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Deutsch-Äthiopischer Verein E.V. German Ethiopian DEUTSCH-ÄTHIOPISCHER VEREIN E.V. tter GERMAN ETHIOPIAN ASSOCIATION www.deutsch-aethiopischer-verein.de Ausgabe November 2013 Informationsblä Projekte und Initiativen Addis Abeba – Arbeitsschutz in der ein nachhaltiges Einkommen durch ihre Tätigkeit in der Abfallwirtschaft ermöglichen sollen, und Abfallwirtschaft - Das IGNIS-Projekt 3. die Entwicklung und Simulation von abfallwirtschaft- lichen Szenarien und Modellen anhand der gewonnenen Wieland Wettberg (Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz Erkenntnisse, die der Stadt Hilfestellungen für die und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) und Daniela Bleck weitere Planung ihres Abfallwirtschaftssystems geben sollen. Pilotprojekte betrachteten die Kompostierung und Bio- Wie in vielen afrikanischen Großstädten ist auch Addis gas-Produktion aus organischen Abfällen, die Produktion Abeba mit großen Herausforderungen bei der Entsor- von Holzkohle aus Grünabfällen und ihre Verarbeitung gung von festen Siedlungsabfällen konfrontiert. Obwohl zu verbraucherfreundlichen Produkten, Papier-Recycling in den vergangenen Jahren bereits Maßnahmen zur und Erosionsschutzmaßnahmen. Die Betriebe sollten Verbesserung der Abfallsammlung und -verwertung einen Beitrag zur Abfallverwertung liefern und somit zur initiiert wurden, besteht nach wie vor großer Handlungs- Reduktion von Treibhausgasen beitragen, die durch die bedarf. Ein weiteres Problem stellt die hohe Arbeits- Deponierung von Abfällen entstehen und darüber hinaus losigkeit vor allem ungelernter Kräfte dar. armen bzw. benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen eine Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Projekt IGNIS „Income Einkommensmöglichkeit bieten. Um diese Ziele nach- Generation and Climate Protection by Valorizing Muni- haltig zu verwirklichen, wurden die Pilotprojekte hinsicht- cipal Solid Wastes in a Sustainable Way in Emerging lich ihrer technischen und ökonomischen Effizienz sowie Megacities, Exemplarily for the City of Addis Ababa, ihrer sozio-ökonomischen Auswirkungen analysiert und Ethiopia“ angetreten, um aufzuzeigen, wie mit der verbessert. Zur ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der Pilot- Inwertsetzung fester Siedlungsabfälle dazu beitragen projekte gehörte auch die Sicherheit und Gesundheit bei werden kann, Einkommen zu schaffen und positive der Arbeit der in der Abfallwirtschaft beschäftigten Per- Effekte auf Treibhausgase zu erzielen. Dies wurde am sonen. Nur sichere und gesunde Arbeitsplätze erhalten Beispiel von Addis Abeba untersucht. die Fähigkeit der Arbeiter, längerfristig in diesem Sektor IGNIS wurde im Rahmen des BMBF-Förderschwer- ihr Einkommen zu erwirtschaften und sind daher nicht punkts „Forschung für die nachhaltige Entwicklung der nur ein Menschenrecht, sondern eine Voraussetzung für Megastädte von morgen - Energie- und klimaeffiziente ein nachhaltiges Einkommen. Daher war es Aufgabe Strukturen in urbanen Wachstumszentren” vom 01. Juni und Ziel der BAuA, Sicherheit und Gesundheit bei der 2008 bis zum 31. Mai 2013 gefördert. Das Projekt wurde von einem bi-nationalen Konsortium durchgeführt. Inhalt: Deutsche Partner waren der Verband zur Förderung Addis Abeba – Arbeitsschutz in der angepasster, sozial- und umweltverträglicher Technol- Abfallwirtschaft..........................................................1 ogien e.V. (AT-Verband) als Projektkoordinator, das Ethiopian Cities Association supports Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfall- Employment Creation................................................4 wirtschaft der Universität Stuttgart (ISWA), das Institut Die Borana Nomaden-Kultur im Zeichen des für Zukunftsenergiesysteme (IZES) und die Bundes- Klimawandels.............................................................5 anstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA). Schuhe „Made in Ethiopia“ für die ganze Welt...............9 Äthiopische Partner waren die NRO Environment Deve- PC-Trainings verbessern Chancen auf dem lopment Action for the Third World (ENDA), Addis Ababa Arbeitsmarkt.............................................................10 Institute of Technology (AAIT) und das Institute of „Forest means life! No wood, no food!