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Claudia Jones, Communist claudia jones, communist Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) 274 Moseley Road, Birmingham, B12 0BS cpgb-ml.org Claudia Jones, Communist Ella Rule, 2015 ISBN: 978-1-874613-26-8 First published in Britain by CPGB-ML, 2015 Second edition published in Britain by H Brar, 2017 Printed in India by Shakun Printers, Shahdara, Delhi-32 Claudia Jones, communist Today is Mother’s Day.1 Claudia Jones too thought often of her mother. At a party given for her in New York, Claudia spoke about the early influences that pointed her in the direction of communism: On this, my thirty-seventh birthday, I think of my mother. My moth- er, a machine worker in a garment factory, died when she was just the same age I am today – thirty-seven years old. I think I began then to develop an understanding of the suffering of my people and my class and to look for a way to end them.* Right from the start, Claudia realised that what she and her fam- ily was suffering in New York was also being suffered by working- class people of every race and nationality – even if black people and women were often suffering more. A recent issue of British stamps featured Claudia Jones, describing her as a ‘civil rights activist’. Her best-known achievement is that she is considered the mother of the Notting Hill Carnival, the biggest carnival in Europe. All very respectable, but concealing the fact that, first and foremost, Claudia was acommunist . * Speech by Claudia Jones at the Hotel Theresa, New York, 21 February 1952. 5 CLAUDIA JONES, COMMUNIST She became a communist at the age of eighteen. Her reason for doing so was that in the United States, where she grew up, the only political party fighting the country’s institutionalised racism was the Communist Party. In particular, the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA) had taken up the case of the Scottsboro boys,2 nine black youths unjustly accused in 1931 of raping two white women and convicted without any serious opportunity to defend themselves by an all-white jury.* The Communist Party took the lead in this matter, eventually being joined by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in forming the Scottsboro Defense Committee. Because of the work of this committee, five defendants were re- leased and the four other defendants’ death sentences were com- muted to lengthy terms of imprisonment. One of the two women who had allegedly been raped courageous- ly withdrew her testimony and admitted that she had succumbed to pressure in Alabama to make false accusations – but still the US ‘justice’ system was incapable of declaring all the defendants to be innocent. However, the fact that the CPUSA had mobilised to save their lives, and, in the course of the mobilisation, had also taken a stand against segregation in public services and exposed the inherent rac- ism of the legal system, meant that it gained massive support from working-class black people. It was in this context that Claudia joined the Young Communist League (YCL) in 1934. In a speech made to a court in February 1953, Claudia explained: It was out of my Jim Crow3 experiences as a young Negro woman, experiences likewise born of working-class poverty, that led me to join the Young Communist League and to choose the philosophy of my life, the science of Marxism Leninism – that philosophy that not * Carole Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, Duke University Press, 2007. 6 CLAUDIA JONES, COMMUNIST only rejects racist ideas, but is the antithesis of them.* Intelligent, hard-working, committed, Claudia rose rapidly in the ranks of the YCL. According to Buzz Johnson, The organiser of the political education classes at the time recalls that Claudia quickly grasped the scientific basis of the economic and historical theories and developed a deep interest in the theory of scientific socialism. She studied and worked hard.† Claudia was elected to the chair of the National Council of the YCL in 1940, became education officer for New York State in 1940 and national director in the same year. She worked on the YCL’s weekly newspaper, for which she wrote regularly, and in due course be- came its editor. In 1945, Claudia was accepted into membership of the CPUSA, and was appointed editor for Negro affairs in the party’s newspaper, the Daily Worker. In 1947, she was appointed executive secretary of the National Women’s Commission, and in 1948 was elected to the National Committee of the CPUSA. In 1952, she was assigned to the National Peace Commission, which was leading the opposition to the Korean war,4 and in 1953 she became the editor of Negro Affairs Quarterly, a party journal. In these various capacities, Claudia toured the US extensively to speak at meetings in all 48 states (excluding Alaska and Hawaii). She was welcomed as a powerful orator with a deep understanding of the party’s policies. Her devotion to the cause is further proved by the fact that she undertook this punishing schedule despite very poor health. Tuberculosis contracted when she was seventeen had left her with a weak heart, which frequently caused her lengthy hospitalisations. * Trevor Carter, Shattering Illusions, Lawrence & Wishart, 1986. † Buzz Johnson, ‘I Think of My Mother’, Notes on the Life and Times of Claudia Jones, Karia Press, 1985. 