Discussion Draft

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Discussion Draft __________________________________________________________________________________ An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services A Report to Forfás and InterTrade Ireland __________________________________________________________________________________ August 2008 An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 2 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 13 2. CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL EGS MARKET ............................................................................. 18 3. CHAPTER 3: AN OVERVIEW OF THE EGS SECTOR IN IRELAND .............................................. 36 4. CHAPTER 4: THE EGS INDUSTRY BY SUB-SECTOR ................................................................ 50 5. CHAPTER 5: KEY DRIVERS ............................................................................................... 172 6. CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKS.................................................................... 187 7. CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................. 210 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction “The environmental goods and services industry consists of activities which produce goods and services to measure, prevent, limit, minimise or correct environmental damage to water, air and soil, as well as problems related to waste, noise and eco systems. This includes cleaner technologies, products and services that reduce environmental risk and minimise pollution and resource use.” 1 The Environmental Goods and Services (EGS) sector is therefore quite diverse. For the purposes of this study includes the following sub-sectors: o Air Pollution Control o Cleaner Technologies and Processes o Environmental Consultancy o Environmental Monitoring, Instrumentation and Analysis o Energy Management/Efficiency o Marine Pollution Control o Noise and Vibration Control o Remediation and Reclamation of Land o Renewable Energy o Waste Management, Recovery and Recycling o Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment In addition, a separate assessment has been carried out of the construction sector as many of its products, such as heat pumps, lighting, insulation and building materials, could be categorised as environmental products. The sector has expanded significantly in recent years, largely driven by more robust compliance with EU environmental legislation. However, the focus is now beginning to change as rising energy prices, growing awareness of the consequences of climate change, and increased demand for greener and more environmentally sustainable goods and services are having, and are likely to have, an increasingly important influence on the sector going forward. Against this background, Forfás and InterTrade Ireland commissioned this study to assess the business opportunities which are likely to arise in coming years and to ensure that enterprises on the island and the State development agencies are well placed to take advantage of these opportunities. This study examines the current state of the EGS sector in Ireland/Northern Ireland, both in terms of its structure and dynamics, and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the sector. In 1 The Global Environmental Goods and Services Industries, Graham Vickery & Maria Iarrera, OECD, 1996. 2 An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services addition, it seeks to identify and analyse a number of promising areas in the EGS sector where new domestic and export opportunities are likely to occur. The study also highlights priority areas that may attract FDI. A key finding - based on an assessment of the considerable evidence gathering during the course of this study - is that a strategic policy framework should be put in place to ensure that Irish companies, or companies choosing to base their activities in Ireland, can take advantage of the growth in demand for EGS which is expected in coming years. The Global EGS Market It is estimated that the value of the EGS sector was in excess of $600 billion worldwide in 2005 and is likely to exceed $700 billion by 2010 and $800 billion by 2015.2 This is triple the size of the global aerospace industry.3 Firms in OECD countries are estimated to account for about 90% of the global EGS market. However, this situation is now beginning to change and many transition and developing countries, in particular China and India, are now seeing strong economic growth, in response to concerted environmental problems, including air and water quality, arising from their rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. In the developed world, compliance with environmental rules continues to drive investment, in particular in the areas of energy efficiency and renewables. Overarching all this at a global level is the ‘decarbonisation’ of society where the twin threats of oil and gas depletion and responding to climate change act as the biggest single driver in the sub-sectors of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Indeed, a recent report from the UK Commission on Environmental Markets and Economic Performance highlighted the fact that the market for new low-carbon energy technologies is now estimated to have reached $100 billion per year. Investment in the EGS sector worldwide has also increased dramatically in recent years. Venture capital investment in the area of clean technology is now overtaking investment in areas considered core destinations for this capital. For example, in 2006, clean technology became the third largest venture capital investment category in North America, trailing only IT and biotechnology. At a global and regional level, the sub-sectors which are considered to have the strongest growth potential are clean technologies and renewable energy technology. Dwindling sources and availability of potable water throughout the world are also proving to be a factor aiding the development of the water/wastewater sub-sector. As the global EGS market is dynamic, this provides an opportunity for IDA Ireland and Invest 2 ENDS Directory 2008, U.K. CEED Global Market Estimate. 