DOCSLIB.ORG

Virtual Disk File Virtualbox Ubuntu Download Christian Engvall

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Virtual Disk File Virtualbox Ubuntu Download Christian Engvall virtual disk file virtualbox ubuntu download Christian Engvall. How to install Ubuntu on a VirtualBox virtual machine. It’s very simple and won’t cost you a dime. Don’t forget to install the guest additions at the end. Virtualbox. Virtualbox is a virtualization software that is free and open source. Start by downloading and installing it. It runs on Windows, MacOS, Linux distributions and Solaris. Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a popular Linux distribution for desktops. It’s free and open source. So go ahead and download Ubuntu. 1. Creating a virtual machine in Virtualbox. Fire up VirtualBox and click on the New button in the top left menu. When i started to type Ubuntu, VirtualBox automatically set type to linux and version to Ubuntu. Name and operating system - VirtualBox. Next step is to set the amount of memory that will be allocated. VirtualBox will recommend you a number. But you can choose anything you’d like. This can be changed later if the virtual machine runs slow. Memory size - VirtualBox. Next you select a size of the hard disk. 8 gb that VirtualBox recommends will work fine. Now click Create . Harddisk size - VirtualBox. Select VDI as hard disk file type. Hard disk file type - VirtualBox. Next use dynamically allocated when asked. Storage on physical hard disk - VirtualBox. Set the disk size to the standard 8GB. Ubuntu file location - VirtualBox. 2. Installing Ubuntu on the new virtual machine. Now when the virtual machine is created it’s time to mount the Ubuntu ISO and install it. Click on settings with the newly created virtual machine selected. Now go to the storage pane and select the IDE controller, then click on the CD-icon to the right and click Choose Virtual Optical Disk File… and select the ubuntu ISO. When you are done you can click on OK to go back to the main screen of VirtualBox. Select iso - VirtualBox. Now start the virtual machine and the ubuntu ISO will be booting up to something like this: Install Ubuntu - VirtualBox. Now you click on… wait for it…. Install Ubuntu. I’m not going to guide you through this install. For 99%(this number was picked out of the blue) of you it’s only to click on continue until it’s installed. When the installation is done Ubuntu will be asked to be restarted. Click on that button. Then when the message “please remove installation medium” is displayed, VirtualBox has already unmounted the ISO, so you can hit ENTER directly. Ubuntu installation is done! 3. Installing VirtualBox guest additions. To share folders between the host and the guest machine we will need to install the guest additions. Go to Devices in the VirtualBox menu and click on Insert guest additions CD image. How to Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox? Here’s the Full Guide [MiniTool Tips] If you are wondering how to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox like many other users, this post is worth reading. In this post, MiniTool will talk about the benefits, requirements, as well as detailed steps of installing Ubuntu on VirtualBox. Quick Navigation : An Overview of VirtualBox. VirtualBox , a cross-platform virtualization application, allows users to install operating system like Windows, MacOS, Solaris and Linux without changing your current computer system. By using VirtualBox, you can create and run a guest operating system (virtual machine) via a window of the host operating system. As virtual machine (VM) has a self-contained environment, you can carry out some operations without the risk of damaging the host operating system. Based on that, VirtualBox has some other advantages. They are summarized as follows. Easy to install and use Free Run other systems safely Can test your own development projects in multiple system environment Can run on places ranging from embedded system to laptop Suitable for testing and disaster recovery. In a word, VirtualBox grants you lots of benefits. Why to Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox. You are required to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox on many cases. For instance, when you are going to try out some software without damaging your present operating system, migrate from Windows or MacOS to Linux, or test applications/network, you need to do that. In addition, installing Ubuntu on VirtualBox as a virtual machine offers you some benefits. For instance, you are able to create a snapshot and roll back changes to the previous VM state if there’s something wrong with environment. It is easy to clone a VM, copy a VM on different VirtualBox supported by host operating systems. To sum up, it is useful to install VirtualBox Ubuntu. Requirements to Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox. In order to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox successfully, you have to fulfill the requirements below. Otherwise, you may fail to install Ubuntu VirtualBox or encounter some errors. # 1: Enough Memory and Disk Space. Installing Ubuntu on VirtualBox requires sufficient disk space and memory. This operation needs at least 4GB RAM and 30GB free disk space. Hence, you should firstly perform a PC full specs check to see the detailed information of RAM and available disk space. If you find that RAM doesn’t fulfill the requirement, you can add some RAM via the help of this guide. If the available free disk space is not enough, you need to take some actions to increase disk space. Well, you are able to enlarge disk via a professional partition managing program. MiniTool Partition Wizard probably is what you are seeking for. It is a partition manage expert, which allows you to perform various operations associated with partition such as Surface Test , Disk Benchmark , Check File System , Extend Partition , Format Partition , as well as Wipe Disk , etc. The Extend Partition is recommended in the following two cases. And you can refer to the steps below to increase disk space. 