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A Reference Manual for Understanding and Managing the Soil Resources of Niue

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A Reference Manual for Understanding and Managing the Soil Resources of Niue A reference manual for understanding and managing the soil resources of Niue Reviewed by: Approved for release by: Peter Newsome Alison Collins Programme Leader Portfolio Leader – Characterising Land Resources Landcare Research Landcare Research Landcare Research Contract Report: LC2417 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal and development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The FPAM Project encourages the use of this report for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgement of the source is included. Major extracts or the entire document may not be reproduced by any process without written permission. Photo title page courtesy David M. Leslie For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: FPAM (2015) A reference manual for understanding and managing the soil resources of Niue, November 2015, Lincoln, New Zealand, FPAM-2015-SLM-01 by David M. Leslie © Copyright – Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations A reference manual for understanding and managing the soil resources of Niue FPAM contract: SC 020615 Landcare Research New Zealand Limited David M Leslie Landcare Research Prepared for: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Sub-regional Office for the Pacific Islands Private Mail Bag Apia Samoa November 2015 Landcare Research, Gerald Street, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand, Ph +64 3 321 9999, Fax +64 3 321 9998, www.landcareresearch.co.nz Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 Physiographic Legend for Soil Series of Niue .................................................................... 2 2.1 Soil Legend for Niue Arranged Physiographically ................................................................ 2 3 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Climate ................................................................................................................................. 4 3.2 Vegetation ........................................................................................................................... 4 3.3 Geology and landforms ....................................................................................................... 5 3.4 Significance of soil composition and constitution ............................................................... 5 4 The Soil Pattern of Niue ..................................................................................................... 7 5 Classification of the Soil Series According to Soil Taxonomy .......................................... 15 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 15 6 Flow-Diagram Keys for the Identification of Soil Series .................................................. 18 7 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Soils ................................................................ 20 7.1 Chemical properties .......................................................................................................... 20 7.2 Physical properties ............................................................................................................ 25 7.3 Soil mineralogy .................................................................................................................. 25 7.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 26 8 Soil Fertility of Selected Soils ........................................................................................... 29 8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 29 8.2 Fertility in tropical soils with reference to Niue ................................................................ 30 8.3 Interpretation of fertility experiments .............................................................................. 31 8.4 Diagnosis of nutrient deficiency ........................................................................................ 31 8.5 Soil moisture and potential for irrigation .......................................................................... 33 8.6 Soil fertility and pasture growth ........................................................................................ 33 9 Application of the Fertility Capability Soil Classification (FCSC) ...................................... 37 9.1 The system ......................................................................................................................... 37 9.2 Type ................................................................................................................................... 37 9.3 Substrata type ................................................................................................................... 37 9.4 Condition modifiers ........................................................................................................... 38 Landcare Research Page iii A reference manual for understanding and managing the soil resources of Niue 9.5 Interpretation of the FCSC units ........................................................................................ 39 9.6 Interpretation of modifiers ............................................................................................... 39 9.7 Sample interpretation of FCSC nomenclature................................................................... 40 9.8 Analysis of Niue FCSC units ............................................................................................... 40 10 Soil Limitations ................................................................................................................ 41 11 Land and Soil Attributes Significant for Crop Growth ..................................................... 42 11.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 42 11.2 Slope microrelief ............................................................................................................... 42 11.3 Outcrops and surface stones and boulders ....................................................................... 42 11.4 Overall drainage ................................................................................................................ 43 11.5 Profile textural pattern ...................................................................................................... 43 11.6 Minimum effective rooting depth ..................................................................................... 43 11.7 Susceptibility to drought ................................................................................................... 44 11.8 Acidity/Alkalinity ............................................................................................................... 44 11.9 Known limiting nutrients ................................................................................................... 44 11.10 Explanation of abbreviations ............................................................................................. 45 12 Matching Land Qualities of Soil Units with Crop Requirements ..................................... 48 12.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 48 12.2 Issues relevant to crop suitability evaluations .................................................................. 48 12.3 Process for determining crop suitability ratings ............................................................... 50 13 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 57 14 References and Suggested Further Reading ................................................................... 57 Appendix 1 – Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 61 Appendix 2 – Glossary ............................................................................................................... 63 Appendix 3 – Ratings for chemical properties .......................................................................... 66 Appendix 4 – single factor maps ............................................................................................... 67 Page iv Landcare Research 1 Introduction Publication of A reference manual for understanding and managing the soil resources of Niue is an initiative to collate and organise the current knowledge about Niue’s soils and their management. As knowledge and understanding of soils grow, particularly of soil water management, soil fertility, crop options and sustainable farming systems, further revisions can be made. The main purpose in compiling the manual is to provide agricultural extensionists and researchers, planners, farmers, and others working
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