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Bell3d: an Audio-Based Astronomy Education System for Visually-Impaired Students Applications Research and and Research

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Bell3d: an Audio-Based Astronomy Education System for Visually-Impaired Students Applications Research and and Research Bell3D: An Audio-based Astronomy Education System for Visually-impaired Students Applications Research and and Research Jamie Ferguson Keywords University of Aberdeen and University of Sonification, human-computer interaction, Glasgow, Scotland multimodal, visually impaired, software [email protected] This article presents a software system that allows astronomical data to be represented and analysed purely through sound. The goal is to use this for communicating astronomy to visually impaired students, as well as providing a new modality of astronomy experience for those who are sighted. The programme — known as Bell3D and developed at the University of Aberdeen — allows various stars to be selected from a database and then maps a variety of their astronomical parameters to audio parameters so that they can be analysed, compared and understood, solely through the medium of sound. Introduction and background is the “transformation of data relations to use of sonification as a method of pub- perceived relations in an acoustic signal” lic engagement with the Rosetta mis- The ability to experience the surrounding (Kramer et al., 2010). sion (European Space Agency, 2014); Universe is inherent and taken for granted NASA’s Earth+ system1 and the Harvard– by those who are sighted, but for those with Sonification, in many situations, is better Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics’ Star a visual impairment, the night sky remains suited to analysing large datasets for pat- Songs: From X-rays to Music project2. almost entirely impenetrable. Utilising soni- terns and anomalies than visual modalities Furthermore, during the press coverage fication — the use of non-speech audio to (Kramer et al., 2010). For example, a sig- of the LIGO experiment’s recent detection convey information (Kramer et al., 2010) nificantly large dataset such as a genomic of gravitational waves (Abbot et al., 2016), — allows those with a visual impairment sequence, which would traditionally have the audification of the detection was used to engage with data that would previously taken a lot of time and resources to ana- ubiquitously by the media and has become have only been accessible via visual modal- lyse for patterns and anomalies visually, synonymous with the detection3. These ities, and therefore available exclusively to may be sped up and compacted using technologies have only recently begun to sighted people. Sonification allows tradi- sound, allowing it be analysed in the order be implemented as astronomy commu- tionally visually-oriented and data-driven of minutes. nication tools, but computing and audio fields such as astronomy to be explored technologies are now reaching a level and experienced by visually-impaired peo- Both sonification and audification have, of low cost and high performance that ple, some of whom may never have had the until recently, only been applied sporadi- gives sonification the potential to be used opportunity to enjoy and experience these cally throughout the history of astrophys- throughout astronomy communication and fields before. Furthermore, this technol- ical and astronomical research. The first education for the visually impaired. ogy allows a new, complementary modal- use of these technologies in the litera- ity to visual experience for sighted people, ture was during the Voyager 2 mission in with potential applications across data the late 1970s (Scarf, 1982). These tech- How the system works science, science communication, art and nologies have more recently been used to education. analyse radio plasma waves around Saturn The Bell3D system4 was developed after (Gurnet, 2005), as well as examining large realising the potential of sonification A simple example of sonification would be collections of solar wind data (Wicks et and audio-based data displays within a kettle whistling when the water within it al., 2016). Furthermore, recent work into a astronomy communication and educa- reaches around a hundred degrees centi- sonification prototype for analysing satel- tion, not only as an essential resource grade. The data in this example being the lite and radio telescope data (Candey et for visually-impaired people, but also as temperature of the water and the informa- al., 2006; Diaz-Merced, 2013) has shown a new, engaging medium of astronomy tion extracted from analysing the whistling that researchers within the astronomy and experience for those who are sighted. The being that the water has reached its boiling astrophysics communities are hopeful of programme is in its infancy and requires point. Another classic example is a Geiger– the potential of applications of sonification more work, but has so far proven to be an Müller radiation detector, which creates at the leading edge of these sciences. important step towards ubiquitous access an audible click when particles associ- to astronomy