3 UK Commission on Environmental Markets and Economic Performance (BERR/DEFRA Report, November 2007). 3 An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services Northern Ireland to target some of the international EGS players that are identified in the study. The EGS Sector in Ireland/Northern Ireland While few published statistics are available, industry estimates at sub-sector level would suggest that the value of the EGS sector is in the region of €4.3 to €5.2 billion, with Northern Ireland accounting for nearly €1billion. Some parts of the sector - waste, water, renewables and environmental consultancy for example - have seen rapid growth in recent years largely driven by public capital investment and the compliance burden resulting from the national implementation of EU legislation. The growth in the sector overall has also coincided with increased public awareness of the threats to our physical environment and the potential risks to human health that can arise from this. With the exception of a small number of major players, the EGS market is dominated by SMEs who have established a substantial business presence over the past ten years. This trend has been associated with the significant increase in public investment in environmental services and infrastructure. It is important to note, however, that key sectors such as renewables, environmental consultancy and waste and water are dominated by subsidiaries of UK and EU parent companies which may affect the export opportunities available to these Irish operations. To a very large extent, with a few notable exceptions, the EGS sector is playing catch-up with the technologies in greatest demand (RES-E and waste management) that are deployed and exploited by European companies of scale. This has implications for the prospect of an EGS company breaking in to the market for PV (solar technology), for example, without the setting up of a joint venture with an existing manufacturer. At the same time, however, many EGS markets are starting from a low base of activity so it should be possible to gain market share in niche areas. While it is difficult to provide an accurate figure, it is estimated that the level of investment that may be needed by 2020 if Ireland is to meet its legal obligations on foot of EU Directives on the environment, RES-E and energy efficiency is in the region of €38 billion. SWOT The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the EGS sector were determined taking account of stakeholder feedback and EGS related research and can be summarised as: Strengths Opportunities • Large public sector investment • Rapidly growing global market • Government commitment to use fiscal and • Potential emerging markets in Eastern and other incentives Central Europe 4 An Assessment of Enterprise Opportunities in Environmental Goods and Services • Commitment to regulatory enforcement • Business opportunity generated though • Open economy facilitates imported know- public procurement how • North/south alignment on infrastructure • Access to natural energy sources investment which could support EGS • Vibrant domestic economy and rising •
Recommended publications
  • Ngos: a Primer on the Evolution of the Organizations That Are Setting the Next Generation of "Regulations"
    NGOs: A Primer on the Evolution of the Organizations That Are Setting the Next Generation of “Regulations” Nongovernmental responsibility organizations Nongovernmental organizations (EHS&SR) profes- (NGOs) have been sionals who are around for more exercise a growing influence spending more and than 150 years. Over more of their time the last decade, over business on “nonregula- however, there has tory” issues driven been a subtle but by NGOs. steady shift in the nature of their influence over business. Background: NGOs as De Facto Rulemakers In essence, NGOs are beginning to act increas- The current dynamics between NGOs and the ingly like governmental regulatory agencies, issu- business world have been described in an article ing a new generation of de facto “regulations” in that we published in Corporate Environmental the form of standards, guidelines, and certifica- Strategy.1 In summary, that article presented the tions. Once gadflies and outsiders, NGOs increas- case that, until recently, it has been governments ingly are shifting to market-based approaches in that have defined corporate responsibility; com- order to effect change and gain a prominent place panies have tracked the environmental, health, at the table in stakeholder negotiations. safety, and social responsibility metrics dictated What are NGOs, and how did these organiza- by those government-defined laws and regula- tions evolve? What types of NGOs exist, and how tions. Not surprisingly, business executives have are they classified? How do they operate and wield responded to EHS&SR issues narrowly, viewing their power? And what are the critical issues they face if they want to expand their influence? This article offers a literature review of pub- Brijesh Nalinakumari lished information on NGOs.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Social Enterprise & the Triple Bottom Line the Triple Bottom
