Lecture 4 Twentieth Century Studies of Adult Language Usage: Experimental, Functional and Statistical
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'Introspectionism' and the Mythical Origins of Scientific Psychology
Consciousness and Cognition Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006) 634–654 www.elsevier.com/locate/concog ‘Introspectionism’ and the mythical origins of scientific psychology Alan Costall Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK Received 1 May 2006 Abstract According to the majority of the textbooks, the history of modern, scientific psychology can be tidily encapsulated in the following three stages. Scientific psychology began with a commitment to the study of mind, but based on the method of introspection. Watson rejected introspectionism as both unreliable and effete, and redefined psychology, instead, as the science of behaviour. The cognitive revolution, in turn, replaced the mind as the subject of study, and rejected both behaviourism and a reliance on introspection. This paper argues that all three stages of this history are largely mythical. Introspectionism was never a dominant movement within modern psychology, and the method of introspection never went away. Furthermore, this version of psychology’s history obscures some deep conceptual problems, not least surrounding the modern conception of ‘‘behaviour,’’ that continues to make the scientific study of consciousness seem so weird. Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Introspection; Introspectionism; Behaviourism; Dualism; Watson; Wundt 1. Introduction Probably the most immediate result of the acceptance of the behaviorist’s view will be the elimination of self-observation and of the introspective reports resulting from such a method. (Watson, 1913b, p. 428). The problem of consciousness occupies an analogous position for cognitive psychology as the prob- lem of language behavior does for behaviorism, namely, an unsolved anomaly within the domain of an approach. -
Personalizing Predictions of Video-Induced Emotions Using Personal Memories As Context
A Blast From the Past: Personalizing Predictions of Video-Induced Emotions using Personal Memories as Context Bernd Dudzik∗ Joost Broekens Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Mark Neerincx Hayley Hung Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands Delft, South Holland, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT match a viewer’s current desires, e.g., to see an "amusing" video, A key challenge in the accurate prediction of viewers’ emotional these will likely need some sensitivity for the conditions under responses to video stimuli in real-world applications is accounting which any potential video will create this experience specifically for person- and situation-specific variation. An important contex- for him/her. Therefore, addressing variation in emotional responses tual influence shaping individuals’ subjective experience of avideo by personalizing predictions is a vital step for progressing VACA is the personal memories that it triggers in them. Prior research research (see the reviews by Wang et al. [68] and Baveye et al. [7]). has found that this memory influence explains more variation in Despite the potential benefits, existing research efforts still rarely video-induced emotions than other contextual variables commonly explore incorporating situation- or person-specific context to per- used for personalizing -
Affective Image Content Analysis: a Comprehensive Survey∗
Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18) Affective Image Content Analysis: A Comprehensive Survey∗ Sicheng Zhaoy, Guiguang Dingz, Qingming Huang], Tat-Seng Chuax, Bjorn¨ W. Schuller♦ and Kurt Keutzery yDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA zSchool of Software, Tsinghua University, China ]School of Computer and Control Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China xSchool of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore ♦Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK Abstract Specifically, the task of AICA is often composed of three steps: human annotation, visual feature extraction and learn- Images can convey rich semantics and induce ing of mapping between visual features and perceived emo- strong emotions in viewers. Recently, with the ex- tions [Zhao et al., 2017a]. One main challenge for AICA is plosive growth of visual data, extensive research ef- the affective gap, which can be defined as “the lack of coinci- forts have been dedicated to affective image content dence between the features and the expected affective state in analysis (AICA). In this paper, we review the state- which the user is brought by perceiving the signal” [Hanjalic, of-the-art methods comprehensively with respect to 2006]. Recently, various hand-crafted or learning-based fea- two main challenges – affective gap and percep- tures have been designed to bridge this gap. Current AICA tion subjectivity. We begin with an introduction methods mainly assign an image with the dominant (average) to the key emotion representation models that have emotion category (DEC) with the assumption that different been widely employed in AICA. -
