Early People of the Aegean

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Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction 1 Zeus Kidnaps Europa Europa, the beautiful daughter of the king of Objectives Phoenicia, was gathering flowers when she saw a As you teach this section, keep students bull quietly grazing with her father’s herds. The focused on the following objectives to help bull was actually Zeus, king of all the Greek gods, them answer the Section Focus Question who had fallen in love with her. When Europa and master core content. reached up to place flowers on his horns, he 1 suddenly bounded into the air and carried the ■ Identify the influences on Minoan weeping princess far across the Mediterranean culture and how the civilization Sea to the island of Crete. Eventually, Europa prospered. married the king of Crete and gave her name to a Greek amphora, or storage pot, new continent—Europe. ■ Summarize how Mycenaeans ruled the depicting the kidnapping of Europa sea trade and started the Trojan War. Focus Question How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek civilizations? ■ Describe the works of Homer and their influence on Greek culture. Early People of the Aegean

Objectives The island of Crete (kreet) was the cradle of an early civilization • Identify the influences on Minoan culture and that later influenced Greeks living on the European mainland. Prepare to Read how the civilization prospered. The people of Crete, however, had absorbed many ideas from the

• Summarize how Mycenaeans ruled the sea trade older civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Europa’s mythic Build Background Knowledge L3 and started the Trojan War. journey from Phoenicia to Crete suggests this movement of ideas Ask students to share what they already • Describe the works of Homer and their influence from east to west. know about Ancient Greece such as its on Greek culture. location, government, and art. Minoans Trade and Prosper Terms, People, and Places Washed by the warm waters of the Aegean (ee JEE un) Sea, Crete Trojan War Set a Purpose L3 Knossos was home to a brilliant early civilization. We do not actually know shrine strait ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection what the people who built this civilization called themselves. How- fresco Homer aloud or play the audio. ever, the British archaeologist who unearthed its ruins called AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, them Minoans after Minos, a legendary king of Crete. Minoan civ- Zeus Kidnaps Europa Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Create a ilization reached its height, or greatest success, between 1600 B.C. table like the one below. Then, use the table to and 1500 B.C. Ask What type of story is this and record the main ideas relating to the groups of The success of the Minoans was based on trade, not conquest. who are the main characters? (a people discussed in the section. Minoan traders set up outposts throughout the Aegean world. Greek myth; Zeus, Europa) Ask What From their island home in the eastern Mediterranean, they do the dolphins represent? (the Minoans Mycenaeans Dorians crossed the seas to the Nile Valley and the Middle East. Through Mediterranean Sea) • • • contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia, they acquired ideas and • • • technology in fields such as writing and architecture that they ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus adapted to their own culture. Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question Minoan Art at Knossos The rulers of this trading empire lived as they read. (Answer appears with in a vast palace at Knossos (NAHS us). It housed rooms for the Section 1 Assessment answers.) royal family, banquet halls, and working areas for artisans. It also included religious shrines, areas dedicated to the honor of gods ■ Preview Have students preview the and goddesses. Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. ■ Reading Skill Have students use the Reading Strategy: Summarize work- Vocabulary Builder sheet. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 68 Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 67; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this

section using the Structured Read High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence Aloud strategy (TE, p. T21). As they eloquence, p. 116 n. a manner of speech that is vivid and persuasive read, have students fill in the table The governor spoke with eloquence about the courage of the smoke jumpers identifying the section’s main ideas. who fought the forest fire. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 36

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Teach

Minoans Trade and Prosper/Trade and War in Mycenae L3 Instruct ■ Introduce: Key Terms Have students find the key term frescoes (in blue) in the text, and explain its meaning. Explain that although Minoans left no written record, these plaster paintings The walls of the palace at Knossos were covered with colorful frescoes, Life Near the Sea provide archaeologists with informa- watercolor paintings done on wet plaster. These frescoes tell us much This detail from an ancient Minoan fresco tion about Minoan society. Ask what about Minoan society. Leaping dolphins reflect the importance of the sea decorates the wall of a house located on the Greek island of Thera. How do the scene archaeologists of the future might learn to the Minoan people. Religious images indicate that the Minoans wor- depicted above and the daggers below about our society from the pictures in shiped the bull as well as a mother goddess. Other frescoes show young reflect the importance of the sea to the students’ rooms. Would the information men and women strolling through gardens or jumping through the horns Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations? be complete or accurate? of a charging bull. The paintings also suggest that women appeared freely in public and may have enjoyed more rights than women in most ■ Teach Compare and contrast the other ancient civilizations. Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Ask Where and when did each civi- Minoan Civilization Disappears By about 1400 B.C., Minoan civili- lization flourish? (Minoan: the island zation had vanished. Archaeologists are not sure of the reasons for its of Crete, from 1600 B.C. to 1500 B.C.; disappearance. A sudden volcanic eruption on a nearby island may have Mycenaean: Crete and the Greek main- rained flaming death on Knossos. Or perhaps an earthquake may have destroyed the palace, followed by an immense wave that drowned the land from 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.) Why inhabitants of the island. However, it is certain that invaders played might these two civilizations be some role in the destruction of Minoan civilization. These intruders were important in the study of Ancient the Mycenaeans (my suh NEE unz), the first Greek-speaking people of Greece? (Sample: They were the forerun- whom we have a written record. ners of ancient Greece, lived in the same area, and influenced later Greek society.) How does the art at Knossos reflect Minoan culture? Independent Practice Trade and War in Mycenae Have students create a Venn diagram Like the Aryans who spread across India, the Mycenaeans spoke an that illustrates the similarities and dif- Indo-European language. They conquered the Greek mainland before A Mycenaean dagger and sheath with inlaid ferences between the Minoan and Myce- overrunning the island of Crete. depictions of sea creatures, c. 1200 B.C. naean civilizations. Sea Trade Brings Wealth Mycenaean civilization dominated the Aegean world from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. Like the Monitor Progress Minoans, the Mycenaeans were sea traders. They reached out As students fill in their tables, circulate beyond the Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. The to make sure they understand that both Mycenaeans learned many skills from the Minoans, including the Minoans and Mycenaeans were sea the art of writing. They, too, absorbed Egyptian and Mesopota- traders. For a completed version of the mian customs, many of which they passed on to later Greeks. table see The Mycenaeans lived in separate city-states on the mainland. In Note Taking Transparencies, 62

