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Roberts, Julie Ann (2011) an Anthropological Study of War Crimes Against Children in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990S. Phd Thesis

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Roberts, Julie Ann (2011) an Anthropological Study of War Crimes Against Children in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990S. Phd Thesis Roberts, Julie Ann (2011) An anthropological study of war crimes against children in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2562/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF WAR CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN IN KOSOVO AND BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA IN THE 1990s Julie Ann Roberts College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2011 1 I dedicate this thesis to my mother and father, Ronald and Margaret Roberts 2 ABSTRACT Between 1991 and 1999 war broke out across Former Yugoslavia. Thousands of people are believed to have been killed and many more were internally displaced or forcibly expelled from their countries. In 1993 the United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to investigate war crimes allegedly committed in the region. Its work is still ongoing. This research comprises an anthropological study of the children in Kosovo and Bosnia- Herzegovina who were killed as a direct result of war crimes perpetrated during the conflicts of the 1990s. It is based on primary forensic data collected by investigators and scientists on behalf of ICTY between the dates of 1996 and 2000. From this data, a single integrated database was created which allowed the numbers of child deaths, causes of death, demographic profiles of the deceased, and post-mortem treatment of their remains to be analysed. As well as examining these factors within each country a significant aspect of the research included comparative analysis between the crimes committed against children in Kosovo and those in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Broad comparisons were also made between adult and child data in both countries. The findings from the research were analysed within their wider socio-political context and an assessment was made of how closely the forensic evidence supported accounts from other literary sources. In its current form, the research can be used as a historical and scientific resource by those wishing to study both the events surrounding the wars in Kosovo and Bosnia- Herzegovina, and the scientific methods used by experts in the field to investigate the crimes. The methodology employed during the research, including the creation of the database, is described in detail and is directly transferrable to other studies of a similar nature. Solutions employed to address the considerable problems encountered during the construction of the database can be applied to other similarly large and unmanageable datasets. The database itself can be expanded to include the forensic evidence collected in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo since 2001, when ICTY handed over responsibility for the exhumations to local government agencies. It can also be used to examine other aspects of the wars, and adapted to analyse data from other countries. Ultimately it is hoped that this research will be of use in formulating pro-active strategies which might assist in protecting children involved in future conflicts. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It was my privelage during the course of this research to be supervised by Dr Jeremy Huggett, Senior Lecturer and Head of Archaeology at the University of Glasgow, and Professor Sue Black, Professor of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology at the University of Dundee. Dr Huggett‟s technical expertise was fundamental to the progression of the research, as was his endless patience and prompt and meticulous proof reading of the many drafts of text that I sent to him. I would like to thank him for taking the time out of his busy schedule to regularly meet with me, not just at the University and my place of work, but at various interesting locations up and down the M6 Motorway. I would like to thank Professor Black for her continued support of me both professionally and in her capacity as my second supervisor. The feedback on the chapters which I sent to her and her morale boosting comments always came at just the right time. I would like to thank Dr John Clark, Consultant Forensic Pathologist in the Section of Forensic Medicine and Science, who acted as my advisor, and all the staff in the College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Graduate School at the University of Glasgow who provided me with support throughout my research. I would particularly like to thank them for being so understanding about the demands of my full-time job and for their flexibility with regard to meeting deadlines. It would not have been possible to undertake the research without the assistance of Mr Graham Blewitt and Mr David Tolbert, former Deputy Prosecutors of the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, who granted me permission to use the forensic data. My immense gratitude goes to my friend and former Head of the Evidence Unit at the Office of the Prosecutor, Mr Ron Turnbull, who placed his team at my disposal so that I could collect all the information that I needed. I would also like to thank him for letting me use his apartment as a hotel on my visits to The Hague. I would like to say a big thank you to the police officers from S015 (formerly S013), the Counter Terrorist Command of the Metropolitan Police Service, who I had the privilege to work with in Kosovo and who subsequently assisted me by providing copies of all the reports that I needed from the British Forensic Team. I would like to give special mention 4 to Detective Constable Paul Sloper who helped me in my initial evidence gathering and who has since sadly passed away. I had enormous respect for him as a professional and he was a true gentleman. I would also like to mention my friend Detective Constable Dave Alexander who assisted me in accessing the reports that I required during the early stages of the research. Most of this thesis was written whilst I was in full time employment at LGC Forensics and latterly at Cellmark Forensic Services. I would like to thank both organistions for allowing me time in work to conduct my research, and LGC Forensics for supplying the majority of my fees. I am extremely grateful to Mr Bill Westenbrink, formerly my manager at LGC Forensics and now my manager at Cellmark Forensic Services. He is quite simply the best boss that anyone could have and without his understanding and flexibility, this thesis would not have been completed. I want to extend my gratitude to my team, Dr Nicholas Marquez- Grant, Mr Steve Litherland and Mrs Sally Houghton who are my friends as well as my colleagues. They have „held the fort‟ on numerous occasions whilst I have been working on my research and given me endless assistance and encouragement. I would like to thank my family and friends for their constant support, relentless optimism and unwavering belief that one day the thesis would be actually be completed. I would also like to thank my best friend and constant companion Mitsy who has, quite literally, been with me every step of the way. Finally I would like to pay my respects to the children of Kosovo and Bosnia- Herzegovina who were killed in the wars of the 1990s. This thesis is about them, their families, neighbours and friends. I hope I have done justice to their stories. 5 Children and Interpreter Watching the British Forensic Team Exhume the Bodies of Victims from their Village, Kosovo, 1999 (Roberts, 1999) 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 21 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 22 1.1 Research Purpose and Rationale 22 1.2 Research Aims 23 1.3 Specific Research Questions 25 1.4 The Scale of the Problem: Estimation of the Numbers of People Killed, Missing and Displaced 26 1.5 The Geographical Region of Study 27 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 30 2.1 Historical and Political Background to the Conflicts 30 2.2 Childhood in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Demography, Society and Education 48 2.2.1 The Definition of Childhood 48 2.2.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina 49 2.2.3 Kosovo 52 2.3 General Impact of the War on Children 56 2.4 Present State of Knowledge Regarding Deliberate Acts of Violence Commited against Children 62 2.5 The Role of the Forensic Anthropologist in the Investigation of War Crimes 69 CHAPTER THREE: THE SITES 75 3.1 Selection of the Sites 75 3.2 The Sites as a Representative Sample 77 7 3.3 Place Names 79 3.4 Sites in Kosovo 80 3.5 Sites in Bosnia-Herzegovina 88 CHAPTER FOUR: COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE IN THE FIELD 98 4.1 Methodology Relating to the Exhumations and Data Collection 98 4.1.1 Terminology 98 4.1.2 Background and Collection of Data 98 4.1.3 Identification of Sites 100 4.1.4 Types of Grave and Deposition Sites Investigated 101 4.1.5 Exhumation and Recovery of Evidence 103 4.1.6 Integrity and Continuity of Evidence 107 4.2 Methodology Relating to the Determination of Age at Death, Sex and Stature in Decomposed, Skeletonised, Fragmented, Burnt and Incomplete Remains 107 4.2.1 Limitations of Anthropological Evidence 108 4.2.2 Estimation
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