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Israel: Background and U.S
Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief Updated September 20, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44245 SUMMARY R44245 Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief September 20, 2019 The following matters are of particular significance to U.S.-Israel relations: Jim Zanotti Israel’s ability to address threats. Israel relies on a number of strengths—including Specialist in Middle regional conventional military superiority—to manage potential threats to its security, Eastern Affairs including evolving asymmetric threats such as rockets and missiles, cross-border tunneling, drones, and cyberattacks. Additionally, Israel has an undeclared but presumed nuclear weapons capability. Against a backdrop of strong bilateral cooperation, Israel’s leaders and supporters routinely make the case that Israel’s security and the broader stability of the region remain critically important for U.S. interests. A 10-year bilateral military aid memorandum of understanding (MOU)— signed in 2016—commits the United States to provide Israel $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing annually from FY2019 to FY2028, along with additional amounts from Defense Department accounts for missile defense. All of these amounts remain subject to congressional appropriations. Some Members of Congress criticize various Israeli actions and U.S. policies regarding Israel. In recent months, U.S. officials have expressed some security- related concerns about China-Israel commercial activity. Iran and the region. Israeli officials seek to counter Iranian regional influence and prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. In April 2018, Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu presented historical information about Iran’s nuclear program that Israeli intelligence apparently seized from an Iranian archive. -
Israel and Overseas: Israeli Election Primer 2015 (As Of, January 27, 2015) Elections • in Israel, Elections for the Knesset A
Israel and Overseas: Israeli Election Primer 2015 (As of, January 27, 2015) Elections In Israel, elections for the Knesset are held at least every four years. As is frequently the case, the outgoing government coalition collapsed due to disagreements between the parties. As a result, the Knesset fell significantly short of seeing out its full four year term. Knesset elections in Israel will now be held on March 17, 2015, slightly over two years since the last time that this occurred. The Basics of the Israeli Electoral System All Israeli citizens above the age of 18 and currently in the country are eligible to vote. Voters simply select one political party. Votes are tallied and each party is then basically awarded the same percentage of Knesset seats as the percentage of votes that it received. So a party that wins 10% of total votes, receives 10% of the seats in the Knesset (In other words, they would win 12, out of a total of 120 seats). To discourage small parties, the law was recently amended and now the votes of any party that does not win at least 3.25% of the total (probably around 130,000 votes) are completely discarded and that party will not receive any seats. (Until recently, the “electoral threshold,” as it is known, was only 2%). For the upcoming elections, by January 29, each party must submit a numbered list of its candidates, which cannot later be altered. So a party that receives 10 seats will send to the Knesset the top 10 people listed on its pre-submitted list. -
Religion and State in Israel
Religion and State in Israel Updated August 2017 INTRODUCTION On the morning of June 25 2017, the Israeli cabinet met in Jerusalem at the same time that many of North American Jewry’s leaders were gathering a few miles away for meetings of the Jewish Agency’s Board of Governors. By the end of the day, two Israeli government decisions were announced – one concerning the Kotel and one on conversion – that sent shock waves through the Agency meetings and throughout the Jewish world. While the two decisions (details below) threatened to cause one of the most serious fissures between Israel and Diaspora Jewry in decades, they were hardly the first Israeli government actions in the religion-state realm to generate alarm among Jewish communities. Indeed, issues of religion and state, religious-secular tensions, and the seeming lack of religious pluralism in Israel are often seen by North American Jews as some of the most disturbing aspects of modern Israeli life. And significantly, a growing number of Israelis share those sentiments. In fact, in a poll taken straight after the recent decisions, 63% of Israelis said that they opposed both of the government’s new pronouncements. A separate study the same week noted that 82% of Israelis believe that all Jews, including Reform and Conservative, should feel the Western Wall belongs to them and that every Jew, regardless of affiliation, should feel welcome in Israel. While the nature of the Israeli political system means that changes and progress are slow in coming, in recent years there have been a number of small but significant steps forward, even as there have been multiple steps back. -
Israel Elections 2019 Update