    Introduction to Social Enterprise & the Triple Bottom Line Drew Tulchin Managing Partner Social Enterprise Associates Webinar for Bankers without Borders Nov 30, 2012 About Social Enterprise Associates Consulting firm ‐ Registered ‘B Corp’ This network of experts offers consulting & capital raising to triple bottom line efforts ‐ for people, profits, planet. Registered ‘B Corporation’ , recognized: 2011 'One of the Best for the World‘ Small Businesses 2012 Honoree, Sustainable Business of the Year Drew Tulchin, Managing Partner, MBA • Former Program Officer, Grameen Foundation • Written >100 business/strategic plans; efforts raised >$100 million • Biz plan winner, Global Social Venture Comp; raised $1.2 mil. in social investment • Judge in international social enterprise & social business competitions Consulting Examples World Food Program: Investigated how to better engage private sector to raise $400 million. Wrote white paper on public‐private partnerships The SEEP Network: Worked with 5 int’l NGOs to develop business plans, hone products, enter new markets, & link to $ in the global North Future of Fish: Capital advisory for social entrepreneurs launching market‐based initiatives that drive sustainability, effic iency, and tbilittraceability in the seafdfood supply chihain. Plan International: Contributed to national studies in W. Africa on economic sector growth opportunities for young adults. Identified growth markets for 50,000 jobs in 3 years SW Native Green Loan Fund: Structured fund to involve small fdifoundations in public‐private
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Annual Report
    SUSTAINABILITY CIRCULAR ECONOMY CLIMATE RESILIENCY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Education and resources for novice and advanced sustainable business programs. Regular WMSBF Monthly Membership Meetings occur on the second Monday of most months, with additional conferences, workshops, and mixers scheduled throughout the year in West and Southwest Michigan. Learn more about West Michigan Sustainable Business Forum at: wmsbf.org 2016 A complete schedule of upcoming events can be found at: wmsbf.org/events P.O. Box 68696 Grand Rapids, MI 49516 616.422.7963 Twenty-two years of promoting business practices that demonstrate A 501c3 non-profit organization. environmental stewardship, economic vitality, and social responsibility. TABLE OF CONTENTS President’s Letter Celebrating our work .......................................................................................................................... 3 Board of Directors and Staff Meet the forum leadership ................................................................................................................ 4 Twenty-Two Years of WMSBF The forum was one of the first programs of its kind in the nation and has helped establish West Michigan as a national hub of sustainable businesss ........ 5 WMSBF Annual Report Success in 2016 and goals for the year ahead ........................................................................... 6 West Michigan Sustainable Business of the Year Finalists for the 2016 Sustainable Business of the Year and the Champion and Change Agent Special Recognition
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Human Health Into Urban and Transport Planning
    Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Haneen Khreis Editors Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning A Framework Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning Mark Nieuwenhuijsen • Haneen Khreis Editors Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning A Framework Editors Mark Nieuwenhuijsen Haneen Khreis Barcelona Institute for Global Health Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Center ISGlobal for Advancing Research in Transportation Barcelona, Spain Emissions, Energy, and Health College Station, TX, USA ISBN 978-3-319-74982-2 ISBN 978-3-319-74983-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942501 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Triple Bottom Line Preliminary Feasibility Study of the GM Oshawa Facility: Possibilities for Sustainable Community Wealth
    Triple Bottom Line Preliminary Feasibility Study of the GM Oshawa Facility: Possibilities for Sustainable Community Wealth September 13, 2019 . Germany's Post Office (Deutsche Post) developed and began manufacturing Streetscooter battery electric vans in 2016 to replace its 70,000 vehicle fleet (photo: Reuters 2017). Russ Christianson 1696 9th Line West, Campbellford, Ontario, Canada K0L 1L0 705-653-0527 [email protected] An electronic version of this report is available at: http://www.greenjobsoshawa.ca/feasibility.html Triple Bottom Line Preliminary Feasibility Study of the GM Oshawa Facility: Possibilities for Sustainable Community Wealth Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 2 2.0 Summary Overview ...................................................................................................... 3 3.0 Canada’s Auto Manufacturing Industry ..................................................................... 10 4.0 Triple Bottom Line Analysis and Methodology .......................................................... 13 4.1 Economic Situation ............................................................................................................. 14 4.2 Socio-political Situation ...................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Environmental Situation ..................................................................................................... 23 5.0 Preliminary
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating Corporations
