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National Drug Report 2011

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National Drug Report 2011 NATIONAL DRUG REPORT 2011 (TASK FORCE ON NARCOTICS AND ILLICIT WEAPONS) MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY NATIONAL DRUG REPORT 2011 GENERAL A broad analysis of the nature and extent of the drug problem in Guyana shows that, marijuana is the only illicit drug that is cultivated locally. Conversely, the repercussions of the trafficking phenomenon seem to be gradually creating a drug consumption problem involving the use of other drugs. The twin factors of easy access to and the common appeal of alcohol and tobacco further exacerbate the challenges associated with substance abuse. Illicit weapons and money laundering crimes are adding to the mix as well. A recent UNODC study estimated the global drug market at US$ 322 billion. North America and Europe were identified as the largest drug markets, accounting for 44% and 33% respectively1. Even so, the shipment of drugs from Guyana to those major consuming markets seems to have only a relatively minor impact on those markets. While international markets for cocaine, heroin and cannabis declined or remained stable, the production and abuse of prescription opioid drugs and new synthetic drugs rose, according to the UNODC World Drug Report 2011. Guyana and sister CARICOM countries at large continue to be exploited for the illegal trans-shipment of cocaine in particular. Drug trafficking is one of the most lucrative activities conducted by organised crime groups from which related economic crimes and money laundering flow naturally. Guyana is affected by the transit of illicit drugs as well as those drugs that find a small but growing market locally. According to the US Drug Enforcement Administration in the Caribbean, “Counter drug successes in the region, coupled with the changing dynamics between South America and Central American Drug Trafficking Organisations, led traffickers to shift transit routes increasingly towards Central America. While the vast majority of drugs destined for North America and Europe still transit Central America, enforcement action and rising violence there have begun to lure some traffickers back to the Caribbean.” A self-propelled semi-submersible vessel was found in the Caribbean waters for the first time during 2011. The government recognises the threat of drug trafficking to Guyana and are aware that crime 1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organised crimes Report: October 2011 p.33 1 groups are continuously exploring possible ways to use the country for transit of or as a market for illegal drugs. The trafficking of illicit drugs alongside legitimate commerce combined with the geographic location of Guyana on the northern shoulder of South America increases the country’s susceptibility to the transhipment of illicit drugs to the foremost consuming markets. It is therefore not surprising that Guyana, like many other countries of the Caribbean, is a trans-shipment point for illicit drugs The regular air and sea trading routes between and among Guyana and its trading partners are well established and recognised. There are daily airlifts and seaborne shipment along these trading routes which aid the critical transport elements within the distribution system. Moreover payment systems are sufficiently integrated to facilitate transmission of funds to and from where they are required. Illicit drug markets have reached global dimensions and require control strategies on a comparable scale. In that context, there is a need to better understand these transnational markets and the manner in which they operate. This report offers a general outline of Guyana’s national drug control situation up to December 2011. It describes the foremost national counter narcotic initiatives and reviews the broad range of drug control policy tools currently used in Guyana to deal with the relevant prevailing public health and public security threats. DOMESTIC TRENDS The occasional seizures of hashish and ecstasy have occurred during the reporting period. However the transhipment of cocaine, the production and transhipment of cannabis and its sporadic trafficking have trickled down to form a nexus between drugs and violent crimes, especially organised crimes such as gun smuggling, drug related corruption and money laundering activities. Together, such illegal activities represent threats to society. However, those threats are constantly being addressed by law-enforcement and public health agencies. Police reports have revealed that, there were fluctuating flows of cocaine through our seaports and airports. Evidence have also shown a specific trend of criminal activities involving the shipping of cocaine between Guyana and other regional countries Several seizures of cocaine and cannabis were linked to this trend. 2 Official reports during 2011 identified a number of illegal hinterland airstrips that require further investigations to determine whether those airstrips are linked to illicit drugs activities. Trafficking through CJIA involves concealment in luggage, footwear and cargo as well as swallowing by ‘mules’. Smuggling packages of drugs through official mail is also becoming a common practice. A CICAD report on Drug Use in the Americas 2011points out “…in some countries, the use of inhalants freely available in the open market is higher than marijuana use in the same population.” The same report further states “The use of cocaine has spread throughout almost all of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is no longer a drug solely exported to the north; for instance, about 27% of cocaine consumers in the hemisphere are found in South America.” The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) argues that international concern with “public security” during the past decade has overshadowed other key tenets of drug control policy, including public health and drug demand reduction. Numerous international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) however argue that greater emphasis should be placed on policies that emphasise harm reduction efforts to address and prevent the adverse health and social consequences. Programs to promote treatment, rehabilitation, and social re-integration for drug users, as well as sustainable and comprehensive alternative development projects should also attract greater attention. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Reports arising out of the Thematic Debate of the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly on Drugs and Crime as a Threat to Development conducted in New York on the occasion of the UN International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking revealed the following: “Transnational organised crime and drug trafficking is of growing concern, and particularly illicit trade’s broad impact on development. Few, if any, countries are exempt. Drug trafficking has particularly severe implications because of the vast illegal profits it generates: an estimated 322 billion dollars a year. In several drug production and transit regions, criminal groups undermine state authority and the rule of law by fuelling corruption, 3 compromising elections, and hurting the legitimate economy. In all cases, criminal influence and money are having a significant impact on the livelihoods and quality of life of citizens, most particularly the poor, women and children.” A number of international conventions on drug control, and more recently the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) and its protocols on human trafficking, migrant smuggling and trafficking of firearms, as well as the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), constitute the key framework for a strategic response. Such instruments call upon State Parties to “take into account the negative effects of organised crime on society in general, in particular on sustainable development,” they also commit parties to respect fundamental human rights in countering organised crime and drug trafficking. Guyana has recognised that it cannot combat the drug problem alone. Therefore Guyana has been cooperating fully with regional and international efforts aimed at curbing this illicit trade. Guyana has always acted resolutely in dealing with criminals who sell drugs, those who facilitate transhipment, money laundering, and the illicit cultivation of drugs. Guyana has inter alia, assented to the two international conventions referred to above along with several other drug- related treaties that underpin all the operational work of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime including the following: a. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. b. Convention on Psychotropic Substances. c. Convention against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The Hemispheric Drug Strategy and its supporting Action Plan of the Organisation of American States (OAS) Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) are being used as a guide for the development of national counter drug policy including the new National Drug Strategy Master Plan. 4 Guyana has also developed an on-going relation with the CICAD Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). During the present Fifth Evaluation Round of the MEM, nine recommendations were assigned to Guyana. Three of those recommendations were fully implemented by the government, while two others are in the process of being implemented. Preparations have already started to allow for Guyana’s participation in the Sixth Evaluation Round of the MEM through utilisation of the recently developed online forum of the Inter-Governmental Working Group (IWG) Virtual
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