Israel Elections 2019 Update September 10, 2019 With no party succeeding in forming a government following the elections that took place in Israel in April, 2019, a brand new election will now take place next week, on September 17. JFNA is pleased to present the following backgrounder summarizing what has occurred, and what may happen in the coming weeks and months. JFNA has also prepared a background briefing on why a second round of elections are taking place – which can be seen here, as well as a paper on how Israeli elections work. Elections: Round Two Perhaps the most crucial take away from the backgrounder papers (linked above) is that in practice, Israeli elections have two “stages.” The first - the actual elections - occurs when the population elects the 120-members of Israel’s parliament, the Knesset. Those are the national elections, but once the results of these elections are known, we don’t always have a clear picture of who will lead the country. This only occurs during what we can call a “second stage” when a potential prime minister seeks to form a governing majority coalition of at least 61, from among those 120 newly elected MKs (represented through their parties). September 2019’s theme: Mergers In the months that have passed since second elections were called, there has been little, if any, debate about policy or major issues of substance; or even discussions about personality. Instead, the focus has been on tactics, strategy and coalition building. So, in many ways, the September 2019 look like a redo of the elections that took place in April. -
Israel: Background and US Relations
Israel: Background and U.S. Relations (name redacted) Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs June 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL33476 Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Since Israel’s founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel’s security and to maintaining close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Common perceptions of shared democratic values and religious affinities have contributed to the strong bilateral ties. The question of Israel’s security regularly influences U.S. policy considerations regarding the Middle East, and Congress provides active oversight of executive branch dealings with Israel and other actors in the region. Israel is a leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid and a frequent purchaser of major U.S. weapons systems. By law, U.S. arms sales cannot adversely affect Israel’s “qualitative military edge” over other countries in its region. The two countries signed a free trade agreement in 1985, and the United States is Israel’s largest trading partner. Israel has many regional security concerns and aligning U.S. and Israeli policies to address these concerns has presented persistent challenges. By voicing criticism of international diplomacy on Iran’s nuclear program, Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu may seek to give Israel a voice in an ongoing negotiating process in which it does not directly participate. As a June 2015 deadline nears for a comprehensive international agreement on the issue, Israel apparently seeks material assurances that the United States will bolster its regional security standing and self-defense capabilities. In addition to concerns over Iran, Israel’s perceptions of security around its borders have changed since 2011 as several surrounding Arab countries have experienced political upheaval. -
Changing Road Signs in Israel: Production and Perception
CHANGING ROAD SIGNS IN ISRAEL: PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION BY NAGHAM FAISAL AWADALLAH THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Master‟s Committee: Professor Rakesh Mohan Bhatt Professor Eyamba G. Bokamba ABSTRACT In Palestine/Israel the struggle to control the land and the people is not merely conducted through physical violence. More subtle attempts for controlling the region and labeling it as belonging for one side rather than the other are implemented. This paper focuses on an Israeli suggestion to change the orthography of city names on road signs so that they are transliterations of the Hebrew name of the city. This one event, the Israeli suggestion to change city names on road signs, is represented to the public by two competing, and mostly opposing, discourses. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to analyze four articles, two of which are written by Arabic media sources, and the other two are written by Israeli ones. This analysis is paired with a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the reactions of participants of different political affiliations to chosen excerpts of the articles. The paper aims at showing how one event is represented differently through different discourses, and how people who are affected be specific discourses react to them. ii To my loving and supportive husband, Samer, and to my parents. This would not have been possible without -
Read Brian Klug's Lecture
