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M a N U S K R I P T Sonntag, 31. Mai 2015 (20:05-21:00 Uhr), KW 22 Deutschlandfunk / Abt. Hörspiel/Hintergrund Kultur FREISTIL Superman – Und wie er in die Welt kam Von Lorenz Schröter Redaktion: Klaus Pilger [Produktion DLF 2012] M a n u s k r i p t Urheberrechtlicher Hinweis Dieses Manuskript ist urheberrechtlich geschützt und darf vom Empfänger ausschließlich zu rein privaten Zwecken genutzt werden. Die Vervielfältigung, Verbreitung oder sonstige Nutzung, die über den in §§ 44a bis 63a Urheberrechtsgesetz geregelten Umfang hinausgeht, ist unzulässig. © - ggf. unkorrigiertes Exemplar - 1 Zusp.: Raketenstart-Atmo Superman: Wer bin ich? Erzähler: Another thrilling Story.... Geburt eines Mythos!... Zusp.: Pow! Sprecherin: Sado-Maso Science Fiction Underground! Zusp.: Wumm! Erzähler: Mafia! Jüdische Nazis! Zusp.: Smash! Sprecherin: ... and a multi-million Dollar-Deal. Erzähler: Superman – Und wie er in die Welt kam. Sprecherin: Ein Feature von Lorenz Schröter Erzähler: Cleveland, Ohio. Der erste Donnerstag im Juni 1932: Mitchell Siegel, ein jüdischer Immigrant aus Litauen, will seinen Second-Hand-Kleiderladen abschließen. Es ist kurz nach acht Uhr abends. (Comic-Atmo) 2 Bösewicht: Her mit der Knete! Zusp: Zwei Schüsse. Mann: Oh! (Comic-Atmo/Ende) Essayist: In unserem kollektiven Gedächtnis ist nur Platz für eine sehr beschränkte Anzahl von Archetypen, lebensübergroße Figuren, die für jede Generation neu geboren werden wie die morgendlich dem Meerschaum entsteigende Venus, und damit zum Weltkulturerbe unseres Geschichtenerzählens wurden: Moses, Parsifal, der Graf von Monte Christo, Frankensteins Monster. Der vielleicht letzte und jüngste Archetyp ist... Zitat: „It´s a bird... it´s a plane... It´s Superman!“ . Erzähler: Am Tag nach dem tödlichen Raubüberfall auf den Kleiderladen erschien im Cleveland Plain Dealer ein Leserbrief: Man solle härter gegen das Verbrechen vorgehen soll. Geschrieben von einem gewissen A Punkt. L Punkt Luther. Und wie dieser Leserbriefschreiber hieß auch: Zitat. : „The mad scientist who wanted present a grip of terror...“ Bösewicht: Supermans schlimmster Gegner, ein verrückter Wissenschaftler, Lex Luthor! Erzähler: Jerry Siegel, damals 15 Jahre alt, hat nie über den Tod seines Vaters Mitchell gesprochen. Zitat: „It is a job for Superman.“ Sprecherin: Superman ist das Produkt einer Nerd-Kultur, von detailbesessenen Fans. Auch heute widmen Nerds ihre Jugend einer obskuren Leidenschaften: Videospiele, Sport-Statistiken und besonders 3 gerne Science Fiction. Ein Begriff, den übrigens 1905 ein gewisser Monokel tragender Dandy namens Hugo Gernsback erfunden hatte, Sohn jüdischer Einwanderer aus Luxemburg. In seinem Magazin Amazing Stories standen – neben Geschichten von H. G. Wells oder Jules Verne – Beschreibungen von Raketen, Funkgeräten, dem Fernsehen, Radar und der Jukebox – Jahre bevor sie Wirklichkeit wurden. Erzähler: Jerry Siegel schwärmte für Douglas Fairbanks, liebte Tarzan-Comics, und war ein Fan der Amazing Stories. Er schrieb Geschichten, klebte die Seiten zusammen und versuchte seine Cosmic Stories an seiner Schule zu verkaufen. Er hatte gerade das Fanzine erfunden. Sprecherin: Die Anhänger der Amazing Stories und von Science