“ .......................11 Regional and Local Development Studies (RLDS) der Universität Addis Abeba sowie die Addis Ababa Bericht über GEECON....................................................12 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Bericht über DÄSAV-Äthiopien Konferenz ...................13 Folgende Projektziele sollten erreicht werden: Aktivitäten von Äthiopien-Initiativen.............................14 1. die Schaffung einer Datenbasis für die zukünftige Verschiedenes................................................................18 Megastadt Addis Abeba; Links zu Church Forests................................................19 2. Die Einrichtung und wissenschaftliche Analyse von Bücher ............................................................................20 abfallwirtschaftlichen Pilotprojekten, die den Betreibern Press Review..................................................................21 Informationsblätter November 2013 Seite 1 Deutsch-Äthiopischer Verein e.V. Projekte und Initiativen Addis Abeba – Arbeitsschutz in der Abfallwirtschaft Arbeit bei allen betroffenen Projektaktivitäten zu be- minierten Materialien, Säugetierbisse, Insektenstiche trachten und im Rahmen der technischen und finan- und Stich- und Schnittverletzungen berichtet. Belastbare ziellen Möglichkeiten vor Ort zu verbessern. epidemiologische Daten für Arbeiter in der Abfallwirt- schaft in Entwicklungsländern liegen kaum vor. Arbeitsschutzsituation in der Abfallwirtschaft in Unzureichende Hygienepraxis der Abfallsammler liegt in Addis Abeba erster Linie an fehlendem Zugang zu Sanitäranlagen Äthiopien hat 22 internationale Arbeitsschutzkonventio- und weniger an einem fehlenden Bewusstsein der nen ratifiziert, u.a. die ILO Convention C 155 on Occu- Arbeitnehmer. Die Abfallwirtschaftsbehörden erkennen pational Safety and Health. Das nationale Arbeitsgesetz, immer stärker die Notwendigkeit des Arbeitsschutzes, die Labour Proclamation of the Federal Democratic jedoch fehlt ihren Mitarbeitern die Qualifikation, um Republic of Ethiopia 2003/2006 regelt Arbeitsver- sinnvolle Maßnahmen zu entwickeln und umzusetzen. hältnisse, die auf einem Arbeitsvertrag basieren. In Teil So wird Arbeitsschutz immer noch in erster Linie mit der sieben wird dem Arbeitgeber die Verantwortung für den Bereitstellung von persönlicher Schutzausrüstung Arbeitsschutz in seinem Betrieb und die Verpflichtung gleichgesetzt, Diese ist jedoch oft nicht in angemessener zur Dokumentation von Arbeitsunfällen auferlegt. Die Qualität verfügbar und wird aufgrund von finanziellen Occupational Safety and Health Directive vom Mai 2008 Restriktionen nicht in angemessener Häufigkeit ersetzt. macht detaillierte Vorgaben zu Grenzwerten und zur Abfallsammlern wird kostenloser Zugang zu Gesund- Gefährdungsminimierung. heitszentren gewährt, jedoch müssen weitere Behand- lungs- und Arzneimitteilkosten vom Arbeiter selbst Auf nationaler Ebene ist das Ministry of Labour and getragen werden. Materialrecycling wird überwiegend in Social Affairs (MoLSA) für die Arbeits(schutz)gesetz- kleinen, informellen Mikro- und Kleinunternehmen mit gebung und –verwaltung verantwortlich. Dazu gehören minimalen Hygienestandards und ohne Schutzmaß- auch die Überwachung von Arbeitsschutzstandards nahmen durchgeführt. durch Inspektoren, die Durchführung von Fortbildungs- kampagnen und bewusstseinsbildende Maßnahmen für die Bevölkerung. Aufgrund mangelnder finanzieller und Arbeitsschutz in den IGNIS-Pilotprojekten personeller Ressourcen sehen sich die Behörden ge- Die Pilotprojekte zur Abfallverwertung wurden hinsicht- zwungen, ihre Überwachungstätigkeiten auf größere lich ihrer Gefährdungen für die Sicherheit und Gesund- Betriebe zu beschränken; Kleinstunternehmen und der heit der Arbeiter analysiert, und es wurden gemeinsam informelle Sektor werden gar nicht betrachtet. mit den Beschäftigten machbare Arbeitsschutzmaß- Wie in den meisten Entwicklungsländern sind Sammlung nahmen entwickelt und umgesetzt. Da die Abfall- und Recycling von Siedlungsabfällen in Addis Abeba sammlung einen grundlegenden Beitrag für die weitere durch manuelle Tätigkeiten charakterisiert und die Verwertungskette leistet und mit besonderen Sicher- Arbeiter leiden unter vergleichbaren Gesundheitsbeein- heits- und Gesundheitsgefährdungen einher geht, trächtigungen, insbesondere Rücken- und Gelenk- wurden zusätzliche, Arbeitsschutz fokussierte Pilot- schmerzen durch das Bewegen schwerer Lasten, Atem- projekte zur Restmüllsammlung und zur Sammlung von wegserkrankungen durch Exposition gegenüber Staub, Recyclingmaterialien eingerichtet. Die Ergebnisse der Mikroorganismen und Dieselemissionen. Darüber hinaus Arbeiten wurden in Trainings- und Fortbildungsmate- werden Infektionen durch direkten Kontakt mit konta- rialien integriert und Trainer wurden ausgebildet. Gefährdungen ergeben sich aus der Kombination von Arbeitsbedingungen, verwendetem Gerät/Material und den jeweiligen Arbeitsprozessen. International anerkannt ist die Tatsache, dass wirksamer Arbeitsschutz am Besten durch die Eliminierung der Gefährdungen an der Quelle, also durch den Ersatz von weniger gefährlichen Arbeitsstoffen und durch die Änderung der Arbeits- prozesse zu erreichen ist. Danach sind technische Maßnahmen wie die Anpassungen von Maschinen und sonstigem Arbeitsgerät sowie der Arbeitsorganisation zu Herausgeber: empfehlen. Erst wenn diese Maßnahmen nicht aus- Deutsch-Äthiopischer Verein e.V. reichen, sollte auf persönliche Schutzausrüstung
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