7 CLAUDIA JONES, COMMUNIST She did not, however, allow herself to become an invalid, but, on the contrary, undertook a much heavier burden of work than was the norm. During the second world war, while the US was fighting on the same side as the Soviet Union against Hitler, the Communist Party was able to build up its forces. At this time, opportunities opened up for the poorest sections of American society, including black people, in war industries and in the armed forces. Once the war was over, however, and the army demobbed, competition for jobs intensified, and it was taken for granted that black people could be dismissed to make way for unemployed white people. The US ruling class had no compunction whatsoever in exploiting American workers’ racist weaknesses to turn their anger against black workers, with frustrated whites resorting with alarming regu- larity to the lynching of black people, who were subjected to a reign of terror. In these post-war conditions, communism – which was fighting tooth and nail against racism and to defend the rights of all work- ers to work and to decent living conditions – became an increasing threat to the US ruling class. It responded by mobilising anti-com- munist hysteria, using propaganda techniques undoubtedly copied from Nazi Germany. Legislation was passed that was designed to curtail the activities of communists, and, needless to say, Claudia Jones, as one of the most active and prominent members of the CPUSA, soon found her- self being prosecuted and harassed under this legislation. The two principal acts involved were known as the Smith Act (Alien Registration Act, 1940) and the McCarran Act (Internal Security Act, 1950). The Smith Act made it illegal for any alien to engage in ‘sub- versive activities’ – ie, to advocate overthrowing the government of the US by force or violence. The McCarran Act applied to American citizens as well, requiring all Communist Party members to regis- ter with the attorney general! This was the act under which Paul 8 CLAUDIA JONES, COMMUNIST Robeson had his passport and right to travel revoked by the US government from 1950-58. Claudia’s first arrest was on 19 January 1948, under the Smith Act. She was one of some one hundred and fifty ‘aliens’ that the US sought to deport at this time. She was liable to deportation because she was technically a Trinidadian, even though she had lived in the US for twenty-four of her thirty-three years and had no links what- ever to Trinidad – or, indeed, to anywhere else. She was locked up in a prison on Ellis Island, within sight of the Statue of Liberty, which prompted the editor of the US Daily Worker to write: The Lady with the Lamp, the Statue of Liberty, stands in New York harbour. Her back is squarely turned on the USA. It’s no wonder, considering what she would have to look upon. She would weep, if she had to face this way.* Claudia was bailed out of jail by the American Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born (a party-supported organisation), and the CPUSA organised for letters of protest to be sent to President Truman. Claudia refused to participate in the hearings on the ground that they were unconstitutional (the US constitution guaranteeing freedom of speech and thought), and the case was adjourned. However, a deportation order was in the end made in June 1950, against which an appeal was immediately launched. In October 1950, with the appeal against the Smith Act deportation still pend- ing, new proceedings were brought against her under the McCarran Act, which had newly come into effect. Undoubtedly, the principal motivation behind these new proceedings was Claudia’s stance, and that of her party, against the war of aggression launched by the US and its allies against Korea in June 1950. At her trial, held between 31 March 1952 and February 1953, Claudia was convicted and ordered to serve a year and a day in * 23 January 1948. 9 CLAUDIA JONES, COMMUNIST jail, and thereafter to be deported. She appealed. Of course, she lost the appeal and finally commenced serving her jail sentence in January 1955. She was extremely ill with coronary heart disease, yet was denied the salt-free diet she needed, until a court ordered she should have it or be released.
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