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Beginners’ Chinese

This item contains selected online content. It is for use alongside, not as a replacement for the module website, which is the primary study format and contains activities and resources that cannot be replicated in the printed versions. About this free course This OpenLearn course provides a sample of level 1 study in Languages. This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device. You can experience this free course as it was originally designed on OpenLearn, the home of free learning from The Open University www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/chinese/beginners-chinese/content-section-0 There you’ll also be able to track your progress via your activity record, which you can use to demonstrate your learning. Copyright © 2016 The Open University Intellectual property Unless otherwise stated, this resource is released under the terms of the Creative Commons Licence v4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_GB . Within that The Open University interprets this licence in the following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn . Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content. We believe the primary barrier to accessing high-quality educational experiences is cost, which is why we aim to publish as much free content as possible under an open licence. If it proves difficult to release content under our preferred Creative Commons licence (e.g. because we can’t afford or gain the clearances or find suitable alternatives), we will still release the materials for free under a personal end- user licence. This is because the learning experience will always be the same high quality offering and that should always be seen as positive – even if at times the licensing is different to Creative Commons. When using the content you must attribute us (The Open University) (the OU) and any identified author in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Licence. The Acknowledgements section is used to list, amongst other things, third party (Proprietary), licensed content which is not subject to Creative Commons licensing. Proprietary content must be used (retained) intact and in context to the content at all times. The Acknowledgements section is also used to bring to your attention any other Special Restrictions which may apply to the content. For example there may be times when the Creative Commons Non- Commercial Sharealike licence does not apply to any of the content even if owned by us (The Open University). In these instances, unless stated otherwise, the content may be used for personal and non- commercial use. We have also identified as Proprietary other material included in the content which is not subject to Creative Commons Licence. These are OU logos, trading names and may extend to certain photographic and video images and sound recordings and any other material as may be brought to your attention. Unauthorised use of any of the content may constitute a breach of the terms and conditions and/or intellectual property laws. We reserve the right to alter, amend or bring to an end any terms and conditions provided here without notice. All rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Head of Intellectual Property, The Open University

2 of 22 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/chinese/beginners-chinese/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook Friday 14 August 2020 Contents Introduction 4 Learning Outcomes 5 1 The 6 1.1 6 1.2 7 1.3 Tones 8 1.4 9 1.5 Simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters 10 1.6 Word formation 11 2 Introducing oneself 13 2.1 Names and nationalities 13 2.2 Professional titles and professions 14 3 Describing your activities 17 4 Names of languages 19 5 Food and drinks 20 Conclusion 22 Acknowledgements 22

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Introduction

This free course, Beginners' Chinese, is introductory material and was chosen to be easily accessible for those with some basic knowledge of Chinese. This course concentrates on as a tool for communication, but also provides some insights into Chinese society and culture. It contains a brief introduction to the Chinese language, its scripts and sounds, and how words are formed. The language activities and audio extracts presented here are not meant for a complete course (i.e. not designed to move progressively from one to another), but are samples to give you a taste of what it is like to learn Chinese. You will hear short conversations where people greet each other, introduce themselves, describe where they come from and what they do for a living. You’ll hear them talk about their daily activities and order food and drinks in a restaurant. Before you continue with this course, make sure you have enabled the Chinese font on your computer. The document linked below gives step-by-step instructions for both PC and Mac users. Right-click on the link to open the document in a new tab or window. How to enable Chinese font and type characters This OpenLearn course provides a sample of level 1 study in Languages. Tell us what you think! We’d love to hear from you to help us improve our free learning offering through OpenLearn by filling out this short survey.