each, a warrior-king built a thick-walled fortress from which he ruled the surrounding villages. Wealthy rulers amassed treasure, including fine gold ornaments that archaeologists have unearthed from their tombs.

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Answers Students may use the visuals in this section to learn more Use the following resources to help students acquire about the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Have basic skills: Caption The fresco and the inlay on the dag- students describe the fresco on this page to a partner. Adapted Reading and Note Taking gers show scenes from the sea, thus the sea Then ask What can you tell about Minoan culture Study Guide was of great importance to both civilizations. from this image? (Sample: It shows that Minoans ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 36 The Knossos artwork illustrates the impor-

worked together to trade; they were seafarers; the ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 37 tance of the sea to the Minoan culture and clothing suggests that they lived in a hot climate.) provides details of the culture’s daily life.

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Homer and the Great The Trojan War The Mycenaeans are best remem- bered for their part in the Trojan War, which took Legends of Greece L3 place around 1250 B.C. The conflict may have had its origins in economic rivalry between Mycenae and Instruct Troy, a rich trading city in present-day Turkey, that ■ Introduce Tell students that Greek controlled the vital straits, or narrow water pas- civilization declined after the fall of sages, connecting the Mediterranean and Black seas. Mycenae and the arrival of the In Greek legend, however, the war had a more Dorians. People even lost the ability to romantic cause. When the Trojan prince, Paris, kid- write. Use the Idea Wave strategy (TE naps Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king, the p. T22) to have students brainstorm Mycenaeans sail to Troy to rescue her. For the next what types of conditions today might 10 years, the two sides battle until the Greeks finally send a civilization into a similar seize Troy and burn the city to the ground. For centuries, most people regarded the Trojan decline? (Sample: nuclear war, eco- War as pure legend. Then, in the 1870s, a wealthy nomic collapse, tyranny) German businessman, Heinrich Schliemann (HYN rik ■ Teach Discuss the work of Homer and SCHLEE mahn), set out to prove that the legend was its influence on Greek civilization. Ask rooted in fact. As Schliemann excavated the site of ancient Troy, he found evidence of fire and war dating What were the topics of the Iliad The Trojan Horse to about 1250 B.C. Though most of the details remain lost in legend, mod- and the Odyssey and who wrote The story of the Trojan horse had great them? (The Iliad tells the story of the significance to ancient Greeks. The image of ern scholars now agree that the Trojan War was an actual event. Trojan War; the Odyssey tells of Odys- the horse was often used by Greek artisans How did trade shape Mycenaean society? seus’ long voyage home after the war; to decorate their work, such as this relief on the neck of a seventh-century B.C. amphora. both may have been the work of many Why do you think the ancient Greeks would people, though they are attributed to memorialize the Trojan War in their art? Homer and the Great Legends of Greece Homer, a blind poet.) What might peo- Not long after their victory over Troy, the Mycenaens themselves came ple today learn about the ancient under attack from sea raiders and also from another Greek-speaking Greeks from these epic poems? (We people, the Dorians, invading from the north. As Mycenaean power can get hints about daily life, ancient faded, their people abandoned the cities and trade declined. People forgot warfare, religious beliefs, and the val- many skills, including the art of writing. From the end of the Mycenaean ues of the ancient Greeks.) civilization in about 1100 B.C. until about 900 B.C., Greek civilization seemed to step backward. Much of what we know about the Trojan War and life during this Independent Practice period comes from two great epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. These Link to Literature To help students epics may have been the work of many people, but they are credited to better understand the works of Homer, the poet Homer, who probably lived about 750 B.C. According to tradi- have them read the excerpt from The tion, Homer was a blind poet who wandered from village to village, sing- Odyssey and complete the worksheet. ing of heroic deeds. Like the great Indian epics, Homer’s tales were passed on orally for generations before they were finally written down. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 69 The Iliad, full as it is of gods, goddesses, and even a talking horse, is our chief source of information about the Trojan War. At the start of the Monitor Progress poem, Achilles (uh KIL eez), the mightiest Greek warrior, has withdrawn Check Reading and Note Taking Study from battle because he has been unfairly treated and insulted by his Guide entries for student understanding. commander. The war soon turns against the Greeks, but Achilles stub- bornly refuses to listen to pleas that he rejoin the fighting. Only after his best friend is killed does Achilles return to battle. The Odyssey tells of the many struggles of the Greek hero Odysseus (oh DIS ee us) on his return home to his faithful wife, Penelope, after the fall of Troy. On his long voyage, Odysseus encounters a sea monster, a race of one-eyed giants, and a beautiful sorceress who turns men into swine. Vocabulary Builder The Iliad and Odyssey reveal much about the values of the ancient eloquence—(EL uh kwens) n. a manner of speech that is vivid and Greeks. The heroes display honor, courage, and eloquence, as when persuasive Achilles rallies his troops:

