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Madagascar, Entre Préservation Et Développement

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Madagascar, Entre Préservation Et Développement Madagascar, entre préservation et développement Peut-on faire d’une réserve naturelle un moteur du développement économique des zones rurales, sans pour autant renoncer à préserver et renforcer des écosystèmes uniques au monde? Le Gret défend une approche intégrée de la conservation et du développement : le programme vise à contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à la réduction de la pauvreté des populations de six communes dans et autour de la réserve de biosphère de Mananara Nord dans l’Île de Madagascar. L’action consiste à appuyer des systèmes de production agricole, forestière, de pêche et de petit élevage améliorés et à développer des sources de revenus plus durables. DURÉE : 2015-2018 ENJEUX : Gestion des ressources naturelles PAYS : Madagascar PARTENAIRE : Gret CONTEXTE Le Parc national de Mananara Nord, au Nord Est de l’Île de Madagascar, comprend des écosystèmes marins et forestiers d’une valeur inestimable. Il fait ainsi partie des 631 Réserves de Biosphère créées par l’UNESCO. Cependant, ses ressources naturelles sont de plus en plus menacées par les effets combinés de la croissance démographique des communautés riveraines, du manque de terres arables et du recours à des pratiques particulièrement destructrices, dont l’agriculture sur brûlis, la pêche « à la senne de plage »*, et le trafic illicite de bois de rose. La région subit aussi les aléas du climat et de son évolution, avec une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des cyclones et l’aggravation des sècheresses. (* La pêche « à la senne de plage » consiste à encercler les bancs de poissons en formant un mur de filet au maillage extrêmement fin, souvent constitué à partir de moustiquaires.) ACTION Présent à Madagascar depuis 1999, le Gret intervient depuis 2012 dans la région pour renforcer les populations locales dans la gestion et la protection des ressources naturelles, en testant et appuyant des systèmes de production améliorés et des sources de revenus plus durables. Le programme soutenu par Cartier Philanthropy et l’Agence Française de Développement est la suite logique de ces premières démarches. Il vise à consolider les actions entreprises et à pérenniser les pratiques alternatives initiées auprès de 11 communautés de base et 12 aires de pêche dans 6 communes de Mananara Nord (Mananara Nord, Imorona, Antanambe, Antananarivo, Antanambaobe et Sandrakatsy). Les actions incluent, plus particulièrement : La démonstration et la diffusion de techniques agricoles, agro-forestières, de pêche et de petit élevage améliorées, diversifiées, économiquement viables, et qui contribuent à la préservation de la biodiversité et à l’adaptation au changement climatique. Par exemple : a) l’utilisation de techniques de conservation des sols, comme les couvertures végétales à base de mucuna, - une légumineuse qui limite l’érosion et régénère la fertilité des sols, - l’utilisation de compost, ou les haies d’ananas sur les terres en pente, b) l’aménagement de petits ouvrages hydrauliques qui facilitent la gestion de l’eau sur les bas-fonds rizicoles, c) la sécurisation et l’intensification de la production de riz de bas-fonds ou du maraîchage, d) l’appui à la production et sélection de semences de qualité, l’amélioration de l’alimentation et la vaccination des animaux d’élevage; L’appui aux membres des communautés et aux aires de pêche pour identifier et développer des activités génératrices de revenus à partir de l’amélioration des techniques de transformation, conservation et commercialisation des produits agricoles, agro-forestiers et de la pêche. Le renforcement des capacités des communautés en matière de conservation des ressources naturelles à travers des visites-échanges, des formations et des ateliers. RÉSULTATS ATTENDUS 12 500 personnes sont en mesure d’assurer leur propre sécurité alimentaire et ont des revenus plus stables. La production agricole est diversifiée et augmentée, la pêche traditionnelle est professionnalisée et mieux gérée, et ses produits mieux conservés. 83 650 personnes bénéficient indirectement de la meilleure gestion des ressources naturelles, notamment de l’approvisionnement des bassins versants en eau et de la reproduction des ressources aquatiques. Les organisations locales et des communautés sont en mesure de mieux apprécier et gérer les ressources naturelles. STRATÉGIE À LONG-TERM STRATEGY Le programme est mis en œuvre grâce à la collaboration du Gret avec l’organisation non- gouvernementale internationale de conservation Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) et le Centre de Coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD). Ce partenariat novateur permet de conjuguer effectivement développement agricole, protection des ressources naturelles et développement économique et social au profit des communautés villageoises. Les notions d’utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, de participation des communautés et de transfert de compétences sont au cœur de ce programme. Les activités et les filières appuyées pourront ainsi être partagées et reproductibles sur le long-terme. .
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