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After studying this course, you should be able to: ● understand varieties of the Chinese language ● understand the sound system of Mandarin Chinese (pinyin and tones) ● understand simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters and how they are combined together to form new meanings ● demonstrate an improved vocabulary and pronunciation related to names, nationalities, professions, age, daily activities, languages and ordering food and drinks ● demonstrate a cultural understanding of how professional titles are used to address people ● understand how characters are combined together to form new meanings. 1 The Chinese language

1 The Chinese language

The Chinese language, in its various forms, is spoken by the Han Chinese and is known in as 汉语 hànyŭ (literally, Han language). The Han Chinese constitutes about 94 percent of China’s population. About 70 percent of the Han people speak Mandarin Chinese; the remaining 30 percent speak other related Chinese languages or dialects. Speakers of non-Chinese languages (e.g. Mongolian, Tibetan) make up about 6 percent of China’s population. Mandarin Chinese is the of the People’s Republic of China and , and one of the official languages of . It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Mandarin and other forms of Chinese are spoken by many expatriate Chinese communities, both in and overseas. The map below shows how the Chinese language has spread around the world.

Figure 1 The Chinese-speaking world (Adapted from ASDFGHJ, ‘A map of the world’, 24 January 2009, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG, last accessed 29 May 2009)

1.1 Varieties of Chinese

Apart from Mandarin, the other six major varieties of spoken Chinese are , Gan, Hakka, Min, Wu and Xiang. The map below shows the areas of China in which they are spoken and by approximately how many people, as well as the parts of China where non-Chinese languages are predominantly spoken.

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Figure 2 Varieties of Chinese (Adapted from ‘Chinese dialects in China’, 1987, www.rcl.cityu.edu.hk/atlas/20/A2_20.jpg, last accessed 29 May 2009, and Wu Yue, ‘Map of the Sinitic languages’, 2004, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg, last accessed 29 May 2009)

There is some debate among linguists about whether the different varieties of Chinese should be regarded as dialects or as languages in their own right. Interpretations depend on how ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ are defined. Furthermore, each dialect group consists of many sub-dialects, several of which are spoken widely enough to be categorised by some linguists as major dialects (or languages) that could justifiably be added to the list above. The samples presented here teach Mandarin Chinese in its standardised modern form. Standard Mandarin Chinese is commonly referred to as 普通话 pŭtōng huà (common speech) in the People’s Republic of China, 国语 guó yŭ (national language) in Taiwan and 华语 huá yŭ (Chinese language) in Singapore. We will refer to Mandarin Chinese simply as ‘Chinese’ here. Chinese is often perceived in the West as a difficult language, mainly because of its different character script and the fact that it is a tonal language – i.e. it uses tones to distinguish meanings. , on the other hand, is quite simple compared to that of many European languages. There is no conjugation, number agreement or case change, so you only ever have to learn a word in one form.

1.2 Pinyin

There are various systems for transcribing Chinese sounds into the Roman . Pinyin was adopted as the official system in the People’s Republic of China in 1958, and has since become the standard and most-used form of transcription in schools, the media and elsewhere. This course uses pinyin in the teaching of pronunciation. Read the language note below about pinyin sounds, then go on and complete the activity.

Language note: single finals and initials

Chinese is a vowel-dominated language. In total, there are 35 vowel sounds, known as ‘finals’ because they occur at the end of . The six vowel sounds in Activity 1 are called ‘single finals’ and are written in pinyin as a , e , i , o , u and ü . These simple vowel sounds are put together in various combinations to form 29 ‘compound finals’, which you will learn about later in this course.

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There are 23 consonant sounds in Chinese, called ‘initials’ because they appear at the start of syllables. Here are the 23 initials:

b p m f d t n l g k h w y j q x z c s zh ch sh r

Activity 1 Finals and initials When you listen to the audio track below you will hear six single vowels, known as finals in Chinese. Repeat after each sound.

a e i o u ü

You will then combine these vowels with some consonants, known as initials in Chinese. Note how similar they sound to some English consonants. Repeat after each sound.

ba pa ma fa de te ne le gu ku hu wo yi

You will then hear some consonants, or initials, combined with the final i. Listen and repeat.

ji qi xi zi ci si zhi chi shi ri

Audio content is not available in this format. Finals and initials

1.3 Tones

Chinese is a tonal language. In Mandarin Chinese, there are four tones (five if you include the neutral tone). Tones are marked in pinyin as follows:

1st tone: ‾ 2nd tone: ′ 3rd tone: ˇ 4th tone: `

The 1st tone is a high level tone, the 2nd rises from medium to high, the 3rd falls from low medium to low and then rises to high, and the 4th falls from high to low (see the diagram opposite). The tone marks are put over the single finals a, e, i, o, u and ü. There are some syllables that do not have a tone mark (e.g. some particle words or last in a word), and they are called ‘neutral tone’. The neutral tone is low and flat with no stress.