1. Extend a partition to non-contiguous unallocated or free space. 2. There is no unallocated or free space on the disk drive. Step 1: Open MiniTool Partition Wizard to get its main interface, and then click on the partition to enlarge and click the Extend Partition option in the left pane. Step 2: In the next window, choose a drive that you want to take free space from and move the handle to decide the space to extend. Then click OK and Apply to save and execute the changes. To move/resize a partition, make sure that there is available contiguous unallocated space on the disk. Then, refer to this tutorial. As the picture shows, choose the partition to move/resize and click on Move/Resize option in the left action panel. Adjust the size and location of the target partition by moving the handle in the prompted window. After that, click OK and Apply to save and carry out the changes you’ve made. # 2: Good Internet Connection. A good Internet connection is also vital for installing Ubuntu on VirtualBox. You need a good Internet to download the software and Linux ISO. # 3: Intel VT-x or AMD-v Hardware Virtualization Feature Is Supported and Enabled. Besides, the CPU (Central Processor Unit) of your computer must support Intel VT-x or AMD-v hardware virtualization feature. More importantly, you should ensure that the featured is enabled in UEFI/BIOS before installing Ubuntu on VirtualBox. How to Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox. This section will show you how to install Ubuntu on Windows 10 using VirtualBox. As the whole process is complicated, we divide the whole process into 5 parts. Now, check them one by one. Part 1: Download Ubuntu. You can start the Ubuntu VirtualBox installation operation by downloading and installing Ubuntu. Here are steps for that. Step 1: Move to the official website of Ubuntu and click Download button to start downloading. Step 2: Then store the ISO file as you are prompted. Part 2: Download and Install VirtualBox on Computer. As VirtualBox is not a built-in program on the computer, you need to download and install it manually. Step 1: Go to the official website of Oracle VirtualBox to download it. 1.Click here to move to the website. After entering this page, click Download VirtualBox button. 2.In the next page, click on Linux distributions . 3.From the listed packages, download a suitable one. Step 2: Click on the file you just downloaded and then you will get the following window. Click Next to go on. Step 3: In the prompted window, click the Next button. Step 4: In the next window, click Yes . Step 5: Once you click the Install button, the program will be installed automatically. Step 6: After finishing the installation, click Finish . Part 3: Set up a Virtual Machine. When the VirtualBox download and installation processes end, you should set up a virtual machine via VirtualBox. After completing the steps above, you will be prompted with the following window. Follow these steps to set up a virtual machine now. Step 1: Click on New tab in the Oracle VM VirtualBox Manager window. Step 2: In the elevated window, type Ubuntu in the Name section. Choose Linux as the Type and Ubuntu (64-bit) as the Version . Then, click Next . Step 3: At this window, set the memory size. Generally speaking, the memory size will be set at an ideal value. If not, you need to set it by yourself. You can refer to the recommended size. Then, click Next . Step 4: In the Create Virtual Machine window, click the Create button. Step 5: You need to choose a hard disk file type in this window. Choose VHD (Virtual Hard Disk) and click on the Next button.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • User Guide Laplink® Diskimage™ 7 Professional
    http://www.laplink.com/contact 1 ™ E-mail us at [email protected] Laplink® DiskImage 7 Professional User Guide Tel (USA): +1 (425) 952-6001 Tel (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-983 Fax (USA): +1 (425) 952-6002 Fax (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-984 ™ Laplink® DiskImage 7 Professional Laplink Software, Inc. Customer Service/Technical Support: Web: http://www.laplink.com/contact E-mail: [email protected] Tel (USA): +1 (425) 952-6001 Fax (USA): +1 (425) 952-6002 Tel (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-983 User Guide Fax (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-984 Laplink Software, Inc. 600 108th Ave. NE, Suite 610 Bellevue, WA 98004 U.S.A. Copyright / Trademark Notice © Copyright 2013 Laplink Software, Inc. All rights reserved. Laplink, the Laplink logo, Connect Your World, and DiskImage are registered trademarks or trademarks of Laplink Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Other trademarks, product names, company names, and logos are the property of their respective holder(s). UG-DiskImagePro-EN-7 (REV. 5/2013) http://www.laplink.com/contact 2 ™ E-mail us at [email protected] Laplink® DiskImage 7 Professional User Guide Tel (USA): +1 (425) 952-6001 Tel (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-983 Fax (USA): +1 (425) 952-6002 Fax (UK): +44 (0) 870-2410-984 Contents Installation and Registration System Requirements . 1 Installing Laplink DiskImage . 1 Registration . 2 Introduction to DiskImage Overview of Important Features . 2 Definitions . 3 Start Laplink DiskImage - Two Methods . 4 Windows Start . .4 Bootable CD . .4 DiskImage Tasks One-Click Imaging: Create an Image of the Entire Computer .
