DOCSLIB.ORG

Fact Sheet: Ecology and Control of Amur Corktree Phellodendron Amurense Rupr. Background Amur Corktree Is Native to Eastern As

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fact Sheet: Ecology and Control of Amur Corktree Phellodendron Amurense Rupr. Background Amur Corktree Is Native to Eastern As Fact Sheet: Ecology and Control of Amur Corktree Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Background Amur corktree is native to Eastern Asia, including Northern China, Korea, and Japan. It was originally introduced in the U.S. in the 1850s, and is still being planted as an ornamental and street tree. It has been reported as invading sites in Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In Illinois, it has been reported as invasive in the northeast in Cook, DuPage, and Will Counties, and in Jackson County in southern Illinois (EDDMapS 2017), though it is likely underreported in the state. In southern Illinois, its known range has expanded in recent years, and has proliferated along forest edges and in storm-damaged areas of forest where it outcompetes native species, but recent research indicates it also persists in closed canopy forests as well. You can help by reporting sightings of this species to EDDMapS online or EDDMapS Midwest phone application. Identification and Ecology Amur corktrees are deciduous trees that, when mature, reach 35-50 feet in height and have thick corky bark that feels spongy to the touch. They have opposite, pinnately compound leaves with 5-13 leaflets with entire leaf margins. The leaves can resemble other tree species with similar compound leaves, such as the invasive tree of heaven, or native ash tree species. One way to differentiate between the Amur corktree and the potential lookalikes is by cutting off a piece of the outer bark. Beneath the outer bark, the inner bark is distinctively bright yellow. Also, corktree leaves tend to turn a lime-green to yellow color and they retain them a bit longer than a lot of the other canopy trees in the fall, so that can be a good time to locate them. Mature female trees produce abundant fruits 0.25-0.5 in. (0.6-1.3 cm) in diameter that are bright green and turn to black when they mature in June-July. The drupes (fruits) are readily consumed by birds which are then spread to new areas. Photo: Ansel Oommen, Bugwood.org Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois Extension, Bugwood.org Photo: Kevin Rohling, River to River CWMA Image and Data: EDDMapS 2017 Identification and Ecology Continued In the U.S., Amur corktree has been found invading forest edges, canopy gaps, and areas of human disturbance, but can also persist in the understory of closed-canopy forests. One study in New York found that corktree was able to invade forests with differing dominant overstory species, and different forest stand ages illustrating this species’ adaptability to varying site conditions. In addition, areas with overpopulations of deer may favor increases in corktree as deer tend to browse preferably on native tree species and are known to avoid browsing on corktree (Morgan and Borysiewicz 2012). Management Like most invasive plants, Amur corktree can best be controlled through an integrated pest management plan. Seedlings can be hand-pulled. Prescribed fire can be used to control seedlings, and prepare for other treatments, such as foliar application of herbicides on resprouts following top-kill by fire. Land managers in Illinois and New York have successfully treated Amur corktree using typical woody species herbicide treatments such as cut-stump, basal bark, and foliar herbicide applications. Those treatments include cut stump using glyphosate (50-100% v/v solution) or triclopyr ester (25% v/v solution). Also, basal bark methods using concentrated triclopyr ester (25% solution in bark oil carrier) are effective. Smaller stem plants can be treated with a foliar treatment of 5% v/v triclopyr amine or 2% v/v glyphosate while the plants are actively growing. For more information, please see the River to River Cooperative Weed Management Area website at www.rtrcwma.org or email us at [email protected] Author: Kevin Rohling, River to River Cooperative Weed Management Area Project Coordinator, June 2017 Editor: Chris Evans, University of Illinois Extension Forestry, Forestry Extension and Research Specialist Thank you to Illinois Forestry Development Council for their support for the creation of this fact sheet. References EDDMapS. 2017. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/; last accessed June 8, 2017. Glaeser, C. W. and D. Kincaid. 2005. The non-native invasive Phellodendron amurense Rupr. in a New York City Woodland. Arboricultural Journal. 28:151–164. Morgan, E.C. 2012. Stand dynamics of a 46-year invasion by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. in an Eastern North American Forest. Castanea. 77:21-27. Morgan, E.C. and J.A. Borysiewicz. 2012. The invasion of Phellodendron amurense into the urban and suburban woodlands of the New York City Region. Urban Habitats. Available online at http://www.urbanhabitats.org/v07n01/phellodendron_full.html; last accessed June 13, 2017. Simons, D. 2006. Fact Sheet: Amur Cork Tree. Plant Conservation Alliance®s Alien Plant Working Group. Available online at https://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pdf/pham1.pdf; last accessed June 13, 2017. Jacquart, E. 2012. Official Amur Corktree (Phellodendron amurense) assessment, Assessment of Invasive Species in Indiana’s Natural Areas. Available online at https://www.entm.purdue.edu/iisc/pdf/plants/Phellodendron_amurense.pdf; last accessed June 13, 2017. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rise of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Materia Medica A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Bath Research Portal Citation for published version: Williamson, EM, Lorenc, A, Booker, A & Robinson, N 2013, 'The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: a comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 453-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.050 Publication date: 2013 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication University of Bath General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 13. May. 2019 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 (2013) 453–462 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: A comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China Elizabeth M. Williamson a,n, Ava Lorenc b,nn, Anthony Booker c, Nicola Robinson b a University of Reading School
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Constituents from the Stem Bark of Phellodendron Amurense Rupr
    Agric. Chem. Biotechnol. 48(2), 93-96 (2005) Article Phytochemical Constituents from the Stem Bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Jin Hwan Lee, Byong Won Lee, Yea Hwang Moon,1 Min Suk Yang, Ki Chang Jang and Ki Hun Park* Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea 1Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Jinju National University, RAIRC, Jinju 660-758, Korea Received March 25, 2005; Accepted June 16, 2005 Three limonoids and two phenolics were isolated from stem bark of Pellodendron amurense Rupr. (Rutaceae) and were defined clearly as calodendrolide (1), obacunone (2), limonin (3), methyl 4- hydroxybenzoate (4), and syringin (5) based on NMR spectroscopy results obtained with the aid of X-ray crystallographic analysis. This is the first report on the isolation of calodendrolide (1) from this plant. Key words: Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Rutaceae, limonoid, calodendrolide, X-ray analysis Phellodendron amurense Rupr., belonging to the family Gyeongsangnam-do Southern Forest Research Center. Rutaceae, is well known as an oriental folk medicine. In Instruments. Melting points were measured on a Thomas Korea, China, and Japan, the bark of this plant, in particular, is Scientific Capillary Melting point Apparatus and are used as a crude drug for controlling intestinal function, and as uncorrected. IR and UV spectra were recorded on a Bruker an anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drug. Recently reported IFS66 infrared Fourier transform spectrophotometer (KBr) biological activities of the P. amurense Rupr. extracts are anti- and a Beckman DU650 spectrophotometer, respectively. 1H- inflammatory,1,2) anti-gastric ulcer,3,4) and repression for and 13C-NMR at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively, and 2D- experimental hypertension in rats,5) and the major chemical NMR data were obtained on a Bruker AM 500 spectrometer 6,7) constituents of the crude drug reported so far are limonoids in CDCl3 and CD3OD.
    [Show full text]
  • Phellodendron Amurense) and Their
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial Variability in Growth-Climate Relationships of Amur 10.1029/2017JG004292 Cork Tree (Phellodendron amurense) and Their Key Points: Connections With PDO in Northeast China • Minimum temperature (Tmin) was a major limiting factor for Amur cork Liangjun Zhu1,2 , Xiaochun Wang1 , Neil Pederson3, Zhenju Chen4, David J. Cooper2 , tree growth at regional scales 5 6 • The positive effects of summer Yuandong Zhang , and Zongshan Li temperature (precipitation) on Amur 1 2 cork tree growth decreased Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China, Department of Forest and Rangeland (increased) with increasing latitude Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 3Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA, • The spatial variability in 4Tree-ring Laboratory, Forestry College/Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem CFERN, Shenyang growth-climate relationships of Amur Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 5Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry cork tree may be connected to the 6 range of PDO Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 • Data Set S1 Abstract We used a dendrochronological approach to identify the spatial variability in growth-climate relationships of Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense), using a network of 12 sites across its natural Correspondence to: X. Wang, range in Northeast China. Results showed that the signal-noise ratio, expressed population signal, and mean [email protected] interseries correlations of the site chronologies decreased significantly with decreasing latitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Phellodendron Amurense Common Name
