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Descargar Archivo ISSN 0326-1778 (Impresa) ISSN 1853-6581 (En Línea) HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 Limnobium laevigatum (HUMB. & BONPL. EX WILLD.) HEINE (ALISMATALES, HYDROCHARITACEAE), UNA NUEVA ESPECIE INVASORA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO NEGRO, PROVINCIA DE RÍO NEGRO, ARGENTINA Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Heine (Alismatales, Hydrocharitaceae), a new invasive species from the Río Negro basin, Río Negro province, Argentina Cristian H.F. Pérez1 y Pablo Seewald2 1CCT Centro Nacional Patagónico (CCT CONICET-CENPAT). Bvd. Brown 2825, (U9120ACF) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. [email protected] 2Investigador Independiente, Arroyito 519, Plottier, Neuquén, Argentina. HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/201-210 211 PÉREZ C. Y SEEWALD P. Resumen. Se presenta el primer registro geográfico deLimnobium laevigatum para el río Negro en la provincia homónima y para esta especie en la región patagónica. Se discute el origen de la probable introducción de L. laevigatum en el río Negro debido a la liberación de ejemplares provenientes de acuarios particulares y las consecuencias que podría traer aparejadas la invasión de esta especie sobre el ambiente, la salud y la economía regional. Palabras clave. Hydrocharitaceae, Limnobium laevigatum, especies invasoras, río Negro, Patagonia. Abstract. The first geographical record of Limnobium laevigatum is presented for the Negro river in the homonymous province and for this species in the Patagonian region. The origin of the probable introduction of L. laevigatum in the Negro river is discussed due to the release of specimens from particular aquariums and the consequences that this invasion of this species could have on the environment, health and regional economy. Key words. Hydrocharitaceae, Limnobium laevigatum, invasive species, Negro river, Patagonia. 212 HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 Limnobium laevigatum, INVASOR EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO NEGRO INTRODUCCIÓN al., 2018) y las agencias de control rara vez reconocen el mercado del acuario como La propagación y dispersión de especies una causa potencial de introducción de de forma antrópica es uno de los principa- especies (Gherardi, 2007; Keller y Lodge, les factores que inciden en la extinción de 2007). Aunque las leyes en muchos países especies en el planeta (Rodríguez, 2001; restringen el transporte de especies, estas Ríos y Vargas, 2003; Matthews y Brand, regulaciones rara vez han tenido los efectos 2005; Schüttler y Karez, 2008). Estas pue- deseados, y como consecuencia ha habido den ser accidentales o deliberadas, en este un aumento dramático tanto del transpor- último caso las especies son transportadas te como del comercio de especies acuáticas por distintos motivos como ser por su valor (Patoka et al., 2018). económico u ornamental o bien por su ac- El río Negro se encuentra en el norte de la ción como agente de control biológico o de Patagonia, nace de la conjunción de los ríos restauración ambiental. Las especies exóti- Limay y Neuquén, que recogen el agua cas invasoras desplazan especies de flora y de un frente cordillerano de 600 km. Tiene fauna nativas por competencia, depreda- un recorrido de 635 km de oeste a este hasta ción, transmisión de enfermedades, modi- su desembocadura en el océano Atlántico y ficación del hábitat, alteración de la estruc- lleva un caudal medio anual de 853 m³/seg. tura trófica y de las condiciones biofísicas En este río cuatro especies de peces se han de los ambientes o por la alteración de los registrado como introducidas desde 1997: regímenes de fuego, llegando a producir Cyprinus carpio, Cheirodon interruptus, As- alteraciones a nivel de procesos ecológicos tyanax pampa y Corydoras paleatus (Baigún et que pueden desencadenar cambios a nivel al., 2002; Pérez, 2008: Pérez y López Casor- del paisaje (Rodríguez, 2001; Matthews y la, 2008) y una especie de almeja Corbicula Brand, 2005; Schüttler y Karez, 2008). fluminea (Cazzaniga y Pérez, 1999). Por otra Las invasiones de plantas no nativas son parte, la cría y la introducción de la trucha reconocidas como una de las principales con fines recreativos es una práctica común amenazas para la biodiversidad (Pimentel en varios cursos de agua de la Patagonia et al., 2005), sin embargo, con la aceleración (Baigún et al., 2002; Alvear et al., 2007). del comercio humano, el transporte y los Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. viajes ha aumentado enormemente la pro- Ex Willd.) Heine es una especie de hierba pagación de especies de plantas (Vitousek acuática perteneciente a la familia Hydro- et al., 1997; Mack et al., 2000). Respecto a las charitaceae de amplia distribución en Cen- plantas acuáticas, la principal causa de in- tro y Sud América (Cook y Urmi-König, troducción de especies invasivas es la acui- 1983; Zuloaga et al., 2008). En Argentina, el cultura, la industria de acuarios y especies área de distribución natural se encuentra ornamentales (Naylor et al., 2001; Padilla y en las provincias de Buenos Aires, Chaco, Williams, 2004; Francis y Chadwick, 2012; Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, La Pam- Kaveski Peres et al., 2018), los cuales tienen pa, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucumán (Zuloaga et un crecimiento económico anual del 14% al., 2008; Muiño, 2016). En los últimos años y generan unos 25 mil millones de dólares esta especie ha sido comercializada amplia- al año (Padilla y Williams, 2004; Francis y mente en todo el país en tiendas de acua- Chadwick, 2012). Actualmente un tercio de rio. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar la las peores especies invasoras del mundo presencia y posible capacidad invasiva de están relacionadas con escapes de acuarios esta especie en el río Negro, provincia de (Padilla y Williams, 2004; Kaveski Peres et Río Negro. HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 213 PÉREZ C. Y SEEWALD P. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS el Herbario del Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (BBB), Universidad La zona de estudio se encuentra ubicada Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Ai- en la cuenca del río Negro (Figura 1). Se lo- res, Argentina (Apéndice I). caliza en la Región fitogeográfica del Monte, distrito del Monte Nor-Patagónico, la cual se caracteriza por la presencia de comunidades RESULTADOS del género Larrea, bosquecillos de Geoffroea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart En total se relevaron siete sitios en la cuen- y ejemplares aislados de Prosopis flexuosa ca del río Negro y Neuquén (Figura 1, Tabla DC. var. flexuosa Phil. y de P. caldenia Burkart 1), de los cuales sólo en cuatro se hallaron (Roig, 1998). El clima es árido mesotermal, especímenes. De los tres sitios ausentes uno con una temperatura promedio anual de se ubica aguas arribas del sitio probable ori- 14°C y extremas de -10°C y 43°C, las precipi- gen de la invasión, en canales de riego pro- taciones varían entre 198 y 373 mm anuales venientes del río Neuquén. El segundo, en con vientos predominantes del sector oeste el cauce principal de la cuenca media del (Conti, 1998). Se realizaron muestreos no río Negro, que probablemente esté presente sistemáticos en diversas localidades de la pero no se encontraron ejemplares en el sitio cuenca para obtener información de la dis- de búsqueda y el último, se encuentra en la tribución de Limnobium laevigatum a lo largo parte inferior del río Negro donde es quizás de la misma. El material colectado fue her- aún, esta parte de la cuenca no haya sido co- borizado y posteriormente depositado en lonizada. Figura 1 - Localidades relevadas en la cuenca del río Negro. Circulos: localidades con presencia de Limnobium laevigatum. Triángulos: sitios donde de Limnobium laevigatum estuvo ausente. Líneas negras: limites provinciales y departamentales. Inserto: ubicación del área de estudio en Sud América. 214 HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 Limnobium laevigatum, INVASOR EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO NEGRO DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES pesar de que el clima de la zona es árido mesotermal, seco y con regímenes de hela- La presencia de Limnobium laevigatum co- da (Conti, 1998) la especie ha demostrado menzó a observarse de forma esporádica ser resistente a estos factores climáticos y en el año 2016 en las localidades de Chim- ha proliferado a lo largo de la cuenca del pay, Villa Regina y Neuquén (Figura 1). A río Negro. Figura 2 - Limnobium laevigatum. Chimpay, Río Negro. Figura 3 - Limnobium laevigatum. Aspecto general. Paseo de la Costa, río Limay, Neuquén. HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 9 (2) 2019/211-218 215 PÉREZ C. Y SEEWALD P. Figura 4 - Brazo muerto del río con cobertura de Limnobium laevigatum, en la orilla so- bresaliendo, en forma rala, se puede observar Ludwigia grandiflora. Chimpay, Río Negro. En general se la halló sujeta a ramas, raí- ción similar a lo que ocurrió con el camalote ces u otra vegetación riparía a partir de la (Pontederia crassipes Mart.) en más de cin- cual luego prospera vegetativamente (Fi- cuenta países y cinco continentes (Lowe et guras 2 y 3), su aspecto es el descripto en la al., 2004). El camalote produjo un aumento bibliografía: hierba acuática flotante en for- en las tasas de evaporación, también se veri- ma de roseta cortamente peciolada con un ficó un incremento de los niveles de sulfuro grueso tejido aerífero (Cabrera, 1969), aun- de azufre, una modificación en la demanda que en remansos y brazos de río sin salida biológica y química de oxígeno como conse- prospera generando un aspecto de “cama- cuencia de la descomposición de la planta. lotal” (Figura 4), y en estos casos los pecio- Su proliferación en áreas fuera de su distri- los de la planta se elongan y en las hojas el bución original también causó un decreci- grueso tejido aerífero se vuelve inconspicuo.
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