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Figure 3 The tones used in Mandarin Chinese Each syllable has a definite tone. So syllables with different tones mean different things. For example, 王 wáng with the 2nd tone means ‘king’ and is also a common family name, whereas 忘 wàng with the 4th tone means ‘to forget’.

Activity 2 Tones Firstly, listen and concentrate on identifying the different tones. You can listen again and repeat, emulating the tone. Don’t worry about the meaning of the words at this stage. Listen to the examples of the four tones on the audio track below, and repeat.

Audio content is not available in this format. Tone

1 mā má mǎ mà 2 tā tá tǎ tà 3 zhī zhí zhǐ zhì 4 jī jí jǐ jì

1.4 Chinese characters

Speakers of different dialects, especially the southern dialects, often cannot understand each other when they speak. However, literate Chinese people can communicate with each other in writing, as they share a common script: 汉字 hàn zì (lit. Han characters). The Chinese character script is believed to have originated from stylised pictures of physical objects, which evolved over the centuries into characters formed from strokes. The total number of Chinese characters is estimated at about 50,000, of which roughly 3000 are used for everyday purposes. This course teaches simplified characters, which were introduced by the Chinese government in the 1950s in an attempt to increase . Each character in written Chinese represents a syllable. A word in Chinese can consist of one character (e.g. 中 zhōng , central), two characters ( 中国 Zhōngguó , China) or three characters ( 中国人 zhōngguórén , Chinese person/people). In Chinese texts, there is no spacing between characters. Traditionally there was no either, but this has since been adopted. There is no obvious correlation between how characters are written and how they are pronounced. For example, the following three characters, made up of very different

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strokes, are all pronounced jing , albeit with different tones: 京 (1st tone) means ‘capital’; 井 (3rd tone) means ‘well’ (as in a water well); and 净 (4th tone) means ‘clean’.

1.5 Simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters

In this section you will learn about traditional and simplified characters and work on some activities. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government introduced a range of ‘simplified characters’ ( 简体字 jiăntĭ zì) in an effort to improve the literacy level in the population. About 2,000 characters have been simplified and the rest of the characters remain the same. It is useful to be aware of traditional forms (sometimes referred to as ‘complex characters’ ) ( 繁体字 !Warning! Palatino Linotype not supportedfăntĭ zì ), as they are still used in , Taiwan and other communities. The simplification of the 2000 characters involved reducing the number of strokes in most cases, while also preserving either the overall shape of the character or of one part of the character. In the table below are some examples of characters in both simplified and traditional form, and the number of strokes that these forms comprise.

Examples of traditional characters

简体字 Strokes 繁体字 Strokes jiăntĭ zì făntĭ zì

xué to learn 学 8 學 16 yī medical 医 7 醫 18 mén door 门 3 門 7 chén dust 尘 6 塵 14 shū book 书 4 書 10

Activity 3 Identifying simplified characters In the quiz linked below try to match the simplified characters with what you think might be their traditional forms. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Below you’ll find a table with all the characters used in the quiz for reference.

Matching characters

1国 (d) 2们 (b) 3见 (c) 4谢 (e) 5吗 (a)

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1.6 Word formation

In this section you will look at combining characters to form new words. You can complete the activities now, but you may also find it valuable to come back to them once you’ve covered the other sections.

Activity 4 Making character combinations The quiz linked below contains eleven character combinations that have to do with professions, forms of address, pronouns and so on. Drag and drop the appropriate characters to match their English counterparts. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Below you’ll find tables with all the characters used in the quiz for reference.