    Plant Profiles: HORT 2241 Landscape Plants I Botanical Name: Phellodendron amurense Common Name: Amur corktree Family Name: Rutaceae – rue or citrus family General Description: Phellodendron amurense is a medium to large shade tree with a broad spreading habit and beautiful cork-like bark. It is tolerant of a wide range of soil types, transplants easily, does best in full sun and is considered pollution tolerant. However, it has not performed as well in urban conditions as once thought and is too large and broad spreading for street tree use. Phellodendron amurense is dioecious. The fruit on female trees can be messy and set seedlings. Native to Northern China, Manchuria and Japan, it has become an invasive species in northeastern United States and is on the invasive species list in DuPage County, Illinois. For this reason, male cultivars are selected for use in the landscape. Zone: 3-7 Resources Consulted: Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Champaign: Stipes, 2009. Print. "The PLANTS Database." USDA, NRCS. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Swink, Floyd, and Gerould Wilhelm. Plants of the Chicago Region. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science, 1994. Print. Creator: Julia Fitzpatrick-Cooper, Professor, College of DuPage Creation Date: 2014 Keywords/Tags: Phellodendron amurense, Amur corktree, tree, deciduous Whole plant/Habit: Description: Amur corktree is a majestic short trunked, thick barked, broad spreading tree. Image Source: Karren Wcisel, TreeTopics.com Image Date: September 6, 2012 Image File Name: amur_cork_tree_4821.png Bark: Description: The mature bark is ash gray and deeply ridged and furrowed creating a corklike bark.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Chemoreception Guides Oviposition of Two Lauraceae-Specialized Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
    Vol. 7 No. 2 2000 FRANKFATER and SCRIBER: Chemoreception and Oviposition in Papilio 33 HOLARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, 7(2): 33-38 (2003) CONTACT CHEMORECEPTION GUIDES OVIPOSITION OF TWO LAURACEAE-SPECIALIZED SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) CHERYL FRANKFATER1 and J. MARK SCRIBER Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA ABSTRACT.- Females of Papilio iroilus Linnaeus and Papilio palamedes Drury (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), two closely related swallowtail butterflies, oviposit almost exclusively on a few woody plant species in the family Lauraceae. While geographic patterns of preference differ among Lauraceae species, the butterflies rarely oviposit on any plant species outside the Lauraceae.The role of host plant chemistry in stimulating oviposition was assessed by extracting the preferred host foliage of the respective butterfly species, spraying the extracts and fractions on various substrates, and assessing oviposition relative to controls. P. troilus and P. palamedes were stimulated to oviposit on filter paper or non-host leaves sprayed with polar extracts of their primary host plants, indicating clearly that leaf chemistry, detectable as contact chemosensory cues, plays a significant role in their oviposition choices. Dependence on chemical oviposition elicitors found only in the foliage of the host plants may explain the behavioral fidelity to Lauraceae shown by these two oligophagous butterflies. KEY WORDS: behavior, Florida, Michigan, Nearctic, North America, Ohio, oviposition behavior, Papilio. The swallowtail butterflies, Papilio palamedes Drury and P. 1983, 1988, 1989; Nishida and Fukami, 1989; Honda, 1986, 1990; troilus Linnaeus, recognize a very restricted range of plant taxa as Oshugi etal., 1991; Papaj et al., 1992; Sachdev-Gupta et al., 1993; hosts, ovipositing exclusively on a few species within the Lauraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales1
    Applications in Plant Sciences 2016 4(12): 1600078 Applications in Plant Sciences PRIMER NOTE AN EXPANDED NUCLEAR PHYLOGENOMIC PCR TOOLKIT FOR SAPINDALES1 ELIZABETH S. COLLIns2,4, MORGAN R. GOSTEL3, AND ANDREA WEEKS2 2George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3E1, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 USA; and 3Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA • Premise of the study: We tested PCR amplification of 91 low-copy nuclear gene loci in taxa from Sapindales using primers developed for Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae). • Methods and Results: Cross-amplification of these markers among 10 taxa tested was related to their phylogenetic distance from B. simaruba. On average, each Sapindalean taxon yielded product for 53 gene regions (range: 16–90). Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales), by contrast, yielded product for two. Single representatives of Anacardiaceae and Rutacaeae yielded 34 and 26 products, respectively. Twenty-six primer pairs worked for all Burseraceae species tested if highly divergent Aucoumea klaineana is excluded, and eight of these amplified product in every Sapindalean taxon. • Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that customized primers for Bursera can amplify product in a range of Sapindalean taxa. This collection of primer pairs, therefore, is a valuable addition to the toolkit for nuclear phylogenomic analyses of Sapindales and warrants further investigation. Key words: Anacardiaceae; Burseraceae; low-copy nuclear genes; microfluidic PCR; Rutaceae. Low-copy nuclear gene regions offer increased phyloge- PCR-based target enrichment, a method that allows simultane- netic utility for species- and population-level studies of plants ous and cost-effective amplification of multiple loci (Blow, as compared to chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal markers 2009; Uribe-Convers et al., 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Quality Assurance for Chinese Herbal Formulae
