by Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Nika Palaguta (eds.) IFiS Publishers by Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Nika Palaguta (eds.) IFiS Publishers warsaw 2016 Projekt został sfi nansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2012/05/E/HS6/03556 Th is publication has been prepared under the project Kto wygrywa, a kto przegrywa w parlamentarnych wyborach. Od formalnej teorii do analiz empirycznych, fi nance by Th e National Science Centre, Contract No. UMO-2012/05/E/HS6/03556 Recenzja wydawnicza dr Michał Kotnarowski Th e monograph Towards Electoral Control In Central and Eastern Europe by Joshua Dubrow and Nika Palaguta (eds.) was reviewed by Michał Kotnarowski Projekt okładki/Cover design Andrzej Łubniewski Proofreading John Fells Copyright C by Authors and Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN ISBN 978-83-7683-123-7 IFiS PAN Publishers 00-330 Warsaw, Nowy Świat 72 Tel. (48) 22 6572897 e-mail: publish@ifi span.waw.pl www.ifi span.waw.pl Table of Contents Preface and Acknowledgements ................................................... 7 Introduction Towards Electoral Control in Central and Eastern Europe – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Nika Palaguta ................................ 9 PART 1: THEORY AND CONCEPTS Chapter one Representation and Accountability: Intellectual Foundations of EAST PaC – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow, Anna Kurowicka, Nika Palaguta, and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński ............................. 21 Chapter two Th e Electoral Market as a Mechanism of Political Inequality – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow ............................................................. 43 PART 2: METHODOLOGY Chapter three Th e Content and Structure of EAST PaC for Ukraine, Poland, and Hungary, 1985–2014 – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow .................... 77 Chapter four Collecting and Matching Data on the Candidates for the Ukrainian Parliament, 1990–2014 – Nataliia Pohorila ............... 85 Chapter five Collecting, Cleaning, and Matching Electoral Data on Candidates and Parliamentarians in Poland, 1985–2011 – Zbigniew Sawiński and Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow ......................... 99 6 Table of Contents Chapter six Challenges of Matching Candidate Data in Hungary, 1990–2010 – Zsófi a Papp ............................................................ 115 PART 3: CONTEXT Chapter seven A Brief Political History of Ukraine in the 20th and 21st Centuries – Nataliia Pohorila and Yurii Taran ............................. 131 Chapter eight Th e Electoral Laws, Election Outcomes, and Political Parties of Ukraine, 1990–2014 – Nika Palaguta and Anna Kurowicka .... 151 Chapter nine A Brief Electoral History of Poland, 1985–2015 – Marcin Ślarzyński, Anna Kurowicka, and Nika Palaguta ........... 177 Chapter ten Electoral Gender Quotas in Poland – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow ...... 191 Chapter eleven Electoral System and Election Outcomes in Hungary, 1990–2014 – Nika Palaguta and Anna Kurowicka ...................... 207 PART 4: COLLABORATION Chapter twelve Multi-disciplinary Scientifi c Collaboration across Countries and Time: Managing the Electoral Control Project – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Olga Zelinska ................................. 219 Conclusion Lessons Learned and New Questions – Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Nika Palaguta ...................................................................... 249 Appendix A: Coding Issue Position of Ukrainian Parties, 2012–2014 – Nika Palaguta ...................................................... 263 Appendix B: Codebook for EAST PaC Hungary, 1990–2010 – Zsófi a Papp ........................................................... 292 About the Authors ..................................................................... 305 Preface and Acknowledgements Th is book is about electoral control in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and was produced by the Electoral Control project. Th e Elec- toral Control project was based on the research grant, “Who Wins and Who Loses in the Parliamentary Elections? From Formal Th eory to Em- pirical Analysis,” funded by Poland’s National Science Centre (Sonata Bis decision number 2012/05/E/HS6/03556) from 2013 to 2016. Th e Principle Investigator of this project was Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow, As- sociate Professor at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology (IFiS), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and administrator at Cross-national Studies: Interdisciplinary Research and Training program (CONSIRT. osu.edu) of Th e Ohio State University (OSU) and PAN. Th e Electoral Control project built an international multi-disci- plinary scientifi c team focused on the collection and use of data on parliamentarians and candidates