watershed thereby minimizing runoff and wastage.
Hence from the study it is clear that the morphometric analysis based on GIS technique is very useful in understanding the watershed planning and management and prevailing geo-hydrological characteristics.
16.REFERENCES:
1. Agarwal CS (1998). Study of drainage pattern through aerial data in Naugarh area of
Varanasi district, U.P. J. Indian Soc. Rem. Sens., 26(4): 169-175.
2. Horton RE (1932). Drainage basin characteristics. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 13:
350–361.
3. Horton RE (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins
hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 56: 275-
370.
4. Miller VC (1953). A quantitative geomorphic study of drainage Basin characteristics
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 48 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
in the Clinch Mountain area, Virginia and Tennessee. Technical report, 3, Office of
Naval Research, Department of Geology, Columbia University, New York.
5. Schumn SA (1956). Evaluation of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth
Amboy, New Jersey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 67: 597- 646.
6. Strahler AN (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology”. Trans. Am.
Geophys. Union. 38: 913-920.
7. Strahler AN (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel
networks. In: V.T.Chow(ED) Handbook of Applied Hydrogeology. McGraw Hill
Book Co., New York, pp. 4-76.
8. B.S. Manjare, M.A. Padhye, S. S. Girhe (2014). Morphometric Analysis of a Lower
Wardha River sub basin of Maharashtra, India Using ASTER DEM Data and GIS.
15th Esri India User Conference.
9. Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed Geomorphology.Trans Am
Geophys Union38:913–920
10. Rastogi, R.A. and Sharma, T.C. (1976) Quantitative analysis of drainage basin
characteristics. Jour. Soil and water Conservation in India, v.26 (1&4), pp.18-25
11. Saaty T L (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process; McGrawHill, New York, NY.
12. Saaty T L (1999) Fundamentals of the analytic network process; International
Symposium of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP), Kobe, Japan.
13. Saaty T L (2004) Fundamentals of the analytic network process – multiple networks
with benefits, costs, opportunities and risks; J. Systems Science and Systems
Engineering 13(3) 348–379.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 49 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
14. Strahler, A.N. (1964) Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel
networks.In: V.T. Chow (Ed.), Handbook ofApplied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New
York, pp.4.39-4.76.
15. Schumm, S.A. (1956) Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in Badlands at Perth
Amboy, New Jersey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., v.67, pp.597-646.
16. Sarita Gajbhiye. (2015) Morphometric Analysis of a Shakkar River Catchment Using
RS and GIS. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology
Vol.8, No.2, pp.11-24.
17. Rafiq Ahmad Hajam, Aadil Hamid, Naseer Ahmad Dar and Sami Ullah Bhat (2013).
Morphometric analysis of Vishav drainage basin using geo-spatial technology
(GST). International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (2276-6618)
Vol. 3(3) pp. 136-146.
18. Sahil Sanjeev Salvi, Suvasish Mukhopadhyay, Anuja Rajgopalan, S (2017) Morphometric analysis and Prioritization of Vashishthi Watershed, IJARIIE-
ISSN(O)-2395-4396, Vol-3, Issue-3, pp. 2885-2892.
19. Syed Umer Latief, Hasan Raja Naqvi , Akhtar Alam and Arshad Amin (2015)
Morphometric Analysis of East Liddar Watershed, Northwestern Himalayas.
SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics, Volume 2, Issue
1, pp. 1-11.
20. Horton, R.E. (1932) Drainage basin characteristics. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v.13,
pp.350-361.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 50 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
21. Rajiv Chopra, Raman Deep Dhiman & P. K. Sharma, (2005). Morphometric analysis
of sub-watersheds in Gurdaspur district, Punjab using remote sensing and GIS
techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 33(4):531-539
22. Akram Javed, Mohd Yousuf Khanday & Rizwan Ahmed (2009). Prioritization of
sub-watersheds based on morphometric and land use analysis using remote sensing
and GIS techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, volume 37,
Article number: 261.
23. Pareta Kuldeep and Pareta Upasan (2011) Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of a
Watershed of Yamuna Basin, India using ASTER (DEM) Data and GIS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No. 1,
pp. 248-269.
24. Obi Reddy, G.E., Maji, A.K., and Gajbhiye, K.S. (2002). GIS for morphometric
analysis of drainage basins. GIS India, vol. 11, no. 4: 9–14.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 51 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA-1 WATERSHED, TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
ORIGINALITY REPORT
24% % 24% % SIMILARITY INTERNET SOURCES PUBLICATIONS STUDENT PAPERS INDEX
PRIMARY SOURCES
D. C. Jhariya, Tarun Kumar, M. Gobinath, Prabhat Diwan, Nawal Kishore. 1 4% "Assessment of groundwater potential zone using remote sensing, GIS and multi
criteria decision analysis techniques", Journal of the Geological Society of India,
2016 Publication
S Sukristiyanti, R Maria, H Lestiana. "Watershed-based Morphometric 2 % Analysis: A Review", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental 3
Science, 2018 Publication
Rajiv Chopra. "Morphometric analysis of sub- watersheds in Gurdaspur district, 3 % Punjab using remote sensing and GIS techniques", Journal of the Indian Society of 2
Remote Sensing, 12/2005 Publication
4 V. Prasannakumar, H. Vijith, N. Geetha. "Terrain evaluation through the assessment 2%
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU
PAGE 52 of 52 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER SHIMSHA 1 WATERSHED USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES B-35 geomorphometric parameters using DEM and GIS: case study of two major sub-watersheds in Attapady, South India", Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2011 Publication
5 V. M. Chowdary, D. Ramakrishnan, Y. K. Srivastava, Vinu Chandran, A. Jeyaram. "Integrated Water Resource Development Plan for Sustainable Management of Mayurakshi Watershed, India using Remote Sensing and 1% GIS", Water Resources Management, 2008 Publication
6 P. D. Sreedevi. "Morphometric analysis of a watershed of South India using SRTM data and GIS", Journal of the Geological Society of India, 04/2009 1% Publication
7 Ramesh L. Dikpal, T. J. Renuka Prasad, K. Satish. "Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remote sensing and GIS techniques for Budigere Amanikere watershed, Dakshina Pinakini 1% Basin, Karnataka, India", Applied Water Science, 2017 Publication
8 M. Rudraiah. "Morphometry using remote sensing and GIS techniques in the sub-basins of Kagna river basin, Gulburga district, Karnataka, 1% India", Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 12/2008 Publication
9 Praveen Kumar Rai, Varun Narayan Mishra, Kshitij Mohan. "A study of morphometric evaluation of the Son basin, India using geospatial 1% approach", Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 2017 Publication
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NHCE, BENGALURU