Switching Gestalts on Gestalt Psychology: on the Relation Between Science and Philosophy
Switching Gestalts on Gestalt Psychology: On the Relation between Science and Philosophy Jordi Cat Indiana University The distinction between science and philosophy plays a central role in meth- odological, programmatic and institutional debates. Discussions of disciplin- ary identities typically focus on boundaries or else on genealogies, yielding models of demarcation and models of dynamics. Considerations of a disci- pline’s self-image, often based on history, often plays an important role in the values, projects and practices of its members. Recent focus on the dynamics of scientiªc change supplements Kuhnian neat model with a role for philoso- phy and yields a model of the evolution of philosophy of science. This view il- luminates important aspects of science and itself contributes to philosophy of science. This interactive model is general yet based on exclusive attention to physics. In this paper and two sequels, I focus on the human sciences and ar- gue that their role in the history of philosophy of science is just as important and it also involves a close involvement of the history of philosophy. The focus is on Gestalt psychology and it points to some lessons for philosophy of science. But, unlike the discussion of natural sciences, the discussion here brings out more complication than explication, and skews certain kinds of generaliza- tions. 1. How Do Science and Philosophy Relate to Each Other? a) As Nietzsche put it in the Genealogy of Morals: “Only that which has no history can be deªned.” This notion should make us wary of Heideggerian etymology, conceptual analysis and even Michael Friedman’s relativized, dialectical, post-Kuhnian Hegelianism alike. -
Der Denkpsychologe Otto Selz (1881-1943) Im Niederländischen Exil
Selz in Amsterdam Der Denkpsychologe Otto Selz (1881-1943) im niederländischen Exil Herbert Beckmann Zusammenfassung : Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem deutsch- jüdischen Psychologen Otto Selz (1881-1943) unter besonderer Berück- sichtigung seiner Zeit im niederländischen Exil. Nach einem knappen Überblick über Leben und Werk von Otto Selz vor 1933 wird seine Zeit im erzwungenen Ruhestand in Mannheim bis zu seiner KZ-Haft im Anschluss an die Pogromnacht im November 1938 nachgezeichnet. Unter Berücksichtigung relevanter Ergebnisse der Exilforschung wird die historische Situation beschrieben, wie Selz sie nach seiner Zwangsemi- gration als aus Deutschland vertriebener Jude ab 1939 in den Nieder- landen vorfand. Zwei bislang unveröffentlichte Briefe von Selz an Kurt Kofjka vom Juni 1940 bzw. an Max Wertheimer vom Oktober 1940 zeigen, wie aktiv Selz sich um eine Ausreisemöglichkeit in die USA bemühte. Aufgefundene Notizen Max Wertheimers aus dem Nachlass sowie ein hausinterner Briefder New School ofSocial Research in New York dokumentieren Wertheimers Hilfebemühungen für Selz. Selz " Lebensalter sowie seine für ein Stipendium in den USA fehlenden Referenzen scheinen v.a. dafür verantwortlich zu sein, dass diese Bemühungen scheiterten. Der Beitrag schließt mit Anmerkungen zur posthumen Würdigung von Otto Selz. Abstraet: Subject of the article is the german and jewish psychologist Otto Selz (1881-1943), especially considering his time in exile in the Netherlands. After a short overview of Otto Selz `s life and work before 1933, his life in forced retirement in Mannheim is described up to when he was arrested in concentration camp following the pogrom night in November 1938 . Considering relevant results of exile research, the historical situation is described, Selzfound after his forced emigration as a jew expelledfrom Germany in the Netherlands since 1939 . -
Adolf Reinach: an Intellectual Biography1
Adolf Reinach: An Intellectual Biography1 Karl Schumann and Barry Smith From: K. Mulligan, ed., Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: Nijhoff, 1987, 1–27. §1 PROLOGUE As early as 1741 a Jekel Reinach is mentioned in the Memory Book of the Jewish community in Mainz, and by the end of the century the Reinachs were already one of the most notable and well-to-do Jewish families in the city.2 The Record of Names of 1808 lists Salomon (formerly Seligmann) Reinach, Jacques (Mayer Herz) Reinach, Marx (Mayer Herz) Reinach, and Bernard Jacques (Beer Jacob) Reinach.3 The descendants of Jacques Reinach spread from Mainz to Frankfurt and from there to Paris. His grandson Adolf von Reinach (1814-1879), Belgian consul in Frankfurt, was created an Italian Baron in 1866, and founded 1 The few existing published biographies of Reinach are, if not unreliable (Oesterreicher 1952), then at best very succinct (Avé-Lallemant 1975, 172-74, Crosby 1983, XI-X). In compiling the present essay we have used in particular Reinach’s letters to Husserl (Husserl Archives) and to Conrad and Daubert (Bavarian State Library, Munich). We draw further on Avé-Lallemant’s Catalogue of the Münchener Phänomenologennachlässe, on Schuhmann’s Husserl-Chronik (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977), and on the pertinent Vorlesungsverzeichnisse of the University of Göttingen. We have also profited from the “Historical Introduction” to Brettler 1974, 1-15. References not given in full here are to be found in the Reinach bibliography on pp. 299-332 below. We would like to thank the Bavarian State Library, the Husserl Archives, Louvain, and Oberarchivrat Schütz of the Stadtarchiv Mainz for providing copies of relevant materials. -