Fiction nannten sich Fans. Als erste. Die andern, die für Autos oder Filmstars schwärmten, machten es ihnen nach und nannten sich ebenfalls Fans. Erzähler: Cleveland Ohio, 1932. Joe Shuster, Sohn jüdischer Einwanderer aus Russland, war klein, kurzsichtig, ängstlich, still, schlecht in der Schule und dazu noch bitterarm. Im Winter trug er drei Pullover, war die Miete fällig wurde bei den Shusters gefastet. Joe zeichnete ununterbrochen. Das Papier kam aus dem Abfalleimer, noch blutig vom Fleisch, das darin eingewickelt worden war. Ein einziger Cartoon hat es in die Schülerzeitschrift geschafft. In der Redaktion lernt er Jerry kennen. Sprecherin: Jerry und Joe Shuster werden das – direkt nach einer Batman Ausgabe – teuerste Druckerzeugnis des Zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts schaffen, welches mit den Worten beginnt: Mann: Als sein ferner Planet starb setzte ein Wissenschaftler sein kleines Kind in eine Rakete, die er zur Erde sandte. Erzähler: Doch vorher, im Januar 1933... Zusp. Marschmusik, 30. Januar 1933, Berlin (darüber) 4 Bösewicht: Ein böses, machtgieriges Grinsen überzog Supermans Gesicht. Erzähler: In der von Jerry selbstverlegten Kurzgeschichte The Reign of the Superman... Bösewicht: Another Thrilling Story By The Writer of „Snaring the Master“! Erzähler: ...verleiht ein perfider Wissenschaftler einem Obdachlosen... Zusp. (Applaus, Hitler) „Und unsere Gegner sagen frei heraus, Deutschland soll untergehen und Deutschland kann ihnen nur eine Antwort geben. Deutschland wird siegen und Deutschland wird... (Applaus) Bösewicht: I can read your mind! Erzähler: ....telepathische und telekinetische Kräfte. Erzähler: In dieser Kurzgeschichte ist Superman noch ein böser Glatzkopf, der beinahe die ganze Welt erobert und zerstört. Bösewicht: ....Force ideas into people´s heads, and throw my vision to any spot in the universe. Bösewicht: Menschen meinen Willen aufzwingen und meine Überzeugung überall hin verbreiten. Erzähler: Jerry und Joe hatten den Namen Superman von Nietzsches Übermenschen übernommen. 5 Sprecherin: Ab etwa 1920 wurden in jeder amerikanischen Zeitung Comics abgebildet, kleine Fortsetzungsgeschichten in gleichgroßen Panels. Diese Vier-Bilder-Geschichten wurden als Lizenz in Comic-Heften nachgedruckt. Erzähler: Da wollten Jerry und Joe hin. Auf die Funny Pages. Unermüdlich schickten sie ihre Geschichten ein, jahrelang hagelte es Absagen. Essayist: Aus Jerry´s kruder Bildung, – die Lokalzeitung Plain Dealer, Fritz Langs Film Metropolis, Comics und Pulp Fiction– , erhob sich wie der aus Lehm geschaffene Adam oder der gleichfalls aus Lehm bestehende Golem, der urbane Mythos Amerikas: Superman. Erzähler: Währenddessen in New York: Warum, dachten sich Harry Donenfeld und Jack Liebowitz, auch sie Söhne jiddisch sprechender Schneider aus den Ghettos und Shtetels Osteuropas, mit guten Verbindungen zur jüdischen Lower Eastside-Mafia, also Meyer-Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Arnold Rothstein.... Warum dachten sich also Donenfeld und Liebowitz, die bisher Magazine für Kunststudenten herausgaben. Warum dachten sich also der hartgesottene Harry Donenfeld und sein Buchhalter, der ehemalige Funktionär der sozialistischen Damenbekleidungsgewerkschaft Jack