    PROVISIONAL EDITION Regulating Corporations A Resource Guide Désirée Abrahams* Geneva • December 2004 * Désirée Abrahams prepared this report during 2003 and early 2004, when she was a Research Assistant at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) in Geneva, Switzerland. The author would like to thank Peter Utting, Kate Ives and Anita Tombez for their research and editorial support. The report was prepared under the UNRISD project “Promoting Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in Developing Countries: The Potential and Limits of Voluntary Initiatives”, which is partly funded by the MacArthur Foundation. This edition may be subject to minor modifications and copy-editing prior to formal publication. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research programmes include: Civil Society and Social Movements; Democracy, Governance and Human Rights; Identities, Conflict and Cohesion; Social Policy and Development; and Technology, Business and Society. A list of the Institute’s free and priced publications can be obtained by contacting: UNRISD Reference Centre Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Tel +41 (0)22 917 3020 Fax +41 (0)22 917 0650 [email protected] www.unrisd.org Copyright © United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Commissioner Karel De Gucht European Commissioner for Trade European Commission BE-1049 Brussels May 19, 2014 Civil Society
    Commissioner Karel de Gucht European Commissioner for Trade European Commission BE-1049 Brussels May 19, 2014 Civil society call for full transparency about the EU-US trade negotiations Dear Commissioner De Gucht, The undersigned organisations are writing to express deep concerns about the lack of transparency around the ongoing trade talks on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). We are calling on you to open the negotiation process to the public, by releasing the negotiating mandate, documents submitted by the EU, and negotiating texts. The European Commission has repeatedly stated that trade and investment between the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) are already highly integrated, and that the main focus of TTIP will be to achieve regulatory convergence by removing so-called non-tariff barriers to trade. This means that the outcome has much less to do with traditional trade issues such as tariffs, than with the regulations and standards that apply in the EU and the US and that affect every single aspect of citizens’ daily lives – from the quality of the food we eat to the safety of chemicals we use, the energy we consume, or the impact of financial services on each of us. Civil society groups in the EU and in the US have voiced concerns that this might lower standards and remove safeguards across the board. They have requested greater transparency about the negotiations to address these concerns. The setting up of a stakeholder advisory group for the negotiations by the EU – although an improvement compared to previous negotiations – is far from sufficient to make the process fully transparent.
    [Show full text]
  • CSR Communication: a Study of Multinational Mining Companies in Southern Ghana
    CSR Communication: A Study of Multinational Mining Companies in Southern Ghana Joe Prempeh Owusu-Agyemang, MPharm, MBA & MRes 2017 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Business Department, Kingston University, London. Supervisors: Dr Fatima Annan-Diab Dr Nina Seppala i Abstract In recent years, there has been significant interest in communication on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Tehemar, 2012; Bortree, 2014). Yet, it is impractical to assume a one- size-fits-all definition for CSR (Crane and Matten, 2007; Walter, 2014). Therefore, this becomes an important area for research as CSR communications play a vital role in any CSR strategy in the business world, more especially in Ghana. Consequently, a good CSR communication can address the increasing cynicism about CSR when it is done effectively (Du et al., 2010; Kim and Ferguson, 2014). While a body of research exists about CSR communication at a theoretical level (Brugger, 2010; Schmeltz, 2012), there is a lack of empirical research investigating the topic in a particular policy and cultural content (Emel et al., 2012). The aim of this study was to address the limited research on CSR communication in Ghana. It empirically investigated whether the CSR dimensions (Triple Bottom Line) and effective CSR message components are positively linked with CSR stakeholder’ approval. The effects of individual characteristics including education and gender were also tested on the relationships. The study integrates insights from stakeholder theory (Vaaland et al., 2008; Wang, 2008) supported by both legitimacy theory (Perk et al., 2013) and institutional theory (Suddaby, 2013) to explain the planned base for CSR communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-American Court on Human Rights
    INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADVISORY OPINION OC-23/17 OF NOVEMBER 15, 2017 REQUESTED BY THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS (STATE OBLIGATIONS IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROTECTION AND GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHTS TO LIFE AND TO PERSONAL INTEGRITY: INTERPRETATION AND SCOPE OF ARTICLES 4(1) AND 5(1) IN RELATION TO ARTICLES 1(1) AND 2 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS) the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (hereinafter “the Inter-American Court” or “the Court”), composed of the following judges: Roberto F. Caldas, President Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot, Vice President Eduardo Vio Grossi, Judge Humberto Antonio Sierra Porto Judge Elizabeth Odio Benito, Judge Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni, Judge, and L. Patricio Pazmiño Freire, Judge also present, Pablo Saavedra Alessandri, Secretary, and Emilia Segares Rodríguez, Deputy Secretary, pursuant to Article 64(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter “the American Convention” or “the Convention”) and Articles 70 to 75 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court (hereinafter “the Rules of Procedure”), issues the following advisory opinion, structured as follows: - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PRESENTATION OF THE REQUEST ........................................................................................ 4 II. PROCEEDING BEFORE THE COURT ...................................................................................... 6 III. JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Triple Bottom Line by Andrew Savitz with Karl Weber John Wiley, 2006