Parts and Moments Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology
Barry Smith, Editor Parts and Moments Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology Authors: Wolfgang Kiinne , Kevin Mulligan Gilbert T. Null Peter M. Simons Roger A. Simons Barry Smith Dallas Willard Philoso~hiaVerlae . Miinchen . Wien rn ISBN 3-88405-012-5 0 1982 by Philosophia Verlag GmbH, Munchen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without written permission except in the case of quotations in the context of reviews. Manufactured by Sulzberg-Druck GmbH, SuLbergIAllg. Printed in Germany 1982 Barry Smith Introduction to Adolf Reinach On the Theory of the Negative Judgment Adolf Reinach was born in Mainz on the 23rd December 1883. Bet- ween 1901 and 1905 he studied philosophy, psychology and jurispru- dence in Munich, and his dissertation on the psychological foundations of jurisprudence, Ober den Ursachenbegriff im geltenden Strafrecht, bears traces of the psychologistic approach of his teacher, Theodor Lipps. Lipps' psychologism came under heavy criticism in Husserl's Logical Investigations, published in 1900/01, a work which enjoyed an almost immediate success in Munich.' A circle of philosophers was established, to which among others Reinach, Pfander, Daubert, Theo- dor Conrad and August Gallinger belonged, the members of which adopted the Logical Investigations as their philosophical canon, award- ing special significance to Husserl's account of material a priori rela- tions among essences or kinds. Between 1905 and 1909 Reinach spent long periods studying under Husserl in Gottingen, preparing in 1909 a Habilitationsschrift (Wesen und Systematic des Urteils) on the theory of j~dgrnent,~many of whose ideas are summarised in the essay which follows. -
Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) 1 Descriptive Presentation of Qualitative Data
Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) 1 Descriptive Presentation of Qualitative Data Rosemarie Anderson, PhD 2 Professor, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology (www.itp.edu) Consultant, Wellknowing Consulting (www.wellknowingconsulting.org) Introduction. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) is a descriptive presentation of qualitative data. Qualitative data may take the form of interview transcripts collected from research participants or other identified texts that reflect experientially on the topic of study. While video, image, and other forms of data may accompany textural data, this description of TCA is limited to textural data. A number of software programs are available to automate the labeling and grouping of texts and are especially useful in the analysis of numerous transcripts. Generally speaking, though, Microsoft Word can be used effectively for most TCAs and the steps are described below. A satisfactory TCA portrays the thematic content of interview transcripts (or other texts) by identifying common themes in the texts provided for analysis. TCA is the most foundational of qualitative analytic procedures and in some way informs all qualitative methods. In conducting a TCA, the researcher’s epistemological stance is objective or objectivistic. In teaching Qualitative Research Methods, I describe TCA as a form of “low hovering” over the data. The researcher groups and distills from the texts a list of common themes in order to give expression to the communality of voices across participants. Every attempt reasonable is made to employ names for themes from the actual words of participants and to group themes in manner that directly reflects the texts as a whole. While sorting and naming themes requires some level of interpretation, “interpretation” is kept to a minimum. -
A Content Analysis of Client Hope in Psychotherapy Sessions
Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2008 A content analysis of client hope in psychotherapy sessions Stacie Lyn Cooper Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cooper, Stacie Lyn, "A content analysis of client hope in psychotherapy sessions" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 10. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/10 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CLIENT HOPE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY SESSIONS A clinical dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology by Stacie Lyn Cooper November, 2008 Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This clinical dissertation, written by Stacie Lyn Cooper under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY June 27th, 2008 Faculty Committee: ___________________ Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D., Chairperson ____________________ David Elkins, Ph.D. ____________________ Thomas Greening, Ph.D __________________________ -