Solution

Solution We 我们 I am very well 我很好 very good 很好 good person 好人 They 他们 Old Wang 老王 Mr Wang 王先生 Old Li 老李 Mrs Li 李太太 Teacher 老师 Doctor 医生

Characters

Characters 我 们 老 师 wŏ men lăo shī 很 他 王 李 hěn tā wáng lĭ 好 们 先 太 hăo men xiān tài 人 医 生 太 rén yī shēng tài

Here are some more combinations of characters:

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先 xiān (first) + 生 shēng (new; to be born; strange) = 先生 xiānsheng (Mr; husband; old- fashioned term for teacher) 小 xiǎo (little; young) + 姐 jiĕ (elder sister) = 小姐 xiǎojie (Miss) 北 běi (north) + 京 jīng (capital) = 北京 Běijīng (Beijing) 伦 lún (ethics; human relations) + 敦 dūn (honest) = 伦敦 Lúndūn (London) 地 dì (field; earth; place) + 方 fāng (referring to places and directions) = 地方 dìfang (place) 中 zhōng (central; middle; medium) + 国 guó (country; kingdom) = 中国 Zhōngguó (China)

Activity 5 Word formation In the quiz linked below, match the characters to their corresponding pinyin and English translations using the drag and drop options provided. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Below you’ll find a table with all the characters used in the quiz for reference.

Word formation

Characters Pinyin English

好人 hǎo rén good person 生字 shēng zì new character 生人 shēngrén stranger 地名 dì míng place name 人名 rén míng a person’s name 北方 běifāng northern place; north 北方人 běifāngrén northerner 姐姐 jiějie elder sister 英国 Yīngguó Britain

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2 Introducing oneself

In this section, you will learn about Chinese names, how Chinese people address each other and how profession titles are used.

2.1 Names and nationalities

When a is given in full, the family name always precedes the given name. To take the former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as an example, the family name 邓 Dèng goes before the given name 小平 Xiǎopíng It is very common for Chinese people to address each other by their full names, even amongst friends or family. The most common Chinese family names have only one character. Chinese given names typically consist of two characters. The titles 先生 xiānsheng (Mr), 小姐 xiăojie (Miss) and 女士 nǚshì (Madam) are popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and since the 1980s have been catching on in , too, especially in the business sector. They tend to be used on formal occasions when you are unsure of another person’s position or profession. The term 太太 tàitai (Mrs) is also used to address a married foreign woman but is not an appropriate way to address a married Chinese woman because Chinese women do not change their family names after marriage.

Activity 6 Names

Part A Listen to the audio track below to hear how these two people say their names, and how they address each other, then answer the following questions.

Audio content is not available in this format. Names

What is the woman’s name? ¡ a) Wang Xiaoying ¡ b) Wang Jing ¡ c) Li Xiaoying

Part B What is the man’s name? ¡ a) Wang Xiaoying ¡ b) Wang Jing ¡ c) Li Xiaoying

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Activity 7 Nationalities In the quiz linked below, you will be asked to listen to the audio extract, in which Mr Wang ( 王先生 Wáng xiānsheng ) and Miss Li ( 李小姐 Lĭ xiǎojie ) talk about their places of origin. Number the sentences in the order you hear them. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Here is a summary of the answers for reference.

1. 您是哪国人 nín shì n ǎ guó rén 2. 我是中国人 Wǒ shì Zhōngguórén 3. 您是不是英国人 nín shì bu shì yīngguórén 4. 我住在伦敦 wǒ zhù zài Lúndūn

2.2 Professional titles and professions

Read the culture note and the reflection note that follows. Then reflect about your own culture.