    [Show full text]
  • Disk Image Active@ Disk Image User's Guide
    Copyright © 2009, LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without written permission from LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. reserves the right to revise this documentation and to make changes in content from time to time without obligation on the part of LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. to provide notification of such revision or change. LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. provides this documentation without warranty of any kind, either implied or expressed, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. LSOFT may make improvements or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this documentation at any time. All technical data and computer software is commercial in nature and developed solely at private expense. As the User, or Installer/Administrator of this software, you agree not to remove or deface any portion of any legend provided on any licensed program or documentation contained in, or delivered to you in conjunction with, this User Guide. Active@ Disk Image and the Active@ Disk Image logo are trademarks of LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. LSOFT.NET logo is a trademark of LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. Other brand and product names may be registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders. Document version: 1.06 2 Active@ Disk Image User’s Guide Contents 1 Product Overview ..................................................................................... 5 1.1 Overview and List of Features............................................................... 5 1.2 System Requirements.......................................................................... 6 1.3 Supported File Systems ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems
    Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems Abstract: Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems. 3.1. Booting Booting, which is short for bootstrap, refers to the process of loading an operating system image into computer memory and starting up the operating system. As such, it is the first step to run an operating system. Despite its importance and widespread interests among computer users, the subject of booting is rarely discussed in operating system books. Information on booting are usually scattered and, in most cases, incomplete. A systematic treatment of the booting process has been lacking. The purpose of this chapter is to try to fill this void. In this chapter, we shall discuss the booting principle and show how to write booter programs to boot up real operating systems. As one might expect, the booting process is highly machine dependent. To be more specific, we shall only consider the booting process of Intel x86 based PCs.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Create a Custom Live CD for Secure Remote Incident Handling in the Enterprise
    How to Create a Custom Live CD for Secure Remote Incident Handling in the Enterprise Abstract This paper will document a process to create a custom Live CD for secure remote incident handling on Windows and Linux systems. The process will include how to configure SSH for remote access to the Live CD even when running behind a NAT device. The combination of customization and secure remote access will make this process valuable to incident handlers working in enterprise environments with limited remote IT support. Bert Hayes, [email protected] How to Create a Custom Live CD for Remote Incident Handling 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................5 2. Making Your Own Customized Debian GNU/Linux Based System........................................7 2.1. The Development Environment ......................................................................................7 2.2. Making Your Dream Incident Handling System...............................................................9 2.3. Hardening the Base Install.............................................................................................11 2.3.1. Managing Root Access with Sudo..........................................................................11 2.4. Randomizing the Handler Password at Boot Time ........................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Dropdmg 3.6.2 Manual
    DropDMG 3.6.2 Manual C-Command Software c-command.com February 16, 2021 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Feature List..............................................4 2 Installing and Updating 6 2.1 Requirements.............................................6 2.2 Installing DropDMG.........................................7 2.3 Updating From a Previous Version.................................7 2.4 Reinstalling a Fresh Copy......................................8 2.5 Uninstalling DropDMG.......................................9 2.6 Security & Privacy Access......................................9 3 Using DropDMG 13 3.1 Basics................................................. 13 3.2 Making a Bootable Device Image of a Hard Drive......................... 14 3.3 Backing Up Your Files to CD/DVD................................ 16 3.4 Burning Backups of CDs/DVDs................................... 17 3.5 Restoring Files and Disks...................................... 18 3.6 Making Images With Background Pictures............................. 19 3.7 Protecting Your Files With Encryption............................... 20 3.8 Transferring Files Securely...................................... 21 3.9 Sharing Licenses and Layouts.................................... 21 3.10 Splitting a File or Folder Into Pieces................................ 22 3.11 Creating a DropDMG Quick Action................................ 22 4 Menus 23 4.1 The DropDMG Menu........................................ 23 4.1.1 About DropDMG...................................... 23 4.1.2 Software