Hilda B. Silverman Memorial Lecture on Israel/Palestine May 4, 2018 "If I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem": The Use and Abuse of Jewish Memory Brian Klug “… it is in Gaza where I am truly a Jew” Sara Roy Voice Thank you, Sara, for inviting me to give this lecture – and for much else besides: for priceless conversations over the years, despite being on opposite shores of a rather large pond; for making sure that I, along with the other people on your email distribution list, never suffer from being ill-informed; and for your pioneering work on “de-development” in Gaza. If, as the title of my talk suggests, I focus on Jerusalem, it is with an eye to Gaza. Jerusalem and Gaza: heading for a head-on collision this month, with the US embassy move to Jerusalem officially happening on Yom Ha’atzmaut, May 14, and Gaza’s March of Return reaching a crescendo the following day, Naqba Day. Jerusalem and Gaza: both places that are more than just places: both represent something more general. With Gaza it is straightforward: Gaza stands for the dispossession of the Palestinians by the State of Israel. As for Jerusalem: the question of what it stands for is a mite more complex. Analysing this complexity, and the bearing it has on the theory and practice of political Zionism, will be at the heart of my talk. Actually, Sara, you remind me of someone I never met but whom I am beginning to think I did, and certainly wish I had: Hilda Silverman. It was while I was preparing this talk that I began to get to know her, partly through things that other people say about her and partly through her own words. -
Shabbos Shorts March 26 - April 4, 2021 - 14 - 22 Nissan 5781 - Parshas Tzav/Pesach
Young Israel Shomrai Emunah - Shabbos Shorts March 26 - April 4, 2021 - 14 - 22 Nissan 5781 - Parshas Tzav/Pesach The Shabbos Shorts is sponsored this week in honor of a very special Happy Birthday to Jules Meisler from The Meisler Family: Bobbi; Marc & Sara; Devorah & Dovid Chaim Osofsky; Esti; Nechama & Yisroel Zalman Weiner; Shoshana; Ja n & Naomi; Esther & Yisrael Katz; Nossi; Chaya and by Debi & Max Rudmann and family on the 16th Yahrzeit of Chaya Rivka bas Leibel (Bubby Irma), on the 18th of Nissan. Mazal Tov Weekday Shiurim Options for remote learning are listed below. For the latest list and Arleeta & Rabbi Dr. Ivan Lerner on the engagement of their times, go to: https://wp.yise.org/remote-learning-schedule/ grandson, Shlomo Zalman Lerner, son of Devorah & Rabbi Ezra Rabbi Rosenbaum - Daily - one chapter of Tehillim followed Lerner of Yerushalayim to Sarale Krauss, daughter of Estie & Rabbi by a 15-minute Shiur on the Parsha. Sunday through Friday 8:30 Yosef Shloma Krauss of Yerushalayim. AM - Zoom A. Rabbi Rosenbaum - Daily - one chapter of Tehillim, followed by a 15-minute Halacha Shiur. Sunday through Thursday - Zoom A. On Chol Hamoed, Tuesday through Thursday, the Shabbos/Pesach Schedule Shiur will take place at 7:00 PM. Limited Minyanim are now taking place at YISE under Montgomery Rabbi Rosenbaum’s Mussar Study Group for Women (spiritual County’s Phase 2 guidelines. All Minyanim require advance registration self-improvement), Sundays at 9:30 AM, Zoom A, will resume and confirmation. If you are interested in attending Minyanim and have not April 11. already registered, please go to https://www.yise.org/minyan If you are Rabbi Rosenbaum’s Gemara Shiur for Men, Tuesdays and registered for a Minyan and are unable to attend at that time, please do not Fridays, 6:00 AM, Zoom A. -
Israel BP Proof
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF Middle East INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Programme Briefing Paper No. 3 MARCH 2003 Doves Vote Hawk: The January 2003 Elections in Israel Yossi Mekelberg Introduction Israeli elections are not renowned for producing conclusive results. Observers are usually as perplexed on the day after them as they were on the day before. Nevertheless, this was not the case on 28 January 2003, when the Likud Party led by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, and the right wing in general, emerged as clear winners. In contrast, the Labour Party and its allies on the left suffered a painful defeat. Opinion polls had consistently predicted a Likud victory, though the margin of that victory was a surprise to most. Yet a comfortable result at the ballot box does not guarantee the quick and easy formation of a new government. BRIEFING PAPER 2 Doves vote hawk: the January 2003 elections in Israel Despite winning less than one-third of the seats, and rifts and eventually the final irreversible crisis. The so- needing to ensure the support of at least twenty-three called national unity government had become a more Members of Knesset (MKs) in order to form a government of national paralysis, and was the main majority coalition, Ariel Sharon emerged as the big reason for the lack of progress of any political, winner of Israel’s elections, with the luxury of economic or social policies – above all the peace considering a number of options for constructing his process with the Palestinians. A number of groupings coalition. within the Labour Party grew exasperated at After experimenting for nearly seven years and supporting and serving in a government which gave three election campaigns with an electoral system them little chance of implementing any of their party’s whereby voters cast two separate ballots, one for policies. -
The Mattot Arim Report