    Ip et al. Chinese Medicine 2010, 5:8 http://www.cmjournal.org/content/5/1/8 RESEARCH Open Access Quality assurance for Chinese herbal formulae: standardization of IBS-20, a 20-herb preparation Siu-Po Ip1, Ming Zhao1, Yanfang Xian1, Mengli Chen1, Yuying Zong1, Yung-Wui Tjong1, Sam-Hip Tsai1, Joseph JY Sung2, Alan Bensoussan3, Brian Berman4, Harry HS Fong5, Chun-Tao Che1* Abstract Background: The employment of well characterized test samples prepared from authenticated, high quality medicinal plant materials is key to reproducible herbal research. The present study aims to demonstrate a quality assurance program covering the acquisition, botanical validation, chemical standardization and good manufacturing practices (GMP) production of IBS-20, a 20-herb Chinese herbal formula under study as a potential agent for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: Purity and contaminant tests for the presence of toxic metals, pesticide residues, mycotoxins and microorganisms were performed. Qualitative chemical fingerprint analysis and quantitation of marker compounds of the herbs, as well as that of the IBS-20 formula was carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction and manufacture of the 20-herb formula were carried out under GMP. Chemical standardization was performed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Stability of the formula was monitored with HPLC in real time. Results: Quality component herbs, purchased from a GMP supplier were botanically and chemically authenticated and quantitative HPLC profiles (fingerprints) of each component herb and of the composite formula were established. An aqueous extract of the mixture of the 20 herbs was prepared and formulated into IBS-20, which was chemically standardized by LC-MS, with 20 chemical compounds serving as reference markers.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant L I V E Grow
    VERMONT TREE SELECTION GUIDE PLANT LIVE GROW Vermont Urban & Community Forestry Program part of the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Recreation in partnership with the University of Vermont Extension Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 SITE CONDITIONS 3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 6 TREE SELECTION WORKSHEET 8 KEY TO TREE SPECIES LIST 9 KEY TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 10 RESOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION 11 TREE SPECIES LIST 12 The guide was funded in part by the USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. Recognition is given to all the people who offered assistance to this project, especially Pamelia Smith, professor, and Elizabeth Clark, graduate, of Vermont Technical College who helped develop the tree list, to David Schneider, Warren Spinner, and Jeff Young for their review, and to Sensible World for the design. VERMONT TREE SELECTION GUIDE Introduction Are you getting ready to plant a tree or maybe several Consider the following four questions before establishing trees? Whether you are planning to plant on your own trees for long-term growth and health: lawn, in a community park, along a street, or in a tree pit, careful tree selection is essential to the tree’s long- • What is the purpose and use of the term success. We have all heard time and time again to planting? plant ‘the right tree in the right place’. Our latest Tree • What are the site conditions above and Selection Guide for Vermont was developed just for this below ground? purpose - to help you match trees to sites to achieve • What type of maintenance will be lasting shade. required? • What is the best tree species for long- To use this guide, you should first consider four term success? questions that will help you critically evaluate the planting purpose, the site, future needs and desires.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 74 • NUMBER 1
    The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 74 • NUMBER 1 The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 74 • NUMBER 1 • 2016 CONTENTS Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 2 A Concise Chronicle of Propagation is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum Tiffany Enzenbacher and of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid John H. Alexander III at Boston, Massachusetts. Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year 14 Unlocking Ancient Environmental Change domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. with the Help of Living Trees Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by John M. Marston check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American 23 Cork: Structure, Properties, Applications Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, Lorna J. Gibson and all other subscription-related communica- tions to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold 28 Ulmus thomasii: The Hard Elm That’s Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- Hard to Find 3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; Brian Pruka e-mail [email protected] Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscrip- Front cover: In this issue, Manager of Plant Produc- tion to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To tion Tiffany Enzenbacher and Plant Propagator John H. become a member or receive more information, Alexander III describe the process of moving seeds and please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or other propagules through the Arboretum’s plant produc- email [email protected] tion system. Seen here, a linden viburnum accession (Viburnum dilatatum, 1804-77) grown from seeds col- Postmaster: Send address changes to lected during an Arboretum expedition to the Republic Arnoldia Circulation Manager of Korea in 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • Relora-Plex Supports a Healthy Stress Response†