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Virtualbox Installation, Setup, and Ubuntu Introduction
    ORACLE VIRTUALBOX INSTALLATION, SETUP, AND UBUNTU INTRODUCTION • VirtualBox is a hardware virtualization program. • Create virtual computers aka virtual machines. • Prototyping, sandboxing, testing. • The computer that VirtualBox is installed on is called the “host”, and each virtual machine is called a “guest”. PREREQUISITES Since virtual machines share resources with the host computer, we need to know what resources we have available on our host. • Click “Type here to search”. • Search for “System Information”. • Note the number of processor cores and the amount of RAM installed in your host. PREREQUISITES • Expand “Components”. • Expand “Storage”. • Select “Drives”. • Note the amount of free space available on your host. Every computer is different, so how we will need to balance these resources between our host and guest systems will differ. DOWNLOADING VIRTUALBOX • VISIT VIRTUALBOX.ORG • SELECT THE CORRECT PACKAGE • CLICK THE DOWNLOAD LINK. FOR YOUR HOST. INSTALLING VIRTUALBOX • Browse to where you downloaded VirtualBox and run the installer. • All default options will be fine. Simply follow the prompts. INSTALLING VIRTUALBOX • CLICK “FINISH”. • VIRTUALBOX INSTALLED! SETTING THINGS UP Before we build our first virtual machine, we need to download an operating system to install as our “guest”. • Visit Ubuntu.com • Click “Download”. • Select the current Ubuntu Desktop “LTS” release. • LTS releases focus on stability rather than cutting edge features. SETTING THINGS UP • IN VIRTUALBOX, CLICK “NEW”. • NAME THE VIRTUAL MACHINE. SETTING THINGS UP Here’s where we will need the system resources information that we looked up earlier. Each virtual machine functions like a separate computer in and of itself and will need to share RAM with the host.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Install and Use Virtualbox on Windows 10 1. Download
    How to install and use VirtualBox on Windows 10 1. Download VirtualBox, Choose “Windows hosts” https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads a. You can watch this YouTube video for reference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mns5yqMfZk 2. Find and download the iso file you’d use, e.g., ubuntu. Following this link to download an *.iso file, which is a CD image, e.g., “ubuntu-20.04-desktop-amd64.iso” Usually you’d pick the LTS (Long Term Support) version. The .iso file is very large, 2.6 GB for version 20.04. So it may take some time to download it. https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop You might consider to save this iso file in a folder that has all your VMs, e.g., c:\users\your name\VirtualBox\ so it is easier to retrieve them later. ​ 3. Set up and boot from an iso (optical disk image) file Oracle VM - How To Load and Boot from ISO - VirtualBox https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ_uqCtgaKI In this process, the key is to set the “storage” option to tell VM to boot from the *.iso file you downloaded from step 2. You will have an option to specify the amount of memory and the disk space for the VM. In general, take the default of 1 GB memory (1024 MB) and 10 GB disk should work for most. If you plan to use more than gcc or Makefile, it may be a good idea to set the disk space to be 20 GB. 4. Start the VM with the newly installed boot CD, e.g., ubuntu to set up the ubuntu system on your VM.
    [Show full text]
  • Active@ Livecd User Guide Copyright © 1999-2015, LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC
    Active@ LiveCD User Guide Copyright © 1999-2015, LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without written permission from LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. reserves the right to revise this documentation and to make changes in content from time to time without obligation on the part of LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. to provide notification of such revision or change. LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. provides this documentation without warranty of any kind, either, implied or expressed, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. LSOFT may make improvements or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this documentation at any time. All technical data and computer software is commercial in nature and developed solely at private expense. As the User, or Installer/Administrator of this software, you agree not to remove or deface any portion of any legend provided on any licensed program or documentation contained in, or delivered to you in conjunction with, this User Guide. LSOFT.NET logo is a trademark of LSOFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. Other brand and product names may be registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders. 2 Active@ LiveCD User Guide Contents 1 Product Overview................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 About Active@ LiveCD .................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Requirements for Using Active@ Boot Disk .................................................................... 6 1.3 Downloading and Creating Active@ LiveCD.................................................................... 6 1.4 Booting from a CD, DVD or USB Media .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Disk Imaging Guide