    The Triple Bottom Line by Andrew Savitz with Karl Weber John Wiley, 2006 Reviewed by David W. Gill www.ethixbiz.com Andrew Savitz runs Sustainable Business Strategies, an independent advisory firm in Boston. He has previously worked for PriceWaterhouseCoopers and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. With the research and writing assistance of Karl Weber, Savitz has produced a wonderful description of The Triple Bottom Line: How Today’s Best-Run Companies Are Achieving Economic, Social, and Environmental Success---and How You Can Too. The notion of a “triple bottom line” has been increasingly important since John Elkington’s Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business came out in 1997. The triple bottom line consists of financial profit (or success), social justice, and environmental protection. It is sometimes summarized as “Profits, People, and Planet.” An intimately related concept is “sustainability”---corporations that are built to last, societies that are stable and just, and a global natural environment that is in a healthy equilibrium. The basic argument is that we live in a time when a narrow, short-term focus on the financial bottom line alone will generate dysfunctions among people and in the environment that will come back to bite the corporation. Savitz is not crazy about corporate social responsibility or corporate philanthropy because their focus is too narrowly on a more-or-less one way street benefit to society, unrelated to the business. Sustainability and the “3BL” are, instead, about mutual benefits flowing in all three directions. The challenge is to find the sustainability “sweet spot” (think golf) where all three interests coincide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triple Bottom Line on Sustainable Product Innovation Performance in Smes: a Mixed Methods Approach
    sustainability Article The Triple Bottom Line on Sustainable Product Innovation Performance in SMEs: A Mixed Methods Approach Lucía Muñoz-Pascual 1,* , Carla Curado 2 and Jesús Galende 1 1 Multidisciplinary Institute for Enterprise (IME), Department of Business Administration and Management, University of Salamanca, Campus “Miguel de Unamuno”, Building FES, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 2 Advance/CSG ISEG, University of Lisbon, Rua do Quelhas, 6, 1200-781 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923294500 (ext. 6825) Received: 24 January 2019; Accepted: 18 March 2019; Published: 20 March 2019 Abstract: Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute enormously to a country’s sustainable growth. Developing the pathways that lead to sustainable innovation in SMEs represents an important aspect of the business world and society. The aim of this article is to verify the relations and pathways that lead to sustainable product innovation performance while considering all three pillars of the Triple Bottom Line Approach. This study used a mixed methods approach to identify the antecedents of sustainable product innovation performance. Our approach applied structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The structural equation model was used to measure the effects of the three pillars of the triple bottom line: economic, social, and environmental developments. The structural equation model was also designed to account for the firm’s type (Public Limited Companies vs. General Partnerships). Using the structural equation model, we determined whether a firm’s type moderates the effects of the three pillars. Furthermore, using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we identified alternative configurations of conditions and determined those that are likely to lead to sustainable product innovation performance and those that result in its absence.
    [Show full text]
  • Millenial's Preference on Triple Bottom Line: Effects of the Corporate
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) Vol.8, No.18, 2018 Millenial's Preference on Triple Bottom Line: Effects of the Corporate Social and Environmental Publicity on the Reputation, Attitude, and Intention to Work at A Company Retno Artsanti, Soemarno, B.Yanuwiardi, M.S.Djati Doctoral Programme in Environmental Studies, University of Brawijaya, Malang Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia Abstract In the era of extended information, business activities have pressure in many fronts, not only on profitability but also on social and environmental impact. Elkington has been coined the concept of triple bottom line that company should not only care on profit but also on people and planet. Through an experiment involving ready to graduate students, this study is trying to test the effect of other than profit bottom line to the millennials who will looking for a job in companies. Utilizing experimental research between subject design of good-bad publicity regarding environmental and employee engagement with one control group, this study found strong direct effect of good publicity on environment and employee management to perceived company reputation, attitude toward the company, and intention to work for the company. Keywords: Triple bottom line, perceived company reputation, attitude toward company, intention to work in company, publicity 1. Introduction An open and hypercompetitive businesses are here to stay (Matzler et al., 2009; Verma, 2010) that would significantly affecting brand equity (Aaker, 2004; Keller,2013), competitiveness (Rumelt, 2003), and company profitability (Roberts and Dohling, 2002).
    [Show full text]