Solutions for All Learners Answers L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Trade brought wealth and prosperity in Tell students that much of what we know about the Ask them what they can tell about the writer and the addition to contact with the ideas and skills Trojan War is from reading the epic poems of Homer. culture of the writer for each epic listed. Then tell of other cultures. However, trade also Tell students that an epic is a long poem that tells the them that the Iliad and the Odyssey give us clues brought conflict. story of a hero or heroes. The term can also refer to a about how the ancient Greeks lived and show us the Caption Sample: The war was a great triumph for great story of heroic adventures. Then ask students to values they thought were important, such as honor the Mycenaeans and memorializing it in art list stories of today that might be considered epics. and courage. glorified the event as well as the victors.

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Primary Source Assess and Reteach Every man make up his mind to fight “ And move on his enemy! Strong as I am, Assess Progress L3 It’s hard for me to face so many men And fight with all at once. . . . ■ Have students complete the And yet I will!” Section Assessment. —Homer, Iliad ■ Administer the Section Quiz. For almost 3,000 years, the epics of Homer have inspired European writers Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 62 and artists. ■ To further assess student under- What do Homer’s epics reveal about Greek culture? standing, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 14 Looking Ahead After the Dorian invasions, the land of Greece passed several centuries Reteach in obscurity. The people lived in small isolated villages and had few con- If students need more instruction, have tacts with the outside world. Over time they made the stories about them read the section summary. Crete and Mycenae a part of their heritage, and they built upon the leg- L3 acy of those and other civilizations to forge a new, Greek civilization. Reading and Note Taking When it emerged, this Greek civilization would not only dominate the Study Guide, p. 37 region, it would ultimately extend the influence of Greek culture over most of the Western world. Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 37

Spanish Reading and L2 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 37

Extend L4 Have students conduct research on the Hero of the Odyssey Minoan or Mycenaean civilization to Odysseus was admired for his cleverness. locate additional or recently discovered Here, he outwits the siren, whose song lures artifacts that provide detail on the cul- sailors to their doom. In order to hear their song and yet survive, Odysseus fills his tures of these ancient societies. Then crew’s ears with beeswax. Then, he has have students draw or paste images of himself tied to the ship’s mast so he can hear their findings on a poster and include the siren’s song without endangering the ship short summaries describing the artifact, or his crew. its use, where it was found, how old it is, Progress Monitoring Online and what it reveals about the Minoan or For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Mycenaean culture. 1 Web Code: naa-0411 Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Determine Relevance How did trade Quick Write: Write a Thesis Statement the beginning of the section, write a contribute to the development of the Review the section and think of how early Answer sentence explaining its significance. Minoan and Mycenaean cultures? people of the Aegean contributed to Greek 4. Draw Inferences What values of civilization. Write a thesis statement that The epics reveal the values of the ancient

the ancient Greeks are found in the expresses your thought. Remember that a Greeks with their depiction of honor, courage, 2. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas poems of Homer? thesis statement should provide the main Use your completed table to answer the 5. Demonstrate Reasoned Judgment idea for an essay. and eloquence as well as details of their reli- Focus Question: How did the Minoans Do you think the epics of Homer are a gious beliefs and warfare. and Mycenaens shape early Greek reliable source of information about civilizations? the history of the ancient Greeks? Why or why not?

3. Sea trade meant that they traveled widely ● Writing About History Section 1 Assessment and acquired ideas and technology that Thesis statements should express the main 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding they could adapt to their own societies. idea of their essay on the contributions of of each term, person, or place listed at the 4. They illustrate ancient Greek values such the Aegean civilization. beginning of the section. as honor, courage, and eloquence. 2. Early Aegean peoples had absorbed ideas 5. Sample: The epics are probably not reli- from and adapted other cultures; they able in that they were passed on orally were sea traders; they were ruled by before they were written down, and may kings; they worshipped many gods. These have changed. However, it is likely that For additional assessment, have students traits formed a basis for early Greek the stories hold some truth and can access Progress Monitoring Online at civilization. provide details on ancient Aegean Web Code naa-0411. civilizations.

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