in CEE to address critical issues in representation, accountability and political inequality. To that end, this project produced the East European Parliamentarian and Can- didate dataset (EAST PaC), composed of the candidates who stood for national parliamentary elections in Ukraine, Poland, and Hungary from the fi rst post-Communist election to the most recent and who are matched over successive elections. In addition to bringing the project team together to various events held in Warsaw and in scientifi c venues elsewhere, Poland’s National Science Centre funded EAST PaC data collection and this book. We are grateful for their support. We are also grateful for the support of IFiS PAN and the Graduate School for Social Research (GSSR) for the events held under the banner of this project. We also thank CONSIRT which provided 8 Preface and Acknowledgements organizational support for the administration of this grant and the project as a whole. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Director of CONSIRT, Professor of Sociology at IFiS PAN and Professor Emeritus of OSU’s Department of Sociology, was a key fi gure, both intellectually and administratively, for this project. We thank Goldie Shabad, Professor Emeritus of OSU’s Department of Political Science, and Jakub Zie- linski, former Professor at OSU’s Department of Political Science and now at the Boston Consulting Group, for their intellectual contribu- tions to this grant project. We are thankful for the intellectual support of the Institute of Political Studies at PAN, especially Mikołaj Cześnik and Michal Kotnarowski. We thank Irina Tomescu-Dubrow, Associ- ate Professor at IFiS PAN and Projects Manager at CONSIRT, for her administrative and intellectual guidance. We are thankful to Ola Wójcicka, Ewa Dworniak, and Grażyna Drążyk for their administra- tive assistance, and to John Fells for proofreading the text. We thank Ireneusz Sadowski for his assistance in analyzing EAST PaC data. Th e Electoral Control project brought together young and estab- lished scholars in sociology, political science, and area studies to form a multi-disciplinary scientifi c research team. Th e core of this team was Mihail Chiru, Tomek Kołodziej, Sheri Kunovich, Justyna Nyckowiak, Zsófi a Papp, Nataliia Pohorila, Zbigniew Sawiński and Peter Tunkis. We were fortunate to work with such a talented group of scholars. We were also fortunate to have the enthusiastic participation of excel- lent PhD students at GSSR, including Kateryna Gryniuk, Anna Kuro- wicka, Sanjaya Chaudhary Mahato, Nika Palaguta, Marcin Ślarzyński, Anastas Vangeli, and Olga Zelinska. We thank the many attendees and presenters at our events, including Amy Alexander, Tiff any Barnes, Catherine Bolzendahl, Nazar Boyko, Henryk Domański, Gábor Molnár, Iulian Stanescu, and Claudiu Tufi s. We are also thankful to Karim Khan and Melanie Hughes for their assistance to the project. We dedicate this book to Bohdan Solchanyk, a university lecturer in Lviv and a member of the team that collected the 2006–2012 EAST PaC data in Ukraine, who died on February 20, 2014 during a protest at Kyiv Maidan. He was 28 years old. According to an article about him in Th e New York Times, Bohdan w as “killed by a bullet ... in Kiev in the carnage on and around Independence Square.” Bohdan was a doctoral student at GSSR, and an historian and sociologist. We celebrate his life and we mourn his loss. Introduction Towards Electoral Control in Central and Eastern Europe Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow and Nika Palaguta Comprehensive information about parliamentarians, candidates, and parties is a fundamental resource that citizens need to cast judgment on the electoral system. It allows citizens to critically evaluate the par- liament, an important political body that represents citizen interests and produces the policy that impacts daily life. How can we hold the legislature accountable if we do not have a clear record of who the par- liamentarians, candidates, and parties are, and of what they have done? Th eories of democratic accountability tell us that voters can use elections to control parties and politicians. Th eorists assume that po- litical representatives anticipate sanctions for poor individual and party performance and thus have an incentive to implement policies that correspond with citizens’ interests. Citizens lose control when their electoral voice does not compel parties and politicians to act according to the interests of the people who put them in power. Repeated free and fair elections are supposed to function, then, as a mechanism of electoral control. To empirically examine electoral control, we need the right data. Many previous empirical studies on parliamentary elections, even in Central and Eastern Europe, have critical shortcomings, as they typi- cally (i) limit analyses to elected parliamentarians although all can- didates are equally important for understanding the process of elec- toral control; (ii) fail to adequately