Liebowitz... Warum nicht original Comics zeichnen lassen und so die Lizenz an die Zeitungsverleger sparen? Und hatten da nicht zwei Jungs aus Cleveland, Ohio etwas eingeschickt? (Comic-Atmo) Superman: Du schlägst keine Frauen! Zusp.: Bash! Superman: Du wolltest es! Zusp.: Posh! 6 Zusp. „Faster than a speeding bullet! More powerful than a locomotive! Able to leap tall buildings in a single bound! This amazing stranger visitor from planet Krypton, the man of steel! Superman“ Essayist: Der Cowboy war ein Mythos der Grenze und der unendlichen Weite. 19. Jahrhundert. Superman hingegen kam aus der Kleinstadt Smallville in die Großstadt Metropolis. 20. Jahrhundert. Der Alien Superman, seine Wurzeln lagen weit, weit entfernt auf dem Planeten Krypton, war ein Immigrant, wie die Väter vieler Superhelden-Erfinder: Jiddisch sprechende Neuankömmlinge, die mit ihrer doppelten Identität rangen: da ihre alte Kultur, die sie nicht verlieren wollten: Europa, das Shtetl, Smallville – das verkörpert Superman; und hier das Neue, das sie werden wollten: Amerikaner. „Urban“ sein wie Clark Kent. Erzähler: April 1938: Auf dem Cover von Action Comic Number One stemmt ein muskulöser Mann mit rotem Cape, blauen Ganzkörperstrumpfhosen und einem S auf der Brust scheinbar mühelos ein Auto in die Luft und droht es zu zerschmettern. Heute würde ein gut erhaltenes Exemplar dieses Heftes über drei Millionen Euro kosten. Essayist: Seit Anbeginn des Geschichtenerzählens gibt es Helden mit übernatürlichen Kräften, Gilgamesch, Herkules, Graf Dracula. Erzähler: Die Titel-Geschichte von Action Comic Number One war über dreizehn farbige Seiten ausgebreitet. Die Kästchen mal länger, dynamisch der Handlung angepasst, mit Details wie Nahaufnahmen im Kino und Montagen wie im expressionistischen Film. Essayist: Superman war der erste Superheld. Ausgestattet mit übermenschlichen Kräften, kugelsicher... Zusp.: Zwei Schüsse Essayist: ...bekämpft er das Verbrechen und, das war neu, Superman besaß eine geheime Identität. 7 Erzähler: Jerry Siegel und Joe Shuster verkauften Superman für 130 Dollar an Donenfelds Action Comic, die wenig später DC Comics heißen sollten. Die erste 200.000er Auflage war schnell verkauft, die Händler bestellten nach, innerhalb weniger Monate wurde eine Millionenauflage vertrieben. (Comic-Atmo) Bösewicht: Was ist das? Ein Wirbelsturm? Zusp.: Swash! Bösewicht: Meine Kräfte... sie verschwinden! Superman: Eine unwiderstehliche Kraft trifft auf ein unbewegliches Objekt. Zusp.: Boing! Superman: Zum letzten mal! Da hast du es! Zusp.: Crash! Bösewicht. Oo-ouch! Zusp.: Smash Lois Lane: Bis dann Superman! Und danke für die Story! Superman: Dank nicht zu früh! Ich glaube, Clark Kent hat die Story schneller als du! Sprecherin: Mit dem Erfolg von Superman kamen all die anderen: The Phantom, The Shadow, Captain Future... 8 Erzähler: Die Verleger von Superman verklagten die Nachahmer. Richter Learned Hand definierte bei einem Plagiatsverfahren gegen Wonderman: Mann: Superhelden verfügen über Wunderkräfte und Geschwindigkeit, sie sind unverletzbar, tragen einen Codenamen... Sprecherin: Captain America, Batman, Wonder Woman... Es wurden immer mehr und sie ließen sich von keinem Gericht aufhalten. Mann:
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