    Disk Imaging Guide Tom Ensom Time-based Media Conservation, Tate Document Last Updated: January 2021 Document Version: 01.00 Document Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contents 1 Document Background ....................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction to Imaging ....................................................................................................... 3 3 Optical Media Imaging ........................................................................................................ 3 3.1 Optical Disc Structures ................................................................................................ 4 3.2 Optical Drives .............................................................................................................. 4 3.3 Optical Image Formats ................................................................................................ 4 3.3.1 ISO ....................................................................................................................... 5 3.3.2 BIN/CUE ............................................................................................................... 5 3.4 Optical Media Imaging Workflow ................................................................................ 5 3.5 Optical Media Imaging Troubleshooting ..................................................................... 8 3.5.1 Optical Read Errors ............................................................................................. 8 3.5.2 Audio
    [Show full text]
  • Backing up and Transferring Mail Manager Files
    eFulfillment Downloading and Mounting Images Overview Follow this document in order to download and mount BCC Software’s image files (ISO or UDF) via the Customer Portal. These image files replace the physical media shipped for general releases and data files. You may burn the images to DVD or CD and install them as you have in the past, or open them directly from your PC using a virtual drive. Prerequisites If you have not already done so, please contact BCC Software Technical Support at 800.624.5234 to register for the Customer Portal. Important: You must agree to use the Software only within the United States, its territories and possessions. You must have a virtual drive installed on your system in order to mount the files. A virtual drive is a device that appears to be an ordinary physical disk drive to the operating system. A virtual drive may emulate any type of physical drive, such as CD or DVD drive. Be certain that the virtual drive supports the UDF file format. We recommend the following virtual drives. Virtual CloneDrive freeware is available for download from Elaborate Bytes. https://www.elby.ch/en/products/vcd.html We also suggest WinCDEmu open source software. http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/ Important: BCC Software does not produce or support any virtual clone drives. Be sure to read license agreements carefully, and comply with any internal IT policies your business may have. It is recommended that you turn off pop-up blockers prior to downloading files. Technical Support: 800.624.5234 Email: [email protected] www.bccsoftware.com 2 Installing the Virtual CloneDrive Note: This section is specific to installing Virtual CloneDrive from SlySoft.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing ISO Files Cds
    R1Soft Continuous Data Protection®, Documentation, Version 3.18.2 Writing ISO Files CDs Once you have downloaded the ISO file (Obtaining Live CD Server, Obtaining Live CD Agent), you need to write it to CD. Writing ISO Files in Windows 7 | Writing ISO Files in Windows XP and Vista | Writing ISO Files in Linux (Gnome) | Writing ISO Files in Linux (KDE) Writing ISO Files in Windows 7 Windows 7 can write ISO files to the CD by itself, without any third-party software. Follow the instructions below to write ISO file to CD in Windows 7. 1. Insert a blank CD into the drive, then right-click ISO file in Windows Explorer and select the "Burn disk image" option from the context menu. 2. The Windows Disk Image Burner window will appear. 1 R1Soft Continuous Data Protection®, Documentation, Version 3.18.2 3. Click on the "Burn" button. 4. The burning process will start immediately. During the process you will see the progress on the progress bar. 5. On most modern CD-recorders the process should not last more than five minutes. When the process is finished, the Windows Disk Image Burner window will report about this and the CD will be ejected from the drive. You can take this CD and boot from it. 2 R1Soft Continuous Data Protection®, Documentation, Version 3.18.2 Proceed to booting the server you want to restore from this CD. See Booting Server From CD, Configuring Bare-Metal Restore Server. Writing ISO Files in Windows XP and Vista Unlike Windows 7, Windows XP and Vista cannot write ISO files to CDs by itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Disk Image Content Model and Metadata Analysis ACTIVITY 2: Metadata Analysis
    Disk Image Content Model and Metadata Analysis ACTIVITY 2: Metadata Analysis DRAFT - 2016-03-24 Submitted By: 253 36th Street, Suite C302 Brooklyn, NY 11232 Telephone 1.917.475.9630 [email protected] [email protected] April 2016 1 Introduction This metadata analysis takes a multi-faceted approach to identify the informational elements that will be necessary to document the provenance, the technicalities, and the structural characteristics of digital content typically serialized as disk images for long-term storage in a preservation repository. The initial analysis itself is a generic examination of disk images as file ​ formats that are generated by contemporary software, reside within contemporary file systems, and are made available via contemporary operating systems. One outcome of the ​ generic examination includes selected informational elements, as well as a conceptual model to illustrate the nature of disk images. From the generic analysis, this examination will recommend specific approaches to structure the selected information elements from the conceptual model in a consistent and repeatable metadata scheme. Building from the generic analysis, the examination will focus attention on modeling the disk image content and metadata in the context of Harvard University Library DRS Object Descriptors. Conceptual Landscape In the context of library and archive practice, disk images pose an intriguing problem of encapsulation. A disk image, by nature, is a unique sequence of bytes (or sequences of bytes) that encapsulates an existing
    [Show full text]