experience and education. ated with radioactivity strike the detec- The astronomy and astrophysics commu- tor. However, sonification is not to be con- nication communities have experienced a The software involves the user selecting a fused with audification. Audification is the surge in the use of sonification and audi- constellation and then specific stars within direct playback of data samples (Kramer, fication in the last decade. Recent works that constellation to be sonified — mean- 1993), as opposed to sonification which including the European Space Agency’s ing data relating to the selected stars is CAPjournal, No. 20, August 2016 35 Bell3D: An Audio-based Astronomy Education System for Visually-impaired Students transposed into audio signals. When stars are selected, their astronomical param- eters such as magnitude, location, size 1.0 and distance from Earth obtained from the SIMBAD database5 (Wenger, 2000) 0.5 are mapped onto audio parameters such ) as volume and pitch. The audio is spatial- 1 –2 ised, meaning that the user listening to the 0 0.0 sounds perceives that these sounds are in three-dimensional space, with audio –0.5 coming from particular areas around their Strain (1 head; the star’s equatorial coordinates are –1.0 used for this. This provides an engaging experience and gives the user an idea of where the star(s) reside in relation to Earth. The sounds produced are simple and easy to analyse. For each star there are 1.0 two sounds: a repeating “ping” sound and a continuous tone. Both can be turned on 0.5 and off independently. The former encodes ) 1 three data points within one sound — a –2 star’s distance from Earth, its location with 0 0.0 reference to the Earth and its apparent magnitude — and the latter encodes one –0.5 attribute — a star’s colour index. Strain (1 –1.0 The ping represents distance, location and apparent magnitude data values in the following manner: The star’s distance from Earth is represented sonically by how loud the ping is, with the volume of this sound being inversely proportional to 1.0 the star’s distance from Earth (the closer the star, the louder the sound); the star’s 0.5 location (based on its equatorial coordi- ) 1 nates) is represented by the sound’s per- –2 0 0.0 ceived location in the three-dimensional sound space; and, finally, the star’s appar- ent magnitude or brightness is represented –0.5 by the pitch of the ping sound, the pitch Strain (1 being proportional to the star’s apparent –1.0 magnitude. The second sound — the continuous tone which represents a star’s colour index — 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 is represented sonically by the pitch of the Time (sec) continuous tone. The higher the pitch of the tone, the further towards the red end of the Figure 1. The LIGO gravitational wave detection waveform, which was audified as a successful means of com- spectrum a star is, the lower the pitch, the municating the discovery in the media. Credit: LIGO Scientific Collaboration further toward blue end. This rather simple mapping of parameters Additional applications of the and audification have been employed allows the user to make basic assumptions system successfully within artistic endeavours about stars based on what they hear. For attempting to explore ideas combining sci- example, one can assume that Betelgeuse The obvious, prevalent use for the system ence and art on many occasions (Mast et is a red star, based on the fact that the pitch lies within astronomy education and com- al., 2015; Polli, 2005) and have been the of its tone sound is high, or that Proxima munication, but uses within the arts have basis of many sound artist’s practice, such Centauri is closer to Earth than Sirius, been discussed as potential further appli- as Robert Alexander6, Mélodie Fenez7, because its “ping” sound is louder. cations of the Bell3D software. Sonification Ryoji Ikeda8 and Rory Viner9. Bell3D has 36 CAPjournal, No. 20, August 2016 CAPjournal, No. 20, August 2016 the potential to be used in such a way in Astronomical Union’s Office of Astronomy severe visual impairment can use the sys- future either as a composition or perfor- for Development (OAD) in Cape Town, tem without a screen via the use of haptic mance tool for artists. South Africa. During this project the soft- technologies and speech recognition. This ware will benefit from input by researchers, further research will focus much more thor- The system was used as an astronomy- educators and outreach specialists at the oughly on investigating user perception teaching resource by Dr Wanda Diaz- South African Astronomical Observatory, and response to sonification within astron- Merced of the Harvard–Smithsonian as well as being used in OAD-led astron- omy in both visually-impaired and sighted Centre for Astrophysics during a recent omy lessons with students at the Athlone groups. The prototype described here series of lectures and workshops at South School for the Blind. This will allow for pre- is a useful preliminary investigation into Africa’s national science festival, SciFest liminary evaluation of visually impaired the software technology needed to facil- Africa10.
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