Culture: professional titles

China is very much a hierarchical society, where titles are important. Chinese people like to address each other by attaching professional titles or official positions, such as 老师 lăoshī (teacher) or 医生 yīshēng (doctor), to a family name. So you might hear someone being addressed as 李老师 Lĭ lăoshī (Teacher Li) or 王医生 Wáng yīshēng (Doctor Wang), for example. This practice is also common in Chinese business circles, where job titles such as 经理 jīnglǐ (manager), 主任 zhǔrèn (director) and 总裁 zǒng cái (CEO) are used as forms of address, as well as to refer to someone in the third person. So, for example, a manager whose surname was Wang would be referred to as 王经理 Wáng jīnglĭ (Manager Wang). For CEOs, the form is shortened to 总 zǒng , so a CEO with the surname Li would be referred to and addressed as 李总 Lĭ zǒng .

Reflection point ( 想一想 Xiǎng yi xiǎng )

In what contexts would you address people by their professional titles in your own culture? ‘Minister, could you clarify…’; ‘Madam Chairman, it is clear that…’; ‘Doctor, could you tell me…’ Can you think of any other titles that you would use in everyday life? Does the use of professional titles indicate respect for some professions above others, or is it just a matter of convention? Do you think that forms of address are becoming less formal?

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Activity 8 Describing one’s profession and age Practise saying out aloud someone’s age and profession using the third person pronoun 她 tā (she) or 他 tā (he). Look at the pictures below and describe the profession and age of each person. Let us take Picture 1 as an example: 他是工人。他今年四十九岁。 Tā shì gōngrén. Tā jīnnián sìshíjiŭ suì. (He is a worker. He is 49 years old this year.) Say it aloud yourself and then play the audio clip to hear a sample answer. Here are the professions featured in the pictures:

工 gōngrén worker 人 护 hùsh nurse 士 服 fúwùyuán waiter 务 员 科 kēxuéjiā scientist 学 家

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Answer Listen to the audio clip to compare yours with the sample descriptions.

Audio content is not available in this format. Professions

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3 Describing your activities

In this section, you will learn how to talk about the activities you do.

Activity 9 Daily activities In the quiz below link each noun with the correct verb to make up phrases for daily activities. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Below you’ll find a table with all the nouns and verbs used in the quiz for reference.

Building phrases for daily activities

Nouns Verbs (a) diànyǐng movie(s) = 看 kàn 电影 (b) xiǎoshuō novel(s) = 看 kàn 小说 (c) zuòyè homework = 做 zuò 作业 (d) hàn zì Chinese = 学 xué 汉字 character(s) 写 xiě (e) diànshì TV = 看 kàn 电视 (f) 网 wǎng internet = 上 shàng (g) zhōngwén Chinese language = 学 xué 中文 (h) 饭 fàn food = 做 zuò

Activity 10 Evening activities Below is a timetable of evening activities. Give a short description of three of your evenings in complete sentences. Say your description aloud and then click the ‘Reveal answer’ button to play the audio clip to hear a sample answer and see the transcripts.

星期一/星期二晚上 星期三晚上 星期四晚上 xīngqī yī/ xīngqī’èr wǎnshang xīngqīsān wǎnshang xīngqīsì wǎnshang

学中文 看电视 写汉字 xué zhōngwén kàn diànshì xiě hàn zì

星期五晚上 星期六晚上 星期天晚上

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xīngqīwǔ wǎnshang xīngqīliù wǎnshang xīngqītiān wǎnshang

上网做作业 帮助小学生学英文 看电影 shàng wǎng zuò zuòyè bāngzhù xiăo xuéshēng xué yīngwén kàn diànyǐng

*Vocabulary note: 帮助 !Warning! Palatino Linotype not supportedbāngzhù to help

Answer Some sample answers are provided in the audio track below.

Audio content is not available in this format. Evening activities

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4 Names of languages

If the relevant country name does not end in the character 国 guó, simply add 文 wén in order to form the name of the languages:

● 西班牙 Xībānyá (Spain) + 文 wén (language) → 西班牙文 xībānyá wén (Spanish).

For country names that end in 国 guó, replace 国 guó with 文 wén to form the language name:

● 中国 Zhōngguó (China) → 中文 Zhōng wén (Chinese language).

The only exception is 日本 Rìběn (Japan), which becomes !Warning! SimSun not supported日文 Rìwén (Japanese).