The Mattot Arim Report: Achievements Of Right-Wing Representatives In Knesset And Government 19th Knesset - Report #1 - Covering First Half-Year Since Swearing-In Ceremony On 5 February 2013 Compiled and distributed by Mattot Arim [email protected] Translated from Hebrew by: Dov Gilor Table 1: Most Active Elected Officials (Male) (for details – see Table 3) Name Party Achievements Asst. Foreign Minister Zeev Elkin Likud 60 Minister Naftali Bennett Bayit Hayehudi 57 Knesset Member Moshe Feiglin Likud 55 Minister Yisroel Katz Likud 50 Knesset Member Yoni Chetboun Bayit Hayehudi 49 Asst. Minister Ofir Akunis Likud 47 Coalition Head Yariv Levin Likud 47 Knesset Member Nissan Slomiansky Bayit Hayehudi 47 Knesset Member Mordhay Yogev Bayit Hayehudi 44 Deputy Minister Danny Danon Likud 40 Minister Uri Ariel Bayit Hayehudi 40 Table 2: Most Active Elected Officials (Female) (for details – see Table 3) Name Party Points Knesset Member Orit Strock Bayit Hayehudi 60 Asst. Minister Tzipi Hotevely Likud 47 Knesset Member Ayelet Shaked Bayit Hayehudi 42 Knesset Member Shuli Moalem-Refaeli Bayit Hayehudi 39 Knesset Member Gila Gamliel Likud 32 Minister Sofa Landver Likud Baytenu 22 Deputy Minister Fania Kirshenbaum Likud Baytenu 22 Knesset Member Miri Regev Likud 22 2 Contents: Introduction Results a. Government Results Achieved b. Failure: Much of the Negev transferred to the Bedouin c - e. Statements that set red lines: c. Against Palestinian State d. Against release of terrorists e. Against freezing building in Jerusalem and/or Judea and Samaria f. Failure: Power of the Left to influence the appointment process of the judges g. Ascension to the Temple Mount Table 3 Introduction Past experience has shown that it is useful to compile a report comparing levels of activity of elected officals. -
Israel Report
To provide greater exposure to primary Israeli news sources and opinions in order to become better informed on the issues, and to gain a better understanding of the wide range of perspectives that exist in Israeli society and politics. Issue 1122 • September 14, 2018 • 5 Tishrei 5779 NETANYAHU PRAISES US DECISION TO SHUT PALESTINIAN OFFICE 110,000 young children are currently enrolled in government-supervised and IN WASHINGTON (YNet 9/12/18) subsidized nursery schools and day care centers in Israel. The report found Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised on Wednesday the US decision that Israel spent $2,700 per child up to age 3, compared to the OECD taken earlier this week to close down the Palestinian diplomatic mission in average of $12,400. Washington in reaction to the Palestinian refusal to enter into peace Israeli students also spend more hours in school than most other students. negotiations with Israel. "The US made the correct decision when it decided First- to sixth-graders in Israel have an annual average of 5,755 school to close the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) offices in Washington. hours, compared to 4,600 in other developed countries. The Palestinians refuse to enter negotiations with Israel even as they attack "The report proves that Israel has made education a top national priority, with Israel with false claims in international forums,” Netanyahu said at the public funding 4.6 times greater than private funding. At the same time, the opening of the weekly Cabinet meeting. report points out areas that still need improvement," the Education Ministry The State Department said the US step came after a review of the office of said in response to the findings. -
JPS183 05 Anziska 57..74
Neither Two States nor One: The Palestine Question in the Age of Trump SETH ANZISKA In the opening weeks of his administration, President Donald Trump overturned a longstanding U.S. commitment to territorial partition and a two-state model for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu seized the opportunity to demand “overriding security control over the entire area west of the Jordan River” while exploring regional approaches that bypass the Palestinians. At the same time, a host of Israeli politicians are reviving older models such as limited autonomy without political sovereignty and partial territorial annexation, or advocating for other forms of separation with Israel’s continued control. The resulting middle ground—neither two states nor one—poses a great risk to Palestinian self-determination. By situating recent developments in a broader historical context going back to the autonomy plan of Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, this essay provides an overview of a shifting political discourse and examines the consequences for the fate of the Palestinians today. Netanyahu’s Art of the Deal IN ONE OF THE MOST revealing moments during the joint White House press conference between President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 15 February 2017, a reporter asked the U.S. president if he was “ready to give up the notion of [the] two-state solution.” Would he be willing “to hear different ideas” from Israel’s premier, such as “annex[ing] . parts of the West Bank and unrestricted settlement construction?” Dispensing with decades of official U.S. policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Trump responded like a carnival barker presiding over the stately East Room.