    PRODUCT DATA DOUGLAS LABORATORIES® 07/2015 1 Relora-Plex Supports a Healthy Stress Response† DESCRIPTION Relora-Plex is a unique proprietary blend of two herbal extracts, Magnolia and Phellodendron, combined with B vitamins designed to support normal mental functioning during stress. Relora® was shown in published clinical studies to support normal salivary cortisol levels, stress, mood, and weight management.† FUNCTIONS Cortisol, a hormone produced in the adrenal glands, plays an important role in the body’s regulation of cardiovascular function and fat, protein and carbohydrate utilization. When the body experiences stress, cortisol secretion increases, thus causing a breakdown of muscle protein and the release of amino acids to form glucose via gluconeogenesis. The resulting higher level of glucose in the body, combined with the decreased use of glucose by other tissues in the body, ensures that the brain is receiving adequate energy. Continuing research indicates that stress and anxiety can have a significant impact on the body’s health and wellbeing. While cortisol secretion is an important part of the body’s response to stress, the prolonged secretion of cortisol can have detrimental effects to the proper functioning of the body’s cardiovascular, immune, neurological and metabolic systems. Relora® is a patent-pending combination of two herbal extracts of Magnolia and Phellodendron bark (Asian cork tree). Both herbs have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for several hundred years. In a human study, 82% of the participants taking Relora® agreed with the statement that: “Relora® helps control…. irritability, emotional ups and downs, restlessness, tense muscles, poor sleep, fatigue, and concentration difficulties.”* † Relora® was found not to cause sedation, though 74% of the patients had more restful sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • First Steps Towards a Floral Structural Characterization of the Major Rosid Subclades
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 First steps towards a floral structural characterization of the major rosid subclades Endress, P K ; Matthews, M L Abstract: A survey of our own comparative studies on several larger clades of rosids and over 1400 original publications on rosid flowers shows that floral structural features support to various degrees the supraordinal relationships in rosids proposed by molecular phylogenetic studies. However, as many apparent relationships are not yet well resolved, the structural support also remains tentative. Some of the features that turned out to be of interest in the present study had not previously been considered in earlier supraordinal studies. The strongest floral structural support is for malvids (Brassicales, Malvales, Sapindales), which reflects the strong support of phylogenetic analyses. Somewhat less structurally supported are the COM (Celastrales, Oxalidales, Malpighiales) and the nitrogen-fixing (Cucurbitales, Fagales, Fabales, Rosales) clades of fabids, which are both also only weakly supported in phylogenetic analyses. The sister pairs, Cucurbitales plus Fagales, and Malvales plus Sapindales, are structurally only weakly supported, and for the entire fabids there is no clear support by the present floral structural data. However, an additional grouping, the COM clade plus malvids, shares some interesting features but does not appear as a clade in phylogenetic analyses. Thus it appears that the deepest split within eurosids- that between fabids and malvids - in molecular phylogenetic analyses (however weakly supported) is not matched by the present structural data. Features of ovules including thickness of integuments, thickness of nucellus, and degree of ovular curvature, appear to be especially interesting for higher level relationships and should be further explored.
    [Show full text]
  • PRE Evaluation Report for Phellodendron Amurense
    PRE Evaluation Report -- Phellodendron amurense Plant Risk Evaluator -- PRE™ Evaluation Report Phellodendron amurense -- Minnesota 2017 Farm Bill PRE Project PRE Score: 14 -- Evaluate this plant further Confidence: 69 / 100 Questions answered: 20 of 20 -- Valid (80% or more questions answered) Privacy: Public Status: Completed Evaluation Date: March 15, 2017 This PDF was created on June 15, 2018 Page 1/20 PRE Evaluation Report -- Phellodendron amurense Plant Evaluated Phellodendron amurense Image by Richard Webb Page 2/20 PRE Evaluation Report -- Phellodendron amurense Evaluation Overview A PRE™ screener conducted a literature review for this plant (Phellodendron amurense) in an effort to understand the invasive history, reproductive strategies, and the impact, if any, on the region's native plants and animals. This research reflects the data available at the time this evaluation was conducted. Summary Phellodendron amurense is considered to be invasive in a few US states, primarily in the Eastern US. Part of the issue with this plant is that it is dioecious, meaning it has male and female flowers on separate trees. This means that male trees will be significantly less invasive that female trees, and in fact in states where the tree is regulated the male trees are usually permitted (or encouraged as alternatives to invasive tree species). The female trees produce copious amounts of viable seed that is distributed by birds, which is why the tree is one to watch in Minnesota. Like other states, the female trees could be regulated with male trees being approved for sale. General Information Status: Completed Screener: Dan Miller Evaluation Date: March 15, 2017 Plant Information Plant: Phellodendron amurense Regional Information Region Name: Minnesota Page 3/20 PRE Evaluation Report -- Phellodendron amurense Climate Matching Map To answer four of the PRE questions for a regional evaluation, a climate map with three climate data layers (Precipitation, UN EcoZones, and Plant Hardiness) is needed.
    [Show full text]