Activity 11 Names of languages In the quiz linked below, identify the country and select the language spoken there. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Here are the correct answers:

Names of languages

1 意大 yìdàlìwén Italian 利文 2 德文 déwén German 3 法文 fǎwén French 4 英文 yīngwén English

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5 Food and drinks

In this section, you will learn how to order various food and drink items in Chinese.

Activity 12 Food and drinks In the quiz linked below, listen to how the various food and drink items are pronounced, and number them in the order you hear them. Click here to open the quiz.

Answer Below you’ll find a table with all the terms used in the quiz for reference.

Food and drinks

Characters Pinyin English

白酒 bái jiǔ Chinese white wine (lit. white alcoholic drink) 红酒 hóng jiǔ Chinese red wine (lit. red alcoholic drink) 红葡萄酒 hóng pútaojiǔ red wine 白葡萄酒 bái pútaojiǔ white wine 橘子汁 júzi zhī orange juice 苹果汁 píngguǒ zhī apple juice 红茶 hóng chá black tea (lit. red tea) 绿茶 lǜ chá green tea 红烧肉 hóng shāo ròu braised meat in soy sauce (lit. red braised meat) 白菜 bái cài Chinese cabbage (lit. white leaves) 青菜 qīng cài green vegetable(s)

Activity 13 Placing orders Read the scenarios below and say your orders out loud using the vocabulary provided. Check your pronunciation by listening to the audio clip linked below.

Vocabulary:

要 yào would like to 瓶 píng bottle 啤酒 píjiǔ beer 蛋炒饭 dànchǎofàn egg-fried rice 一个 yī gè one portion (of) 炒青菜 chǎoqīngcài. stir-fried green vegetables 点 diǎn to order 饺子 jiǎozi dumplings

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一盘 yī pán one plate (of) 牛肉炒面 niúròu chǎomiàn beef fried noodles 只 zhī [measure word used after a number for small animals] 烤鸭 kǎoyā. roast duck

1. You are in a shop. You tell the shop assistant that you want three bottles of Beijing beer. 2. You are in a small canteen. Ask for one portion of egg-fried rice and one portion of stir-fried green vegetables. 3. You are in a restaurant with some friends. Order ten dumplings, one plate of fried noodles and one roast duck.

Figure 4 Practice ordering food in Chinese

Audio content is not available in this format. Ordering food

Answer Here is the transcript for the audio track above. You can use it for reference purposes.

1. 我要三瓶北京啤酒 Wǒ yào sānpíng Běijīng píjiǔ. 2. 我点一个蛋炒饭，一个炒青菜 Wǒ diǎn yīgè dànchǎofàn ， yīgè chǎoqīngcài. 3. 我们点十个饺子， 一盘牛肉炒面，一只烤鸭 Wǒmen diǎn shíge jiǎozi ， yīpán niúròu chǎomiàn ， yīzhī kǎoyā.

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Conclusion

We hope you enjoyed this course. Now that you know how to say your name, nationality, profession, say what you like doing and order some food and drinks, you may wish to try them out on your next visit to a Chinese-speaking country or region! You can also study short courses on Chinese language and culture with the OU’s Open Centre for Languages and Cultures. This OpenLearn course provides a sample of level 1 study in Languages.

Acknowledgements

This free course was written by the L197 Beginners’ Chinese course team. Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions ), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence . The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this course: Course image: fnchng in Flickr made available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Licence . Course image © AMD5150 (Via Flickr) Figure 1: taken from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG by ASDFGHJ. Figure 2: adapted from www.rcl.cityu.edu.hk and en.wikipedia.org, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0, Attribution ShareAlike 2.5, Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 and Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 License, creativecommons.org/licenses. Figure 3: courtesy of Fernando Rosell-Aguilar and Ana Sánchez-Forner Figure 4: courtesy of Shasha Wang. Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Don't miss out If reading this text has inspired you to learn more, you may be interested in joining the millions of people who discover our free learning resources and qualifications by visiting The Open University – www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses.

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