A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS of MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP Camille Velarde
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Communication ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2014 A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP Camille Velarde Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds Recommended Citation Velarde, Camille. "A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds/83 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Camille R. Velarde Candidate Communication & Journalism Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Tamar Ginossar, Chairperson Dr. Judith White Dr. Stephen Littlejohn ii A CONTENT ANALYSIS SPANNING 30 YEARS OF MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSHIP By Camille R. Velarde B.A., Communication, University of New Mexico, 2009 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 iii Dedication “I used to think I was the strangest person in the world but then I thought there are so many people in the world, there must be someone just like me who feels bizarre and flawed in the same ways I do. I would imagine her, and imagine that she must be out there thinking of me too. Well, I hope that if you are out there and read this and know that, yes, it's true I'm here, and I'm just as strange as you.” ― Frida Kahlo This thesis is dedicated to my sister, Merica. -
Death: a Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016
Minnesota State University, Mankato Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects Projects 2019 Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016 Aaron Suomala Folkerds Minnesota State University, Mankato Follow this and additional works at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Counselor Education Commons Recommended Citation Folkerds, A. S. (2019). Death: A qualitative content analysis of counseling journals, 1986-2016 [Doctoral dissertation, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/942/ This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986–2016 By Aaron Suomala Folkerds A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education In Counselor Education and Supervision Minnesota State University Mankato, MN June 2019 June 19, 2019 Death: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Counseling Journals, 1986-2016 Aaron Suomala Folkerds This dissertation has been examined and approved by the following members of the student’s committee. Dr. Diane Coursol Advisor Dr. Jacqueline Lewis Committee Member Dr. -
Gazeta De Ámsterdam: History and Content Analysis
ARTÍCULOS Historia y comunicación social ISSN: 1137-0734 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/hics.62466 Gazeta de Ámsterdam: History and content analysis Javier Díaz Noci1 Recibido el: 22 de mayo de 2018. / Aceptado: 31 de mayo de 2019. Abstract. One of the most interesting Spanish-language newspapers of the second half of the seventeenth century was published by a Jewish printer, David de Castro Tartas, and appeared in Amsterdam at least from 1672 and at least until 1702, allegedly with continuity, under the title Gazeta de Amsterdam. It was partially based in translations of news items from other Dutch-language newspapers of its time. Nevertheless, it included news items presumedly collected in Castro’s (and, in the latest years, Manuel Texeira’s) office. The weekly newspaper was addressed to a community of Jewish who were born as Catholics in Portugal and Spain, emigrated to the Republic of the Netherlands due to religious tolerance. David de Castro Tartas launched another Italian-language newspaper,Gazzetta d’Amsterdam. Since new issues of both newspapers have been found recently, we propose to complete the history of Castro’s activity as newspaper editor, not only printer. Using content analysis, we try to underline the importance of this Spanish (and Italian) language printer and editor in the reproduction of material translated and adapted from other newspapers and in the production of news items originally managed in his office. Keywords: Early modern history; Journalism history; Spanish language journalism; Newspaper history [es] Gazeta de Ámsterdam: Historia y análisis de contenido Resumen. Uno de los periódicos más interesantes en lengua española durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII fue publicado en Ámsterdam por un impresor judío, David de Castro Tartas, quien dio a la luzGazeta la de Amsterdam, ciertamente con continuidad, entre al menos 1672 y hasta al menos 1702, si bien en los últimos años cedió el testigo a Manuel Teixeira.